Abstract:

Theory is a critical preoccupation of articles posted in Feminism & Psychology. This Virtual
Special Issue consists of 10 of these posted because the journal’s inception which have a
number one awareness on theoretical problems associated with associated topics – variations
and the organic. The problem with variations consists of the socially constructed classes
intercourse and gender, in addition to sexuality and social class.
Those articles addressing the organic constitute crucial scholarship this is operating to barter
an area for the biology inside feminist psychology and includes shifting far from the view that
the organic is herbal and innate. This introductory article addresses how concept fits inside
feminist psychology and gives a short record of debates regarding variations and the organic
earlier than providing summaries and observations associated with every selected article. The
featured articles may be placed at the Feminism & Psychology internet site and are indexed in
Appendix 1 on the give up of this article.

Introduction

This issue confronts the increasingly important, distinct but interconnected issues of feminism,
women's movements and women in motion in the context of global neoliberalism. The last
decades have seen an intensification of neoliberal restructuring, which has resulted in the
opening of national economies to international capital and the erosion of rights and
guarantees previously obtained by organized labor (Federici, 1999, 2006). Neoliberal policies
have pushed ever larger portions of the population into flexible and informal working
arrangements and have caused a crisis of masculinized organized labor (Chant, 2008; Hite and
Virine, 2005), the collapse of the provision of social assistance for poor families and the
privatization of public and / or collective goods such as Earth, Housing of Education. Their
integration is accompanied by accelerated sexualization of the public space and the object of
competitiveness of the spirits of women and the spirit of women (Mrcobbie, 2009). Their role
in the struggle for a post nomological world, patriarchal. the result is a paradoxical situation of
defeats and depoliticization, for me, combined with new forms of re-politicization, on the
other. Feminism, women's movements ... In this light, we suggest that there is an urgent
necessity to review and reinvent the theriology and practice in order to combine a critical
understanding of the past with our current struggles that create theories to more distant and
reflective form of thought. While many activists continue to find it useful for developing their
social critiques and scrutinizing mobile identities, the relationship between feminist theory and
issues of movement organizing is often less clear, as is what feminist theory can offer to social
movement analysis. More thought-provoking, while some women's movements are clearly
and proudly feminist, others shun the term (even consciously or unconsciously adopting
feminist practices and attitudes), while further questioning its meaning. A range of militant
communities, such as trade unions and alter globalism, environmentalist or pacifist
movements perceive arguments labeled feminist as marginal to their struggles, at best, and
completely ignore them, at worst. all struggles for social change, not just women's
movements, are strongly gendered, often in hierarchical and harmful ways. Moreover, many
new movements, from the “occupation” camps to the recent student protests, seem to be
victims of the historical moment and its particular dynamic of depoliticization. Under the
conditions of neoliberalism, the present is confirmed, the meaning of the past is eroded and
the possibility of differentiation has decreased. Long resisted by black and working-class
women for silencing and sidelining their experiences, voices and strategies, this trend can
make feminism appear less relevant than it should to the movements of racially oppressed
groups. and the poor. In this issue of Interface In this issue of Interface, we seek to explore the
relationship between theory and practice as a way to open up possibilities for reconnecting
feminist-academic analysis to women's everyday struggles, thereby contributing to
emancipatory feminism and politics. post patriarchal anti-neoliberal. reconsider feminist
theories in academia in light of the strategic demands of political action and explore the
theoretical implications of women's movements and women in motion. Furthermore, the
question aims to critically examine the relationship between feminism and women's
organizing, on the one hand, and social movement theory and practice more generally, on the
other hand Interface: a journal for and about social movements Editorial volume 3 (2): 1 32
(November 2011) Motta, Flesher Fominaya, Escher, Cox, Feminism, women's movements... ,
we have invited contributions from feminist activists and scholars, women's movement
participants and students, and social movement researchers interested in the agency of
women and gender in movement activism. In the initial call for papers, we set out a number of
questions to consider: Is there a typically feminist way of analyzing social movements and
collective action? Can (should) academic forms of feminism be claimed as theoretical
movements? How and to what extent do social movement actors use feminist categories to
develop new forms of collective action? Are there specific types of “women's movement(s)” in
terms of participation, tactics and strategies? Has the feminization of poverty led to the
feminization of resistance among poor people's movements? If yes/no, what are the
implications? For such resistance? Under what conditions does women's participation in
movements that are not explicitly feminist or focused on gender issues lead to a change in
power relations? What are the implications of women's participation for collective identity or
movement practice, leadership and strategy? What constitutes gender progressive or
emancipatory movement practice and good practice in building alliances? How can social
movement scholarship further contribute to feminist analysis of activism and how feminist
scholarship can help develop a more complete understanding of the collective agency? In
them, asking them to think about strategy issues in Neoliberal Context described above. How
do contemporary feminist activists and women's movements draw on the practices and
experiences of earlier movements? Where do you see yourself in terms of the results of the
movement so far and the way forward? What barriers and opportunities for feminist struggle
has neoliberalism created? Does the decline of neoliberalism create openings for feminists?
What movements today could be allies for a transition out of patriarchy? While these
questions seem big and difficult, they are no less important to him. We recognize that you
cannot permanently react to a number of writings, much less editorial. He struggled to create
such a world.

3 Liberal feminism
Liberal feminist John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) focused on issues of education and equal rights
for women (Code, 2000). Liberal feminism is a moderate form of feminism that emphasizes
society rather than revolutionary change. Men have access to the most lucrative and
prestigious jobs in the formal sectors of the economy. Women are engaged in less productive
and less remunerated activities in a position of lack of property, skills, capital and education
(Saptarshi and Bhagat, 2005). These situations force women to accept poor quality jobs,
dignity, salary, etc. in the field, in the street, waiter or prostitute, etc. (Bandages, 1984). Thus,
liberal feminists have explained the position of women in terms of unequal rights based on
artificial barriers to women's participation in public life (Ken singer, 1997). They focused on
individual freedom (Enslin and Tjiattas, 2004; Joseph, 2007), women's values and men's
questions. They struggled to 1) obtain equal rewards and 2) access to education, health and
social protection with equal employment opportunities (Pomeroy et al., 2004) ... Equity
controlled mainly by men, but some powers can be transferred to women with equal
opportunities. Some writers have been hoping concerning regressive monetary rules of ‘First
World’ nations so one can be mobilized to negative and running magnificence ladies
(Waterman, 1993). However, in fact the possibilities aren't similarly dispensed and they're
careworn and no person have advantages from the system. Feminist thinkers have interpreted
that this society Feminist Research, 1(1), 3-20, 2016. K. P. Nehere eleven discriminating the
ladies via way of means of intercourse and gender. Mary Wollstonecraft, Maria Stewart (1803-
1880), The Grimke Sisters [Sarah Moore Grimke (1792-1873) and Angelina Emily Grimke (1805-
1879)], Molly Yard (1912-2005), Betty Friedan (1921-2006) and Gloria Steinem (b. 1934) are
outstanding writers centered at the liberal feminism. Traditional philosophy of liberal feminism
sees subordination (for equality and justice) of ladies in capitalist society (Bandarage, 1984,
Prasad, 2011).
Liberal feminism regards social coverage as a critical pressure in affording get admission to
monetary possibility and civil rights to ladies (Bandarage, 1984, Lachover, 2013). The liberal
feminism exemplified via way of means of Friedan become step by step changed via way of
means of Neo-Marxist feminism primarily based totally at the idea of hegemony as described
in 1971 via way of means of the Marxist theoretician Antonio Gramsci (Lachover, 2013). Liberal
feminism seems at legal guidelines withinside the present social shape to resolve issues of
gender inequity (Brown, 1997). The liberal ladies’ s motion attacked ladies’ s loss of political
and cost-effective equality and interference in ladies’ s reproductive freedom via way of means
of Governments (Garner, 1999, Prasad, 2011). Gandhian section performed a critical function
in offering liberal possibilities to ladies for public paintings in India. Although the gender
department of labor and male dominance aren't been significantly challenged (Joseph, 2007).
The number one function of the own circle of relatives is to offer arenas for privacy, intimacy,
sexual satisfaction and shared parental function. New enterprise primarily based totally
economic system i.e., software program enterprise needs greater operating hours and
mobility calls for a few provisions for small children (Joseph, 2007). It takes place with top
center operating magnificence however now no longer withinside the phase of terrible ladies.
Stone (1987) believed that you can freed from elitism and patriarchy, If concrete liberations are
implied. With accepting those philosophical concepts and inner good judgment of the law, the
lifestyles companion must be responsible (Weait, 2007). Liberal and radical feminism ruled the
American movements. They generally described the troubles of abortion and the identical
rights (Mendes, 2011). Liberal feminists demanded reformations of public establishments for
identical rights for each gender thru new legal guidelines and regulations (Waterman, 1993,
Code, 2000, Enslin and Tjiattas, 2004). Liberal feminism additionally treated demanding
situations from the cultural relativists (Enslin and Tjiattas, 2004) war for inclusive idea of
justice. Brassey (2010) targeted on brotherhood of guy which aimed to ‘stable to each member
of the family, freedom, identical opportunity, and brotherly consideration’. Thus, the primary
wave feminism became to make ladies citizens. Further, the second one wave feminists
supported to ladies for 1) absolutely unfastened dealers of very own labor power, 2)
extensively dismantling the mandated ladies’ s subservience in marriage, 3) denied the rights
of guys on her frame and reproductive capacity, and 4) denied legitimated monetary
marginalization. However, social replica and care taking emerge as burden on ladies (Joseph,
2007). Contemporary cultural setup helps to men manage on ladies and cap in a position to
socialize them into unquestioning acceptance (Enslin and Tjiattas, 2004). Therefore,
mainstream feminists do now no longer accept as true with that patriarchy can truly be
converted into equality (Liu, 2007). Enslin and Tjiattas (2004) have elaborated barriers of liberal
feminism: 1) too individualistic, 2) fails to realize the price of network and group, 3) disregards
to people’ pick out with religion, background and ethnicity, 4) disregards to social and historic
differences, 5) basically calls for self-alienation, and 6) no character scarifies for collective
interests. Weait (2007) stated that strategies of prison adjudication on questions are subject
with sex, gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality and relationships. Therefore, neither liberal nor
radical theoretical positions offer a proper principle to defend justice thru law (Weait, 2007).
Feminists have taken up the trouble of girls’ frame practices to discuss over their meanings for
gender and sexuality. However, Lachover (2013) criticized the incorrect presentation of girls in
present day liberal society thru media. Some of the lively feminists fought towards splendor
contest in USA in 1968 to forestall discrimination amongst girls with the experience of guys. At
the equal time girls had been on strike for same pay for same paintings to guys in ‘Ford Car
plant, Britain’. Therefore, liberal feminism has fronts: 1) combat for equalities in all experience,
and 2) combat to defend from assault of latest offshoots of male dominance.