Software Solutions

Durga Software Solutions Mr.
Ratan
Last modification date :- 24th Nov 2015 [ e e sio do ’t p efe old op ]
Always believe practical knowledge but not theoretical.
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Durga Software Solutions Mr.Ratan
Core java syllabus

1. Introduction 6-25
Basics of java
First application
2. Java class 26-66
Variables
Methods
Constructors
Instance blocks
Static blocks
3. Flow control statements & operators 67-78
If,if-else,else-if,switch
For,while,do-while
4. Oops 79-130
Class
Object
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstraction
Encapsulation
5. Packages 132-142
Predefined packages
User defined packages
Importing packages
Project modules
Source file declaration
6. Modifiers
Public , private , protected
,abstract,final,static,native,strictfp,volatile,transient,synchronized, (11 modifiers )
7. Interface 143-156
Interface declarations
Marker interface
Adaptor classes
Interface vs inheritance
8. String manipulations 157-170
String
StringBuffer
StringBuilder
StringTokenizer
9. Wrapper class171 -176
Data types vs Wrapper classes
All 8 wrapper classes explanations
Auto boxing vsAutounboxing
All possible conversions
toStirng() , parseXXX(),valueOf(), XXXValue().
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10. java.io package 177-183

introduction
character Oriented Streams
Byte oriented stream
Writing and reading operations on file.
Normal streams vs Buffered streams.
File class
Serialization
Deserialization
11. Exception handling 184-210
Types of Exceptions
Exception vs Error
Try-catch blocks usage
Finally block usage
Throw keyword usage
Throws keyword usage
Different types of Exceptions and error
12. Multithreading 211 -228
Thread info
Single Threaded model vs multithreaded model
Main Thread vs user Thread
Creation of user defined Thread
Life cycle stages of Thread
Thread naming
Thread priority
Thread synchronization
Inter Thread communication
Hook Thread
Daemon Thread
Difference between wait() notify() naifyAll()
13. Nested classes /Inner classes 229-241
Introduction
Advantages of Inner classes
Normal Inner classes
Method local inner classes
Anonymous inner classes
Static nested classes
14. Annotations 242-248
Introduction
Advantages of annotations
Different annotations working
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15. Enumeration 249-251

Introduction
Advantages of enumeration
Enum vs enum
Difference between enum vs class
16. Generics. 252- 311

Type safety.
17. Collection framework 252-311

Introduction about Arrays
Advantages of collection over arrays
Collection vs Collections
Key interfaces of Collections
Characteristics of Collection framework classes
Information about cursors
Introduction about Map interface
List interface implementation classes
Set interface implementation classes
Map interface implementation classes
Comparable vs comparator
Sorting mechanisms of Collection objects
18. Networking 312- 316

Introduction
Socket and ServerSocket
URL info
Client-Server programming
19. Applet in java 317-340
20. AWT(Abstract Window Tool Kit) 317-340

Introduction
Frame class
Different layouts
Components of AWT Te tField,‘adioButto ,Che k o ….et
Event Handling or Event delegation Model
Different types of Listeners
21. Swings341-346
Difference between Awt and swings
Advantages of swings
Diffe e t o po e ts of “ i gs Te tField,‘adioButto ,Che k o ….et
Event handling in Swings
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22. INTERNATIONALIZATION (I18N) 347-357

Design application to support dif country languages
Local class
ResourceBundle
Date in different formats
Info about properties file
23. JVM architecture 358-361
What is JVM
Structure of the JVM
Components of JVM
24. Arrays 362-370

Introduction
Declaration of Arrays
Arrays storing Object data & primitive data.
25. Interview Questions 371-388
26. Practice examples 389-390
27. Assertions
28. Regular Expressions.
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JAVA introduction:-
Author : James Gosling
Vendor : Sun Micro System(which has since merged into Oracle Corporation)
Project name : Green Project
Type : open source & free software
Initial Name : OAK language
Present Name : java
Extensions : .java & .class & .jar
Initial version : jdk 1.0 (java development kit)
Present version : java 8 2014
Operating System : multi Operating System
Implementation Lang : , pp……
Symbol : coffee cup with saucer
Objective : To develop web applications
SUN : Stanford Universally Network
Slogan/Motto : WORA(write once run anywhere)
Importance of core java:-

According to the SUN 3 billion devices run on the java language only.
1) Java is used to develop Desktop Applications such as MediaPlayer,Antivirus etc.
2) Java is Used to Develop Web Applications such as sravyajobs.com, irctc.co.in etc.
3) Java is Used to Develop Enterprise Application such as Banking applications.
4) Java is Used to Develop Mobile Applications.
5) Java is Used to Develop Embedded System.
6) Java is Used to Develop SmartCards.
7) Java is Used to Develop Robotics.
8) Java is used to Develop Games ……………………….. etc.
Technologies Depends on Core java:-
Hadoop Magic
Adv java Selenium
structs
Android
hibernate Core java

Cloud computing
webservices
Salesforse
spring MDM ADF
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Learning process of java:-

Corejava
Adv java
JDBC Servlets jsp
Hibernate structs
We ser i es,tools a t, a e ,s …..
Spring
Parts of the java:-

As per the sun micro system standard the java language is divided into three parts
1) J2SE/JSE(java 2 standard edition)
2) J2EE/JEE(java 2 enterprise edition)
3) J2ME/JME(java 2 micro edition)
Java keywords:-(50)
Data Types
byte
short
int method-level:-
long void
float return
double (2) Exception handling:-
char try
boolean Object-level:- catch
(8) new finally
this throw Modifiers:-
Flow-Control:- super throws public
if instanceof (5) private
else (4) protected
switch 1.5 version:- abstract
case source-file: enum final
default class assert static
break extends (2) strictfp
for interface native
while implements unused:- transient
do package goto volatile
continue import const synchronized
(10) (6) (2) (11)
Predefined constants True, false, null (3)
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Differences between C & CPP & JAVA:-

C-lang Cpp-lang Java –lang
#include<stdio.h> #include<iostream.h> Import java.lang.System;
Void main() Void main() Import java.lang.String;
{ P i tf hi ata ; { Cout<< hello ata ; Class Test
} } { Public static void main (String [] args)
{“ ste .out.p i tl hi ja a ;
}
}
Author: Dennis Ritchie Author : Bjarne Stroustrup Author : James Gosling
Implementation languages: implementation languages: implementation languages

COBOL,FORTRAN,BCPL, B… ,ada,ALGOL 8….. C,CPP,O je ti eC…
In c-lang the predefined cpp language the predefined In java predefined support is
support is available in the is maintained in the form of available in the form of
form of header files. header files. packages.
Ex:- stdio.h , conio.h Ex:- iostream.h Ex: java.lang, java.io,java.awt
The header files contain The packages contains

The header files contains
predefined functions. predefined classes&interfaces
predefined functions.
and these class & interfaces
Ex:- p i tf,s a f….. Ex:- out, i …. contains predefined methods.
Ex:- String,System
C-lang C CPP-lang CPP java-lang java

Header files stdio.h Header files iostream.h packages java.lang
Functions printf,scanf..etc Functions cout,cin..etc classes&interface String-class
methods toUpperCase()
In above first example we are In above first example we are
using printf predefined in above exampe we are using
using cout predefined
function that is present in two classes(String,System) these
function that is present in
stdio.h header file hence stdio.h header file hence classes are present in java.lang
must include that header file must include that header file package must import it by using
by using #include statement. by using #include statement. import keyword.
Ex:#include<stdio.h> Ex:#include<stdio.h> a) Import java.lang.*; all lasses
b)Import java.lang.System; required
In C lang program execution Import java.lang.String; classes

In C lang program execution
In above two approachaes 2nd good
starts from main method starts from main method
called by Operating system. called by Operating system. In java execution starts from
main called by JVM
To print data use printf() To print data use cout To print data use System.out.println()
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Version Name Code Name Release Date

JDK 1.0 Oak 23 January 1996
JDK 1.1 (none) 19 February 1997
J2SE 1.2 Playground 4 December 1998
J2SE 1.3 Kestrel 8 May 2000
J2SE 1.4 Merlin 13 February 2002
J2SE 5.0 Tiger 29 September 2004
Java SE 6 Mustang 11 December 2006
Java SE 7 Dolphins 28 July 2011
Java SE 8 (Not available) 18 March 2014
JAVA Features :-(buzz words)

1. Simple
2. Object Oriented
3. Platform Independent
4. Architectural Neutral
5. Portable
6. Robust
7. Secure
8. Dynamic
9. Distributed
10. Multithread
11. Interpretive
12. High Performance
1. Simple:-
Java is a simple programming language because,
 Java technology has eliminated all the difficult and confusion oriented concepts
like pointers, multiple inheritance in the java language.
 Java uses c,cpp syntaxes mainly hence who knows C,CPP for that java is simple
language.
2. Object Oriented:-
 Java is object oriented technology because it is representing total data of the class in
the form of object.
 Object oriented programming (OOPs) is a methodology that simplifies software
development and maintenance by providing some rules.
 Object
Basic concept of Oops are
 Class
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Encapsulation
 Abstraction
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3. Platform Independent :-
When we compile the application by using one operating system (windows) that Compiled file
can execute only on the same operating system(windows) this behavior is called platform dependency.
Example :- C,CPP …et
When we compile the application by using one operating system (windows) that Compiled file
a e e ute i all ope ati g s ste s Wi do s,Li u ,Ma …et this eha io is alled platfo
independency.
Example :- java,Ruby,Scala,PHP …et
4. Architectural Neutral:-
Java tech applications compiled in one Architecture/hardware (RAM, Hard Disk) and that
Compiled program runs on any architecture (hardware) is called Architectural Neutral.
5. Portable:-
In Java the applications are compiled and executed in any OS (operating system) and
any Architecture (hardware) hence we can say java is a portable language.
6. Robust:-
Any technology good at two main areas that technology is robust technology.
a. Exception Handling
b. Memory Allocation
Java is providing predefined support to handle the exceptions.
Java provides Garbage collector to support memory management.
7. Secure:-
 To provide implicit security Java provides one component inside JVM called Security
Manager.
 To provide explicit security for the Java applications we are having very good predefined
library in the form of java.security package.
8. Dynamic:-
Java is dynamic technology it follows dynamic memory allocation (at runtime the
memory is allocated).
9. Distributed:-
By using java it is possible to develop distributed applications & to develop distributed
appli atio s ja a uses ‘MI,EJB…et
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10. Multithreaded: -
 Thread is a light weight process and a small task in large program.
 In java it is possible to create user thread & it possible to execute simultaneously is called
multithreading.
 The main advantage of multi threading is it shares the same memory & threads are
important at multimedia, gaming, web application.
11. Interpretive:-
JAVA is both interpretive and completive by using Interpreter we are converting source
code into byte code and it a interpreter is a part of JVM.
12. High Performance:-
If any technology having features like Robust, Security, Platform Independent, Dynamic and
so on then that technology is high performance.
Types of java applications:-

1. Standalone applications:
 It is also known as window based applications or desktop applications.
 This t pe of appli atio s ust i stall i e e a hi e like edia pla e , a ti i us …et
 By using AWT & Swings we are developing these type of applications.
 This type of application does not required client-server architecture.
2. Web applications:
a. The applications which are executed at server side those applications are called web
applications like Gmail, face book ,yahoo…et .
b. All applications present in internet those are called web-applications.
c. The web applications required client-server architecture.
i. Client : who sends the request.
ii. Server : it contains application & it process the app & it will generate response.
iii. Database : used to store the data.
d. To de elop the e appli atio s e a e usi g se lets,st u ts,sp i g…et
3. Enterprise applications:-
 It is a business application & most of the people use the term it I big business application.
 Enterprise applications are used to satisfy the needs of an organization rather than
i di idual use s. “u h o ga izatio s a e usi ess, s hools, go e e t …et
 An application designed for corporate use is called enterprise application.
 An application in distributed in nature such as banking applications.
 All j2ee & EJB is used to create enterprise application.
4. Mobile applications:-
 The applications which are design for mobile platform are called mobile applications.
 We are developing mobile applications by si g a d oid,IO“,j e…et
 There are three types of mobile applications
o Web-appli atio g ai l ,o li e shoppi g,o a le …et
o Native (run on device without internet or browser)ex:phonecall,calculator,alaram,games
These are install from application store& to run these apps internet not required.
o H id e ui ed i te et data to lau h e : hats up,fa e ook,Li kedI …et
These are installed form app store but to run this application internet data required.
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Install the software and set the path :-

1) Download the software.
2) Install the java software in your machine.
3) Set the environmental variable.
Download the software:-

 Download the software from internet based on your operating system & processor
because the software is different from operating system to operating system &
processor to processor.
Open the Google site type the jdk8 download as shown below.
After clicking above link we will get below window then accept license agreement by clinking radio
button then choose the software based on your operating system and processor to download.
For 32-bit operating system please click on Windows x86

For 64-bit operating system please click on Windowsx64
Install the java software in your machine:-

 Install the java software just like media players in your machine.
 After installing the software the installation java folder is available in the fallowing
location by default.(but it possible to change the location at the time of installation).
Local Disk c: --->program Files--->java --->jdk(java development kit),jre(java runtime nvironment)
After installing To check whether the java is installed in your system or not open the command prompt
type javac command.
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Process to open command prompt: Start --->run---->open:cmd---->ok

C:\Users\RATAN>javac
Whenever we are getting above information then decide in our system java is installed
but the java is not working.
Why java is not working Reason:-
C:\Users\RATAN>javac
Whenever we are typing javac command on the command prompt operating system will
pickup javac command search for that command,
a) in the internal operating system calls but javac is not available in the internal system calls list.
b) If it not available in internal system calls list then immediately it o t aise a e o , it ill
search in environmental variables
In above two cases if the javac command is not available then operating system will raise error
message ja a is ot e og ized as a i te al o e te al o a d
To overcome above problem to make eligible javac command operating system set
environmental variables.
The location of javac command is : C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0\bin
Right click on mycomputer --->properties----->Advanced system setting--->Environment Variables --
User variables--->new----> variable name : path
Variable value : C:\programfiles\java\jdk1.6.0_11\bin;
----->ok---->ok
Now the java is working in your system to check open the new command prompt & type javac
command then we will get list of commands then decide in your system java is working.
In your system or your friend system to check java is installed or not open the command prompt
& type javac command
a) If error message displayed java is not working.('javac' is not recognized as an internal or external command)
b) If list of commands are displayed then decide java is working properly.
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Steps to Design a First Application:-

Step-1:- Select an Editor.
Step-2:- Write the application.
Step-3:- save the application.
Step-4:- Compilation Process.
Step-5:- Execution process.
Step1:- Select an Editor

Editor is a tool or software it will provide very good environment to develop java application.
Ex :- Notepad, Notepad++,edit Plus…..et
IDE:- ( Integrated development Environment )
IDE is providing very good environment to develop the application.
Ex:- E lipse,M E lipse,Net ea s,JDe elope ….et
IDE is a real-time sta dard ut do t use IDE to de elop ore ja a appli atio s because 75%
work is done by IDE & remaining 25 % work is down by developer.
75% work of IDE is:-
 Automatic compilation.
 Automatic package import.
 It shows all the predefined methods of classes.
 Automatically generate try catch blocks and throws (Exception handling)
 It is sho i g the i for atio a out ho to fi the ug………………………et
Note :- Do the p a ti al’s of o e ja a o l usi g Edit Plus software.
Step 2:- Write a program.

 Write the java program based on the java API (Application Programming Interface) rule and
regulations .
Open editplus --->file ---->new ----->click on java (it display sample java application)
 Java is a case Sensitive Language so while writing the program you must take care about the
case (Alphabet symbols).
Example application:-
import java.lang.System;
import java.lang.String;
class Test //class declaration
{ //class starts
public static void main(String[] args) //program execution starting point
{ //main starts
System.out.println("hi Ratan"); //printing statement
} //main ends
}; //class ends
class A
{
};
class B
{
};
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In above example String & System classes are present predefined java.lang package hence must
import that package by using import statement.
To import the classes into our application we are having two approaches,
1) Import all class of particular package.
a. Import java.lang.*; //it is importing all classes of java.lang package.
2) Import required classes
a. Import java.lang.System;
b. Import java.lang.String;
In above two approaches second approach is best approach because we are importing
application required classes.
Note: The source file is allows declaring multiple java classes.
Step3:- save the application.

 After writing the application must save the application by using (.java) extension.
 While saving the application must fallow two rules
o If the source file contains public class then public class name & Source filename must be
same (publicClassName.java). Otherwise compiler generate error message.
o if the source file does not contain public class then save the source file with any name
(anyName.java) like A.java , Rata .ja a, A u.ja a …….et .
Note: - The source file allowed only one public class, if we are trying to declare multiple public classes
then compiler generate error message.
example 1:- invalid

//Ratan.java example 2:- valid example 3:- invalid
public class Test //Test.java //Test.java
{ }; public class Test public class Test
class A { }; { };
{ }; class A public class A
{ }; { };
Application location:-
D: (any disk)
|-->rattan (any folder)
|-->Sravya.java (your file name)
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Step-4:- Compilation process.

Compile the java application by using javac command.
Syntax:- Javac filename
Javac Test.java
Process of moving application saving location:-

C:\Users\hp> initial cursor location
C:\Users\hp>d: move to local disk D
D:\>cd ratan changing directory to ratan
D:\ratan>javac Sravya.java compilation process
Whenever we are performing compilation the compiler will check the syntax errors.
 If the application contains syntax errors then compiler will generate error message in the form of
compilation error.
 If the application does not contains syntax errors then compiler will generate .class
files.(conversion of .java to .class)
Note: - in java .class files generated by compiler at compilation time and .class file generation based
on number of classes present in source file.
If the source file contains 100 classes after compilation compiler generates 100 .class files
The compiler generate .class file and .class file contains byte code instructions it is intermediate code.
Process of compiling multiple files:-

D:
|-->ratan
|-->Sravya.java
|-->A.java
|-->B.java
|-->C.java
javac A.java one file is compiled(A.java)
javac B.java C.java two files are compiled
javac *.java all files are compiled
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Step-5:- Execution process.

Run /execute the java application by using java command.
Syntax:- Java class-name
Java Test
Whenever you are executing particular class file then JVM perform fallowing actions.
 JVM wills loads corresponding .class file byte code into memory.
 After loading .class file JVM calls main method to start the execution process.
In above two cases if the class file or main method is not available then at runtime JVM will generate
error message.
If the main method is not available: Main method not found in class A, please define the main method .
If the .class is not available : Could ot fi d ai lass .
Executing all generated .class files based on example given in second step:-
Test class ---> class is loaded & main is present
A class ---> class is loaded but main is not present
B class ---> class is loaded but main is not present
XXX class ---> XXX class is not present
D:\ratan>java Test
Hi Ratan
D:\ratan>java A
Error: Main method not found in class A, please define the main method as:
public static void main(String[] args)
D:\ratan>java B
Error: Main method not found in class B, please define the main method as:
D:\ratan>java XXX
Error: Could not find or load main class XXX
Note 1: - compiler is translator it is translating .java file to .class where as JVM is also a translator it is
translating .class file to machine code.
Note 2:-Compiler understandable file format is .java file but JVM understandable file format is .class file.
Note 3:- it is possible to compile multiple files at a time but it is possible to execute only one .class file at
a time.
Note 4:- The .java file contains high level language (English) but .class file contains byte code
instructions.
Note 5:- The source is allowed to declaring multiple non-public classes but only one public class.
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Overview of first application
Environment of the java programming development:-
First program development :-
Note: - java is a platform independent language but JVM is platform dependent.
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Example-1:-
 Java contains 14 predefined packages but the default package in java is java.lang package it
means if we are importing or not by default this package is imported.
 In below example importing classes are optional.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("hi ratan");
}
}
Example-2:-
The class contains main method is called Main class and java allows to declare multiple main
class in a single source file.
class Test1
{ System.out.println("Test1 World!");
}
}
class Test2
}
}
class Test3
}
}
D:\morn11>java Test1 D:\morn11>java Test2 D:\morn11>java Test3
Test1 World! Test2 World! Test3 World!
Class Elements:-
 Java is a class based language it means everything we are representing based on class.
 The java class contains 5-elements if we know these five elements flow of execution perfectly
then java is very simple language otherwise java is very difficult.
Class Test
{
1. variables int a = 10;
2. methods void add() {business logic }
3. constructors Test() {business logic }
4. instance blocks {business logic }
5. static blocks static {business logic }
}
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Java coding conventions:-

Classes:-
 Class name start with upper case letter and every inner word starts with upper case letter.
 This convention is also known as camel case convention.
 The class name should be nouns.
Ex:- String StringBuffer InputStreamReader ……etc
Interfaces :-
 Interface name starts with upper case and every inner word starts with upper case letter.
 This convention is also known as camel case convention.
 The class name should be nouns.
Ex: Serializable Cloneable RandomAccess
Methods :-
 Method name starts with lower case letter and every inner word starts with upper case letter.
 This convention is also known as mixed case convention
 Method name should be verbs.
Ex:- post() charAt() toUpperCase() compareToIgnoreCase()
Variables:-
 Variable name starts with lower case letter and every inner word starts with upper case letter.
 This convention is also known as mixed case convention.
Ex :- out in pageContext
Package :-
 Package name is always must written in lower case letters.
Ex :- ja a.la g ja a.util ja a.io …et
Constants:-
 While declaring constants all the words are uppercase letters .
Ex: MAX_PRIORITY MIN_PRIORITY NORM_PRIORITY
NOTE:- The coding standards are mandatory for predefined library & optional for user defined library
but as a java developer it is recommended to fallow the coding standards for user defined library also.
Java Tokens:-
 Smallest individual part of a java program is called Token.
 It is possible to provide any number of spaces in between two tokens.
Example:-
Class Test
{
Public static void main
( String[] args )
{ int a = 10 ;
System . out . println (
ja a toke s ;
}
Tokens are---------class , test , { , , [

}
…………….et
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Java Comments:-
 Comments are used to write the detailed description about application logics to understand the
logics easily.
 Comments are very important in real time because today we are developing the application but
that application maintained by some other person so to understand the logics by everyone writes
the comments.
 Comments are non executable code these are ignored at compile time.
There are 3 types of comments.

1) Single line Comments:-
By using single line comments it is possible to write the description about our programming
logics within a single line & these comments are Starts with // (double slash) symbol.
Syntax:- //description
2) Multi line Comments:-

This comment is used to provide description about our program in more than one line &
these commands are start with /* & ends with */
Syntax: - /*----satement-1
----statement-2
*/
3) Documentation Comments:-
By using documentation comments it possible to prepare API(Application programming
interface) documents.(e will discuss later chapte)
Syntax: - /*
*statement-1
*statement-2
*/
Example:-
/*project name:-green project
team size:- 6
team lead:- ratan
*/
class Test //class declaration
{ //class starts
public static void main(String[] args) // execution starting point
{ //main starts
System.out.println("ratan"); //printing statement
}//main ends
};//class ends
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Separators in java:-
Symbol name usage
() parentheses used to contains list of parameters & contains expression.
{} braces block of code for class, method, constructors & local scopes.
[] brackets used for array declaration.
; semicolon terminates statements.
, comma separate the variables declaration & chain statements in for.
. period used to separate package names from sub packages. And also
used for separate a variable,method from a reference type.
Print() vs Println ():-

Print():- used to print the statement in console and the control is present in the same line.
Example:- “ ste .out.p i t Sravyainfotech ;
“ ste .out.p i t o e ja a ;
Output:-SravyaInfotechcorejava
Println():- used to print the statements in console but the control is there in next line.
Example:- “ ste .out.p i tl Sravyainfotech ;
“ ste .out.p i tl o e ja a ;
Output: - Sravyainfotech
Core java
Downloading Api document:-

To download java api document use fallowing link
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/
click on JDK 8 documentation then you will get below page.
Accept the license agreement and download the file.
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Java identifiers:-
Every name in java is called identifier such as,
 Class-name
 Method-name
 Variable-name
Rules to declare identifier:

1. An identifier contains group of Uppercase & lower case characters, numbers ,underscore & dollar
sign characters but not start with number.
int abc=10; ---> valid int _abc=30; ---> valid int $abc=40; ---> valid
int a-bc=50; --->not valid int 2abc=20; ---> Invalid int not/ok=100 --->invalid
2. Java identifiers are case sensitive of course java is case sensitive programming language. The
below three declarations are different & valid.
class Test
{ int NUMBER=10;
int number=10;
int Number=10;
};
3. The identifier should not duplicated & below example is invalid because it contains duplicate
variable name.
class Test
{ int a=10;
int a=20;
};
4. In the java applications it is possible to declare all the predefined class names & interfaces
names as a identifier but it is not recommended to use.
class Test
{ int String=10;
float Exception=10.2f;
System.out.println(String);
System.out.println(Exception);
}
};
5. It is not possible to use keywords as a identifiers.

class Test
{ int if=10;
int try=20;
};
6. There is no length limit for identifiers but is never recommended to take lengthy names because
it reduces readability of the code.
23 | P a g e
Java primitive Data Types:-

1. Data types are used to represent type of the variable & expressions.
2. Representing how much memory is allocated for variable.
3. Specifies range value of the variable.
There are 8 primitive data types in java

Data Type size(in bytes) Range default values
byte 1 -128 to 127 0
short 2 -32768 to 32767 0
int 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647 0
long 8 –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9 ,223,372,036,854,775,807 0
float 4 -3.4e38 to 3.4e 0.0
double 8 -1.7e308 to 1.7e308 0.0
char 2 0 to 6553 single space
Boolean no-size no-range false
Byte :-
Size : 1-byte
MAX_VALUE : 127
MIN_VALUE : -128
Range : -128 to 127
Formula : -2n to 2n-1 -28 to 28-1
26 25 24 23 22 21 20
64+32+16+8+4+2=128
Note :-
 To ep ese t u e i alues , , …et use byte,short,int,long.
 To represent decimal values(floating point values . , . …et ) use float,double.
 To represent character use char and take the character within single quotes.
 To represent true ,false use Boolean.
Except Boolean and char remaining all data types consider as a signed data types because we can
represent both +ve & -ve values.
Float vs double:-
Float will give 5 to 6 decimal places of accuracy but double gives 14 to 15 places of accuracy.
Float will fallow single precision but double will fallow double precision.
Syntax:- data-type name-of-variable = value/literal;
Ex:- int a=10;
Int ------ Data Type
a ------ variable name
= ------ assignment
10 ------ constant value
; ------ statement terminator
24 | P a g e
printing variables :-
int a=10;
System.out.println(a); //valid
System.out.println("a"); //invalid
System.out.println('a'); //invalid
User provided values are printed Default values(JVM assigned values)

int a = 10; int a;
System.out.println(a);//10 System.out.println(a);//0
boolean b=true; boolean b;
System.out.println(b);//true System.out.println(b);//false
char ch='a'; char ch;
System.out.println(ch);//a System.out.println(ch);//single space
double d=10.5; double d;
System.out.println(d);//10.5 System.out.println(d);//0.0
Example :-//Test.java
class Test
{ float f=10.5;
System.out.println(f);
double d=20.5;
System.out.println(d);
}
}
D:\ratan>javac Test.java
Test.java:3: error: possible loss of precision
float f=10.5;
required: float found: double
in above example decimal value(10.5) by default double value hence compiler
generating error message so to represent float value use f constant or perform type casting.
float f =10.5f; //using f constant (valid)
float f =(float)10.5; //using type casting (valid)
variable declarations:
int a=10; ----> integer variable
double d=10.5; ----> double variable
char ch='a'; ----> char variable
boolean b=true; ----> boolean variable
float f=10.5f; ----> float variable
String st = ata ; ----> String variable
Note: String is not a data type & it is a class present in java.lang package to represent group
of characters or character array enclosed with in double quotes.
25 | P a g e
Java Variables:-
 Variables are used to store the constant values by using these values we are achieving project
requirements.
 Variables are also known as fields of a class or properties of a class.
 All variables must have a type. You can use primitive types such as int, float, boolean,
 Variable declaration is composed of three components in order,

etc. Or you can use reference types, such as strings, arrays, or objects.
o Zero or more modifiers.

o The variable type.
o The variable name.
Example : public final int x=100;
public int a=10;

public ----> modifier (specify permission)
int ----> data type (represent type of the variable)
a ----> variable name
10 ----> constant value or literal;
; ----> statement terminator
There are three types of variables in java

1. Local variables.
2. Instance variables.
3. Static variables.
Local variables:-
 The variables which are declare inside a method or constructor or blocks those variables are
called local variables.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) //execution starts from main method
{ int a=10; //local variables
int b=20;
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
}
}
 It is possible to access local variables only inside the method or constructor or blocks only, it is
not possible to access outside of method or constructor or blocks.
void add()
{ int a=10; //local variable
System.out.println(a); //possible
}
void mul()
{ System.out.println(a); //not-possible
}
 For the local variables memory allocated when method starts and memory released when
method completed.
26 | P a g e
Instance variables (non-static variables):-

 The variables which are declare inside a class but outside of methods those variables are called
instance variables.
 The scope (permission) of instance variable is inside the class having global visibility.
 For the instance variables memory allocated during object creation & memory released when object
is destroyed.
 Instance variables are stored in heap memory.
Areas of java language:-

There are two types areas in java.
1) Instance Area.
2) Static Area.
Instance Area:- Static Area:-
void m1() //instance method Static void m1() //static method
{ Logics here //instance area { Logics here //static area
} }
Instance variable accessing:-
(Instance variables & methods)
Directly can access (Access by using

Object)
Instance Area Static Area

Example:-
class Test
{ //instance variables
int a=10;
int b=20;
//static method
{ //Static Area
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.a);
System.out.println(t.b);
t.m1(); //instance method calling
}
// instance method
void m1() //user defined method must called by user inside main method
{ //instance area
}//main ends
};//class ends
27 | P a g e
Static variables (class variables):-

 The variables which are declared inside the class but outside of the methods with static modifier
those variables are called static variables.
 Scope of the static variables with in the class global visibility.
 Static variables memory allocated during .class file loading and memory released at .class file
unloading time.
 Static variables are stored in non-heap memory.
Static variables & methods accessing:-
(Static variables& static methods)
Access by using class name
Static area instance area

class Test
{ //static variables
static int a=1000;
static int b=2000;
public static void main(String[] args) //static method
{ System.out.println(Test.a);
System.out.println(Test.b);
Test t = new Test();
}
//instance method
void m1() //user defined method called by user inside main method
{ System.out.println(Test.a);
}
};
Static variables calling: - We are able to access the static members inside the static area in three ways.
 Direct accessing.
 By using class name.
 By using reference variable.
In above three approaches second approach is best approach .
class Test
{ static int x=100; //static variable
{ System.out.println(a); //1-way(directly possible)
System.out.println(Test.a); //2-way(By using class name)
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.a); //3-way(By using reference variable)
}
};
28 | P a g e
Example: - When we create object inside method that object is destroyed when method completed, if
any other method required object then create the object inside that method.
class Test
{ //instance variable
int a=10;
int b=20;
static void m1()
{ Test t = new Test();
}
static void m2()
}
{ Test.m1(); //static method calling
Test.m2(); //static method calling
}
};
Example:-
class Test
{ int a=10; int b=20; // instance variables
static int c=30; static int d=40; //static variables
void m1() //instance method
{ System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(Test.c);
System.out.println(Test.d);
}
static void m2() //static method
System.out.println(Test.c);
System.out.println(Test.d);
}
Test.m2(); //static method calling
}
};
29 | P a g e
Variables VS default values:-

Case 1:- for the instance variables JVM will assign default values.
class Test
{ int a;
boolean b;
{ //access the instance variables by using object
Test t=new Test();
}
};
Case 2:- for the static variables JVM will assign default values.
class Test
{ static int a;
static float b;
{ //access the static variable by using class Names
System.out.println(Test.a);
}
};
Case 3:-
 For the instance and static variables JVM will assign default values but for the local variables the
JVM o t provide default values.
 In java before using local variables must initialize some values to the variables otherwise
compiler will raise compilation e o a ia le a ight ot ha e ee i itialized .
class Test
{ //local variables (access directly)
int a;
int b;
}
};
D:\>javac Test.java
Test.java:6: variable a might not have been initialized
30 | P a g e
Class Vs Object:-
 Class is a logical entity it contains logics where as object is physical entity it is representing
memory.
 Class is blue print it decides object creation without class we are unable to create object.
 Based on single class (blue print) it is possible to create multiple objects but every object
occupies memory.
 Civil engineer based on blue print of house it is possible to create multiple houses in different
places but every house required some area.
 We are declaring the class by using class keyword but we are creating object by using new
keyword.
 We are able to create object in different ways like
o By using new operator
o By using clone() method
o By using new Instance()
o By using factory method.
o B usi g dese ializatio ….et
But we are able to declare the class by using class keyword.
 We will discuss object creation in detailed in constructor concept.
Instance vs. Static variables:-

 For the instance variables the JVM will create separate memory for each and every object it
means separate instance variable value for each and every object.
 For the static variables irrespective of object creation per class single memory is allocated, here
all objects of that class using single copy.
Example :-
class Test
{ int a=10; //instance variable
static int b=20; //static variable
System.out.println(t.a); //10
System.out.println(t.b); //20
t.a=111; t.b=222;
System.out.println(t.a); //111
System.out.println(t.b); //222
Test t1 = new Test(); //10 222
System.out.println(t1.a); //10
System.out.println(t1.b); //222
t1.b=444;
Test t2 = new Test(); //10 444
System.out.println(t2.b); //444
}
}
31 | P a g e
Instance variable vs static variable :-
Different ways to initialize the variables :-

class Test
{ int s=10;
int a,b,c;
int x=10,y,z;
int i=10,j=20,k;
int p=10,q=20,r=30;
System.out.println(t.s);
System.out.println(t.a+" "+t.b+" "+t.c);
System.out.println(t.x+" "+t.y+" "+t.z);
System.out.println(t.i+" "+t.j+" "+t.k);
System.out.println(t.p+" "+t.q+" "+t.r);
}
}
Summary of variables:-
Characteristic Local variable instance variable static variables
where declared inside method or inside the class outside inside the class outside
Constructor or block. Of methods of methods .
Usage within the method inside the class. inside the class all
When memory allocated when method starts when object created when .class file loading
When memory destroyed when method ends. When object destroyed when .class unloading.
Initial values none, must initialize the value default values are default values are
before first use. Assigned by JVM. Assigned by JVM.
Relation with Object no way related to object. for every object one copy for all objects one
Of instance variable created copy is created.
It means memory. Single memory.
Accessing directly possible. By using object name. by using class name.

Test t = new Test(); System.out.println(Test.a);
Memory stored in stack memory. Stored in heap memory non-heap memory.
32 | P a g e
Java Methods (behaviors):-

 Inside the classes directly writing the business logics are not allowed hence inside the class declare
the method inside that method writes the logics of the application.
 Methods are used to write the business logics of the project.
 Coding convention: - method name starts with lower case letter and every inner word starts with
uppercase letter(mixed case).
Example:- post() , charAt() , toUpperCase() , compareToIgnoreCase ……et
There are two types of methods in java,
1. Instance method
2. Static method
 Inside the class it is possible to declare any number of instance & static methods based on the
developer requirement.
 It will improve the reusability of the code and we can optimize the code.
Note: - Whether it is an instance method or static method the methods are used to provide
business logics of the project.
Instance method :-
void m1() //instance method
{ //body //instance area
}
Note: - for the instance members memory is allocated during object creation hence
access the instance members by using object-name (reference-variable).
Method calling Syntax:-
Void m1() { } //instance method
Objectname.instancemethod( ); //calling instance method
t.m1( );
static method:-
static void m1() //static method
{ //body //static area
}
Note: - for the static member’s memory allocated during .class file
loading hence access the static members by using class-name.
Method calling syntax:-
Static void m2() { } //static method
Classname.staticmethod( ); // call static method by using class name
Test.m2( );
Every method contains two parts.

1. Method declaration
2. Method implementation (logic)
Example:- void m1() ------> method declaration
{ Body (Business logic); -----> method implementation
}
33 | P a g e
Method Syntax:-
[modifiers-list] return-Type Method-name (parameters list) throws Exception
Modifiers-list ------ represent access permissions. ---- [optional]
Return-type ------ ---- [mandatory]
------ ----- [mandatory]
functionality return value
Method name
------ ---- [optional]
functionality name
Parameter-list
------ representing exception handling --- [optional]
input to functionality
Throws Exception
Example:- Public void m1(){ logi s…}

Private int m2(int a,int b) { logi s…}
Method Signature:-
Method-name & parameters list is called method signature.
Syntax:- Method-name(parameter-list)
Example:- m1(int a)
m1(int a,int b)
Example-1 :- instance & static methods without arguments.

 Instance methods are bounded with objects hence call the instance methods by using object
name(reference variable).
 Static methods are bounded with class hence access the static methods by using class-name.
class Test
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("m1 instance method");
}
static void m2()
{ System.out.println("m2 static method");
}
t.m1(); //calling of instance method by using object-name
Test.m2(); //calling of static method by using class-name
}
}
Example-2:-instance & static methods with parameters.

 If the method is expecting parameters (inputs to functionality) then while calling that method
must pass the values to that parameters then only that method will be executed.
 While passing parameters, number of arguments & order of arguments important.
void m1(int a) -->t.m1(10); -->valid

void m2(int a,int b) -->t.m2(10,'a'); -->invalid
void m3(int a,char ch,float f) -->t.m3(10,'a',10.6); -->invalid
void m4(int a,char ch,float f) -->t.m4(10, a ,10.6f); -->valid
void m5(int a,char ch,float f) -->t.m3(10,'c'); -->invalid
34 | P a g e
class Test
{ void m1(int a,char ch) //local variables
System.out.println(ch);
}
static void m2(boolean b,double d)
{ System.out.println("m2 static method");
System.out.println(d);
}
t.m1(10,'a'); //calling of instance method by passing inputs
Test.m2(true,10.5); //calling of static method by passing inputs
}
}
Example-3 :-
For java methods it is possible to provide Objects as a parameters(in real time project level).
class X{}
class Emp{}
class Y{}
class Test
{ void m1(X x ,Emp e)
{ System.out.println("m1 method");
}
static void m2(int a,Y y)
}
X x = new X();
Emp e = new Emp();
t.m1(x,e); //calling of instance method by passing objects as an input
Y y = new Y();
Test.m2(10,y); //calling of static method by passing objects as an input
}
}
Main method project code at realtime project level
{ new Test().m1(new X(),new Emp());
Test.m2(10,new Y());
}
35 | P a g e
Example-4:-
For java methods return type is mandatory otherwise the compilation will generate error
message i alid ethod de la atio ; etu t pe e ui ed .
class Test
{ m1()
}
t.m1();
}
}
Example -5:-
 Inside the class it is not possible to declare two methods with same signature , if we are trying to
declare two methods with same signature compiler will raise compilation error message
is al ead defi ed i Test (Java class not allowed Duplicate methods)
 But It is possible to write two methods with different signature,
void m1()
Void m1(int a) method signatures are different it is method overloading concept.
class Test
{ void m1()
}
void m1()
}
t.m1();
}
}
36 | P a g e
Example-6 :-
 Declaring the class inside another class is called inner classes, java supports inner classes.
 Declaring the methods inside other methods is called inner methods but java not supporting
inner methods concept if we are trying to declare inner methods compiler generate error
message illegal sta t of e p essio .
class Test
{ void m1()
{ void m2() //inner method
{ “ ste .out.p i tl i e ethod" ;
}
System.out.println("m1() outer method");
}
{ Test t1=new Test();
t.m1();
}
};
Example 7:-operator overloading

 One operator with more than one behavior is called operator over loading.
 Java is not supporting operator overloading concept but only one implicit overloaded operator in
java is + operator.
o If two operands are integers then plus (+) perform addition.
o If at least one operand is String then plus (+) perform concatenation.
class Test
{ System.out.println(10+20);
System.out.println("ratan"+"anushka"+2+2+"kids");
int a=10;
int b=20;
int c=30;
System.out.println(a+"---");
System.out.println(a+"---"+b);
System.out.println(a+"---"+b+"----");
System.out.println(a+"---"+b+"----"+c);
}
}
37 | P a g e
Example-8 :- methods vs. All datatypes

 By default the numeric values are integer values but to represent other format like byte, short
perform typecasting.
 By default the decimal values are double values but to represent float value perform typecasting
o use f constant. (double d=10.5; float f=20.5f;).
class Test
{ void m1(byte a) { System.out.println("Byte value-->"+a); }
void m2(short b ) { System.out.println("short value-->"+b); }
void m3(int c) { System.out.println("int value-->"+c); }
void m4(long d) { System.out.println("long value is-->"+d); }
void m5(float e) { System.out.println("float value is-->"+e);}
void m6(double f) { System.out.println("double value is-->"+f); }
void m7(char g) { System.out.println("character value is-->"+g); }
void m8(boolean h) { System.out.println("Boolean value is-->"+h); }
{ Test t=new Test();
t.m1((byte)10); t.m2((short)20);
t.m3(30); t.m4(40);
t.m5(10.6f); t.m6(20.5);
t.m7('a'); t.m8(true);
}
}
Example-9:-java method calling
 In java one method is calling another method by using method name.
 one java method is able to call more than one method. But once the method is completed the
control returns to caller method.
m1() --->calling ---->m2() ----> calling ---> m3()
m1() <------- after completion-m2() <------after completion m3()
class Test
{ void m1()
{ m2(); //m2() method calling
System.out.println("m1");
m2(); //m2() method calling
}
void m2()
{ m3(100); //m3() method calling
System.out.println("m2 ");
m3(200); //m3() method calling
}
void m3(int a)
{ System.out.println("m3 "); }
t.m1(); //m1() method calling
} }
38 | P a g e
Example-10 :-
Case 1:- This keyword not required
In below example instance variables and local variables having different names so this
keyword not required.
class Test
int a=100;
int b=200;
void add(int i,int j)
{ System.out.println(a+b); //instance variables addition
System.out.println(i+j); //local variables addition
}
t.add(10,20);
}
}
Case 2:- This keyword required:-

In below example intstance & local variables having same name, then to represent
instance variables use this keyword.
class Test
int a=100;
int b=200;
void add(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println(a+b); //local variables addition
System.out.println(this.a+this.b); //instance variables addition
}
t.add(10,20);
}
}
39 | P a g e
Example-11 :-
 In java this keyword is instance variable hence it is not possible to use inside static area.
If we are using this variable inside static context then compiler will generate error
essage non-static variable this cannot be referenced from a static context .
 In the static context it is not possible to use this & super keywords.
class Test
{ int a=100;
static void add(int a)
{ System.out.println(this.a);
}
t.add(10);
}
}
Compilation error:- non-static variable this cannot be referenced from a static context.
Example-12 :- Conversion of local variables to instace variables to improve the scope of the variable.
class Test
int val1;
int val2;
void values(int val1,int val2)//local variables
{ System.out.println(val1);
System.out.println(val2);
//conversion of local to instance (passing local variables values to instance variables)
this.val1=val1;
this.val2=val2;
}
void add(){ System.out.println(val1+val2); }
void mul(){ System.out.println(val1*val2); }
t.values(10,20);
t.add();
t.mul();
}
}
40 | P a g e
Example-13 :- methods vs return type.

 Every functionality is able to return some functionality return value just like acknowledgement.
Ex :- when we applied for driving license then after one month we will receive ID card.
 For java methods return type is mandatory & void represent return nothing.
 Methods a ha e etu t pe p i iti e su h as te,sho t,i t,lo g,float….et O‘ it a ha e

o je t etu t pe like A a s,“t i g,O je ts….et
 If the method is having return type other than void then must return the value by using return
ke o d othe ise o pile ill ge e ate e o essage missing return statement
Below syntax invalid because method must return int value by using return statement.
int m1()
{ System.out.println("Anushka");
}
The below example is valid because it is returning int value by using return statement.
int m1()
return 100;
}
 Inside the method we are able to declare only one return statement that statement must be last
statement of the method otherwise compiler will generate error message unreachable
statement .
The below example is invalid because return statement is must be last statement.
int m1()
{ return 100;
System.out.println("Anushka");
}
The below example valid because return statement is last statement.
int m1()
return 100;
}
 Every method is able to returns the value but holding (storing) that return value is optional, but it
is recommended to hold the return value check the status o the method.
41 | P a g e
class Test
{ int m1(int a,char ch)
{ System.out.println("***m1 method***");
System.out.println(a+"---"+ch);
return 100;
}
boolean m2(String str1,String str2)
{ System.out.println("****m2 method****");
System.out.println(str1+"---"+str2);
return true;
}
static String m3(double d,boolean b)
{ System.out.println("****m3 method****");
System.out.println(d+"---"+b);
return "ratan";
}
int x = t.m1(10,'a');
System.out.println("m1() return value-->"+x);
boolean b = t.m2("ratan","anu");
System.out.println("m2() return value-->"+b);
String str = Test.m3(10.5,true);

System.out.println("m3() return value-->"+str);
}
}
Example 14 :- It is possible to print return value of the method in two ways,
1. Hold the value print that value. 2. Directly print call method by using System.out.println()
If the method is having return type is void but if we are trying to call method by using System.out.println() then
compiler will generate error message.
class Test
{ int m1()
return 10; }
void m2()
{ System.out.println("m2 method"); }
{ Test t =new Test();
int x = t.m1();
System.out.println("return value="+x); //1-way
System.out.println("return value="+t.m1()); //2-way
t.m2(); //valid
//System.out.println(t.m2()); Compilation error:'void' type not allowed here
}
}
42 | P a g e
Example 15 :- Java.util.Scanner
 Scanner class present in java.util package and it is introduced in 1.5 versions & it is used to take
dynamic input from the keyboard.
 To communicate with system resources use System class & to take input from keyboard
use in variable(in=input).
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in); //Scanner object creation
to get int value ----> s.nextInt()
to get float value ----> s.nextFloat()
to get byte value ----> s.nextbyte()
to get String value ----> s.next()
to get single line ----> s.nextLine()
to close the input stream ----> s.close()
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter emp hobbies");
String ehobbies = s.nextLine();
System.out.println("enter emp no");
int eno=s.nextInt();
System.out.println("enter emp name");
String ename=s.next();
System.out.println("enter emp salary");
float esal=s.nextFloat();
System.out.println("*****emp details*****");
System.out.println("emp no----->"+eno);
System.out.println("emp name---->"+ename);
System.out.println("emp sal------>"+esal);
System.out.println("emp hobbies------>"+ehobbies);
s.close(); //used to close the stream
}
}
Case:- The \s represents whitespace.
import java.util.*;
public class Test
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ String input = "7 tea 12 coffee";
Scanner s = new Scanner(input).useDelimiter("\\s");
System.out.println(s.nextInt());
System.out.println(s.next());
System.out.println(s.nextInt());
System.out.println(s.next());
s.close(); }}
43 | P a g e
Example 16:- retrun statement vs if-else

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ static String status(int age)
{ if (age>20)
{ return "eligible for marriage"; }
else
{ return "not eligible for marriage"; }
}
{ Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter your age:");
int age = s.nextInt();
String str = Test.status(age);
System.out.println("your status is="+str);
}
};
Example-17:- methods vs. return variables

Returns local variable as a return value Returns instance variable as a return value(no local
class Test variable)
{ int a=10; class Test
int m1(int a) { int a=10;
{ int m1()
System.out.println("m1() method"); {
return a; //return local variable System.out.println("m1() method");
} return a; //returns instance value
public static void main(String[] args) }
{ Test t = new Test(); public static void main(String[] args)
int x = t.m1(100); { Test t = new Test();
System.out.println(x); int x = t.m1();
} System.out.println(x);
} }
D:\>java Test }
m1() method D:\>java Test
100 m1() method
10
If the application contains both local & instance variables with same name then first priority goes to local
variables but to return instance value use this keyword.
class Test
{ int a=10;
int m1(int a)
{ System.out.println("m1() method");
return this.a; //return instance variable as a return value.
}
int x = t.m1(100);
System.out.println( etu alue is +x); //printing return value
}
}
44 | P a g e
Example 18:- The java class is able to return user defined class as a return value.
class X{};
class Emp{};
class Test
{ X m1()
X x = new X();
return x;
}
Emp m2()
Emp e = new Emp();
return e;
}
static String m3()
return "ratan";
}
X x1 = t.m1();
Emp e = t.m2();
String str = Test.m3();
}
}
Note: when we print object reference variable it always print hash code of the object (we will discuss later).
Example 19: this keyword representing current class objects.
Java method is able to return current class object in two ways.
1) Creating object & return reference variable.
2) Return this keyword.
In above two approaches 2nd approach is recommended to return the current class object.
class Test
{ Test m1()
return t;
}
Test m2()
return this;
}
Test t1 = t.m1();
Test t2 = t.m2();
}
};
45 | P a g e
Example 20:- Template method

 Let s assu e to complete your task you must call four methods then,
o you must remember number of method names.
o Order of calling (which one is first & which one is later).
 To overcome above limitation take x( ) method it is calling four methods internally to complete
our task then instead of calling four methods every time call x( ) method that perform our task
that x( ) method is called template method.
class Test
{ void customer() { System.out.println("custome"); }
void product() { System.out.println("product "); }
void selection() { System.out.println("selection"); }
void billing() { System.out.println("billing"); }
void deliveryManager() //template method
{ System.out.println("****Template method***");
//template method is calling four methods in order to complete our task.
customer();
product();
selection();
billing();
}
{ Test t = new Test(); //normal approach
t.customer(); t.product();
t.selection(); t.billing();
//by using template method
t.deliveryManager(); //this method is calling four methods to complete our task.
}
};
Example 21:- Method recursion A method is calling itself during execution is called recursion.
case 1:- (normal output)
class RecursiveMethod
{ static void recursive(int a)
{ System.out.println("number is :- "+a);
if (a==0)
{return;
}
recursive(--a); //same method is calling [recursion]
}
{ RecursiveMethod.recursive(10);
}
};
case 2:- (StackOverFlowError)
class RecursiveMethod
{ static void recursive(int a)
{ System.out.println("number is :- "+a);
if (a==0)
{return;
46 | P a g e
}
recursive(++a);
}
{ RecursiveMethod.recursive(10);
}
};
Example 22 :- Stack Mechanism:-
 In java program execution starts from main method called by JVM & just before calling main
method JVM will creates one empty stack memory for that application.
 When JVM calls particular method then that method entry and local variables of that method
stored in stack memory & when the method completed, that particular method entry and local
variables are destroyed from stack memory & that memory becomes available to other methods.
 The jvm will create stack memory just before calling main method & jvm will destroyed stack
memory after completion of main method.
class Test
{ void add(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println(a+b); }
void mul(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println(a+b); }
t.add(5,8); t.mul(10,20);
}
};
Example 23 :-when we call methods recursively then we will get StackOverFlowError.

class Test
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("rattaiah");
m2();
}
void m2()
{ System.out.println("Sravya");
m1();
}
t.m1();
}
}
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CONSTRUCTORS
Class Vs Object:-
 Class is a logical entity it contains logics where as object is physical entity it is representing
memory.
 Class is blue print it decides object creation without class we are unable to create object.
 Based on single class (blue print) it is possible to create multiple objects but every object
occupies memory.
 Civil engineer based on blue print of house it is possible to create multiple houses in different
places but every house required some area.
 We are declaring the class by using class keyword but we are creating object by using new
keyword.
 We are able to create object in different ways like
o By using new operator
o By using clone() method
o By using new Instance()
o By using instance factory method.
o By using static factory method
o By using pattern factory method
o B usi g dese ializatio ….et
But we are able to declare the class by using class keyword.
Object creation syntax:-

Class-name reference-variable = new class-name ();
Test t = new Test ();
Test ---> class Name
t ---> Reference variables
= ---> assignment operator
new ---> keyword used to create object
Test () ---> constructor
; ---> statement terminator
When we create new instance (Object) of a class using new keyword, a constructor for that class
is called.
New :-
 new keyword is used to create object in java.
 When we create object by using new operator after new keyword that part is constructor then
constructor execution will be done.
Rules to declare constructor:-

1) Constructor name class name must be same.
2) It is possible to provide parameters to constructors (just like methods).
3) Constructor not allowed explicit return type. (return type declaration not possible even void).
There are two types of constructors,

1) Default Constructor (provided by compiler).
2) User defined Constructor (provided by user) or parameterized constructor.
48 | P a g e
Default Constructor:-
 Inside the class if we are not declaring at least one constructor then compiler generates zero
argument constructors with empty implementation at the time of compilation.
 The compiler generated constructor is called default constructor.
 Inside the class default constructor is invisible mode.
 To check the default constructor provided by compiler open the .class file code by using java
decompiler software.
Application before compilation :-

class Test
{ void m1()
}
t.m1();
}
}
I a o e appli atio he e eate o je t usi g e ke o d Test t = new Test ()
then compiler is searching for Test constructor inside the class since not available hence
compiler generate default constructor at the time of compilation.
The default constructor is always 0-argument constructor with empty implementations.
Application after compilation :-

class Test
{ void m1()
}
//default constructor generated by compiler
Test()
{
}
t.m1();
}
}
In above example at run time JVM will execute compiler provide default constructor
during object creation.
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User defined constructor:-

The constructors which are declared by user are called user defined constructor.
Example :-
class Test
{ //constructor declared by user
Test()
{ System.out.println("0-arg constructor");
}
Test(int i)
}
Test(int a,int b)
}
Test t2=new Test(10);
Test t3=new Test(100,200);
}
}
Example:-
 Inside the class if we are declaring at least one constructor (either 0-arg or parameterized) then
o pile o t ge e ate default o st u to .
 Inside the class if we are not declaring at least one constructor (either 0-arg or parameterized)
then compiler will generate default constructor.
 if we are trying to compile below application the compiler will generate error message
Cannot fi d s ol because compiler is unable to generate default constructor.
class Test
{ Test(int i)
}
Test(int a,int b)
}
Test t2=new Test(10);
Test t3=new Test(100,200);
}
}
E:\>javac Test.java
Test.java:9: cannot find symbol
Symbol: constructor Test ()
Location: class Test
50 | P a g e
Note :- default constructor is zero argument constructor but all zero argument
constructors are not default constructors.
Object creation formats:-

2-formats of object creation.
1) Named object (having reference variable) Test t = new Test();
2) Nameless object (without reference variable) new Test();
class Test
{ void m1()
}
{ //named object [having reference variable]
t.m1();
//nameless object [without reference variable`]
new Test().m1();
}
}
2- formats of object creation.

1) Eager object creation.
2) Lazy object creation.
class Test
void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
{ //Eager object creation approach
t.m1();
//lazy object creation approach
Test t1;
;;;;;;;;;; //some code here
t1=new Test();
t1.m1();
}
}
51 | P a g e
Example:-
class Box
{ double height;
double width;
double depth;
};
Box mybox; mybox is the reference to an object of type Box. After executing this line mybox
contains the value null.
mybox = new Box(); it creates the Box object and assign to mybox reference type.
Example:-
class Box
{ double height=10;
double width=20;
double depth=30;
void volume()
{ System.out.println(height*width*depth);
}
};
class Test
{ Box b1 = new Box();
Box b2 = b1;
b1=null;
b2.volume();
//b1.volume(); java.lang.NullPointerException
}
};
In above example both b1 & b2 are pointing to same object. Here b1has been set to null but still
b2 is pointing to the original object.
Note: - When we assign one object reference variable to another object reference variable, you
are not creating a copy of the object we are creating copy of the reference.
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Advantages of constructors:-
1) Constructors are used to write block of java code that code will be executed
during object creation.
2) Constructors are used to initialize instance variables during object creation.
Example :- default constructor execution process.
class Employee
int eid;
String ename;
double esal;
void display()
{ //printing instance variables values
System.out.println("****Employee details****");
System.out.println("Employee name :-->"+ename);
System.out.println("Employee eid :-->"+eid);
System.out.println("Employee sal :-->"+esal);
}
{ Employee e1 = new Employee();
e1.display();
}
}
D:\morn11>java Employee
****Employee details****
Employee name :-->null
Employee eid :-->0
Employee sal :-->0.0
Problems in above example:-
 In above example during object creation time default constructor is executed with empty
implementation and initial values of instance variables (default values) printed .
 In above example Emp object is created but default values are printing hence to overcome
this limitation use user defined constructor to initialize some values to instance variables.
Example 2:- user defined o-argument constructor execution process.
class Employee
int eid;
String ename;
double esal;
Employee( ) //user defined 0-argument constructor
{ //assigning values to instance values during object creation
eid=111;
ename="ratan";
esal =60000;
}
53 | P a g e
void display()
System.out.println("Employee name :-->"+eid);
System.out.println("Employee name :-->"+esal);
}
{ Employee e1 = new Employee();
e1.display();
}
}
Compilation & execution process:-

D:\morn11>javac Employee.java
Employee name :-->ratan
Employee name :-->111
Employee name :-->60000.0
In above example during object creation user provided 0-arg constructor executed used
to initialize some values to instance variables.
Problem in above example:-
In above example when we create object it initializing values to instance variables but
when we create multiple object for every object same 0-argument constructors is executing it
initializing same values for all objects
{ Emp e1 = new Emp();
e1.display();
Emp e2 = new Emp();
e2.display();
}
To overcome above limitation use parameterized constructor to initialize different values

to different objects
54 | P a g e
Example 3:- User defined parameterized constructors:-

 Inside the class if the default constructor is executed & object is created but initial
values of variables only printed.
 To overcome above limitation inside the class we are declaring user defined 0-argument
constructor to assign some values to instance variables but when we create multiple
objects for every object same constructor is executing and same values are initializing.
 To overcome above limitation declare the parameterized constructor and pass the
different values to different objects.
Example :-
class Employee
int eid;
String ename;
double esal;
Employee(int eid,String ename,double esal) //local variables
{ //conversion (passing local values to instance values)
this.eid = eid;
this.ename = ename;
this.esal = esal;
}
void display()
System.out.println("Employee name :-->"+eid);
System.out.println("Employee name :-->"+esal);
}
{ // during object creation parameterized constructor executed
Employee e1 = new Employee(111,"ratan",60000);
e1.display();
Employee e2 = new Employee(222,"anu",70000);
e2.display();
}
}
E:\>javac Test.java
E:\>java Employee
Employee name :-->anu
55 | P a g e
Example :- assign values to instance variables [constructor vs. method]

class Student
int sid;
String sname;
int smarks;
//constructor assigning values to instance variables
Student(int sid,String sname,int smarks)
{ this.sid=sid;
this.sname=sname;
this.smarks=smarks;
}
//method assigning values to instance variables
void assign(int sid,String sname,int smarks)
{ this.sid=sid;
this.sname=sname;
this.smarks=smarks;
}
void disp()
{ System.out.println("****student Details****");
System.out.println("student name = "+sname);
System.out.println("student id = "+sid);
System.out.println("student mrks = "+smarks);
}
{ Student s = new Student(111,"ratan",100);
s.assign(222,"anu",200);
s.disp();
}
}
E:\>java Student
****student Details****
student name = anu
student id = 222
student mrks = 200
Example :- primitive variable vs reference variable
 a is a ia le of p i iti e t pe su h as i t, ha ,dou le, oolea …et
 t is reference variable & it is the memory address of object.
class Test
{ //a is primitive variable
int a=10;
//t is reference variable
Test t = new Test ();
System.out.println(t);
}
}
56 | P a g e
Constructor calling:-
To call Current class constructor use this keyword
this(); ----> current class 0-arg constructor calling
this(10); ----> current class 1-arg constructor calling
this(10 , true); ----> current class 2-arg constructor calling
this , ata , ’a’ ----> current class 3-arg constructor calling
Example-1:-
Call the java methods by uisng method name but to call the current class contructor use this
keyword.
class Test
{ Test( )
{ this(100); //current class 1-arg constructor calling
System.out.println("0-arg constructor logics");
}
Test(int a)
{ this('g',10); //current class 2-arg constructor calling
}
Test(char ch,int a)
{ System.out.println("2-arg constructor logics");
System.out.println(ch+"----"+a);
}
{ new Test( );
}
}
Example 2:-
Inside the constructor this keyword must be first statement otherwise compiler generate error
essage call to this must be first statement in constructor .
No compilation error:-(this keyword first statement)
Test()
{ this(10); //current class 1-argument constructor calling
System.out.println("0 arg");
}
Compilation error:- (this keyword not a first statement)
Test()
{ System.out.println("0 arg");
this(10); //current class 1-argument constructor calling
}
57 | P a g e
Example-3:-
1. Constructor calling must be first statement in constructor code it means this keyword must be
first statement in constructor.
2. In java one constructor is able to call only one constructor at a time but not possible to call more
than one constructor.
Compilation error:-
Test()
{ this(100); //1-arg constructor calling
this('g',10); //2-arg constructor calling[compilation error]
}
Object creation parts:- Every object creation having three parts.
1) Declaration:-
Test t; //t is Test type
Student s; //s is Student type
A a; //a is A type
2) Instantiation:-(just object creation)
new Test(); //Test object
new Student(); //student object
new A(); //A object
3) initialization:-(during object creation perform initialization)
new Test(10,20); //during object creation 10,20 values initialized
new Student("ratan",111); //during object creation values are initialized
new A('a',true) //during object creation values are initialized
Example :- By using constructors copy the values of one object to another object.
class Student
{ int sid;
String sname;
int smarks;
Student(int sid,String sname,int smarks)
{ this.sid=sid; this.sname=sname; this.smarks=smarks;
}
Student(Student s) //constructor expected Student object
{ this.sid=s.sid; this.sname=s.sname; this.smarks=s.smarks;
}
void disp()
{ System.out.println("****student Details****");
System.out.println("student name = "+sname);
System.out.println("student id = "+sid);
System.out.println("student mrks = "+smarks);
}
{ Student s = new Student(111,"ratan",100);
Student s1 = new Student(s); //constructor is taking Student object
s.disp(); s1.disp();
}
}
58 | P a g e
Difference between methods and constructors:-

Property methods constructors
1)Purpose methods are used to write logics Constructor is used write
but these logics will be executed logics of the project but the
when we call that method. logics will be executed during
Object creation.
2)Variable initialization It is initializing variable when It is initializing variable

We call that method. during object creation.
3)Return type Return type not allowed It allows all valid return
Even void. T pes oid,i t,Boolea …et
4)Name Method name starts with lower Class name and constructor
Case & every inner word starts name must be matched.
With upper case.
E : ha At ,toUppe Case ….
5)types a) instance method a)default constructor

b)static method b)user defined constructor
6)inheritance methods are inherited constructors are not inherited.
7)how to call To call the methods use method to call the constructor use
Name. this keyword.
8)able to call how many one method is able to call one constructors able to
Methods or constructors multiple methods at a time. Call only one constructor
at a time.
9)this to call instance method use this To call constructor use this
Keyword but It is not possible to keyword but inside constructor
call static method. use only one this statement.
10)Super used to call super class methods. Used to call super class constructor
11)Overloading it is possible to overload methods it is possible to overload cons.
12)compiler generate yes does not apply

Default cons or not
13)compiler generate yes does not apply.
Super keyword.
59 | P a g e
Constructor chaining :-
 One constructor is calling same class constructor is called constructor calling.
 We are achieving constructor calling by using this keyword.
 Inside constructor we are able to declare only one this keyword that must be first
statement of the constructor.
class Test
{ Test()
{ this(10);
System.out.println("0-arg cons");
}
Test(int i)
{ this(10,20);
System.out.println("1-arg cons");
}
Test(int i,int j)
{ System.out.println("2-arg cons");
}
{ new Test();
}
}
Instance Blocks:-
 Instance blocks are used to write the logics of projects & these logics are executed during
object creation just before constructor execution.
 Instance blocks execution depends on object creation it means if we are creating 10
objects 10 times constructors are executed just before constructors instance blocks are
executed.
 Instance block syntax
{ //logics here }
Example 1:-
class Test
{ //instance block
{ System.out.println("instance block:logics");
}
Test()
{ System.out.println("constructor:logics");
}
{ new Test();
}
}
60 | P a g e
Example 2:-
Inside the class it is possible to declare multiple instance blocks but the execution order is
top to bottom.
class Test
{ { System.out.println("instance block-1:logics");
}
Test()
{ System.out.println("0-arg constructor:logics");
}
{ System.out.println("instance block-2:logics");
}
Test(int a)
}
{ new Test();
new Test();
new Test(10);
}
}
Example 3:-
 Instance block execution depends on object creation but not constructor exaction.
 In below example two constructors are executing but only one object is crating hence
only one time instance block is executed.
class Test
{ { System.out.println("instance block-1:logics");
}
Test()
{ this(10);
System.out.println("0-arg constructor:logics"); }
Test(int a)
}
{ new Test();
}
}
E:\>java Test
instance block-1:logics
1-arg constructor:logics
0-arg constructor:logics
61 | P a g e
Example 4:-
Case 1:-
 When we declare instance block & instance variable the execution order is top to bottom.
 In below example instance block is declared first so instance block is executed first.
class Test
{ { System.out.println("instance block"); } //instance block
int a=m1(); //instance variables
int m1()
{ System.out.println("m1() method called by variable");
return 100;
}
{ new Test();
}
}
D:\morn11>java Test
instance block
m1() method called by variable
case 2;-
 When we declare instance block & instance variable the execution order is top to bottom.
 In below example instance variable is declared first so instance block is executed first.
class Test
{ int a=m1(); //instance varaibles
int m1()
{ System.out.println("m1() method called by variable");
return 100;
}
{ System.out.println("instance block");
}
{ new Test();
}
}
D:\morn11>java Test
m1() method called by variable
instance block
62 | P a g e
Example-5 :-
 Instance blocks are used to initialize instance variables during object creation but just
before constructor execution.
 In java it is possible to initialize the values in different ways
o By using constructors
o By using instance blocks
o By using methods
o B usi g sette ethods……..…et
class Emp
{ int eid;
String ename;
//instance block initializing values
{ ename="ratan";
eid=111;
}
//constructor initializing values
Emp()
{ ename="anu";
eid=222;
}
//method initializing values
void assign()
{ ename="aruna";
eid=333;
}
void disp()
{ System.out.println("****Employee Details****");
System.out.println("emp id="+eid);
System.out.println("emp name="+ename);
}
{ Emp e = new Emp();
e.disp();
}
};
E:\>java Emp
****Employee Details****
emp id=222
emp name=anu
63 | P a g e
static block:-
 Static blocks are used to write the logics of project that logics are executed during .class
file loading time.
 In java .class file is loaded only one time hence static blocks are executed once per class.
 Static block syntax,
static
{ //logics here
}
Note : instance blocks execution depends on object creation but static blocks
execution depends on .class file loading.
Example-1 :-
class Test
{ static
{ System.out.println("static block");
}
{
}
}
Example-2 :-
Inside the class it is possible to write multiple static blocks but the execution is top to
bottom.
class Test
{ //static blocks declaration
static{ System.out.println("static block-1");}
static{System.out.println("static block-2");}
//instance blocks declaration
{ System.out.println("instance block-1"); }
{ System.out.println("instance block-2"); }
//constructor declaration
Test()
}
Test(int a)
}
{ new Test();
new Test(10);
}
}
64 | P a g e
Example-3 :-static block is initializing variable

Static blocks are used to initialize static variables during .class file loading.
class Emp
{ static int eid;
static
{ eid=111;
}
static void assign()
{ eid=333;
}
static void disp()
{ System.out.println(eid);
}
{ Emp e = new Emp();
e.assign();
e.disp();
}
}
Example-4 :- To execute static blocks inside the class main() method is mandatory or optional.
class Test
{ static
{ System.out.println("static block");
}
}
 When we execute above code up to 1.5 version the code is compiled & executed it will
generate output.
Note : Based on above point up to 1.5 version it is possible to print some statements in output
console without using main method inside the class.
 When we execute the above code from 1.6 version onwards the code is not compiled it will
generate compilation error.
Note:- based on above point from 1.6 version onwards it is not possible to print some statements
in output console without using main method inside the class.
65 | P a g e
Example-5:-
 When we execute the .class file manually then to execute static blocks inside the class main() method
mandatory.
 When we load the .class file into memory programmatically then to execute the static blocks main()
method is optional.
 In below example both files must present in same folder (same location).
File 1:- Demo.java

class Demo
{ static
{ System.out.println("Demo class static block");
}
void m1()
{ System.out.println("Demo class m1 method");
}
};
File -2:- Test.java

class Test
{ static
{ System.out.println("Test class static blocks");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ Class c = Class.forName("Demo");
Demo d = (Demo)c.newInstance();
d.m1();
}
}
E:\>java Test
Test class static blocks
Demo class static block
Demo class m1 method
 To load the .class file into memory use forName() method & it is a static method of Class class.
 To check the return type & modifiers & arguments check the predefined support by using javap
command.
E:\>javap java.lang.Class
public static Class forName(String class-name) throws java.lang.ClassNotFoundException;
 forName() method loads .class file into memory and it return type is class pointing to loaded class.
 To created the object for loaded class use newInstance() method & it is a instance method present in
Class class.
public Object newInstance() throws java.lang.InstantiationException, java.lang.IllegalAccessException;
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java flow control Statements:-

There are three types of flow control statements in java
a. Selection Statements
b. Iteration statements
c. Transfer statements
1. Selection Statements
a. If b. If-else c. switch
If syntax:-
if (condition)
{ true body;
}
else
{ false body;
}
 If is taking condition that condition must be Boolean condition. Otherwise compiler will
generate error message.
 The curly brasses are optional but without it are possible to take only one statement except
initialization.
Example-1:-
class Test
{ int a=10,b=20;
if (a<b)
{ System.out.println("if body / true body");
}
else
{ System.out.println("else body/false body ");
}
}
}
Example -2:- For the if the condition it is possible to provide Boolean values.
class Test
{ if (true)
{ System.out.println("true body");
}
else
{ System.out.println("false body");
}
}
}
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Example-3:-in c-language 0-false & 1-true but these conventions are not allowed in java.
class Test
{ if (0)
{ System.out.println("true body");
}
else
{ System.out.println("false body");
}
}
}
Example-4:-
class Test
{ if (true)
System.out.println("true body");
else
System.out.println("false body");
}
}
Switch statement:-
 Switch statement is used to declare multiple selections.
 Inside the switch It is possible to declare any number of cases but one default case.
 Switch is taking the argument, the allowed arguments are
o Byte, Short,Int,Char,enum(1.5 version),String(1.7 version).
 Float and double and long is not allowed for a switch argument because these are having more
number of possibilities (float and double is having infinity number of possibilities).
 Based on the provided argument the matched case will be executed if the cases are not
matched default will be executed.
Syntax:-
switch(argument)
{
case label1: statements;
break;
case label2 : statements;
break;
| |
| |
default : statements;
break;
}
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Example-1: Normal input and normal output.

class Test
{ int a=10;
switch (a)
{ case 10:System.out.println("anushka"); break;
case 20:System.out.println("nazriya"); break;
case 30:System.out.println("samantha"); break;
default:System.out.println("ubanu"); break;
}
}
}
Example-2: Inside the switch the case labels must be unique; if we are declaring duplicate case labels
the o pile ill aise o pilatio e o dupli ate ase la el .
class Test
{ int a=10;
switch (a)
{ case 10:System.out.println("anushka"); break;
case 10:System.out.println("nazriya"); break;
}
}
}
Example-3: Inside the switch for the case labels it is possible to provide expressions (10+10+20 , 10*4 , 10/2).
class Test
{ int a=100;
switch (a)
{ case 10+20+70:System.out.println("anushka"); break;
case 10+5:System.out.println("nazriya"); break;
case 30/6:System.out.println("samantha"); break;
}
}
}
69 | P a g e
Example-4:- Inside the switch the case label must be constant values. If we are declaring variables
as a ase la els the o pile ill sho o pilatio e o o sta t e p essio e ui ed .
class Test
{ int a=10,b=20;
switch (a)
{ case a:System.out.println("anushka"); break;
case b:System.out.println("nazriya"); break;
}
}
}
Example-5:- inside the switch the default is optional.

class Test
{ int a=10;
switch (a)
{ case 10:System.out.println("10"); break;
}
}
};
Example 6:- Inside the switch cases are optional part.

class Test
{ int a=10;
switch (a)
{ default: System.out.println("default"); break;
}
}
};
Example 7:- inside the switch both cases and default Is optional.
public class Test
{ int a=10;
switch(a)
{
}
}
}
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Example -8:-inside the switch independent statements are not allowed. If we are declaring the
statements that statement must be inside the case or default.
public class Test
{ int x=10;
switch(x)
{ System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
}
Example-9:- internal conversion of char to integer. Unicode values a-97 A-65

class Test
{ int a=65;
switch (a)
case 'A':System.out.println("20"); break;
case 30:System.out.println("30"); break;
default: System.out.println("default"); break;
}
}
};
Example -10: internal conversion of integer to character.

class Test
{ char ch='d';
switch (ch)
case 'A':System.out.println("20"); break;
}
}
};
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Example -11:-
 Inside the switch statement beak is optional.
 If we are not providing break statement then from the matched case onwards up to break
statement will be executed, if there is no break statement then end of the switch will be
executed. This situation is called as fall though inside the switch case.
class Test
{ int a=10;
switch (a)
{ case 10:System.out.println("10");
case 20:System.out.println("20");
}
}
};
Example-12:- inside the switch the case label must match with provided argument data type
othe ise o pile ill aise o pilatio e o i o pati le t pes .
class Test
{ char ch='a';
switch (ch)
{ case "aaa" :System.out.println("samantha"); break;
case 65 :System.out.println("anu"); break;
case 'a' :System.out.println("ubanu"); break;
default :System.out.println("default") break;
}
}
}
Example-13:- inside the switch we are able to declare the default statement at starting or middle or
end of the switch.
class Test
{ int a=100;
switch (a)
{ default: System.out.println("default");
}
}
};
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Example -14:- The below example compiled and executed only in above 1.7 version because switch is
taking String argument from 1.7 version.
class Sravya
{ “t i g st = aaa ;
switch (str)
{ case "aaa" : System.out.println("Hai"); break;
case "bbb" : System.out.println("Hello"); break;
case "ccc" : System.out.println("how"); break;
default : System.out.println("what"); break;
}
}
}
Ex-15:-inside switch the case labels must be within the range of provided argument data type
othe ise o pile ill aise o pilatio e o possi le loss of p e isio .
class Test
{ byte b=125;
switch (b)
{ case 126:System.out.println("20");
default:System.out.println("default");
}
}
};
Iteration Statements:-
By using iteration statements we are able to execute group of statements repeatedly or more
number of times.
1) For 2) while 3) do-while
for syntax:-
for (initialization ;condition ;increment/decrement )
{ Body;
}
Flow of execution in for loop:-
1 2 5 4 7
f
for (initialization f 5 ;increment/decrement
;condition f f )
{
Body; 3 6
} o 6
73 | P a g e
With out for loop By using for loop

class Test class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) { public static void main(String[] args)
{ System.out.println("ratan"); { for (int i=0;i<5;i++)
System.out.println("ratan"); { System.out.println("Ratan");
System.out.println("ratan"); }
}
};
Initialization part of for loop:-

Example- 1: Inside the for loop initialization part is optional.
class Test
{ int i=0;
for (;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("Rattaiah");
}
}
}
Example-2:- In the initialization part it is possi le to take a u e of “ ste .out.p i tl at a

statements and each and every statement is separated by comma(,) .
class Test
{ int i=0;
for (System.out.println("Aruna"), System.out.println("Ratan");i<10;i++)
}
}
}
Example 3:- compilation error more than one Ex :-declaring two variables are possible.
initialization not possible. class Test
class Test { public static void main(String[] args)
{ public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i=0,j=0;i<10;i++)
{ for (int i=0,double j=10.8;i<10;i++) { System.out.println("Rattaiah");
{ System.out.println("Rattaiah"); }
} }
} }
}
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Conditional part of for loop:-

Example 1:-inside for loop conditional part is optional if we are not providing condition at the time of
compilation compiler will provide true value.
class Test
{ for (int i=0; ;i++)
}
}
}
Increment/decrement:-
Example-1:- Inside the for loop increment/decrement part is optional.
class Test
{ for (int i=0; i<10 ; )
}
}
}
Example 2:- Instead of increment/decrement it is possible to take the any number of SOP() statements
and each and every statement is separated by comma(,).
class Test
{ for (int i=0;i<10;System.out.println("aruna"),System.out.println("nagalakshmi"))
i++;
}
}
}
Example-3 :-
class Test
{ static boolean foo(char ch)
{ System.out.println(ch);
return true;
}
{ int i=0;
for (foo('A');foo('B')&&(i<2);foo('C'))
{ i++;
foo('D');
}
}
};
75 | P a g e
Note : Inside the for loop each and every part is optional.
for(;;)------------represent infinite loop because the condition is always true.
Unreachable statement:-
Ex:- compiler is unable to identify the ex:- compiler able to identify the unreachable
unreachable statement. Statement.
class Test class Test
{ for (int i=1;i>0;i++) { for (int i=1;true;i++)
{ System.out.println("ratan"); { System.out.println("ratan");
} }
System.out.println("rest of the code"); System.out.println("rest of the code");
} }
} }
Note:-
When you provide the condition even thought that condition is represent infinite loop compiler
is unable to find unreachable statements,(because that compiler is thinking that condition may fail).
When you provide Boolean value as a condition then compiler is identifying unreachable
statement because compiler knows that condition never change.
While loop:-
Syntax:- while (condition) //condition must be Boolean & mandatory.
{ body; }
Example-1 :-
class Test
{ int i=0;
while (i<10)
i++;
}
}
}
Example-2 :- compilation error unreachable statement.

class Test
{ int i=0;
while (false)
{ System.out.println("rattaiah"); //unreachable statement
i++;
}
}
}
76 | P a g e
Do-While:-
 If we want to execute the loop body at least one time them we should go for do-while statement.
 In do-while first body will be executed then only condition will be checked.
 In the do-while the while must be ends with semicolon otherwise compilation error.
Syntax:- do
{ //body of loop
} while (condition);
Example-1:-
class Test
{ int i=0;
do
i++;
}while (i<10);
}
}
Example-2 :- unreachable statement

class Test
{ int i=0;
do
}while (true);
System.out.println("Sravyainfotech"); //unreachable statement
}
}
Example-3 :-
class Test
{ int i=0;
do
}while (false);
System.out.println("Sravyainfotech");
}
}
77 | P a g e
Transfer statements:-
By using transfer statements we are able to transfer the flow of execution from one position to
another position.
o Break , Continue , Return, Try
break:-
Break is used to stop the execution. And is possible to use the break statement only two areas.
a. Inside the switch statement.
b. Inside the loops.
if we are using any other place the compiler will generate compilation error message reak
outside s it h or loop .
Example-1 :- break means stop the execution come out of loop.

class Test
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ if (i==5)
break;
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
Example :- if we are using break outside switch or loops the compiler will raise compilation error eak
outside switch or loop
class Test
{ if (true)
{ System.out.println("ratan");
break;
System.out.println("nandu");
}
}
};
Example :- Continue: skip the current iteration and it is continue the rest of the iterations normally
class Test
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ if (i==5)
continue;
}
}
}
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Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
 The first object oriented programming is : Simula, smalltalk

 In object oriented programming languages everything represented in the form of object.
 Object is real world entity that has state & behavior.
Examples:- su h as pe , hai ,ta le,house….et .
Every object contains three characteristics,

1) State : well defined condition of an item (instance variable/fields/properties)
2) Behavior : effects on an item (methods/behavior)
3) identity : identification number of an item(hash code)
Example :-
Object : Car
State : gea ,speed, olo …et
Behavior : u e t speed, u e t gea ,A ela ate…et
Identity : car number
Object : house
State : location
Behavior : doors open/close.
Identity : house no
The main building blocks of oops are,

1. Inheritance
2. Polymorphism
3. Abstraction
4. Encapsulation….et
Inheritance:-
1. The process of acquiring properties (variables) & methods (behaviors) from one class to another
class is called inheritance.
2. We are achieving inheritance concept by using extends keyword. Inheritance is also known as is-
a relationship.
3. Extends keyword is providing relationship between two classes..
4. The main objective of inheritance is code extensibility whenever we are extending the class
automatically code is reused.
5. In inheritance one class providing properties & another class is acquiring the properties.
6. In inheritance parent class is giving properties & Child is acquiring properties from Parent.
79 | P a g e
SravyaInfotech Mr. Ratan
Application code before inheritance Application code after inheritance

class A class A //parent class or super class or base
{ void m1(){ } { void m1(){ }
void m2(){ } void m2(){ }
}; };
class B class B extends A //child class or sub or derived
{ void m1(){ } { void m3(){ }
void m2(){ } void m4(){ }
void m3(){ } };
void m4(){ } class C extends B
}; { void m5(){ }
class C void m6(){ }
{ void m1(){ } };
void m2(){ }
void m3(){ } a. Eliminated duplication.
void m4(){ } b. Length of the code is decreased.
void m5(){ } c. Reusing properties in child classes.
void m6(){ }
};
a. Duplication of code.
b. Code length is increased.
Note: - To reduce length of the code and redundancy of the code & to improve re-usability of
code sun people introduced inheritance concept.
Object creation of parent & child classes:-

In java it is possible to create objects for both parent and child classes,
 If we are creating object for parent class it is possible to access only parent specific methods.
A a=new A(); a.m1(); a.m2();
 if we are creating object for child class it is possible to access both parent & child specific
methods.
B b=new B(); b.m1(); b.m2(); b.m3(); b.m4();
C c=new C(); c.m1(); c.m2(); c.m3(); c.m4(); c.m5(); c.m6();
Important points:-
class A
{ }
class B extends A
{ }
class C extends B
{ }
1) in java if we are extending the class then it will be parent class , if we are not extending the
class then object class will become parent class.
2) In above example A class is direct child class of object & B,C classes are indirect child classes
of object.it represent in java every class is child of object either directly(A) or indirectly(B,C).
3) The oot lass of all ja a lasses is object lass.
80 | P a g e
4) Every java class contain parent class except object class.

5) Object class present in java.lang package and it contains 11 methods & all java classes able
to use these 11 methods because Object class is root class of all java classes.
To check the predefined support use javap command.

E:\>javap java.lang.Object
public class java.lang.Object
{ public final native java/lang/Class<?> getClass();
public native int hashCode();
public boolean equals(java.lang.Object);
protected native java.lang.Object clone() throws ava.lang.CloneNotSupportedException;
public java.lang.String toString();
public final native void notify();
public final native void notifyAll();
public final native void wait(long) throws java.lang.InterruptedException;
public final void wait(long, int) throws java.lang.InterruptedException;
public final void wait() throws java.lang.InterruptedException;
protected void finalize() throws java.lang.Throwable;
}
Types of inheritance :-
There are five types of inheritance in java,
1. Single inheritance
2. Multilevel inheritance
3. Hierarchical inheritance
4. Multiple inheritance
5. Hybrid Inheritance
Single inheritance:-
 One class has only one direct super class is called single inheritance.
 In the absence of any other explicit super class, every class is implicitly a subclass of Object class.
Class B extends A ===>class B acquiring properties of A class.

Example:-
class Parent
{ }
class Child extends Parent
{ }
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Multilevel inheritance:-
One Sub class is extending Parent class then that sub class will become Parent class of next
extended class this flow is called multilevel inheritance.
Class B extends A ===> class B acquiring properties of A class

Class C extends B ===> class C acquiring properties of B class
[indirectly class C using properties of A & B classes]
Example:-
class A
{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
};
class B extends A
};
class C extends B
{ A a = new A(); a.m1();
B b = new B(); b.m1(); b.m2();;
C c = new C(); c.m1(); c.m2(); c.m3();
}
}
Hierarchical inheritance :-
More than one sub class is extending single Parent is called hierarchical inheritance.
Class B extends A ===> class B acquiring properties of A class

Class C extends A ===> class C acquiring properties of A class
Class D extends A ===> class D acquiring properties of A class
Example:-
class A
{ }
class B extends A
{ }
class C extends A
{ }
82 | P a g e
Multiple inheritance:-
 One sub class is extending more than one super class is called Multiple inheritance and java not
supporting multiple inheritance because it is creating ambiguity problems (confusion state) .
 Java not supporting multiple inheritances hence in java one class able to extends only one class
at a time but it is not possible to extends more than one class.
Class A extends B ===>valid
Class A extends B ,C ===>invalid
Example:-
class Parent1
{ void money() {System.out.println("parent1 money");}
};
class Parent2
{ void money() {System.out.println("parent2 money");}
};
class Child extends Parent1,Parent2
{ Child c = new Child();
c.money(); //ambiguity problems
}
};
Hybrid inheritance:-
 Hybrid is combination of hierarchical & multiple inheritance .
 Java is not supporting hybrid inheritance because multiple inheritance(not supported by java) is
included in hybrid inheritance.
Preventing inheritance:-
 You can prevent sub class creation by using final modifier.
 If a pa e t lass de la ed as fi al e a t eate su lass fo that lass.
final class Parent
{ }
{ }
compilation error:- cannot inherit from final Parent
83 | P a g e
Instanceof operator:-
 It is used check the type of the object and it returns Boolean value as a return value.
Syntax:- reference-variable instanceof class-name;
 To use the instanceof operator the class name & reference variable must have some relationship
either parent to child or child to parent otherwise compiler will generate error message
i o e ti le t pes .
 If the relationship is child to parent it returns true & the relationship is parent to child it return
false.
Example :-
class Animal{ };
class Dog extends Animal{ };
class Test
Animal a = new Animal();
Dog d = new Dog();
Object o = new Object();
System.out.println(d instanceof Animal); //true
System.out.println(a instanceof Object); //true
System.out.println(a instanceof Dog); //false
System.out.println(t instanceof Object); //true
System.out.println(o instanceof Animal); //false
//System.out.println(t instanceof Animal); compilation error:inconvertible types
}
}
Association:-
 Class A uses class B
 When one object wants another object to perform services for it.
 Relationship between teacher and student, number of students associated with one teacher or
one student can associate with number of teachers. But there is no ownership and both objects
have their own life cycles.
Example-1:-
In below example student uses Teacher class object services.
class Teacher
{ void course()
{ System.out.println("corejava by ratan");
}
};
class Student
{ Teacher t = new Teacher();
t.course();
}
};
84 | P a g e
Aggregation:-
 Class A has instance of class B is called aggregation.
 Class A can exists without presence of class B . a university can exists without chancellor.
 Take the relationship between teacher and department. A teacher may belongs to multiple
departments hence teacher is a part of multiple departments but if we delete department object
teacher object will not destroy.
Example:-
Address.java
class Address
int dno;
String state;
String country;
Address(int dno,String state,String country) //local variables
{ //conversion process
this.dno=dno;
this.state= state;
this.country = country;
}
};
Heroin.java:
class Heroin
{ String hname;
int hage;
Address addr; //reference of address class [dno,state,country]
Heroin(String hname,int hage,Address addr)
{ //conversion process
this.hname = hname;
this.hage = hage;
this.addr = addr;
}
void display()
{ System.out.println("*********heroin details******");
System.out.println("heroin name-->"+hname);
System.out.println("heroin age-->"+hage);
System.out.println("heroin address-->"+addr.country+" "+addr.state+" "+addr.hno)
}
{ Address a1 = new Address("india","banglore",111);
Heroin h1 = new Heroin("anushka",30,a1);
h1.display();
Address a2 = new Address("US","california",333);
Heroin h2 = new Heroin("AJ",40,a2);
h2.display();
85 | P a g e
}
}
The above Project level main method code:-
{ new Heroin("anushka",30,new Address("india","banglore",111)).display();
new Heroin("AJ",40,new Address("US","california",333)).display();
}
Example:-
Test1.java:- Test2.java:- Test3.java:-
class Test1 class Test2 class Test3
{ int a; { boolean b1; { char ch1;
int b; boolean b2; char ch2;
Test1(int a,int b) Test2(boolean b1,boolean b2) Test3(char ch1,char ch2)
{ this.a=a; { this.b1=b1; { this.ch1=ch1;
this.b=b; this.b2=b2; this.ch2=ch2;
} } }
}; }; };
MainTest.java:-
class MainTest
Test1 t1;
Test2 t2;
Test3 t3;
MainTest(Test1 t1 ,Test2 t2,Test3 t3) //local variables
{ //conversion of local-instance
this.t1 = t1;
this.t2 = t2;
this.t3 = t3;
}
System.out.println( Test o je t alues:- +t1.a+"----- "+t1.b);

void display()
System.out.println( Test o je t alues:- +t2.b1+"----- "+t2.b2);

{
System.out.println( Test o je t alues:- +t3.ch1+"----- "+t3.ch2);

}
{ Test1 t = new Test1(10,20);
Test2 tt = new Test2(true,true);
Test3 ttt = new Test3('a','b');
MainTest main = new MainTest(t,tt,ttt);
main.display();
// new MainTest(new Test1(10,20),new Test2(true,false),new Test3('a','b'));
}
};
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Composition :-
 Class A owns class B , it is a strong type of aggregation. There is no meaning of child without
parent.
 Order consists of list of items without order no meaning of items. or bank account consists of
transaction history without bank account no meaning of transaction history or without student
class no meaning of marks class.
 Let s take E a ple house o tains multiple rooms, if we delete house object no meaning of room
object hence the room object cannot exists without house object.
 Relationship between question and answer, if there is no meaning of answer without question
object hence the answer object cannot exist without question objects.
 Relationship between student and marks, there is no meaning of marks object without student
object.
Example :-
Marks.java
class Marks
{ int m1,m2,m3;
Marks(int m1,int m2,int m3) //local variables
{ this.m1=m1; this.m2=m2; this.m3=m3;
}
};
student.java
class Student
{ Marks mk; //without student class no meaning of marks is called "composition"
String sname;
int sid;
Student(Marks mk,String sname,int sid) //local variables
{ this.mk = mk; this.sname = sname; this.sid = sid;
}
void display()
{ System.out.println("student name:-->"+sname);
System.out.println("student id:-->"+sid);
System.out.println("student marks:-->"+mk.m1+"---"+mk.m2+"--"+mk.m3);
}
{ Marks m1 = new Marks(10,20,30);
Student s1 = new Student(m1,"ratan",111);
s1.display();
// new Student(new Marks(10,20,30),"ratan",111).display(); project code
Marks m2 = new Marks(100,200,300);
Student s2 = new Student(m2,"anu",222);
s2.display();
// new Student(new Marks(100,200,300),"anu",222).display(); project code
}
}
87 | P a g e
Object delegation:-
The process of sending request from one object to another object is called object delegation.
Example :-
class RealPerson //delegate class
{ void book(){System.out.println("real java book");}
};
class DummyPerson //delegator class
{ RealPerson r = new RealPerson();
void book( ) {r.book( ); } //delegation
};
class Student
{ //outside world thinking dummy Person doing work but not.
DummyPerson d = new DummyPerson();
d.book();
}
};
Super keyword:-
this ke o d is used to ep ese t u e t lass o je t& super keyword is used to represent
super class object.
1. Super class variables.
2. Super class methods.
3. Super class constructors.
4. Super class instance blocks.
5. Super class static blocks.
super class variables calling:-

class Parent
{ int a=10,b=20;
};
{ int a=100;
int b=200;
void m1(int a,int b) //local variables
{ System.out.println(a+b); //local variables addition
System.out.println(this.a+this.b); //current class variables addition
System.out.println(super.a+super.b); //super class variables addition
}
{ new Child().m1(1000,2000);
}
};
88 | P a g e
super class methods calling:-

class Parent
{ void m1(){System.out.println("parent m1() method");}
};
{ void m1() {System.out.println("child class m1() method");}
void m3()
{ this.m1();
super.m1();
}
{ new Child().m3();
}
};
To call the super class methods super keyword is mandatory but to represent current class
methods this keyword is optional.
super class constructors calling:-

Example-1:-
To call the current class constructors use this keyword but to call super class constructor use
super keyword.
super() ----> super class 0-arg constructor calling
super(10) ----> super class 1-arg constructor calling
super(10,20) ----> super class 2-arg constructor calling
super(10,'a',true) ----> super class 3-arg constructor calling
class Parent
{ Parent() {System.out.println("parent 0-arg constructor");}
};
{ Child()
{ this(10); //current class 1-arg constructor calling
System.out.println("Child 0-arg constructor");
}
Child(int a)
{ super(); //super class 0-arg constructor calling
System.out.println("child 1-arg constructor--->"+a);
}
{ new Child();
}
};
89 | P a g e
Example-2:-
Inside the constructor super keyword must be first statement otherwise compiler
generates error message all to supe ust e fi st li e i o st u to .
No compilation error:-
Child()
{ this(10); // (this must be first line)
}
Child(int a)
{ super(); //(super must be first line)
System.out.println("child 1-arg constructor--->"+a);
}
Compilation Error:-
Child()
{ System.out.println("Child 0-arg constructor");
this(10); //compilation error
}
Child(int a)
{ System.out.println("child 1-arg constructor--->"+a);
super(); //(compilation Error)
}
Example-3:-
Inside the constructor it is possible to use either this keyword or super keyword but,
 Two super keywords are not allowed.
 Two this keywords are not allowed.
 Both super & this keyword also not allowed.
Compilation Error:-
Child()
{ this(10);
super();
}
Child()
{ super(10);
super();
}
Child()
{ this(10);
this();
}
90 | P a g e
Example-4:-
In below example parent class default constructor is executed that is provided by compiler.
class Parent
{ // default constructor
};
{ Child()
{ super()
}
{ new Child();
}
};
D:\>java Child
Child 0-arg constructor
Example-5:-
1. Inside the constructor weather it is a 0-argument or parameterized if we are not declaring super
or this keyword then compiler generate super keyword at first line of the constructor.
2. The compiler generated super keyword is always 0-arg constructor calling.
class Parent
{ Parent() { System.out.println("parent 0-arg constructor"); }
};
{ Child()
{ //super(); generated by compiler at compilation time
}
{ new Child();
}
};
D:\>java Child
parent 0-arg constructor
Child 0-arg constructor
91 | P a g e
Example-6:-
In below example child class is calling parent class 0-argument constructor since not there so
compiler generate error message.
class Parent
{ Parent(int a) { System.out.println("parent 1-arg cons-->"+a); }
};
{ Child()
{ //super(); generated by compiler
}
{ new Child();
}
};
Example-7:-
In below compiler generate default constructor and inside that default constructor super
keyword is generated.
Application code before compilation:- ( .java ) Application code after compilation:- ( .class )
class Parent class Parent
{ Parent() { { Parent()
System.out.println("parent 0-arg cons"); { System.out.println("parent 0-arg cons");
} }
}; };
class Child extends Parent class Child extends Parent
{ public static void main(String[] args) { /* below code is generated by compiler
{ new Child(); Child()
} { super();
}; } */
{ new Child();
}
};
Example-8 :-
In below example in Test class 0-argument constructor compiler generate super keyword it
execute parent class(Object) default constructor.
class Test extends Object
{ Test()
{ // super(); generated by compiler
System.out.println("Test class constructor");
}
{ new Test();
}
};
92 | P a g e
Example-9:-
In below example in child class 1-argument & 0 argument constructors compiler generate super
keyword hence parent class 0-argument constructor will be executed.
class Parent
{ Parent(){System.out.println("parent 0-arg cons"); }
};
{ Child()
}
Child(int a)
System.out.println("child 1-arg cons");
}
{ new Child();
new Child(10);
}
};
Example-10:-
class GrandParent
{ int c;
GrandParent(int c)
{ this.c=c; }
};
class Parent extends GrandParent
{ int b;
Parent(int b,int c)
{ super(c);
this.b=b; }
};
{ int a;
Child(int a,int b,int c)
{ super(b,c);
this.a=a; }
void disp()
{ System.out.println("child class ="+a);
System.out.println("parent class ="+b);
System.out.println("grandparent class ="+c);
}
{ new Child(10,20,30).disp(); }
};
93 | P a g e
Super class instance blocks:-

Example-1:-
In parent and child relationship first parent class instance blocks are executed then child class
instance blocks are executed.
class Parent
{ {System.out.println("parent instance block");} //instance block
};
{
{ System.out.println("Child instance block"); } //instance block
Child()
{ System.out.println("chld 0-arg cons");
}
{ new Child();
}
};
Example-2:-
class Parent
{ {System.out.println("parent instance block");} //instance block
Parent(){System.out.println("parent 0-arg cons");}
};
{ {System.out.println("Child instance block");} //instance block
Child()
{ System.out.println("chld 0-arg cons");
}
Child(int a)
{ System.out.println("child 1-arg cons");
}
{ new Child();
new Child(10);
}
};
E:\>java Child
parent instance block
parent 0-arg cons
Child instance block
child 0-arg cons
parent 0-arg cons
Child instance block
child 1-arg cons
94 | P a g e
Super class static blocks:-

Example-1:-
In parent and child relationship first parent class static blocks are executed only one time
then child class static blocks are executed only one time because static blocks are executed with
respect to .class loading.
Instance block execution depends on object creation & static block execution depends on
class loading.
class Parent
{ static{System.out.println("parent static block");} //static block
{System.out.println("parent instance block");} //instance block
};
{ static{System.out.println("child static block");} //static block
{System.out.println("child instance block");} //instance block
{ new Child();
new Child();
}
};
E:\>java Child
parent static block
child static block
child instance block
Example-2:-
class Parent
{ Parent(){System.out.println("parent 0-arg cons");}
{System.out.println("parent class instance block");}
static{System.out.println("parent class static block");}
};
{ {System.out.println("child class instance block");}
Child()
{ System.out.println("child class 0-arg cons");
}
static {System.out.println("child class static block");}
{ new Child();
}
};
95 | P a g e
Example-3:-
instance blocks execution depends on number of object creations but not number of
constructor executions. If we are creating 10 objects 10 times constructors are executed just
before constructor execution 10 times instance blocks are executed.
Static blocks execution depends on .class file loading hence the static blocks are
executed only one time for single class.
class Parent
{ static {System.out.println("parent static block");} //static block
{System.out.println("parent instance block");} //instance block
Parent(){System.out.println("parent 0-arg cons");} //constructor
};
{ static {System.out.println("Child static block");} //static block
{System.out.println("child instance block");} //instance block
Child()
System.out.println("Child 0-arg cons");}
Child(int a){
this(10,20);
System.out.println("Child 1-arg cons");}
Child(int a,int b)
System.out.println("Child 2-arg cons");
}
{ Parent p = new Parent();
Child c = new Child();
Child c1 = new Child(100);
}
};
D:\>java Child
parent static block
Child static block
parent 0-arg cons
parent 0-arg cons
Child 0-arg cons
parent 0-arg cons
Child 2-arg cons
Child 1-arg cons
96 | P a g e
Example: - object usage in real time projects.

File-1: Gmail.java
class Gmail
{ void compose() { System.out.println("to perform compose operation"); }
void inbox() { System.out.println("to perform inbox operation"); }
void sentItem() { System.out.println("to perform sent Item operation"); }
}
File-2: UserOperations.java
Problem: in below example we are creating object locally & in every method we are creating object it
increases duplication of the code.
class UserOperations
{ void ratan()
{ System.out.println("ratan operations:");
Gmail g = new Gmail();
g.compose(); }
void anu()
{ System.out.println("anu operations:");
g.inbox(); }
void yadhu()
{ System.out.println("yadhu operations:");
g.sentItem(); }
}
File-2: UserOperations.java
Solution: in below example we are creating object globally hence every method is able to access this
variable.
class UserOperations
{ Gmail g;
void ratan()
{ System.out.println("ratan operations:");
g= new Gmail();
g.compose(); }
void anu()
{ System.out.println("anu operations:");
g.inbox(); }
void yadhu()
{ System.out.println("yadhu operations:");
g.sentItem(); }
}
File 3: Test.java
class Test
{ UserOperations o = new UserOperations();
o.ratan(); o.anu(); o.yadhu();
}
}
97 | P a g e
Polymorphism:-
 The ability to appear in more forms is called polymorphism.
 One thing can exhibits more than one form is called polymorphism.
 One functionality with different actions is called polymorphisum.
 One person with different debaviours is called polymorphisumk.
 Polymorphism is a Greek word poly means many and morphism means forms.
There are two types of polymorphism in java,

1) Compile time polymorphism / static binding / early binding
Example :- method overloading.
2) Runtime polymorphism /dynamic binding /late binding.
Example :- method overriding.
Compile time polymorphism [Method Overloading]:-

1) If java class allows more than one method with same name but different number of
arguments or same number of arguments but different data types those methods are called
overloaded methods.
a. Same method name but different number of arguments.
void m1(int a){ }
void m1(int a,int b){ }
b. Same method name & same number of arguments but different data types.
void m1(int a){ }
void m1(char ch){ }
2) To achieve overloading concept one java class sufficient.
3) It is possible to overload any number of methods in single java class.
Example:-
class Test
{ //below three methods are overloaded methods.
void m1(int i)
{ System.out.println("int-argument method");
}
void m1(int i,int j)
{ System.out.println("int,int argument method=");
}
void m1(char ch)
{ System.out.println("char-argument method");
}
t.m1(10);
t.m1(10,20);
t.m1('a');
}
}
98 | P a g e
Example:-
 In method overloading it is possible to have different data types for overloaded method.
 While overloading the methods check the signature(methodname+parameters) of the method
but not return type.
class Test
{ //below two methods are overloaded methods
double m1(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println("int,int arguments method");
return 20.5;
}
int m1(float f)
{ System.out.println("float argument method");
return 100;
}
double d = t.m1(10,20);
System.out.println("return type="+d);
int x = t.m1(10.5f);
System.out.println("return type="+x);
}
}
method overloading with type promotion

byte short
Int long float double
char
Example:-
class Test
{ void m1(int a,long b)
{ System.out.println("int,long arguments method");
}
void m1(float f)
{ System.out.println("float argument");
}
t.m1(10,20);
t.m1((byte)10,(short)20);
t.m1(10);
t.m1(10L);
}
}
E:\>java Test
int,long arguments method
int,long arguments method
float argument
float argument
99 | P a g e
Example:-
class Test
{ void sum(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println("int arguments method");
System.out.println(a+b);
}
void sum(long a,long b)
{ System.out.println("long arguments method");
}
void sum(int a,long b)
{ System.out.println("int,long arguments method");
}
void sum(long a,int b)
{ System.out.println("long,int arguments method");
}
t.sum(1,2);
t.sum(10L,20L);
t.sum(100,200L);
t.sum(1000L,2000);
}
}
Types of overloading:-
There are three types of overloading in java,
a. Method overloading explicitly by the programmer
b. Constructor overloading
c. Operator overloading i pli itl the JVM + additio & o ate atio
Constructor Overloading:-
If the class contains more than one constructors with same name but different arguments or
same number of arguments with different data types those constructors are called overloaded
constructors.
a. Same constructor name but different number of arguments.
Test(int a){ } //assume Test is java class
Test(int a,int b){ }
b. Same constructor name & same number of arguments but different data types.
Test(int a){ }
Test(char ch){ }
100 | P a g e
class Test
{ //overloaded constructors
Test()
}
Test(int i)
{ System.out.println("int argument constructor");
}
Test(char ch,int i)
{ System.out.println("char,int argument constructor");
}
Test(char ch)
{ System.out.println("char argument constructor");
}
{ new Test();
new Test(10);
new Test('a',100);
new Test('r');
}
}
Operator overloading:-
 One operator with different behaviors is called Operator overloading .
 Java is not supporting operator overloading but only one overloaded in java la guage is + .
 If both operands are integer the + performs addition.
 If at least one operand is String then + perform concatenation.
Example:-
class Test
{ int a=10;
int b=20;
System.out.println(a+b); //30 [addition]
System.out.println(a+"ratan"); //10Ratan [concatenation]
System.out.println("ratan"+"anu"+2+2+"kids");
System.out.println(2+2+"kids"+"ratan"+"anu");
}
}
101 | P a g e
Runtime polymorphism [Method Overriding]:-

 To achieve method overloading one java class sufficient but to achieve method overriding we
required two java classes with parent and child relationship.
 The method implementations already present in parent class,
a. If the child class required that implementation then access those implementations.
b. If the child class not required, parent class method implementations then override
parent class method in child class to provide child specific implementations.
 The sub class overrides super class method to provide sub class method implementations.
 In overriding parent class method is called ===> overridden method
Child class method is called ===> overriding method
Example :-
In below example marry method present in parent class with some implementations but child
class overriding marry method to provide child specific implementation is called overriding.
class Parent
{ void property()
{ System.out.println("money+land+hhouse");
}
void marry() //overridden method
{ System.out.println("black girl");
}
};
{ void marry() //overriding method
{ System.out.println("white girl/red girl");
}
{ Child c=new Child();
c.property();
c.marry();
}
};
E:\>java Child
money+land+hhouse
white girl/red girl
While overriding methods must fallow these rules:-

1) Overridden method signature & overriding method signatures must be same.
2) The return types of overridden method & overriding method must be same (at primitive level).
3) While overriding it is possible to change return type by using co-variant return types concept.
4) Fi al ethods a t o e ide.
5) “tati ethod a t o e ide ut ethod hidi g possi le.
6) P i ate ethods a t o e ide.
7) While overriding it is not possible to maintain same level permission or increasing order but not
decreasing.
8) Overriding with exception handling rules.
102 | P a g e
Method overriding rule 1:-

While overriding methods the overridden method signature and overriding method signature
must be same.
Method signature nothing but method-name & parameters list.
class Parent
{ void marry(){ } //overridden method
}
{ void marry(){ } //overriding method
};
Method overriding rule-2:-
While overriding method overridden method return type & overriding method return type must
be same at primitive level te,i t,dou le, oolea …et otherwise compiler will generate error message.
class Parent
{ void marry(){ } //overridden method
}
{ int marry(){ } //overriding method
};
compilation error:- marry() in Child cannot override marry() in Parent
return type int is not compatible with void
 Before java 1.5 version it is not possible to override the method by changing return type but form
java 5 versions it is possible to override the method by changing return type by using co-variant
etu t pe s o ept.
 While overriding methods it is possible to change the return type of overridden method &
overriding methods at class level by using co-variant return type concept but not primitive level.
 The return type of overriding method is must be sub-type of overridden method return type this
is called covariant return types.
Note :while overriding methods it is possible to change return type at class-level but not primitive level.
class Animal{ }
class Dog extends Animal{ }
class Parent
{ Animal m1() //overridden method
{ System.out.println("parent m1");
return new Animal(); }
}
{ Dog m1() //overriding method
{ System.out.println("child m1");
return new Dog(); }
{ Parent p = new Parent();
Animal a = p.m1();
Child c = new Child();
Dog d = c.m1();
}
};
103 | P a g e

1) If an overridden method is final it is not possible to override that method in child class.
2) Final classes are preventing inheritance concept & final methods are preventing overriding
concept.
Example :-
class Parent
{ final void marry(){ } //overridden method
}
{ void marry(){ } //overriding method
};
Compilation error:- marry() in Child cannot override marry() in Parent
overridden method is final
Example:-final variables
When we declare variable as a final it is not possible to change the value of final variable. If we
are trying to change final variable compiler will generate error message.
Final variables are fixed constants it is not possible to perform modifications.
Case 1:- in java for the local variables only one modifier is applicable that is final.
class Test
{ final int a=10;
a=a+10; //trying to modify a value it will generate error
}
};
compilation error:- cannot assign a value to final variable a
case 2:- if you declare instance or static variable with final we should initialize that variable with some
values by using constructors r instance blocks otherwise compiler will generate error message.
class Test
{ final int a; //instance variable
final static int b; //static variable
};
The a o e e a ple ill ge e ate e o essage a ia le ight ot ha e ee i itialized
Example:-
 Final class variables are not a final but final class methods are by default final.
 Final class methods are by default final because for the final class not possible to create sub-
classes hence it is not possible to override that method.
final class Test
{ int a=10;
void m1()
a=a+10;
}
{ new Test().m1();
}
};
104 | P a g e
Type-casting:-
The process of converting data one type to another type is called type casting.
There are two types of type casting
1. Implicit typecasting /widening/up casting
2. Explicit type-casting (narrowing)/do
Type casting chart:-
Up-casting :-
byte short
char
down-casting:-
byte short
char
Whe e assig highe alue to lo e data t pe a ge the o pile ill ise o pile e o possi le
loss of p e isio ut he e e e a e t pe asti g higher data type-lower data type o pile o t
generate error message but we will loss the data.
Implicit-typecasting:- (widening) or (up casting)

1. When we assign lower data type value to higher data type that typecasting is called up- casting.
2. When we perform up casting data no data loss.
3. It is also known as up-casting or widening.
4. Compiler is responsible to perform implicit typecasting.
Explicit type-casting:- (Narrowing) or (down casting)

1. When we assign a higher data type value to lower data type that type-casting is called down
casting.
2. When we perform down casting data will be loss.
3. It is also known as narrowing or down casting.
4. User is responsible to perform explicit typecasting.
Note :- Parent class reference variable is able to hold child class object but Child class reference
variable is unable to hold parent class object.
class Parent
{ };
{ };
Parent p = new Child(); //valid
Child c = new Parent(); //invalid
Example :-type casting

class Parent
{ };
{ };
105 | P a g e
class Test
{ //implicit typecasting (up casting)
byte b=120;
int i=b; //[automatic conversion of byte-int]
char ch='a';
int a=ch; //[automatic conversion of char to int]
long l1=20;
float f = l1; //[automatic conversion of long-float]
System.out.println(f);
/*below examples it seems up-casting but compilation error:possible loss of precision
: conversion not possible
byte i=100; (1 byte size)
char ch=i; (assigned to 2 bytes char)
char ch='a';
short a=ch;
System.out.println(a); compilation error:possible loss of precision
float f = 10.5f;
long l = f;
System.out.println(l); compilation error:possible loss of precision
float f=10.5f;
long l = f;
System.out.println(l); compilation error:possible loss of precision (memory
representation different) */
//explicit-typecasting (down-casting)
// converted-type-name var-name = (converted-type-name)conversion-var-type;
int a1=120;
byte b1 =(byte)a1;
System.out.println(b1);
int a2=130;
byte b2 =(byte)a2;
System.out.println(b2);
float ff=10.5f;
int x = (int)ff;
System.out.println(x);
Parent p = new Child();
//target-type variable-name=(target-type)source-type;
Child c1 =(Child)p;
Parent p = new Child();
Child c1 = (Child)p;
}
}
106 | P a g e
Example-2:-
 In java parent class reference variable is able to hold Child class object but Child class reference
variable unable to hold Parent class object.
o Parent p = new Child(); ---->valid
o Child c = new Parent(); ---->invalid
class Parent
{ void m1(){System.out.println("parent m1 method");} //overridden method
}
{ void m1(){System.out.println("child m1 method");} //override method
void m2(){System.out.println("child m2 method");} //direct method of child class
{
//parent class is able to hold child class object
Parent p1 = new Child(); //creates object of Child class
p1.m1(); //child m1() will be executed
//p1.m2(); Compilation error we are unable to call m2() method
Child c1 =(Child)p1; //type casting parent reference variable to child object.
c1.m1();
c1.m2();
}
};
 In above example parent class is able to hold child class object but when you call p.m1();
method compiler is checking m1() method in parent class at compilation time. But at runtime
child object is created hence Child method will be executed.
 Based on above point decide in above method execution decided at runtime hence it is a runtime
polymorphism.
 When you call p.m2 (); compiler is checking m2 () method in parent class since not there so
compiler generate error message. Finally it is not possible to call child class m2 () by using parent
reference variable even thought child object is created.
 Based on above point we can say by using parent reference it is possible to call only overriding
methods (m1 () ) of child class but it is not possible to call direct method(m2() ) of child class.
 To overcome above limitation to call child class method perform typecasting.
Example:- in java it is possible to override methods in child classes but it is not possible to
override variables in child classes.
class Parent
{ int a=100;
};
{ int a=1000;
{ Parent p = new Child();
System.out.println("a vlues is :--->"+p.a); //100
}
};
107 | P a g e
If a subclass defines a static method with the same signature as a static method in the superclass, then the
method in the subclass hides the one in the superclass.
class Animal
{ void instanceMethod(){System.out.println("instance method in Animal");}
static void staticMethod(){System.out.println("static method in Animal");}
};
class Dog extends Animal
{ void instanceMethod(){System.out.println("instance method in Dog");}//overriding
static void staticMethod(){System.out.println("static method in Dog");}//hiding
public static void main(String[ ] args)
{ Animal a = new Dog();
a.instanceMethod();
a.staticMethod(); // [or] Animal.instanceMethod();
}
};
 The version of the overridden instance method that gets invoked is the one in the subclass.
 The version of the hidden static method that gets invoked depends on whether it is invoked from the
superclass or the subclass.
The Cat class overrides the instance method in Animal and hides the static method in Animal.
The main method in this class creates an instance of Cat and invokestestClassMethod() on the class
and testInstanceMethod() on the instance.
Example :- importance of converting parent class reference variable into child class object
//let assume predefined class
class ActionForm
{ void xxx(){} //predefined method
void yyy(){} //predefined method
};
class LoginForm extends ActionForm //assume to create LoginForm our class must extends ActonForm
{ void m1(){System.out.println("LoginForm m1 method");} //method of LoginFrom class
void m2(){System.out.println("LoginForm m2 method");} //method of LoginFrom class

{ //assume server To at,glassfish… is creating object of LoginForm
ActionForm af = new LoginForm(); //creates object of LoginForm class
//af.m1(); af.m2(); //by using af it is not possible to call m1() & m2()
LoginForm lf = (LoginForm)af;//type casting

lf.m1();
lf.m2();
}
};
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Example :-[ overloading vs. overriding]

class Parent
{ //overloaded methods
void m1(int a){System.out.println("parent int m1()-->"+a);}//overridden method
void m1(char ch){System.out.println("parent char m1()-->"+ch);}//overridden method
};
{ //overloaded methods
void m1(int a){System.out.println("Child int m1()-->"+a);}//overriding method
void m1(char ch){System.out.println("child char m1()-->"+ch);}//overriding method
{
Parent p = new Parent();//[it creates object of Parent class]
p.m1(10); p.m1('s'); //10 s [parent class methods executed]
Child c = new Child();//[it creates object of Child class]
c.m1(100); c.m1('a'); //[100 a Child class methods executed]
Parent p1 = new Child();//[it creates object of Child class]
p1.m1(1000); p1.m1('z'); //[1000 z child class methods executed]
}
};
Example:- method overriding vs. Hierarchical inheritance

class Heroin
{ int rating( ) { return 0 ; }
};
class Anushka extends Heroin
{ int rating(){return 1;}
};
class Nazriya extends Heroin
};
class Kf extends Heroin
}
class Test
{ /*Heroin h,h1,h2,h3;
h = new Heroin();
h1 = new Anushka();
h2 = new Nazriya();
h3 = new Kf();*/
Heroin h = new Heroin();
Heroin h1 = new Anushka();
Heroin h2 = new Nazriya();
Heroin h3 = new Kf();
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System.out.println("Heroin rating :--->"+h.rating());

System.out.println("Anushka rating :--->"+h1.rating());
System.out.println("Nazsriya rating :--->"+h2.rating());
System.out.println("Kf rating :--->"+h3.rating());
}
};
In above example when you call rating() method compilation time compiler is checking method in
parent class(Heroin) but runtime Child class object are crated hence child class methods are executed.
Example :-
class Animal
{void eat(){System.out.println("animal eat");}
};
class Dog extends Animal
{void eat(){System.out.println("Dog eat");}
};
class Cat extends Animal
{ void eat(){System.out.println("cat eat");}
};
class Test
{ Animal a1,a2;
a1=new Dog(); //creates object of Dog class
a1.eat(); //compiletime:Animal runtime : Dog
a2=new Cat(); //creates object of Cat class
a2.eat(); //compiletime:Animal runtime : Cat
}
};
Example-:-method overriding vs. multilevel inheritance.
class Person
{ void eat(){System.out.println("4-idly");}
};
class Ratan extends Person
};
class RatanKid extends Ratan
};
class Test
{ Person p = new Ratan();
p.eat(); //compiletime: Person runtime:Ratan
Ratan r = new RatanKid();
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r.eat(); //compiletime: Ratan runtime:RatanKid

Person p1 = new RatanKid();
p1.eat(); //compiletime: Person runtime:RatanKid
}
};
Example :- overriding vs method hiding

 static method cannot be overridden because static method bounded with class where as
instance methods are bounded with object.
 In java it is possible to override only instance methods but not static methods.
 The below example seems to be overriding but it is method hiding concept.
class Parent
{ static void m1(){System.out.println("parent m1()");}
};
{ static void m1(){System.out.println("child m1()");}
{ Parent p = new Child();
p.m1(); //output : parent m1()
}
};
toString():-
 toString() method present in Object and it is printing String representation of Object.
 toString() method return type is String object it means toString() method is returning
String object.
 The toString() method is overridden some classes check the below implementation.
o In String class toString() is overridden to return content of String object.
o In StingBuffer class toString() is overridden to returns content of StringBuffer
class.
o I Wrapper lasses I teger,B te,Chara ter…et to“tring is overridden to returns
content of Wrapper classes.
internal implementation:-
class Object
{ public String toString()
{ return getClass().getName() + '@' + Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
}
};
Example:-
Note :- whenever you are printing reference variable internally toString() method is called.
Test t = e Test ; // eates o je t of Test lass efe e e a ia le is t
//the below two lines are same.
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System.out.println(t.toString());
class Test
System.out.println(t.toString()); // [Object class toString() executed]
}
};
Example -2:-
toString() method present in Object class but in our Test class we are overriding toString()
method hence our class toString() method is executed.
class Test
{ //overriding toString() method
public String toString()
{ return "ratansoft";
}
//below two lines are same
System.out.println(t); //Test class toString() executed
System.out.println(t.toString()); //Test class toString() executed
}
};
Example-3:- very important

class Student
String sname;
int sid;
Student(String sname,int sid) //local variables
{ //conversion
this.sname = sname;
this.sid = sid;
}
public String toString() //overriding toString() method
{ return "student name:-->"+sname+" student id:-->"+sid;
}
};
class TestDemo
{ Student s1 = new Student("ratan",111);
System.out.println(s1); //student class toString() executed
System.out.println(s1.toString()); //student class toString() executed
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Student s2 = new Student("anu",222);

System.out.println(s2); //student class toString() executed
System.out.println(s2.toString()); //student class toString() executed
}
};
Example :-overriding of toString() method

class Test
{ //overriding method
{ return "ratnsoft"; }
System.out.println(t.toString()); // [here overriding toString() executed it means
our class toString() method will be executed]
}
};
In above example overriding toString() method will be executed.
Example :- employee class is not overriding toString()

class Employee
String ename;
int eid ;
double esal;
Employee(String ename,int eid,double esal) //local variables
{ //conversion of local variables to instance variables
this.ename = ename;
this.eid = eid;
this.esal = esal;
}
{ Employee e1 = new Employee("ratan",111,60000);
//whenever we are printing reference variables internally it calls toString() method
System.out.println(e1); //e1.toString() [our class toString() executed output printed]
}
};
Employee@530daa
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In above example Employee class is not overriding toString() method so parent class(Object)
toString() method will be executed it returns hash code of the object.
Example :- Employee class overriding toString() method

class Employee
String ename;
int eid ;
double esal;
Employee(String ename,int eid,double esal)//local variables
{ //conversion of local variables to instance variables
this.ename = ename;
this.eid = eid;
this.esal = esal;
}
{ return ename+" "+eid+" "+esal;
}
{ Employee e1 = new Employee("ratan",111,60000);
Employee e2 = new Employee("aruna",222,70000);
Employee e3 = new Employee("nandu",222,80000);
//whenever we are printing reference variables internally it calls toString() method
}
};
In above example when you print reference variables it is executing toString() hence Employee
values will be printed.
1) Final is the modifier applicable for classes, methods and variables (for all instance,
Final modifier:-
Static and local variables).

Case 1:-
1) if a class is declared as final, then we cannot inherit that class it means we cannot create child
class for that final class.
2) Every method present inside a final class is always final but every variable present inside the
final class not be final variable.
Example :-
final class Parent //parent is final class child class creation not possible
{ };
class Child extends Parent //compilation error
{ };
Example :-
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Note :- Every method present inside a final class is always final but every variable present inside the
final class not be final variable.
final class Test
{ int a=10; //not a final variable
void m1() //final method
{ System.out.println("m1 method is final");
a=a+100;
System.out.println(a); //110
}
t.m1();
}
}
Case 2:-
If a method declared as a final we can not override that method in child class.
Example :-
class Parent
{ final void marry(){} //overridden method is final
};
{ void marry(){} //overriding method
};
Compilation Error:- marry() in Child cannot override marry() in Parent
overridden method is final
Case 3:-
1) If a variable declared as a final we can not reassign that variable if we are trying to reassign
2) For the local variables only one modifier is applicable that is final.
Example:-
class Test
{ final int a=100 ; //local variables
a = a+100; // [compilation error because trying to reassignment]
}
};
Compilation Error :- cannot assign a value to final variable a
Example :-
class Parent
{ void m1(){}
};
{ int m1(){}
};
D:\morn11>javac Test.java
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m1() in Child cannot override m1() in Parent

return type int is not compatible with void
case 4:-
for the static variables JVM will provide default values.
class Test
{ static int a;
{ System.out.println("static variable value="+Test.a);
}
}
E:\>java Test
static variable value=0
fi al a ia les al a s eeds i itializatio , if ou do t i itialize o pile ill ge e ate o pilatio e o .

class Test
{ final static int a;
{ System.out.println("static variable value="+Test.a);
}
}
Compilation error:
variable a might not have been initialized
 The main advantage of final modifier is we can achieve security as no one can be allowed to
Advantage of final modifier :-
change our implementation.

Disadvantage of final modifier:-
But the main disadvantage of final keyword is we are missing key benefits of Oops like
inheritance and polymorphism. Hence is there is no specific requirement never recommended to
use final modifier.
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Garbage Collector
 Garbage collector is destroying the useless object and it is a part of the JVM.
 To make eligible objects to the garbage collector
Example-1 :-
Whenever we are assigning null constants to our objects then objects are eligible for
GC(garbage collector)
class Test
Test t2=new Test();
System.out.println(t1);
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
t1=null; //t1 object is eligible for Garbage collector
t2=null; //t2 object is eligible for Garbage Collector
}
};
Example-2 :-
Whenever we reassign the reference variable the objects are automatically eligible for
garbage collector.
class Test
Test t2=new Test();
t1=t2; //reassign reference variable then one object is destroyed.
}
};
Example -3:-
Whenever we are creating objects inside the methods one method is completed the objects
are eligible for garbage collector.
class Test
{ void m1()
Test t2=new Test();
}
t.m1();
System.gc();
}
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};
class Test
{ //overriding finalize()
public void finalize()
{ System.out.println("ratan sir object is destroyed");
System.out.println(10/0);
}
{ Test t1 = new Test();
Test t2 = new Test();
;;;;;;;//usage of objects
t1=null; //this object is eligible to Gc
t2=null; //this object is eligible to Gc
System.gc(); //calling GarbageCollector
}
}
//import java.lang.System;
import static java.lang.System.*;
class Test extends Object
{ public void finalize()
{ System.out.println("object destroyed");
}
t1=null;
t2=null;
gc(); //static import
}
};
Ex:- if the garbage collector is calling finalize Ex:- If user is calling finalize() method explicitly
method at that situation exception is raised at that situation exception is raised.
such type of exception are ignored. class Test
class Test { public void finalize()
{ public void finalize() {
{ System.out.println("ratan sir destroyed");
System.out.println("ratan sir destroyed"); int a=10/0;
int a=10/0; }
} public static void main(String[] args)
public static void main(String[] args) { Test t1=new Test();
{ Test t1=new Test(); Test t2=new Test();
Test t2=new Test(); t1=t2;
t1=t2; t2.finalize();
System.gc(); }
} };
};
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Abstraction:-
There are two types of methods in java
a. Normal methods
b. Abstract methods
Normal methods:- (component method/concrete method)

Normal method is a method which contains method declaration as well as method
implementation.
Example:-
void m1() --->method declaration
{ body; --->method implementation
}
Abstract methods:-
1) The method which is having only method declaration but not method implementations such
type of methods are called abstract Methods.
2) In java every abstract method must e d ith ; .
Example : - abstract void m1 (); ---- method declaration
Based on above representation of methods the classes are divided into two types
1) Normal classes.
2) Abstract classes.
Normal classes:-
Normal class is a ordinary java class it contains only normal methods if we are trying to declare at least
one abstract method that class will become abstract class.
Example:-
class Test //normal class
{ void m1() { body ; } //normal method
void m2() { body ; } //normal method
void m3() { body ; } //normal method
};
Abstract class:-
Abstract class is a java class which contains at least one abstract method(wrong definition).
If any abstract method inside the class that class must be abstract.
Example 1:- Example-2:-
class Test //abstract class class Test //abstract class
{ {
void m1 ( ) { } //normal method abstract void m1(); //abstract method
void m2( ) { } //normal method abstract void m2(); //abstract method
void m3(); //abstract method abstract void m3(); //abstract method
}; };
Abstract modifier:-
 Abstract modifier is applicable for methods and classes but not for variables.
 To represent particular class is abstract class and particular method is abstract method to the
 The abstract class contains declaration of methods it says abstract class partially implement
compiler use abstract modifier.
class hence for partially implemented classes object creation is not possible. If we are trying to
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create object of abstract class compiler generate error message lass is a stra t o ot e
i sta tiated
Example -1:-
 Abstract classes are partially implemented classes hence object creation is not possible.
 For the abstract classes object creation not possible, if you are trying to create object compiler will
abstract class Test //abstract class

{ abstract void m1(); //abstract method
abstract void m2(); //abstract method
abstract void m3(); //abstract method
void m4(){System.out.println("m4 method");} //normal method
t.m4();
}
};
Compilation error:- Test is abstract; cannot be instantiated
Example-2 :-
 Abstract class contains abstract methods for that abstract methods provide the
implementation in child classes.
 Provide the implementations is nothing but override the methods in child classes.
 The abstract class contains declarations but for that declarations implementation is present in
child classes.
abstract class Test
{ abstract void m1();
abstract void m2();
abstract void m3();
};
class Test1 extends Test

{ Test1 t = new Test1();
t.m1(); t.m2(); t.m3(); t.m4();
Test t1 = new Test1(); //abstract class reference variable Child class object
t1.m1(); //compile : Test runtime : Test1
t1.m2(); //compile : Test runtime : Test1
t1.m3() ; //compile : Test runtime : Test1
t1.m4() ; //compile : Test runtime : Test1
}
};
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Example -3 :-
 Abstract class contains abstract methods for that abstract methods provide the
implementation in child classes.
 if the child class is unable to provide the implementation of all parent class abstract methods
at that situation declare that class with abstract modifier then take one more child class to
complete the implementation of remaining abstract methods.
 It is possible to declare multiple child classes but at final complete the implementation of all
methods.
abstract class Test

abstract void m2();
abstract void m3();
};
abstract class Test1 extends Test
};
abstract class Test2 extends Test1
};
class Test3 extends Test2
t.m1();
t.m2();
t.m3();
t.m4();
}
};
Example :- inside the abstract class it is possible to declare

abstract class Test
{ public int a=10;
public final int b=20;
public static final int c=30;
void disp1()
{ System.out.println("a value is="+a);
}
};
{ void disp2()
{ System.out.println("b value is="+b);
System.out.println("c value is="+c);
}
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t.disp1();
t.disp2();
}
};
Example-5 :-
for the abstract methods it is possible to provide any etu t pe oid, i t, ha ,Boolea …..etc)
class Emp{};
abstract class Test1
{ abstract int m1(char ch);
abstract boolean m2(int a);
abstract Emp m3();
}
{ int m1(char ch)
{ System.out.println("char value is:-"+ch);
return 100;
}
};
{ boolean m2(int a)
{ System.out.println("int value is:-"+a);
return true;
}
Emp m3()
return new Emp();
}
{ Test3 t=new Test3();
int a=t.m1('a');
System.out.println("m1() return value is:-"+a);
boolean b=t.m2(111);
System.out.println("m2() return value is:-"+b);
Emp e = t.m3();
System.out.println("m3() return value is:-"+e);
}
};
Example-6:-
It is possible to override non-abstract as a abstract method in child class.
abstract class Test
{ abstract void m1(); //m1() abstract method
void m2(){System.out.println("m2 method");} //m2() normal method
};
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{ void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");} //m1() normal method

abstract void m2(); //m2() abstract method
};
class FinalClass extends Test1
{ void m2(){System.out.println("FinalClass m2() method");}
{ FinalClass f = new FinalClass();
f.m1();
f.m2();
}
};
Example:-
abstract class Test
{ System.out.println("this is abstract class main");
}
};
Example-8:-
 Constructor is used to create object (wrong definition).
 Constructor is executed during object creation to initialize values to instance variables.
 Constructors are used to write the write the functionality that functionality executed during
object creation.
 There are ultiple a s to rate o je t i ja a ut if e are rati g o je t usi g e the
only constructor executed.
Note :- in below example abstract class constructor is executed but object is not created.
abstract class Test
{ Test()
{ System.out.println("abstrac calss con");
}
};
{ Test1()
{ super();
System.out.println("normal class con");
}
{ new Test1();
}
};
D:\>java Test1
abstrac calss con
normal class con
case 1:- [abstract method to normal method]
abstract class Test
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};
};
case 2:-[normal method to abstract method]

class Test
};
};
Example-9:- the abstract class allows zero number of abstract method.

Definition of abstract class:-
Abstract class may contains abstract methods or may not contains abstract methods but
object creation is not possible. The below example contains zero number of abstract methods.
Ex:- Http“e let does ’t o tai s a st a t ethods still it is a st a t object creation not possible )
abstract class Test
{ void cm() { System.out.println("ratan"); }
void pm() { System.out.println("anushka"); }
t.cm(); t.pm();
}
};
Test.java:6: Test is abstract; cannot be instantiated
Abstraction definition :-
 The process highlighting the set of services and hiding the internal implementation is called
abstraction.
 Bank ATM Screens Hiding the internal implementation and highlighting set of services like ,
money transfer, mobile registration,…et ).
 Syllabus copy of institute just highlighting the contents of java but implementation there in
classed rooms .
 We are achieving abstraction concept by using Abstract classes & Interfaces.
Encapsulation:-
The process of binding the data and code as a single unit is called encapsulation.
We are able to provide more encapsulation by taking the private data(variables) members.
To get and set the values from private members use getters and setters to set the data and to
get the data.
Example:-
class Encapsulation
{ private int sid;
private int sname;
//mutator methods
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public void setSid(int x)

{ this.sid=sid; }
public void setSname(String sname)
{ this.sname=sname; }
//Accessor methods
public int getSid()
{ return sid; }
public String getSname()
{ return sname; }
};
To access encapsulated use fallowing code:-
class Test
{ Encapsulation e=new Encapsulation();
e.setSid(100);
e.setSname("ratan");
System.out.println(e.getSid());
System.out.println(e.getSname());
}
};
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Main Method:-
Public static void main(String[] args)

Public --- To provide access permission to the jvm declare main with public.
Static --- To provide direct access permission to the jvm declare main is static(with out
creation of object able to access main method)
Void --- do t retur a alues to the JVM.
String[] args --- used to take command line arguments(the arguments passed from
command prompt)
String --- it is possible to take any type of argument.
[] --- represent possible to take any number of arguments.
Modifications on main():-
1) Modifiers order is not important it means it is possible to take public static or static
public .
Example :- public static void main(String[] args)
static public void main(String[] args)
2) the fallowing declarations are valid
string[] args String []args String args[]
Example:- static public void main(String[] args)
static public void main(String []args)
static public void main(String args[])
3) instead of args it is possible to take any variable name a, , ,… etc)
Example:- static public void main(String... ratan)
static public void main(String... a)
static public void main(String... anushka)
4) for 1.5 version insted of String[] args it is possible to take “tri g… args o l three dots
represent variable argument )
Example:- static public void main(String... args)
5) the applicable modifiers on main method.
a. public b. static c. final d.strictfp e.synchronized
in above five modifiers public and static mandatory remaining three modifiers optional.
Example :- public static final strictfp synchronized void main(String... anushka)
Which of the fallowing declarations are valid:-

1. public static void main(String... a) --->valid
2. final strictfp static void mian(String[] Sravya) --->invalid
3. static public void mian(String a[]) --->valid
4. final strictfp public static main(String[] rattaiah) --->invalid
5. final strictfp synchronized public static void main(String... nandu)--->valid
a. Strictfp is a modifier applicable for classes and methods.

Strictfp modifier:-
b. If a method is declared as strictfp all floating point calculations in that method will follow
c. If a class is declared as stictfp then every method in that class will follow IEEE754 standard so
IEEE754 standard. So that we will get platform independent results.
we will get platform independent results.
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Ex:- strictfp class Test { //methods/// } --->all methods fallows IEEE754

strictfp void m1() { } ---> m1() method fallows IEE754
Native modifier:-
a. Native is the modifier applicable only for methods.
b. Native method is used to represent particular method implementations there in non-java code
(other languages like C,CPP) .
c. Native methods are also k o as foreig ethods .
Examples:-
public final int getPriority();
public final void setName(java.lang.String);
public static native java.lang.Thread currentThread();
public static native void yield();
Example:-
class Test
{ final strictfp synchronized static public void main(String...ratan)
{ System.out.println("hello ratan sir");
}
};
Example:-main method VS inheritance

Case-1 Case-2
class Parent class Parent
{ System.out.println("parent class"); { System.out.println("parent class");
} }
}; };
class Child extends Parent class Child extends Parent
{ public static void main(String[] args) {
{ System.out.println("child class"); };
}
}; D:\>java Child
D:\>Java Child Parent class
Child class
Example:-main method VS overloading

In java it is possible to overload main method but JVM is always calling String[] main method.
class Test
{ System.out.println("String[] main method");
main(100);
}
public static void main(int a)
{ main('r');
System.out.println("int main method");
}
public static void main(char ch)
{ System.out.println("char main method");
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}
}
E:\>java Test
String[] main method
char main method
int main method
note:- it is not possible to override main method because main is a static method.
Command Line Arguments:-

 The arguments which are passed from command prompt to application at runtime are called
command line arguments.
 The command line argument separator is space.
 In single command line argument it is possible to provide space by declaring that command line
argument in double quotes.
Example-1 :-
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] ratan)
{ System.out.println(ratan[0]+" "+ratan[1]); //printing command line arguments
System.out.println(ratan[0]+ratan[1]);
//conversion of String-int String-double
int a = Integer.parseInt(ratan[0]);
double d = Double.parseDouble(ratan[1]);
System.out.println(a+d);
}
};
D:\>java Test 100 200
100 200
100200
300.0
Example-2:-
To provide the command line arguments with spaces then take that command line argument
with in double quotes.
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] ratan)
{ //printing command line arguments
System.out.println(ratan[0]);
System.out.println(ratan[1]);
}
};
D:\>java Test corejava ratan
corejava
ratan
D:\>java Test core java ratan
core
java
D:\>java Test "core java" ratan
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core java
ratan
Var-arg method:-(1.5 version)

It allows the methods to take any number of parameters to particular method.
Syntax:- Void 1 i t… a {------} (only 3 dots)
The above m1() is allows any number of pa a ete s. o o o ………..n)
Example:-
class Test
{ void m1(int... a)
{ System.out.println("Ratan");
}
t.m1(); //int var-arg method executed
t.m1(10); //int var-arg method executed
t.m1(10,20); //int var-arg method executed
t.m1(10,20,30); //int var-arg method executed
}
}
Example:- var-arg VS normal arguments

For java methods it is possible to provide normal arguments along with variable arguments.
class Test
{ void m1(char ch,int... a)
{ System.out.println(ch);
for (int a1:a)
{ System.out.println(a1);
}
}
t.m1('a');
t.m1('b',10);
t.m1('c',10,20);
t.m1('d',10,20,30,40);
}
}
Note :- inside the method it is possible to declare only one variable-argument and that must be last
argument otherwise the compiler will generate compilation error.
void m1(int... a) --->valid
void m2(int... a,char ch) --->invalid
void m3(int... a,boolean... b) --->invalid
void m4(double d,int... a) --->valid
void m5(char ch ,double d,int... a) --->valid
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void m6(char ch ,int... a,boolean... b) --->invalid
Example:- normal-arguments vs variable-argument

If the call contains both var-arg method & normal argument method then it prints normal
argument value.
class Test
{ void m1(int... a)
{ System.out.println("variable argument="+a);
}
void m1(int a)
{ System.out.println("normal argument="+a);
}
t.m1(10);
}
}
E:\>java Test
normal argument=10
Example :- var-arg method vs overloading

class Test
{ void m1(int... a)
{ for (int a1 : a)
{ System.out.println(a1); }
}
void m1(String... str)
{ for (String str1 : str)
{ System.out.println(str1); }
}
t.m1(10,20,30); //int var-arg method calling
t.m1("ratan","Sravya"); //String var-arg calling
t.m1();//var-arg method vs ambiguity [compilation error ambiguous]
}
}
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Packages
java-language:-
in java James Gosling is maintained predefined support in the form of packages and
these packages contains classes & interfaces, and these classes and interfaces contains
predefined methods & variables.
java-language james gosling
packages java.lang
classes & interfaces “yste ,“tri g……..
methods & variables le gth , harAt , o at …
java source code:-

 java is a open source software we are able to download it free of cost and we are able
to see the source code of the java.
 The source code location C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0_75\src (zip file) extract the zip file.
 Java contains 14 predefined packages but the default package in java if java.lang.
package.
Java.lang java.beans java.text java.sql
Java.io java.net java.nio java.math
Java.util java.applet java.rmi
Java.awt java.times java.security
Note : The default package in java is java.lang package.
Note : package is nothing but physical folder structure.
Types of packages:-
There are two types of packages in java
1) Predefined packages.
2) User defined packages.
Predefined packages:
The predefined packages are introduced by James Gosling and these packages contains
predefined classes & interfaces and these class & interfaces contains predefined variables and methods.
Example:- ja a.la g, ja a.io ,ja a.util…..et
User defined packages:-
 The packages which are defined by user, and these packages contains user defined classes and
interfaces.
 Declare the package by using package keyword.
syntax : package package-name;
example : package com.sravya;
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 Inside the source file it is possible to declare only one package statement and that statement
must be first statement of the source file.
Example-1:valid Example-3:Invalid
package com.sravya; import java.io.*;
import java.io.*; import java.lang.*;
import java.lang.*; package com.sravya;
Example-2:Invalid Example-4:Invalid
import java.io.*; package com.sravya;
package com.sravya; package com.tcs;
import java.io.*;
some predefined package and it’s lasses & i te faces:-

Java.lang:-The most commonly required classes and interfaces to write a sample program is
encapsulated into a separate package is called java.lang package.
java
|------lang
|-- String(class)
|-- StringBuffer(class)
|-- Object(class)
|-- Runnable(interface)
|-- Cloneable(interface)
Note:- the default package in the java programming is java.lang package.
Java.io package:-The classes which are used to perform the input output operations that are present
in the java.io packages.
java
|------io
|-- FileInputStream(class)
|-- FileOutputStream(class)
|--FileReader(class)
|-- FileWriter(class)
|-- Serializable(interface)
Java.net package:-The classes which are required for connection establishment in the network that
classes are present in the java.net package.
java
|------net
|--Socket(class)
|--ServerSocket(class)
|--URL(class)
|-- SocketOption(interface)
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Package name coding conventions :-(not mandatory but we have to fallow)

1) The package name must reflect with organization domain name(reverse of domain name).
Domain name:- www.tcs.com
Package name:- Package com.tcs;
2) Package name must reflect with project name.
Project name :- bank
package :- Package com.tcs.bank;
3) The project name must reflect with project module name.
Domain name:- www.tcs.com
Project name:- bank
Module name:- deposit
package name:- Package com.tcs.bank.deposit;
Package com.tcs.bank.deposit;
Reverse of Project Module

keyword domain name name name
Advantages of packages:-
company name : tcs
project name : bank
module-1 Deposit module-2 withdraw

com com
|-->tcs |-->tcs
|-->bank |-->bank
|-->deposit |-->withdraw
|--->.class files |--->.class files
Module-3 moneytranfer module-4 accountinfo

com com
|-->tcs |-->tcs
|-->bank |-->bank
|-->moneytranfer |-->accountinfo
|--->.class files |--->.class files
1) It improves parallel development of the project.

2) Project maintenance will become easy.
3) It improves sharability of the project.
4) It improves readability.
5) It improves understandability.
Note :- In real time the project is divided into number of modules that each and every
module is nothing but package statement.
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Example-1:-
Step-1: write the application with package statement.
package com.sravya.java.corejava;
class Test
{ System.out.println("package first example");
}
}
class A
{ }
class B
{}
interface It
{}
Step-2: compilation process

If the source file contains the package statement then compile that application by using
fallowing command.
D:\>javac -d . Test.java
Place the directory Java source

Creates folder
Java structure in current file name
structure
compiler working folder
Step-3:- folder Structure.

com
|-->sravya
|-->java
|-->corejava
|-->Test.class
|-->A.class
|-->B.class
|-->It.class
Step-4:-execution process.
Execute the .class file by using fully qualified name(class name with complete package structure)
java com.sravya.java.corejava.Test
output : package first example
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Example-2:-
Error-1 :-
 If it is a predefined package or user defined package Whenever we are using other package
classes then must import that package by using import statement.
 If the application required two classes (System,String) then We are able to import the classes in
two ways
o Importing all classes.
Import java.lang.*;
o Importing application required classes
Import java.lang.System;
Import java.lang.String;
In above two approaches second approach is recommended because it is importing application
required classes.
Error-2:-
 Whenever we are using other package classes then that classes must be public otherwise
Error:class is not public we are unable to access outside package.
Public modifier:-
 Public modifier is applicable for variables,methods,classes.
 All packages are able to access public members.
Default modifier:-
 It is applicable for variables,methods,classes.
 We are able to access default members only within the package and it is not possible to access
outside package .
 Default access is also known as package level access.
 The default modifier in java is default.
Error-3:-
 Whenever we are using other package class member that members also must be public.
Note : When we declare class as public the corresponding members are not public,
if we want access public class members that members also must be public.
File-1: Sravya.java
package com.sravya.states.info;
public class Sravya
{ public void ts(){System.out.println("jai telengana");}
public void ap(){System.out.println("jai andhra");}
public void others(){System.out.println("jai jai others");}
}
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File-2: Tcs.java
package com.tcs.states.requiredinfo;
import com.sravya.states.info.*;
class Tcs
{ Sravya s = new Sravya();
s.ts(); s.ap(); s.others();
}
}
E:\>javac -d . Sravya.java compilation of Sravya
E:\>javac -d . Tcs.java compilation of Tcs
E:\>java com.tcs.states.requiredinfo.Tcs execution of Tcs
jai telengana
jai andhra
jai jai others
 private modifier applicable for methods and variables.

Private modifier:-
 We are able to access private members only within the class and it is not possible to access even
in child classes.
class Parent
{ private int a=10;
};
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println(a); //a variables is private Child class unable to access
}
public static void main(String[] arghs)
{ Child c = new Child();
c.m1();
}
};
error: a has private access in Parent
Note :- the most accessable modifier in java Is public & most restricted modifier in java is private.
 Protected modifier is applicable for variables,methods.

Protected modifier:-
 We are able access protected members with in the package and it is possible to access outside
packages also but only indirect child classes & it is not possible to call even in indirect child
classes.
 But in outside package we can access protected members only by using child reference. If we try
to use parent reference we will get compile time error.
A.java:-
package app1;
public class A
{ protected int fee=1000;
};
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B.java:-
package app2;
import app1.*;
public class B extends A
{ B b = new B( );
System.out.println(b.fee);
}
};
Summary of variables:-
modifier Private no-modifier protected public
Same class yes yes yes yes
Same package sub class no yes yes yes
Same package non sub class no yes yes yes
Different package sub class no no yes yes
Different package non sub class no no no yes
Example:- method overriding rule-7

 In java while overriding it is possible to maintain same level(default-default) permission or
increasing order(default-public) but it is not possible to decrease(public-default) the permission.
 In java if we are trying to decrease the permission compiler will generate error message
attempting to assign weaker access privileges
Parent-class method child-class method

Default default (same level) -->valid
protected , public (increasing level ) --> valid
Private (decreasing level) --> invalid
Public public (same level) --> valid

Default,private,protected(decreasing) -->invalid
Protected protected(same level) --> valid

Public(increasing permission) -->valid
Default,private (decreasing level) -->invalid
Case 1:- same level [default-default]

class Parent
};
};
Case 2:- increasing permission [protected-public]

class Parent
{ protected void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
137 | P a g e
};
{ public void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
};
Case3 :- decreasing permission [public-protected]

class Parent
};
{ protected void m1(){System.out.println("m1 method");}
};
Example :-
Test.java:-
package app1;
public class Test
{ public void m1() { System.out.println("app1.Test class m1()"); }
}
X.java:-
package app1.corejava;
public class X
{ public void m1() { System.out.println("app1.core.X class m1()"); }
}
Y.java:-
package app1.corejava.advjava;
public class Y
{ public void m1() { System.out.println("app1.corejava.advjava.Y class m1()"); }
}
Z.java:-
Package app1.corejava.advjava.structs;
public class Z
{ public void m1() { System.out.println("app1.corejava.advjava.structs.Z class m1()"); }
}
Ratan.java:-
import app1.Test;
import app1.corejava.X;
import app1.corejava.advjava.Y;
import app1.corejava.advjava.structs.Z;
class Ratan
{ Test t = new Test(); t.m1();
X x = new X(); x.m1();
Y y = new Y(); y.m1();
Z z = new Z(); z.m1();
}
};
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Static import:-
1. This concept is introduced in 1.5 version.
2. if we are using the static import it is possible to call static variables and static methods of a
particular class directly to the application without using class name.
a. import static java.lang.System.*;
The above line is used to call all the static members of System class directly into application
without using class name.
Ex:-without static mport

import java.lang.*; Ex :- with static import
class Test import static java.lang.System.*;
{ public static void main(String[] args) class Test
{ { public static void main(String[] args)
System.out.println("Hello World!"); {
System.out.println("Hello World!"); out.println("ratan world");
System.out.println("Hello World!"); out.println("ratan world");
} out.println("ratan world");
} }
};
Example:-
package com.dss.java.corejava;
public class Sravya
{ public static int fee=1000;
public static void course()
{ System.out.println("core java");
}
public static void duration()
{ System.out.println("1-month");
}
public static void trainer()
}
};
without static import with static import
package com.tcs.course.coursedetails; package com.tcs.course.coursedetails;
import com.dss.java.corejava.*; import static com.dss.java.corejava.Sravya.*;
class Tcs class Tcs
{ System.out.println(Sravya.fee); { System.out.println(fee);
Sravya.course(); course();
Sravya.duration(); duration();
Sravya.trainer(); trainer();
} }
} }
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Example:-
When you import main package we are able to access only package classes, it is not possible to
access sub package classes, if we want sub package classes must import sub packages also.
com
|-->sravya
|--->A.class
|--->B.class
|--->C.class
|--->ratan
|--->D.class
In above example when we import com.sravya.* it is possible to access only three classes(A,B,C) but it is
not possible to access sub package classes (ratan package D class) if we want sub package classes must
import sub package(import com.sravya.ratan.*).
File-1: A.java
package jav.corejava;
public class A Package structure:-
{ public void m1() jav
{System.out.println("core java World!"); |-->corejava
} |--->A.class
}
File-2: B.java:
package jav.corejava.advjava; jav
public class B |-->corejava
{ public void m1() |--->A.class
{System.out.println("Adv java World!"); |--->advjava
} |--->B.class
}
File-3: C.java:-
package jav.corejava.advjava.structs; jav
public class C |-->corejava
{ public void m1() |--->A.class
{System.out.println("Structs World!"); |--->advjava
} |--->B.class
} |--->structs
File-4:- MainTest.java |--->C.class
Package structure :-
import jav.corejava.A;
import jav.corejava.advjava.B;
import jav.corejava.advjava.structs.C;
class MainTest
{ new A().m1();
new B().m1();
new C().m1();
}
}
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Example :-
in java it is not possible to use predefined package names as a user defined packages. If we
are trying to use predefined package names as a user defined packages at runtime JVM will generate
securityException.
package java.lang;
class Test
{ System.out.println("Ratan World!");
}
}
class A
{
};
D:\DP>javac -d . Test.java
D:\DP>java java.lang.Test
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.SecurityException: Prohibited package name: java.lang
Applicable modifiers on constructors:-

1) Public
2) Private
3) Protected
4) default
Private constructors:-
class Parent
{ private Parent(){ } //private constructor
}
{ Child()
{super();} //we are calling parent class private constructor it is not possible
};
D:\>javac Test.java
Test.java:6: Parent() has private access in Parent
we are achieving singleton class creation by using private constructors in java:-

 he e de la e o st u to ith p i ate odifie e a t create object outside of the class.
 Singleton class allows to create only one object of particular class and we are achieving singleton
class creation by using private constructors.
 In some scenarios it is appropriate to have exactly one instance of class like,
o Window manager
o File systems
o Project manager
o Admin
These type of objects are called singleton objects.
file-1:-
package com.dss.st;
class Test
141 | P a g e
{ public static Test t=null;

private Test(){}
public static Test getInstance()
{ if (t==null)
{ t = new Test();
}
return t;
}
public void disp()
{ System.out.println("this is ratan singleton class");
}
};
File-2:-
Package com.dss;
Import com.dss.st.Test;
class Test1
{ //Test t = new Test(); compilation error Test() has private access in Test
Test t1 = Test.getInstance();
Test t2 = Test.getInstance();
System.out.println(t1.hashCode());//31168322
System.out.println(t2.hashCode());//31168322
}
};
142 | P a g e
Interfaces
1. Interface is also one of the type of class it contains only abstract methods. And Interfaces not
alternative for abstract class it is extension for abstract classes.
2. The interface allows to declare only abstract methods and these methods are by default public &
abstract if we are declaring or not.
3. The interface is highlighting set of functionalities but implementations are hiding.
4. For the interfaces also compiler will generates .class files after compilation.
5. Inside the source file it is possible to declare any number of interfaces. And we are declaring the
interfaces by using interface keyword.
Syntax:- Interface interface-name
interface It1
{ *****
}
 if you don’t no the anything about implementation just we have the requirement specification
then declare that requirements by using interface.
 If u know the implementation but not completely then we should go for abstract classes.
 if you know the implementation completely then we should go for concrete classes.
Both examples are same

Interface it1 abstract interface it1
{ {
Void m1(); public abstract void m1();
} }
Note: - If we are declaring or not each and every interface method by default public abstract. And the
interfaces are by default abstract hence for the interfaces object creation is not possible.
Example-1 :-
 I te fa e o st ai s a st a t ethods a d default these ethods a e pu li a st a t .
 Interface contains abstract method for these methods provide the implementation in the
implementation classes.
 Implementation class is nothing but the class which implements particular interface.
 While providing implementation of interface methods that implementation methods must be
pu li ethods othe ise o pile ge e ate e o essage attempting to assign weaker
a ess p i ileges .
interface it1
{ Void m1(); //abstract method by default [public abstract]
Void m2(); //abstract method by default [public abstract]
Void m3(); //abstract method by default [public abstract]
}
Class Test implements it1 //Test is implementation class of It1 interface
{ Public void m1() //implementation method must be public
{ “ ste .out.p i tl - ethod i ple e tatio ; }
Public void m2()
143 | P a g e
{ “ ste .out.p i tl - ethod i ple e tatio ; }

Public void m3()
{ Syste .out.p i tl – ethod i ple e tatio ; }
Public static void main(String[] args)
t.m1();
t.m2();
t.m3();
}
}
Example :-
interface It1 //abstract
{ void m1(); //public abstract
void m2();
void m3();
}
class Test implements It1
public void m2(){System.out.println("m2 method");}
public void m3(){System.out.println("m3 method");}

t.m1();
t.m2();
t.m3();
It1 i = new Test();

i.m1(); //compile : It1 runtime : Test
}
};
Example-2:-
 Interface contains abstract method for these methods provide the implementation in the
implementation class.
 If the implementation class is unable to provide the implementation of all abstract methods then
declare implementation class with abstract modifier & complete the remaining abstract method
implementation in next created child classes.
 If the child class also unable to provide implementation then declare the child class with abstract
modifier & take one more child class to complete the implementations.
 In java it is possible to take any number of child classes but at final complete the
implementation of all abstract methods.
144 | P a g e
interface It1
{ void m1(); //public abstract
void m2();
void m3();
}
abstract class Test implements It1
};
};
t.m1();
t.m2();
t.m3();
}
};
Example:- The interface reference variables is able to hold child class objects.
interface It1 // interface declaration
{ void m1(); //abstract method by default [public abstract]
void m2(); //abstract method by default [public abstract]
void m3(); //abstract method by default [public abstract]
}
//Test1 is abstract class contains 2 abstract methods m2() m3()hence object creation not possible
abstract class Test1 implements It1
{ public void m1()
};
//Test2 is abstract class contains 1 abstract method m3() hence object creation not possible
{ public void m2()
};
//Test3 is normal class because it contains only normal methods hence object creation possible
{ public void m3()
{ It1 t = new Test3();
t.m1(); t.m2(); t.m3();
Test1 t1 = new Test3();
t1.m1(); t1.m2(); t1.m3();
145 | P a g e
Test2 t2 = new Test3();

t2.m1(); t2.m2(); t2.m3();
}
};
interface It1
{ void m1();
}
interface It2
{ void m2();
}
interface It3 extends It1,It2
{ void m3();
}
{ 1 method
};
class Test implements It1,It2
{ 2 methods
};
class Test implements It1,It2,It3
{ 3 methods
};
Difference between abstract classes & interfaces:-

Abstract class object and lest its sub classes
1) The purpose of abstract class is to explicitly implement that
specify default functionality of an functionality. It stands it is providing
146 | P a g e
abstraction layer that must be declarations of the project then

extended and implemented by the write the implementations in
corresponding sub classes. implementation classes.
2) An abstract class is a class that

declared with abstract modifier.
Ex: abstract class A
{ abstract void m1(); } 2. Declare the interface by using
interface keyword.
3) The abstract allows declaring both Ex:- interface It1
abstract & concrete methods. { void m1(); }
4) Abstract class methods must declare 3. The interface allows declaring only
with abstract modifier. abstract methods.
5) If the abstract class contains 4. Interface methods are by default

abstract methods then write the public abstract.
implementations in child classes.
5. The interface contains abstract
6) In child class the implementation methods writ the implementations
methods need not be public it in implementation classes.
means while overriding it is possible
to declare any valid modifier. 6. In implementation class the
7) The abstract class is able to provide implementation methods must be
implementations of interface public.
methods.
8) One java class is able to extends only 7. The interface is unable to provide
one abstract class at a time. implementation of abstract class
9) Inside abstract class it is possible to methods.
declare main method &constructors. 8. One java class is able to implements
10) It is not possible to instantiate multiple interfaces at a time.
abstract class. 9. Inside interface it is not possible to
11) For the abstract classes compiler declare methods and constructors.
will generate .class files. 10. It is not possible to instantiate
12) The variables of abstract class need interfaces.
not be public static final. 11. For the interfaces compiler will
generate .class files.
12. The variables declared in interface
Interface by default public static final.
1. It is providing complete abstraction
layer and it contains only
Example-1:-
 Inside the interfaces it is possible to declare variables and methods.
147 | P a g e
 By default interface methods are public abstract and by default interface variables are public
static final.
 The final variables are replaced with their values at compilation time only.
Application before compilations:- (.java file)

interface It1 //interface declaration
{ int a=10; //interface variables
void m1(); //interface method
}
{ public void m1()
}
t.m1();
}
};
Application after compilation:-(.class file)
interface It1
{ public abstract void m1(); // compiler generate public abstract
public static final int a = 10; //public static final generated by compiler
}
{ public void m1()
System.out.println(10); //a is final variable hence it replaced at compilation time only
}
t.m1();
}
};
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Message.java:-
package com.sravya.declarations;
public interface Message
{ void morn();
void even();
void gn();
}
Helper.java-
package com.sravya.helper;
import com.sravya.declarations.Message;
public abstract class Helper implements Message
{ public void gn(){System.out.println("good night from helper class");}
}
TestClient1.java:-
package com.sravya.client;
import com.sravya.declarations.Message;
class TestClient1 implements Message
{ public void morn(){System.out.println("good morning");}
public void even(){System.out.println("good evening");}
public void gn(){System.out.println("good 9t");}
{ TestClient1 t = new TestClient1();
t.morn();
t.even();
t.gn();
}
}
TestClient2.java:-
package com.sravya.client;
import com.sravya.helper.Helper;
class TestClient2 extends Helper
{ public void morn(){System.out.println("good morning");}
public void even(){System.out.println("good evening");}
{ TestClient2 t = new TestClient2();
t.morn();
t.even();
t.gn();
}
}
D:\>javac -d . Message.java
D:\>javac -d . Helper.java
D:\>javac -d . TestClient1.java
D:\>javac -d . TestClient2.java
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D:\>java com.sravya.client.TestClient1
good morning
good evening
good 9t
D:\>java com.sravya.client.TestClient2
good morning
good evening
good night from helper class
Real time usage of packages:-

Message.java:-
package com.dss.declarations;
{ void msg1();
void msg2();
}
BusinessLogic.java:-
package com.dss.businesslogics;
import com.dss.declarations.Message;
public class BusinessLogic implements Message
{ public void msg1(){System.out.println("i like you");}
public void msg2(){System.out.println("i miss you");}
}
TestClient.java:-
package com.dss.client;
import com.dss.businesslogics.BusinessLogic;
class TestClient
{ BusinessLogic b = new BusinessLogic();
b.msg1();
b.msg2();
Message b1 = new BusinessLogic();
b1.msg1();
b1.msg2();
}
}
150 | P a g e
Interfaces vs. inheritance :-

Example :-
interface it1 //it contains 2 methods m1() & m2()
{ public abstract void m1();
public abstract void m2();
}
interface it2 extends it1 // it contains 4 methods m1() & m2() & m3() & m4()
}
interface it3 extends it2 // it contains 6 methods m1() & m2() & m3() & m4() & m5() & m6
}
interface it4 extends it3 // it contains 7 methods m1() & m2() & m3() & m4() & m5() & m6 & m7()
}
Case 1:
class Test implements it1
{ provide the implementation of 2 methods m1() & m2()
};
Case 2:
{ provide the implementation of 4 methods m1() & m2() & m3() & m4()
};
Case 3:-
{ provide the implementation of 6 methods m1() & m2() & m3() & m4() & m5() & m6()
};
Case 4:-
{ provide the implementation of 7 methods m1() & m2() & m3() & m4() & m5() & m6() & m7()
};
Case 6:-
class Test implements it1,it2 //one class is able to implements multiple interfaces
{ provide the implementation of 4 methods m1() & m2() & m3() & m4()
};
Case 7:-
class Test implements it1,it3
{ provide the implementation of 6 methods m1() & m2() & m3() & m4() & m5() & m6
};
Case 8:-
};
Case 9:-
{ provide the implementation of 7 methods m1() & m2() & m3() & m4() & m5() & m6 & m7()
151 | P a g e
};
Case 10:-
class Test implements it1,it2,it3
};
Case 11:-
class Test implements it1,it2,it3,it4
{ provide the implementation of 7 methods m1() & m2() & m3() & m4() & m5() & m6 & m7()
};
Nested interfaces:-
Example :- declaring interface inside the class is called nested interface.
class A
{ interface it1 //nested interface declared in A class
{ void add(); }
};
class Test implements A.it1
{ public void add()
{ System.out.println("add method");
}
{ Test t=new Test(); t.add();
}
};
Example :- it is possible to declare interfaces inside abstract class also.
abstract class A
interface it1 //nested interface declared in A class
{ void m2(); }
};
class Test implements A.it1
{ public void m1()
}
public void m2()
}
t.m1(); t.m2();
}
};
Ex:- declaring interface inside the another interface is called nested interface.
interface it2
{ void m1();
interface it1
{ void m2(); }
};
class Test2 implements it2.it1
152 | P a g e
{ public void m1()

public void m2()
{ Test2 t=new Test2();
t.m1(); t.m2();
}
};
Marker interface :-
 An interface that has no members (methods and variables) is known as marker interface or
tagged interface or ability interface.
 In java whenever our class is implementing marker interface our class is getting some
capabilities that are power of marker interface. We will discuss marker interfaces in detail in
later classes.
Ex:- serializable , Clo ea le , ‘a do A ess…et
Note: - user defined empty interfaces are not a marker interfaces only, predefined empty interfaces
are marker interfaces.
Possibility of extends & implements keywords:-

class extends class
interface extends interface
class implements interface
class A extends B --->valid

class A extends B,C --->Invalid
class A extends A --->Invalid
class A implements It --->valid
class A implements It1,It2 --->valid
class A extends It --->Invalid
interface It1 extends It2 --->valid

interface It1 extends It2,It3 --->valid
interface It1 extends A --->invalid
interface It1 implements It2 --->invalid
interface It1 extends It1 --->invalid
class A extends B implements It1,It2 --->valid [extends first]

class A implements It1,It2 extends B --->Invalid
Source file Declaration rules:-

The source file contains the fallowing elements
1) Package declaration---optional-----at most one package(0 or 1)--1st statement
2) Import declaration-----optional-----any number of imports--------2nd statement
3) Class declaration--------optional-----any number of classes---------3rd statement
4) Interface declaration---optional----any number of interfaces-----3rd statement
5) Comments declaration-optional----any number of comments----3rd statement
153 | P a g e
a. The package must be the first statement of the source file and it is possible to declare at most
one package within the source file .
b. The import session must be in between the package and class statement. And it is possible to
declare any number of import statements within the source file.
c. The class session is must be after package and import statement and it is possible to declare any
number of class within the source file.
i. It is possible to declare at most one public class.
ii. It is possible to declare any number of non-public classes.
d. The package and import statements are applicable for all the classes present in the source file.
e. It is possible to declare comments at beginning and ending of any line of declaration it is
possible to declare any number of comments within the source file.
Adaptor class:-
It is a intermediate class between the interface and user defined class. And it contains empty
implementation of interface methods.
Example:-
interface It // interface
{ void m1():
void m2();
;;;;;;;;
void m100();
}
class X implements It //adaptor class
{ public void m1(){}
public void m2(){}
;;;;;;;;
public void m100{}
};
//user defined class implementing interface
class Test implements It
{ must provide 100 methods impl
};
//user defined class extending Adaptor class(X)
class Test extends X
{ override required methods because already X contins empty implementions
};
Adaptor class realtime usage:-

Message.java:- interface
package com.dss.declarations;
{ void morn(); // by default public abstarct
void eve();
void night();
}
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HelperAdaptor.java:- Adaptor class

package com.dss.helper;
public class HelperAdaptor implements Message
{ public void night(){}
public void eve(){}
public void morn(){}
}
GoodStudent.java:-
package com.dss.bl;
public class GoodStudent implements Message
{ public void morn(){System.out.println("good morning ratan");}
public void eve(){System.out.println("good evening ratan");}
public void night(){System.out.println("good nightratan");}
}
TestClient.java:-
package com.dss.client;
import com.dss.bl.GoodStudent;
import com.dss.bl.Student;
class TestClient
{ GoodStudent s = new GoodStudent();
s.eve();s.morn();s.night();
Student s1 = new Student();

s1.morn();
}
}
com
|-->dss
|--->declarations
| |-->Message.class
|-->helper
| |--->HelperAdaptor.class
|-->bl
| |-->GoodStudent.class
| |-->Student.class
|-->client
|-->TestClient.class
155 | P a g e
Example :-
Demo.java
package a;
public interface Demo
{ public void sayHello(String msg);
}
ImplClass:-
package a;
class Test implements Demo
{ public void sayHello(String msg) //overriding method of Demo interface
{ System.out.println("hi ratan--->"+msg);
}
};
public class ImplClass
{ public Test objectcreation() //it returns Test class Object
return t;
}
}
Client.java
import a.ImplClass;
import a.Demo;
class Client
{ ImplClass i = new ImplClass();
Demo d = i.objectcreation();
//it etu s O je t of lass Test ut e do ’t k o i te all hi h o je t is eated
d.sayHello("hello");
}
}
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String manipulations
1) Java.lang.String
2) Java.lang.StringBuffer
3) Java.lang.StringBuilder
4) Java.util.StringTokenizer
Java.lang.String:-
String is used to represent group of characters or character array enclosed with in the double quotes.
class Test
{ String str="ratan";
System.out.println(str);
String str1=new String("ratan");

System.out.println(str1);
char[] ch={'r','a','t','a','n'};
String str3=new String(ch);
char[] ch1={'a','r','a','t','a','n','a'};
String str4=new String(ch1,1,5);
byte[] b={65,66,67,68,69,70};
String str5=new String(b);
byte[] b1={65,66,67,68,69,70};
String str6=new String(b1,2,4);
}
}
Case 1:- String vs StringBuffe

String & StringBuffer both classes are final classes present in java.lang package.
Case 2:-String vs StringBuffer

We are able to create String object in two ways.
1) Without using new operator “t i g st = ata ;
2) By using new operator String str = new “t i g ata ;
We are able to create StringBuffer object only one approach by using new operator.
“t i gBuffe s = e “t i gBuffe s a ai fote h ;
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Creating a string object without using new

operator :- Creating a string object by using new operator
 When we create String object without
using new operator the objects are  Whenever we are creating String object
created in SCP (String constant pool) by using new operator the object
area. created in heap area.
 String str = rattaiah ;

“tri g str = Sravya ;  String str = e “tri g rattaiah ;
“tri g str = Sravya ; “tri g str = e “tri g a u ;
“tri g str = e “tri g rattaiah ;
SCP area
 When we create object without using
new operator then just before object
Heap area
creation it is always checking previous
 When we create object in Heap area
objects.
o If the previous object is
instead of checking previous objects it
available with the same content
directly creates objects.
the it o t reate e o je t
that reference variable pointing
to existing object.
o If the previous objects are not
available then JVM will create
new object.
 SCP area does not allow duplicate
 Heap memory allows duplicate objects.
objects.
Example:-
class Test
{ //two approaches to create a String object
String str1 = "ratan";
String str2 = new String("anu");
//one approach to create StringBuffer Object (by using new operator)

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("ratansoft");
System.out.println(sb);
}
}
158 | P a g e
== operator :-
 It is comparing reference type and it returns Boolean value as a return value.
 If two reference variables are pointing to same object then it returns true otherwise false.
Example:-
class Test
Test t3 = t1;
System.out.println(t1==t2); //false
System.out.println(t1==t3); //true
String str1="ratan";
System.out.println(str1==str2); //true
String s1 = new String("anu");

String s2 = new String("anu");
System.out.println(s1==s2); //false
StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("sravya");

StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("sravya");
System.out.println(sb1==sb2); //flase
}
}
159 | P a g e
Case : toString()
 toString( ) method present in object class it returns a string representation of object(class-
name@hashcode).
 String is child class of Object and it is overriding toString() to return content of the String object.
 StringBuffer is child class of Object and it is overriding toString() to return content of the
StringBuffer object.
Note :- whenever we are printing any type of reference variable in java internally it is calling
toString() method .
class Object
{ public java.lang.String toString()
{ return getClass().getName() + '@' + Integer.toHexString(hashCode()); }
}
class String extends Object
public java.lang.String toString()
{ return "content of String"; }
};
class StringBuffer extends Object
public java.lang.String toString()
{ return "content of String"; }
};
Example:-
class Test
{ //object class toString() executed
System.out.println(t.toString());
//String class toString() executed

String str="ratan";
System.out.println(str.toString());
//StringBuffer class toString() executed

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("anu");
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}
};
In above example when we call toString() method on Test class reference type then first it will
check toString() in Test class since not available it will execute Object class toString().
D:\>java Test
Test@530daa Test@530daa ratan ratan anu anu
160 | P a g e
Case 3:- immutability vs mutability

String is immutability class it means once we are creating String objects it is not possible to
perform modifications on existing object. (String object is fixed object)
StringBuffer is a mutability class it means once we are creating StringBuffer objects on that
existing object it is possible to perform modification.
Example :-
class Test
{ //immutability class (modifications on existing content not allowed)
String str="ratan";
str.concat("soft");
System.out.println(str); //ratan
//mutability class (modifications on existing content possible)

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("anu");
sb.append("soft");
System.out.println(sb); //anusoft
}
}
Concat( ) :-
 Concat() method is combining two String objects and it is returning new String object.
public java.lang.String concat(java.lang.String);
Example :-
class Test
{ String str="ratan";
String str1 = str.concat("soft"); //concat() method return String object.
}
}
Creation of user defined immutability class:-

 Once we create the object, it is not allowing modifications that behavior is called immutability.
 Ja a o tai s u e of i uta le lasses like “t i g, appe lasses I tege ,Lo g,Float…et .
 We can achieve immutability nature of the class by using fallowing properties,
1) Declare the fields final & private
Once we declare the fields private it is not possible to access outside class & if we declare
final modifications are not allowed.
2) Declare the class with final
Once we declare class with final it is not possible to create child classes it prevents
method overriding in sub-classes.
3) Set the data by using parameterized constructor
Set the data to properties by using constru to ut do t use sette ethods e ause
setter method meant for data change in object.
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File-1:Emp.java
class Emp
{ private final String ename;
Emp(String ename)
{ this.ename=ename;
}
public String getName()
{ return ename;
}
};
File 2:Test.java
class Test
{ Emp e = new Emp("ratan");
System.out.println(e.getName());
}
}
In above example Emp class immutable class because,
a. Emp class properties are final we are unable to change the value after creating object.
b. Emp class if final we are unable create sub-class & it is not possible to override the methods.
c. We are using constructor it assign the values only once.
d. There is no setter method hence we have no option to change the value of variable.
Case 4:-
Internal implementation equals() method:-
 equals( ) method present in object used for reference comparison & return Boolean value.
o If two reference variables are pointing to same object returns true otherwise false.
 String is child class of object and it is overriding equals( ) methods used for content comparison.
o If two objects content is same then returns true otherwise false.
 StringBuffer class is child class of object and it is not overriding equals() method hence it is using
parent class(Object) equals() method used for reference comparison.
o If two reference variables are pointing to same object returns true otherwise false.
class Object
{ public boolean equals(java.lang.Object)
{ // reference comparison;
}
};
class String extends Object
{ //String class is overriding equals() method
public boolean equals(java.lang.Object);
{ //content comparison;
}
};
class StringBuffer extends Object
{ //not overriding hence it is using parent class equals() method
//reference comparison;
};
162 | P a g e
Example :-
class Test
{ Test(String str) { }
{ Test t1 = new Test("ratan");
Test t2 = new Test("ratan");
//Object class equals() method executed (reference comparison)
System.out.println(t1.equals(t2));
String str1 = new String("Sravya");

//String class equals() method executed (content comparison)
System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));
StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("anu");

//StringBuffer class equals() executed (reference comparison)
System.out.println(sb1.equals(sb2));
}
}
== operator vs equals() :-
 In above example we are completed equals() method.
 == operator used to check reference variables & returns boolean ,if two reference variables are
pointing to same object returns true otherwise false.
class Test
{ Test(String str){}
System.out.println(t1==t2); //reference comparison false
System.out.println(t1.equals(t2)); //reference comparison false
String str1="anu";
String str2="anu";
System.out.println(str1==str2); //reference comparison true
System.out.println(str1.equals(str2)); //content comparison true

System.out.println(str3==str4); //reference comparison false
System.out.println(str3.equals(str4)); //content comparison true
StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("students");

StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("students");
System.out.println(sb1==sb2); //reference comparison false
System.out.println(sb1.equals(sb2)); //reference comparison false
}
}
163 | P a g e
Example :-
class Test
{ Test(String str){}
Test t2 = new Test("anu");
Test t3 = t2;
System.out.println(t1==t2);//false
System.out.println(t3==t2);//true
//object class equals() executed reference comparison
System.out.println(t1.equals(t2));//false
System.out.println(t3.equals(t2));//true
String str1 = "ratan";

String str3=str2;
System.out.println(str1==str2);//true
//String class equals() executed content comparison
System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));//true
String s1= new String("ratan");

String s2= new String("ratan");
String s3=s2;
System.out.println(s1==s2);//false
System.out.println(s2==s3);//true
//String class equals() executed content comparison
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//true

StringBuffer sb3 = sb1;
System.out.println(sb1==sb2);//false
System.out.println(sb1==sb3);//true
//StringBuffer class equals() executed reference comparison
System.out.println(sb1.equals(sb3));//true
}
}
164 | P a g e
Example :- String identity vs String equality
class Test
{ String str1 = "hello";
String str2 = "hello";
String str3= new String("hello");
//identity checking
System.out.println(str1==str2); //true
System.out.println(str1==str3); //false
System.out.println(str1==str3); //false
//equality checking
System.out.println(str1.equals(str2)); //true
}
}
Java.lang.String class methods:-

1) CompareTo() & compareToIgnoreCase():-
 By using compareTo() we are comparing two strings character by character, such type of
checking is called lexicographically checking or dictionary checking.
 compareTo() is return type is integer and it returns three values
o if the two strings are equal then it return zero.
o If the first string first character Unicode value is bigger than second string first character
Unicode value then it return +ve value.
o If the first string first character Unicode value is smaller than second string first
character Unicode value then it return +ve value.
compareTo() method comparing two string with case sensitive.

compareToIgnoreCase() method comparing two strings character by character by ignoring case.
class Test
{ public static void main(String... ratan)
{ String str1="ratan";
String str2="Sravya";
System.out.println(str1.compareTo(str2)); //14
System.out.println(str1.compareTo(str3)); //0
System.out.println(str2.compareTo(str1)); //-13
“ ste .out.p i tl ata . o pa eTo ‘ATAN ; //+ve
“ ste .out.p i tl ata . o pa eToIg o eCase ‘ATAN ;//0
}
};
165 | P a g e
Difference between length( ) method and length variable:-

 length variable used to find length of the Array.
 length() is method used to find length of the String.
Example :- int [] a={10,20,30};
System.out.println(a.length); //3
String str="rattaiah";
System.out.println(str.length()); //8
cahrAt(int) & split() & trim():-

charAt(int):-By using above method we are able to extract the character from particular index position.
public char charAt(int);
Split(String):- By using split() method we are dividing string into number of tokens.
public java.lang.String[] split(java.lang.String);
trim():- trim() is used to remove the trail and leading spaces this method always used for memory saver.
public java.lang.String trim();
class Test
{ //cahrAt() method
String str="ratan";
System.out.println(str.charAt(1));
//System.out.println(str.charAt(10)); StringIndexOutOfBoundsException
char ch="ratan".charAt(2);
//split() method
String s="hi rattaiah how r u";
String[] str1=s.split(" ");
for(String str2 : str1)
{ System.out.println(str2);
}
//trim()
String ss=" ratan ";
System.out.println(ss.length());//7
System.out.println(ss.trim());//ratan
System.out.println(ss.trim().length());//5
}
}
replace() & toUpperCase() & toLowerCase():-

public java.lang.String replace(Stirng str,String str1):-
public java.lang.String replace(char, char);
replace() method used to replace the String or character.
public java.lang.String toLowerCase();
public java.lang.String toUpperCase();
The above methods are used to convert lower case to upper case & upper case to lower case.
Example:-
class Test
166 | P a g e

{ String str="rattaiah how r u";
System.out.println(str.replace('a','A')); //rAttAiAh
System.out.println(str.replace("how","who")); //rattaiah how r u
String str1="Sravya software solutions";

System.out.println(str1.replace("software","hardware"));// Sravya hardware solutions
String str="ratan HOW R U";

System.out.println(str.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(str.toLowerCase());
System.out.println("RATAN".toLowerCase());
System.out.println("soft".toUpperCase());
}
}
endsWith() & startsWith() & substring():-

 endsWith() is used to find out if the string is ending with particular character/string or not.
 startsWith() used to find out the particular String starting with particular character/string or not.
public boolean startsWith(java.lang.String);
public boolean endsWith(java.lang.String);
 substring() used to find substring in main String.
public java.lang.String substring(int); int = starting index
public java.lang.String substring(int, int); int=starting index to int =ending index
while printing substring() it includes starting index & it excludes ending index.
Example:-
class Test
{ String str="rattaiah how r u";
System.out.println(str.endsWith("u")); //true
System.out.println(str.endsWith("how")); //false
System.out.println(str.startsWith("d")); //false
System.out.println(str.startsWith("r")); //true
String s="ratan how r u";
System.out.println(s.substring(2)); //tan how r u
System.out.println(s.substring(1,7)); //atan h
System.out.println("ratansoft".substring(2,5)); //tan
}
}
StringBuffer class methods:-

reverse():-
class Test
{ StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("rattaiah");
System.out.println(sb.delete(1,3));
167 | P a g e
System.out.println(sb.deleteCharAt(1));
System.out.println(sb.reverse());
}
}
Append():-
By using this method we can append the any values at the end of the string
Ex:-
class Test
{ StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("rattaiah");
String str=" salary ";
int a=60000;
sb.append(str);
sb.append(a);
}
};
Insert():-
By using above method we are able to insert the string any location of the existing string.
class Test
{ StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("ratan");
sb.insert(0,"hi ");
}
}
indexOf() and lastIndexOf():-
Ex:-
class Test
{ StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("hi ratan hi");
int i;
i=sb.indexOf("hi");
i=sb.lastIndexOf("hi");
}
}
replace():-
class Test
{ StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("hi ratan hi");
sb.replace(0,2,"oy");
System.out.println("after replaceing the string:-"+sb);
}
}
168 | P a g e
Java.lang.StringBuilder:-
1) Introduced in jdk1.5 version.
2) StringBuilder is identical to StringBuffer except for one important difference.
3) Every method present in the StringBuilder is not Synchronized means that is not thread safe.
4) multiple threads are allow to operate on StringBuilder methods hence the performance of the
application is increased.
Cloneable:-
1) The process of creating exactly duplicate object is called cloning.
2) We can create a duplicate object only for the cloneable classes .
3) We can create cloned object by using clone()
4) The main purpose of the cloning is to maintain backup.
class Test implements Cloneable

{ int a=10,b=20;
public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException
{ Test t1 = new Test();//creates object of Test class
Test t2 = (Test)t1.clone();//duplicate object of Test class
System.out.println(t1.a);
System.out.println(t1.b);
t1.b=555;
t1.a=444;
t1.b=333;
System.out.println(t1.b);
//if we want initial values use duplicate object
System.out.println(t2.a);//10
System.out.println(t2.b);//20
}
}
169 | P a g e
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ String str="hi ratan w r u wt bout anushka";
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(str);//split the string with by default (space symbol)
while (st.hasMoreElements())
{
System.out.println(st.nextElement());
}
//used our string to split giver String

String str1 = "hi,rata,mf,sdfsdf,ara"; StringTokenizer st1 = new
StringTokenizer(str1,",");
while (st1.hasMoreElements())
{
System.out.println(st1.nextElement());
}
}
}
170 | P a g e
Wrapper classes
 Java is an Object oriented programming language so represent everything in the form of
the object, but java supports 8 primitive data types these all are not part of object.
 To represent 8 primitive data types in the form of object form we required 8 java classes
these classes are called wrapper classes.
 All wrapper classes present in the java.lang package and these all classes are immutable
classes.
Wrapper classes hierarchy:-
Object
Number Character Boolean
Byte Short Integer Long Float Double
Wrapper classes constructors:-

Integer i = new Integer(10);
Integer i1 = new Integer("100");
Float f1= new Float(10.5);
Float f1= new Float(10.5f);
Float f1= new Float("10.5");
Character ch = new Character('a');
datatypes wrapper-class constructors
byte Byte byte,String
short Short short,String
int Integer int,String
long Long long,String
float Float double,float,String
double Double double,String
char Character char
boolean Boolean boolean,String
Note :- To create wrapper objects all most all wrapper classes contain two constructors but
Float contains three constructors(float,double,String) & char contains one constructor(char).
toString():-
 toString() method present in Object class it returns class-name@hashcode.
 String,StringBuffer classes are overriding toString() method it returns content of the objects.
 All wrapper classes overriding toString() method to return content of the wrapper class objects.
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Example :-
class Test
{ Integer i1 = new Integer(100);
System.out.println(i1);
System.out.println(i1.toString());

Integer i3 = new Integer("ten");//java.lang.NumberFormatException

}
}
In above example for the integer constructor we are passing value in the form of String it is
automatically converted into Integer format.
In above example for the integer constructor we are passing te in the form of String but this String is
unable to convert into integer format it generate exception java.lang.NumberFormatException.
Example:- conversion of wrapper to String by using toString() method

class Test
{ Integer i1 = new Integer(100);
System.out.println(i1+i2);//1100
//conversion [wrapper object - String]
String str1 = i1.toString();
String str2 = i2.toString();
System.out.println(str1+str2); //1001000
}
}
Example:-
 In java we are able to call toString() method only on reference type but not primitive type.
 If we are calling toString() method on primitive type then compiler generate error message.
class Test
{ Integer i1 = Integer.valueOf(100);
int a=100;
//System.out.println(a.toString()); error:-int cannot be dereferenced
}
}
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valueOf():-
in java we are able to create wrapper object in two ways.
a) By using constructor approach
b) By using valueOf() method
 valueOf() method is used to create wrapper object just it is alternate to constructor approach
and it a static method present in wrapper classes.
Example:-
class Test
{ //constructor approach to create wrapper object
Integer i1 = new Integer(100);

//valueOf() method to create Wrapper object

Integer a1 = Integer.valueOf(10);
System.out.println(a1);
Integer a2 = Integer.valueOf("1000");
}
}
Example :- conversion of primitive to String.

class Test
{ int a=100;
int b=200;
//primitive to String object

String str1 = String.valueOf(a);
String str2 = String.valueOf(b);
System.out.println(str1+str2);
}
}
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XxxValue():- it is used to convert wrapper object into correspondingprimitive value.

Example:-
class Test
{ //valueOf() method to create Wrapper object
Integer a2 = Integer.valueOf("1000");
//xxxValue() [wrapper object into primitive value]

int x1 = a1.intValue();
byte x2 = a1.byteValue();
double x3 = a1.doubleValue();
System.out.println("int value="+x1);
System.out.println("byte value="+x2);
System.out.println("double value="+x3);
}
}
parseXXX():- it is used to convert String into corresponding primitive value & it is a static method present
in wrapper classes.
Example :-
class Test
{ String str1="100";
String str2="100";
System.out.println(str1+str2);
//parseXXX() converion of String to primitive type
int a1 = Integer.parseInt(str1);
float a2 = Float.parseFloat(str2);
System.out.println(a1+a2);
}
}
1) primitive ----->Wrapper Object

Integer i = Integer.valueOf(100);
2) wrapper object ----> primitive
byte b = i.byteValue();
3) String value ----> primitive
String str="100";
int a = Integer.parseInt(str);
4) primitive valu ----> String Object
int a=100;
int b=200;
String s1 = String.valueOf(a);
String s2 = String.valueOf(b);
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System.out.println(s1+s2);//100200
5) String value ---->Wrapper object
Integer i = Integer.valueOf("1000");
6) wrapper object --->String object
String s = i.toString();
Autoboxing and Autounboxing:-(introduced in the 1.5 version)

 Up to 1.4 version to convert primitive/String into Wrapper object we are having two approaches
o Constructor approach
o valueOf() method
 Automatic conversion of primitive to wrapper object is called autoboxing.
 Automatic conversion of wrapper object to primitive is called autounboxing.
Example:-
class Test
{ //autoboxing [primitive - wrapper object]
Integer i = 100;
System.out.println(i.toString());
//autounboxing [wrapper object - primitive]

int a = new Integer(100);
}
}
Automatic conversion of the primitive to wrapper and wrapper to the primitive:-
AutoBoxing
Primitive Wrapper object
/String
Autounboxing
Example :-
class Test
{ System.out.println("information about byte data type");
System.out.println("byte size="+Byte.SIZE);
System.out.println("byte min value="+Byte.MIN_VALUE);
System.out.println("byte max value="+Byte.MAX_VALUE);
System.out.println("information about int data type");

System.out.println("int size="+Integer.SIZE);
System.out.println("int min value="+Integer.MIN_VALUE);
System.out.println("int max value="+Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
};
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Factory method:-
 One java class method returns same class object or different class object is called factory
method.
 There are three types of factory methods in java.
o Instance factory method.
o Static factory method.
o Pattern factory method.
 The factory is called by using class name is called static factory method.
 The factory is called by using reference variable is called instance factory method.
 One java class method is returning different class object is called pattern factory method.
Example:-
class Test
{ //static factory method
Integer i = Integer.valueOf(100);
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
System.out.println(r);
//instance factory method

String str="ratan";
String str1 = str.concat("soft");
String s1="sravyainfotech";
String s2 = s1.substring(0,6);
System.out.println(s2);
//pattren factory method

String ss = a1.toString();
System.out.println(ss);
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("ratan");

String sss = sb.toString();
System.out.println(sss);
}
}
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Java .io package

 This lesson covers java classes used for basic I/O operations. It focuses on I/O streams.
 The classes covered in I/O stream present in java.io package.
 Most of the classes covered in file I/O are present java.nio.file package.
I/O Streams:-
 Byte Streams handle I/O of raw binary data.
 Character Streams handle I/O of character data, automatically handling translation to and from
the local character set.
 Buffered Streams optimize input and output by reducing the number of calls to the native API.
 Scanning and Formatting allows a program to read and write formatted text.
 I/O from the Command Line describes the Standard Streams and the Console object.
 Data Streams handle binary I/O of primitive data type and String values.
 Object Streams handle binary I/O of objects.
I/O Streams:-
An I/O stream represents input source or an output destination. A stream represent many kind of
source and destination like disk files & devices & memory arrays.
 Simple bytes.
Streams support different kind of data
 Primitive data types

 Localized characters
 O je ts …..et
Stream is a communication channel between source and destination & A stream is a sequence of data.
Input stream:-
Program uses Input stream to read the data from a source one item at a time.
Output stream:-
Program uses output stream to write the data to a destination one item at a time.
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Byte streams:-
Program uses byte stream to perform input & output of byte data. All byte stream classes
developed based on InputStream & OutputStream.
To demonstrate how the byte stream works file I/O provided two main classes
 FileInputStream
o It is used to read the data from source one item at a time.
o To read the data from source use read() method of FileInputStream class.
public int read() throws java.io.IOException;
read() method returns first character Unicode value in the form of integer value.
 FileOutputStream
o It is used to write the data to destination one item at a time.
o To write the data to destination use write() method of FileOutputStream class.
public void write(int unicode) throws java.io.IOException;
write() method is taking Unicode value of the character as a parameter.
Steps to design application:-

Step1 :- create the channel.
Step 2:- read the data from source file.
Step 3:- store the data in some variable temporarily.
Step 4:- check the stream is ended or data (data flow completed or not).
Step 5:- write the data to destination.
Step 6:- close the streams.
Example :-
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)throws FileNotFoundException,IOException
{ //Byte oriented channel creation
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("xyz.txt");
int c;
while((c=fis.read())!=-1)
{ System.out.print((char)c);
fos.write(c);
}
System.out.println("read() & write operatoins are completed");
//stream closing operations
fis.close();
fos.close();
}
}
While working with streams we will get two exceptions mainly FileNotFoundException ,
IOException & these two exceptions are checked exceptions so must handle these exception by using try-
catch blocks or throws keyword.
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Character streams:-
Program uses character stream to perform input & output of character data. All character
stream classes developed based on Reader & Writer classes.
To demonstrate how the character stream works file I/O provided two main classes
 FileReader
o It is used to read the data from source one item at a time.
o To read the data from source use read() method of FileInputStream class.
public int read() throws java.io.IOException;
read() method returns first character Unicode value in the form of integer value.
 FileWriter
o It is used to write the data to destination one item at a time.
o To write the data to destination use write() method of FileOutputStream class.
public void write(int unicode) throws java.io.IOException;
write() method is taking Unicode value of the character as a parameter.
Example :-
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
public class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{ FileReader inputStream = null;
FileWriter outputStream = null;
try {
inputStream = new FileReader("abc.txt");
outputStream = new FileWriter("characteroutput.txt");
int c;
while ((c = inputStream.read()) != -1)
{ outputStream.write(c);
}
}
finally
{ if (inputStream != null)
{ inputStream.close();
}
if (outputStream != null)
{ outputStream.close();
}
}
}
}
Note : In CopyCharacters, the int variable holds a character value in its last 16 bits; in CopyBytes, the int
variable holds a byte value in its last 8 bits.
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Line oriented I/O:-

In above two streams(byte & character) it is possible to read only one item at time it
increases number of read & write operations hence the performance is decreased.
To overcome above limitation to improve performance of the application instead of
reading the data item by item, read the data line-by-line format to improve the performance.
To perform line oriented operations use two classes.
 BufferedReader
o It is used to read the data from source file in line by line format.
o To read the data use readLine() method of BufferedReader class .
public java.lang.String readLine() throws java.io.IOException;
The readLine() method returns first line of the text file in the form of String.
 PrintWriter
o It is used to write the data to destination file in line by line format.
o To write the data to file use println() method of PrintWriter class.
public void println(java.lang.String);
The above method used to write the data to destination file.
Example :-
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
public class CopyLines {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
BufferedReader inputStream = null;
PrintWriter outputStream = null;
try {
inputStream = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("ratan.txt"));
outputStream = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter("characteroutput.txt"));
String l;
while ((l = inputStream.readLine()) != null) {
outputStream.println(l);
}
}
finally {
if (inputStream != null) {
inputStream.close();
}
if (outputStream != null) {
outputStream.close();
}
}
}
}
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Buffered Streams:-
 In previous examples we are using un-buffered I/O .This means each read and write request is
handled directly by the underlying OS.
 In normal streams each request directly triggers disk access it is relatively expensive &
performance is degraded.
To overcome above limitations use buffered streams.
 Bufferd input stream read the data from buffered memory and it interacting with hard disk only
when buffered memory is empty.
 Buffered output stream write the data to buffer memory.
There are four buffered stream classes.

Buffered byte streams,
1. BufferedInputStream
2. BufferedOutputStream
A program can convert an un buffered stream into buffered streams.
new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("xanadu.txt"));
new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputSream("byteoutput.txt"));
Buffered Character streams,
3. BufferedReader
4. BufferedWriter
A program can convert an un buffered stream into buffered streams.
new BufferedReader(new FileReader("ratan.txt"));
new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("characteroutput.txt"));
Example:-
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ BufferedReader br;
BufferedWriter bw;
try{
br=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("Test1.java"));
bw=new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("States.java"));
String str;
while ((str=br.readLine())!=null)
{ bw.write(str);
}
br.close();
bw.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{ System.out.println("getting Exception");
}
}
}
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Example:-
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ BufferedInputStream bis;
BufferedOutputStream bos;
try{
bis=new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("abc.txt"));
bos=new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("xyz.txt"));
int str;
while ((str=bis.read())!=-1)
{ bos.write(str);
}
bis.close();
bos.close();
}
catch(Exception e)
{ System.out.println(e);
System.out.println("getting Exception");
}
}
}
Serialization:-
The process of saving an object to a file (or) the process of sending an object across the network is called
serialization.
But strictly speaking the process of converting the object from java supported form to the network
supported form of file supported form.
To do the serialization we required fallowing classes
1. FileOutputStream
2. ObjectOutputStream
Deserialization:-
The process of reading the object from file supported form or network supported form to the
java supported form is called deserialization.
We can achieve the deserialization by using fallowing classes.
1. FileInputStream
2. ObjectInputStream
import java.io.*;
class Emp implements Serializable
{ int eid;
String ename;
Emp(int eid,String ename)
{this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
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{
Emp e = new Emp(111,"ratan");
//serialization [write the object to file]

FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("xxxx.txt");
ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
oos.writeObject(e);
System.out.println("serialization completed");
//deserialization [read object form text file]

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("xxxx.txt");
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
Emp e1 = (Emp)ois.readObject();//returns Object
System.out.println(e1.eid+"----"+e1.ename);
System.out.println("de serialization completed");
}
}
Transient Modifiers
 Tra sie t odifier is the odifier appli a le for o l aria les a d e a t appl for ethods

and classes.
At the ti e of serializatio , if e do t a t to sa e the alues of a parti ular aria le to eet

security constraints then we should go for transient modifier.
At the time of serialization JVM ignores the original value of transient variable and default value
will be serialized
import java.io.*;
class Emp implements Serializable
{ transient int eid;
transient String ename;
}
0----null
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Exception Handling
introduction:-
 Dictionary meaning of the exception is abnormal termination.
 An exception is an event that occurs during execution of the program, that disturb normal flow
of the program instructions.
 If the application contains exception then the program terminated abnormally then the rest of
the application is not executed.
To overcome above limitation in order to execute the rest of the application & to get normal
termination of the application must handle the exception.
In java we are having two approaches to handle the exceptions.
1) By using try-catch block.
2) By using throws keyword.
Exception Handling:-
 The main objective of exception handling is to get normal termination of the application in order to
execute rest of the application code.
 Exception handling means just we are providing alternate code to continue the execution of
remaining code & to get normal termination of the application.
Every Exception is a predefined class present in different packages.

java.lang.ArithmeticException
java.io.IOException
java.sql.SQLException
javax.servlet.ServletException ……et
The exception are occurred due to several reasons

a. Developer mistakes
b. End-user mistakes.
i. While providing inputs to the application.
ii. Whenever user is entered invalid data then Exception is occur.
iii. A file that eeds to e ope ed a t fou d the E eptio is o u ed.
iv. Exception is occurred when the network has disconnected at the middle of the
communication……..et
Types of Exceptions:-
As per the sun micro systems standards The Exceptions are divided into three types
1) Checked Exception
2) Unchecked Exception
3) Error
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Checked Exception:-
 The Exceptions which are checked by the compiler at the time of compilation is called Checked
Exceptions.
Examples:- IOException,SQLException,InterruptedException,ClassNotFoundException……..et
 If the application contains checked Exception the compiler is able to check it and it will give
intimation to developer regarding Exception in the form of compilation error.
 Handle the checked Exception in two ways
o By using try-catch block.
o By using throws keyword.
There are two types of predefined methods
 Exceptional methods
public static native void sleep(long) throws java.lang.InterruptedException
public boolean createNewFile() throws java.io.IOException
public static Class forName(String str) throws ClassNotFoundException
 Normal methods
public long length();
public java.lang.String toString();
In our application whenever we are using exceptional methods the code is not compiled because
these methods throws checked exception hence must handle the exception by using try-catch or throws
keywords. And no need to remember the methods just use the method compile it then compiler is saying
exception information handle it.
Note: - If application contains checked Exception then compile time just compiler is displays exception
information for handling but the exception raised at runtime if the required resources are not available.
Checked Exception scenario:-

1) java.lang.InterruptedException
When we used Thread.sleep(2000); your thread is entered into sleeping mode then other
threads are able to interrupt the program is terminated abnormally & rest of the application is
not executed.
To overcome above problem compile time compiler is checking that exception &
displaying exception information in the form of compilation error.
Based on compiler generated error message write the try-catch blocks or throws , if
runtime any exception raised the try-catch or throws keyword executed program is terminated
normally.
2) Java.io.FileNotFoundException
If we are trying to read the file from local disk but at runtime if the file is not available
program is terminated abnormally rest of the application is not executed.
To overcome above problem compile time compiler is checking that exception &
displaying exception information in the form of compilation error.
Based on compiler generated error message write the try-catch blocks or throws , if
runtime any exception raised the try-catch or throws keyword executed program is terminated
normally.
3) Java.sql.SQLException
If we are trying to connect to data base but at runtime data base is not available
program is terminated abnormally rest of the application is not executed.
Note: In above scenarios compile time compiler is display just exception information but exception
raised at runtime.
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Unchecked Exception:-
 The exceptions which are not checked by the compiler at the time of compilation are called
unchecked Exception.
A ith eti E eptio ,A a I de OutOfBou dsE eptio ,Nu e Fo atE eptio ….et
 If the application contains un-checked Exception code is compiled but at runtime JVM (Default
Exception handler) display exception message then program terminated abnormally.
 To overcome runtime problem must handle the exception in two ways.
o By using try-catch blocks.
o By using throws keyword.
Note-1:-
Whether it is a checked Exception or unchecked exception exceptions are raised at
runtime but not compile time.
Note 2:-
In java whether it is a checked Exception or unchecked Exception must handle the
Exception by using try-catch blocks or throws keyword to get normal termination of application
& to execute rest of the application.
Note 3:-
For the checked exception when we write try-catch blocks or throws keyword then only
code is compiled but for un-checked exceptions try-catch or throws keyword optional.
Error:-
 Exceptions are caused to several reasons like developer mistakes, end user input mistakes ,
network problems.
But error is caused due to lack of system resources.
Heap memory full, Stack memory problem, AWT o po e t p o le s…..et
Example: - “ta kO e Flo E o , OutOfMe o E o , Asse tio E o …………et
 We are handle the exceptions by using try-catch blocks or throws keyword but it is not possible
to handle the errors.
 Error is a un-checked type exception.
Example:-
class Test
{ Test[] t = new Test[100000000];
}
};
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
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Exception Handling Tree Structure:-
 In above tree Structure RuntimeException its child classes & Error its child classes are Unchecked
remaining all exceptions are checked Exceptions.
 The root class of exception handling is Throwable class.
 The root class & all its child class are checked then that root class is called fully checked exception.
Example :- IOE eptio ,“QLE eptio ….et
 The root class contains some class are checked exceptions & some classes are un-checked exception
then that root class is called partially checked exception.
Example :- Exception , Throwable..etc
Exception handling key words:-
1) try
2) catch
3) finally
4) throw
5) throws
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Exception handling by using Try –catch blocks:-

Syntax:- try
{ exceptional code;
}
catch (ExceptionName reference_variable)
{ Code to run if an exception is raised (alternate code);
}
Example-1 :-
Application without try-catch blocks
class Test
System.out.println("rest of the application");
}
}
E:\>java Test
ratan
E eptio i Thread ai ja a.la g.Arith eti E eptio : / zero
Handled by JVM type of the Exception description

In above example exception raised program is terminated abnormally & rest of the application
is not executed
Application with try-catch blocks:-

Whe e e the e eptio is aised i the t lo k JVM o t te i ate the p og a immediately
it will search corresponding catch block.
a. If the catch block is matched then that block will be executed & rest of the application
executed & program is terminated normally.
b. If the catch block is not matched program is terminated abnormally.
class Test
try
{ System.out.println(10/0);
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae)
}
System.out.println("rest of the application");
}
}
E:\>java Test
ratan
5
rest of the application
In above example we are handling exception by using try-catch block hence the program is
terminated normally & rest of the application is executed.
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Example-2 :-
Whe e e the e eptio is aised i the t lo k JVM o t te i ate the p og a i ediatel
it will search corresponding catch block.
a. If the catch block is matched then that block will be executed & rest of the application
executed & program is terminated normally.
b. If the catch block is not matched program is terminated abnormally.
In below example catch block is not matched hence program is terminated abnormally.
class Test
{ try
{ System.out.println("sravya");
}
catch(NullPointerException e)
}
System.out.println("rest of the app");
}
}
E:\sravya>java Test
sravya
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
Example 3:- If there is no exception in try block the corresponding catch blocks are not checked.
class Test
{ try
System.out.println("anu");
}
catch(NullPointerException e)
}
}
}
E:\sravya>java Test
sravya
anu
rest of the app
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Example 4:-
In Exception handling independent try blocks declaration are not allowed must declare try-catch
or try- finally or try-catch-finally.
class Test
{ try
}
}
}
E:\sravya>javac Test.java
Test.java:4: 'try' without 'catch' or 'finally'
Example 5:-
 In between try-catch blocks it is not possible to declare any statements , if we are declaring
statements compiler will generate error message.
 In exception handling must declare try with immediate catch block.
class Test
{ try
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
}
}
}
Example 6:-
If the exception raised in try block jvm will search corresponding catch block but if the exception
raised other than try-catch blocks it is always abnormal termination.
In below example exception raised in catch block hence program is terminated abnormally.
class Test
{ try
}
}
}
}
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Example 7:-
 If the exception raised in try block the remaining code of try block is not executed.
 Once the control is out of the try block the control never entered into try block once again.
 Do t take o al ode i side try block because no guarantee all statements in try-block
executed or not.
class Test
{ try
System.out.println("sravya");
System.out.println("ratan");
}
}
}
}
E:\sravya>java Test
5
rest of the app
Example 8:-
The way of handling the exception is varied from exception to the exception hence it is
recommended to provide try with multiple number of catch blocks.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in); //Scanner object used to take dynamic input
System.out.println("provide the division value");
int n=s.nextInt();
try
{ System.out.println(10/n);
System.out.println("ratan".charAt(10));
}
{ System.out.println("good boys");
}
catch (StringIndexOutOfBoundsException se)
{ System.out.println("good girls");
}
System.out.println("rest of the code");
}
}
Output:- provide the division value: 5 Output:- provide the division value: 0
Write the output Write the output
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Example 9:- By using Exception class catch block it is possible to hold any type of exceptions.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in); //Scanner object used to take dynamic input
System.out.println("provide the division value");
int n=s.nextInt();
try
}
catch (Exception ae)
{ System.out.println("good boys");
}
}
}
Example 10:-
When we declare multiple catch blocks then the catch block order must be child-parent but if we
are declaring parent to child compiler will generate error message.
No compilation error
import java.util.*;
class Test
System.out.println("provide the division val");
int n=s.nextInt();
try
String str=null;
System.out.println(str.length());
}
//catch block order is child to parent
{ System.out.println("Exception"+ae);
}
catch (Exception ne)
{ System.out.println("Exception"+ne);
}
}
}
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Compilation error
//catch block order is parent to child
catch (Exception ae)
{ System.out.println("Exception"+ae);
}
catch (ArithmeticException ne)
{ System.out.println("Exception"+ne);
}

Example 11:- There are three methods to print Exception information

toString()

getMessage()
printStackTrace()
class Test
{ void m1()
{ m2();
}
void m2()
{ m3();
}
void m3()
{ try{
}
catch(ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println(ae.toString());
System.out.println(ae.getMessage());
ae.printStackTrace();
}
}
t.m1();
}
};
D:\DP>java Test
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero //toString() method output
/ by zero //getMessage() method output
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero //printStackTrace() method
at Test1.m3(Test1.java:8)
at Test1.main(Test1.java:17)
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Example 12:- Internally JVM uses printStackTrace() method to print exception information.
class Test
{ void m3()
}
void m2()
{ m3();
}
void m1()
{ m2();
}
{ new Test().m1();
}
};
E:\>java Test
at Test.m3(Test.java:3)
at Test.main(Test.java:12)
Example 13:- It is possible to combine more than one exceptions in single catch block.
Syntax:- this is introduced In 1.7 version the code is compiled & executed in above 1.7 version.
catch(ArithmeticException | StringIndexOutOfBoundsException a) .
catch(NumberFormatException | NullPointerException | StringIndexOutOfBoundsException a)
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.*;
public class Test
System.out.println("enter a number");
int n = s.nextInt();
try {
System.out.println(10/n);
}
catch(ArithmeticException | ClassCastException a)
{ System.out.println("exception info="+a);
}
catch(NumberFormatException | NullPointerException | StringIndexOutOfBoundsException a)
}
System.out.println("Rest of the application");
}
}
194 | P a g e
Example14:- multiple exception in single catch for checked Exception.

import java.io.*;
public class Test
{ try {
FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
catch(FileNotFoundException | InterruptedException a)
}
System.out.println("Rest of the application");
}
}
Observation :-
try { FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
catch(FileNotFoundException | ClassCastException a)
}
catch(InterruptedException | ClassNotFoundException a)
}
E:\>javac Test.java
error: exception ClassNotFoundException is never thrown in body of corresponding try statement
catch(InterruptedException | ClassNotFoundException a)
195 | P a g e
Possibilities of try-catch:- Case-5

try
Case-1 Case-3 {
try try }
{ { catch ()
} } { try
catch () catch () {
{ { }
} } catch ()
catch () {
{ }
} }
Case-2 Case-6
try try
{ { try
} {
catch () Case-4 }
{ try catch ()
} { try {
try { }
{ } }
} catch () catch ()
catch () { { try
{ } {
} } }
catch () catch ()
{ {
} }
}
Finally block:-
1) Finally block code is always executed irrespective of try and catch.
2) It is used to provide clean-up code
a. Database connection closing. Connection.close();
b. streams closing. Scanner.close();
c. Object destruction . Test t = new Test(); t=null;
3) It is not possible to write finally alone.
a. try-catch-finally ---> valid
b. try-catch ---> valid
c. catch-finally ---> invalid
d. try-catch-catch-finally ---> valid
e. try-finally ---> valid
f. catch-catch-finally ---> invalid
g. Try ---> invalid
h. Catch ---> invalid
i. Finally ---> invalid
196 | P a g e
Syntax:-
try
{ risky code;
}
catch (Exception obj)
{ code to be run if the exception raised (handling code);
}
finally
{ Clean-up code; data ase o e tio losi g , st ea s losi g……et
}
All possibilities of finally block execution :-
Case 1:- case 2:-
try try
{ System.out.println("try"); { System.out.println(10/0);
} }
catch (ArithmeticException ae) catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println("catch"); { System.out.println("catch");
} }
finally finally
{ System.out.println("finally"); { System.out.println("finally");
} }
Output:- Output:-
Try catch
finally finally
case 3:- case 4:-

try try
{ System.out.println(10/0); { System.out.println(10/0);
} }
catch (NullPointerException ae) catch (ArithmeticException ae)
{ System.out.println("catch"); { System.out.println(10/0);
} }
finally finally
{ System.out.println("finally"); { System.out.println("finally");
} }
Output: D:\morn11>java Test
finally finally
Exception in thread "main" Exception in thread "main"
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at Test.main(Test.java:4) at Test.main(Test.java:7)
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case 5:-
try
{ System.out.println("try");
}
catch(ArithmeticException ae) case 6:-it is possible to provide try-finally.
{ System.out.println("catch"); try
} { System.out.println("try");
finally }
{ System.out.println(10/0); finally
} { System.out.println("finally");
System.out.println("rest of the code"); }
D:\>java Test System.out.println("rest of the code");
try D:\>java Test
Exception in thread "main" try
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero finally
at Test.main(Test.java:15) rest of the code
Example:-i t o ases fi all lo k o ’t e e e uted

Case 1:- whenever the control is entered into try block then only finally block will be executed
otherwise it is not executed.
class Test
try{ System.out.println("ratan");
}
finally
{ System.out.println("finally block"); }
}
};
D:\>java Test
at Test.main(Test.java:5)
Case 2:- In your program when we used System.exit(0) the JVM will be shutdown hence the rest of
the ode o t e e e uted .
class Test
{ try{ System.out.println("ratan");
System.exit(0);
}
finally
{ System.out.println("finally block"); }
}
};
D:\>java Test
Ratan
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Example :-
statement 1
statement 2
try
{ statement 3
statement 4
try
{ statement 5
statement 6
}
catch ()
{ statement 7 Case1: there is no Exception in the above
statement 8 example.
} 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, 15 Normal Termination
} Case 2:- if the exception is raised in statement 2.
catch () 1 , Abnormal Termination
{ statement 9 Case 3:- if the exception is raised in the
statement 10 statement 3 the corresponding
try catch block Is not matched.
{ statement 11 1,2,15,16 Abnormal termination
statement 12 Case 4:- if the exception is raise in the
} statement-4 the corresponding
catch () catch block is matched.
{ statement 13 1,2,15,16 Abnormal termination
statement 14 Case 5:- If the exception is raised in the
} statement 5 and corresponding
} catch block is matched.
Finally{ 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11,14,15 normal termination
statement 15 Case 6:- If the exception is raised in the
statement 16 statement 6 and corresponding
} catch block is not matched but
Statement -17 outer catch block is matched.
Statement -18 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11,14,15 normal termination
Case 7:- If the exception is raised in the statement 5 and the corresponding catch block is
matched but while executing catch block exception raised in statement-7, the outer
catch block is matched while executing outer catch exception raised in statement-11,
the inner catch block is matched but while executing inner catch the exception raised in
statement-13.
1,2,3,4,8,9,12,13,14,15 normal termination.
Case 8:- If the exception is raised in the statement 6 and the corresponding catch block is
matched but while executing catch block exception raised in statement-8, the outer
catch block is matched while executing outer catch exception raised in statement-12,
the inner catch block is matched but while executing inner catch the exception raised in
statement-14.
1,2,3,4,8,9,12,13,14,15 normal termination.
Case 9:- If the exception raised in statement 15.
1,2,3,4,5 abnormal termination.
Case 10:- if the Exception raised in statement 18.
199 | P a g e
Throws keyword:-
There are two approaches two handle the exceptions in java
a. By using try-catch blocks.
b. By using throws keyword.
Handling exception by using Try-catch Handling Exception by using throws keyword

1. Try-catch blocks are used to write the Throws keyword is used to delegate the
exception handling code. responsibilities of exception handling to caller
method.
2. By using try-catch blocks it is possible to By using throws it is possible to handle multiple
handle multiple exceptions by using multiple exceptions because one method is able to
catch blocks. throws multiple exceptions at time.
3. We can write the try-catch blocks at method We can write the throws keyword at method
implementation level. declaration level.
4. We can provide the try-catch blocks at We can provide the throws keyword only at
method & constructor & blocks level. method & constructor level but not block level.
Example 1:-
 in below example exception raised in studentDetails() method but it delegating responsibilities of
exception handling to hod() method by using throws keyword.
 But hod() method delegating responsibilities of exception handling to principal() method by
using throws now principal handing this exception by using try-catch blocks.
class Test
{ void studentDetails() throws InterruptedException
{ System.out.println("suneel babu is sleeping");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("do not disturb sir......");
}
void hod()throws InterruptedException
{ studentDetails();
}
void principal()
{ try{
hod();}
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{ ie.printStackTrace(); }
}
void officeBoy()
{ principal();
}
t.officeBoy();
}
}
200 | P a g e
Example 2:-
 In below example method-by-method using throws keyword to delegate responsibilities of
exception handling to caller method.
 At final main() method uses throws keyword to delegate the responsibilities of exception
handling to JVM.
class Test
{ void studentDetails() throws InterruptedException
{ System.out.println("suneel babu is sleeping");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("do not disturb sir......");
}
void hod()throws InterruptedException
{ studentDetails();
}
void principal()throws InterruptedException
{ hod();
}
void officeBoy()throws InterruptedException
{ principal();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException
t.officeBoy();
}
}
Example 3:-
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
void m2()throws FileNotFoundException,InterruptedException
{ FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("Exceptions are handled");
}
void m1()
{ try{
m2();}
catch(FileNotFoundException f) { f.printStackTrace(); }
catch(InterruptedException ie) { ie.printStackTrace(); }
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException
t.m1();
}
}
201 | P a g e
Example 4:-
import java.io.*;
class Test
{
void m2()throws Exception //FileNotFoundException,InterruptedException
{ FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("Exceptions are handled");
}
void m1()throws Exception
{ m2();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
t.m1();
}
}
202 | P a g e
Throw keyword:-
 All methods use the throw statement to throw an exception. The throw statement requires a
single argument a throwable object. Throwable objects are instances of any subclass of the
Throwable class.
 It is possible to throw user defined exceptions or predefined exceptions by using throw keyword.
 Here's an example of a throw statement
throw someThrowableObject;
Note: - throw keyword is used to handover user created exception object to JVM whether it is predefined
exception class or user defined exception class.
Example:- throw statement throw an predefined exception.

Step 1:- create the Exception object explicitly by the developer by using new keyword.
new ArithmeticException("ratan not eligible");
Step 2:- handover (throw) user created Exception object to jvm by using throw keyword.
throw new ArithmeticException("ratan not eligible");
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ static void validate(int age)
{ if (age<18)
{ throw new ArithmeticException("not eligible for vote");
}
else
{ System.out.println("welcome to the voting");
}
}
System.out.println("please enter your age ");
validate(s.nextInt());
}
}
E:\>java Test E:\>java Test
please enter your age please enter your age
45 10
Check the output Check the output
Example: - throw statement throw a user defined exception.

To achieve this mechanism first we must know how to create user defined exception then we are
able to use this throw keyword.
203 | P a g e
There are two types of exceptions present in the java language

1) Predefined Exceptions.
A ith eti E eptio ,IOE eptio ,NullPoi te E eptio …………..et
2) User defined Exceptions.(created by user)
I alidAgeE eptio ,M E eptio …et
Customization of exception handling :-( creation of predefined exceptions)

There are two types of user defined exceptions
1. User defined checked exception.
a. Default constructor approach.
b. Parameterized constructor approach.
2. User defined un-checked Exception.
a. Default constructor approach.
b. Parameterized constructor approach.
Note: - while declaring user defined exceptions: the naming conventions are every exception suffix must
be the word Exception.
Creation of user defined checked Exception by using default constructor approach:-

Step-1:- create the user defined checked Exception
Normal java class will become Exception class whenever we are extends Exception class.
InvaliedAgeException.java:-
package com.tcs.userexceptions;
public class InvalidAgeExcepiton extends Exception
{ //default constructor
};
Step-2:- use the user created Exception in our project.
Test.java
package com.tcs.project;
import com.tcs.userexceptions.InvalidAgeExcepiton;
class Test
{ static void status(int age)throws InvalidAgeExcepiton
{ if (age>25)
{System.out.println("eligible for mrg");
}
else
{ throw new InvalidAgeExcepiton(); //default constructor executed
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)throws InvalidAgeExcepiton
System.out.println("enter u r age");//23
Test.status(age);
}
}
D:\morn11>java com.tcs.project.Test
Enter u r age & check the output
204 | P a g e
Example :-Creation of user defined checked exception by using parameterized constructor approach.
step-1:- create the user defined checked exception class.

Normal java class will become checked exception class when we extends Exception class.
InvalidAgeException.java
public class InvalidAgeExcepiton extends Exception
{ public InvalidAgeExcepiton(String str)
{ super(str); //super constructor calling in order to print your information
}
};
Step-2:- use user created Exception in our project.

Test.java
class Test
{ static void status(int age)throws InvalidAgeExcepiton
{ if (age>25)
{ System.out.println("eligible for mrg");
}
else
{ //using user created Exception
throw new InvalidAgeExcepiton("not eligible try after some time");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)throws InvalidAgeExcepiton
System.out.println("enter u r age");
Test.status(age);
}
}
D:\morn11>javac -d . InvalidAgeExcepiton.java
D:\morn11>javac -d . Test.java
enter u r age
28
eligible for mrg
enter u r age
20
Exception in thread "main" com.tcs.userexceptions.InvalidAgeExcepiton: not eligible try after some
time
at com.tcs.project.Test.status(Test.java:11)
at com.tcs.project.Test.main(Test.java:18)
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Example:-creation of user defined un-checked exception by using default constructor approach
Step-1:- create user defined un-checked exception.

Normal java class will become un-checked exception class when we exetends RuntimeException
class.
//InvalidAgeException.java
public class InvalidAgeExcepiton extends RuntimeException
{ //default constructor
}
Step-2:- use user created Exception in your project.

Test.java
class Test
{ static void status(int age)
{ if (age>25)
{System.out.println("eligible for mrg");
}
else
throw new InvalidAgeExcepiton();
}
}
System.out.println("enter u r age");//23
Test.status(age);
}
}
Example: - creation of user defined un-checked exception by using parameterized constructor

approach
Step 1:- create user defined un-checked exception classs.
Normal java class will become un-checked exception class when we exetends RuntimeException
class.
//InvalidAgeException.java
public class InvalidAgeExcepiton extends RuntimeException
{ public InvalidAgeExcepiton(String str)
{ super(str);
}
};
206 | P a g e
Step2:- use user created exception object in your project.

Test.java
class Test
{ static void status(int age)
{ if (age>25)
{ System.out.println("eligible for mrg");
}
else
throw new InvalidAgeExcepiton("not eligible for mrg");
}
}
System.out.println("enter u r age");
Test.status(age);
}
}
Different types of exceptions:-

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException:-
int[] a={10,20,30};
System.out.println(a[0]);//10
System.out.println(a[3]);//ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
NumberFormatException:-
String str="123";
int a=Integer.parseInt(str);
System.out.println(a);//conversion(string - int) is good
String str1="abc";
int b=Integer.parseInt(str1);
System.out.println(b);//NumberFormatException
NullPointerException:-
System.out.println(str.length());//8
String str1=null;
System.out.println(str1.length());//NullPointerException

t.m1(); //output printed
t=null;
t.m1(); //NullPointerException
207 | P a g e
ArithmeticException:-
int b=10/0;
System.out.println(b);//ArithmeticExceptiom
IllegalArgumentException:-
Thread priority range is 1-10
1 --->low priority
10 --->high priority
Thread t=new Thread();
t.setPriority(11);//IllegalArgumentException
IllegalThreadStateException:-
Thread t=new Thread();
t.start();
t.start();//IllegalThreadStateException
StringIndexOutOfBoundsException:-
System.out.println(str.charAt(3));//t
System.out.println(str.charAt(13));//StringIndexOutOfBoundsException
NegativeArraySizeException:-
int[] a1=new int[100];
System.out.println(a1.length);//100
int[] a=new int[-9];

System.out.println(a.length);//NegativeArraySizeException
InputMismatchException:-
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter first number");
int a=s.nextInt();
D:\>java Test
enter first number
ratan
Exception in thread "main" java.util.InputMismatchException
Different types of Errors:-

StackOverflowError:-
class Test
{ void m1()
{ m2();
System.out.println("this is Rattaiah");
}
void m2()
{ m1();
System.out.println("from Sravyasoft");
}
t.m1();
}
}
208 | P a g e
OutOfMemoryError:-
class Test
{ int[] a=new int[100000000]; //OutOfMemoryError
}
}
Different types of Exceptions in java:-

Checked Exception Description
ClassNotFoundException If the loaded class is not available
Attempt to clone an object that does not implement the Cloneable
CloneNotSupportedException
interface.
IllegalAccessException Access to a class is denied.
InstantiationException Attempt to create an object of an abstract class or interface.
InterruptedException One thread has been interrupted by another thread.
NoSuchFieldException A requested field does not exist.

NoSuchMethodException If the requested method is not available.
UncheckedException Description
ArithmeticException Arithmetic error, such as divide-by-zero.
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Array index is out-of-bounds.(out of range)
InputMismatchException If we are giving input is not matched for storing input.
ClassCastException If the conversion is Invalid.
IllegalArgumentException Illegal argument used to invoke a method.
IllegalThreadStateException Requested operation not compatible with current thread state.
IndexOutOfBoundsException Some type of index is out-of-bounds.
NegativeArraySizeException Array created with a negative size.

NullPointerException Invalid use of a null reference.
NumberFormatException Invalid conversion of a string to a numeric format.
StringIndexOutOfBoundsException Attempt to index outside the bounds of a string.
209 | P a g e
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError vs java.lang.ClassNotFoundException:-
class Test1
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("Test1 class m1()");
}
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException
t.m1();
Class.forName("Emp");
}
}
Observation-1:-
In Test class we are hard coding Test1 object but in target location Test1.class file is not available
it will generate java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError.
Observation-2:-
In java to load .class file dynamically at runtime we are using forName() method but if runtime
the class is not available it generate java.lang.ClassNotFoundException.
210 | P a g e
Multi Threading
Information about multithreading:-
1) The earlier da s the o puter s e or is o upied o l o e progra after o pletio of o e
program it is possible to execute another program is called uni programming.
2) Whenever one program execution is completed then only second program execution will be
started such type of execution is called co operative execution, this execution we are having lot
of disadvantages.
a. Most of the times memory will be wasted.
b. CPU utilization will be reduced because only program allow executing at a time.
c. The program queue is developed on the basis co operative execution
To overcome above problem a new programming style will be introduced is called multiprogramming.
1) Multiprogramming means executing the more than one program at a time.

2) All these programs are controlled by the CPU scheduler.
3) CPU scheduler will allocate a particular time period for each and every program.
4) Executing several programs simultaneously is called multiprogramming.
5) In multiprogramming a program can be entered in different states.
a. Ready state.
b. Running state.
c. Waiting state.
6) Multiprogramming mainly focuses on the number of programs.
Advantages of multiprogramming:-
1. The main advantage of multithreading is to provide simultaneous execution of two or

more parts of a application to improve the CPU utilization.
2. CPU utilization will be increased.
3. Execution speed will be increased and response time will be decreased.
4. CPU resources are not wasted.
Thread:-
1) Thread is nothing but separate path of sequential execution.
2) The independent execution technical name is called thread.
3) Whenever different parts of the program executed simultaneously that each and
every part is called thread.
4) The thread is light weight process because whenever we are creating thread it is not
occupying the separate memory it uses the same memory. Whenever the memory is
shared means it is not consuming more memory.
5) Executing more than one thread a time is called multithreading.
211 | P a g e
Information about main Thread;-

When a java program started one Thread is running immediately that thread is called main
thread of your program.
1. It is used to create a new Thread(child Thread).
2. It must be the last thread to finish the execution because it perform various actions.
It is possible to get the current thread reference by using currentThread() method it is a
static public method present in Thread class.
class CurrentThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] arhgs)
{ Thread t=Thread.currentThread();
System.out.println("current Thread--->"+t);
//change the name of the thread
t.setName("ratan");
System.out.println("after name changed---> "+t);
}
};
Single threaded model:-

class Test
{ begins
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
System.out.println("hi rattaiah"); body
System.out.println("hello Sravyasoft");
}
} end
In the above program only one thread is available is called main thread to know the name of
the thread we have to execute the fallowing code.
The main important application areas of the multithreading are
1. Developing video games
2. Implementing multimedia graphics.
3. Developing animations
A thread can be created in two ways:-

1) By extending Thread class.
2) By implementing java.lang.Runnable interface
212 | P a g e
First approach to create thread extending Thread class:-

Step 1:- Our normal java class will become Thread class whenever we are extending
predefined Thread class.
class MyThread extends Thread
{
};
Step 2:- override the run() method to write the business logic of the Thread( run() method present in
Thread class).
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("business logic of the thread");
System.out.println("body of the thread");
}
}
Step 2:- Create userdefined Thread class object.
MyThread t=new MyThread();
Step 3:- Start the Thread by using start() method of Thread class.
t.start();
Example :-
class MyThread extends Thread //defining a Thread
{ //business logic of user defined Thread
public void run()
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("userdefined Thread");
}
}
};
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args) //main thread started
{ MyThread t=new MyThread(); //MyThread is created
t.start(); //MyThread execution started
//business logic of main Thread
for (int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ System.out.println("Main Thread");
}
}
};
Flow of execution:-
1) Whenever we are calling t.start() method then JVM will search start() method in the MyThread
class since not available so JVM will execute parent class(Thread) start() method.
Thread class start() method responsibilities
a. User defined thread is registered into Thread Scheduler then only decide new Thread is
created.
b. The Thread class start() automatically calls run() to execute logics of userdefined Thread.
213 | P a g e
Thread Scheduler:-
 Thread scheduler is a part of the JVM. It decides thread execution.
 Thread scheduler is a mental patient we are unable to predict exact behavior of Thread
Scheduler it is JVM vendor dependent.
 Thread Scheduler mainly uses two algorithms to decide Thread execution.
1) Preemptive algorithm.
2) Time slicing algorithm.
 We a t e pe t e a t eha ior of the thread s heduler it is JVM e dor depe de t. “o e a t
say expect output of the multithreaded examples we can say the possible outputs.
Preemptive scheduling:-
In this highest priority task is executed first after this task enters into waiting state or dead state
then only another higher priority task come to existence.
Time Slicing Scheduling:-

A task is executed predefined slice of time and then return pool of ready tasks. The scheduler
determines which task is executed based on the priority and other factors.
Example :-is it possible to start a thread twice : no
{ public static void main(String[] args)//main thread started
{ MyThread t=new MyThread(); //MyThread is created
t.start();
t.start();
}
};
D:\DP>java MyThread
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException
Life cycle stages are:-

1) New
2) Ready
3) Running state
4) Blocked / waiting / non-running mode
5) Dead state
New :- MyThread t=new MyThread();
Ready :- t.start()
Running state:- If thread scheduler allocates CPU for particular thread. Thread goes to running state
The Thread is running state means the run() is executed.
Blocked State:-
If the running thread got interrupted of goes to sleeping state at that moment it goes to the
blocked state.
Dead State:-If the business logic of the project is completed means run() over thread goes dead state.
Second approach to create thread implementing Runnable interface:-

Step 1:-our normal java class will become Thread class whenever we are implementing Runnable
interface.
class MyClass extends Runnable
214 | P a g e
{
};
Step2: override run method to write logic of Thread.

class MyClass extends Runnable
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("Rattaiah from SravyaInfotech");
System.out.println("body of the thread");
}
}
Step 3:- Creating a object.
MyClass obj=new MyClass();
Step 4:- Creates a Thread class object.
After new Thread is created it is not started running until we are calling start() method.
So whenever we are calling start method that start() method call run() method then the new
Thread execution started.
Thread t=new Thread(obj);
t.start();
creation of Thread implementing Runnable interface :-
class MyThread implements Runnable
{ public void run()
{ //business logic of user defined Thread
{ System.out.println("userdefined Thread");
}
}
};
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args) //main thread started
{ MyThread r=new MyThread(); //MyThread is created
Thread t=new Thread(r);
t.start(); //MyThread execution started
//business logic of main Thread
{ System.out.println("Main Thread");
}
}
};
First approach:-
important point is that when extending the Thread class, the sub class cannot extend any
other base classes because Java allows only single inheritance.
Second approach:-
1) Implementing the Runnable interface does not give developers any control over the thread
itself, as it simply defines the unit of work that will be executed in a thread.
2) By implementing the Runnable interface, the class can still extend other base classes if
necessary.
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Creating two threads by extending Thread class using anonymous inner classes:-
class ThreadDemo
{ Thread t1 = new Thread() //anonymous inner class
{ public void run()
{System.out.println("user Thread-1");
}
};
Thread t2 = new Thread() //anonymous inner class
{ public void run()
{System.out.println("user thread-2");
}
};
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
};
Creating two threads by implementing Runnable interface using anonymous inner classes:-
class ThreadDemo
{
Runnable r1 = new Runnable()
{ public void run()
{System.out.println("user Thread-1");
}
};
Runnable r2 = new Runnable()
{ public void run()
{System.out.println("user thread-2");
}
};
Thread t1 = new Thread(r1);

Thread t2 = new Thread(r2);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
};
Different ways to start the Thread:-
{ public void run()
{System.out.println("user thread is running extends Thread");
}
};
class MyRunnable implements Runnable
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{ public void run()

{System.out.println("user thread is Running implements Runnable");
}
};
class ThreadDemo
{ //creating Thread class object by passing anonymous classes
new Thread(new MyThread()).start();
new Thread(new MyRunnable()).start();
}
};
Internal Implementation of multiThreading:-

interface Runnable
{ public abstract void run();
}
class Thread implements Runnable
{ public void run()
{ //empty implementation
}
};
{ public void run() //overriding run() to write business logic
{ for (int i=0;i<5 ;i++ )
{ System.out.println("user implementation");
}
}
};
 In the case of t.start(), Thread class start() is executed a new thread will be created that
Difference between t.start() and t.run():-
But in the case of t.run() method, no new thread will be created and the run() is
is responsible for the execution of run() method.

executed like a normal method call by the main thread.
Note :- Here we are not overriding the run() method so thread class run method is executed which is
having empty implementation so we are not getting any output.
{ }
class ThreadDemo
{ MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
for (int i=0;i<5;i++ )
{ System.out.println("main thread");
}
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}
}
Note :- If we are overriding start() method then JVM is executes override start() method at this
situation we are not giving chance to the thread class start() hence n new thread will be created only
one thread is available the name of that thread is main thread.
{ Public void start()
{ “ ste .out.p i tl o e ide sta t ethod ;
}
}
class ThreadDemo
t.start();
for (int i=0;i<5 ;i++ )
}
}
}
Different Threads are performing different tasks:--
1) Particular task is performed by the number of threads here number of threads(t1,t2,t3) are
executing same method (functionality).
2) In the above scenario for each and every thread one stack is created. Each and every
method called by particular Thread the every entry stored in the particular thread stack.
class MyThread1 extends Thread

{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("ratan task");
}
};
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("Sravya task");
}
};
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("anu task");
}
};
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args) //1- main Thread
{ MyThread1 t1 = new MyThread1();
MyThread2 t2 = new MyThread2();
t1.start(); //2
t2.start(); //3
t3.start(); //4
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}
};
Here Four Stacks are created
Main -----------stack1
t1---------------stack2
t2--------------stack3
t3-------------stack4
Multiple threads are performing single task:-
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("Sravyasoft task");
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)//main Thread is started
{ MyThread t1=new MyThread(); //new Thread created
MyThread t2=new MyThread(); //new Thread created
MyThread t3=new MyThread(); //new Thread created
t1.start(); //Thread started
}
}
Getting and setting names of Thread:-

1) Every Thread in java having name
a. default name of the main thread is main
b. default name of user created threads starts from Thread-0.
t1 --Thread-0
t2 --Thread-1
t3 --Thread-2
2) To set the name use setName() & to get the name use getName(),
Public final String getName()
Public final void setName(String name)
Example:-
{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("thread is running");
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String args[])
{ MyThread t1=new MyThread();
MyThread t2=new MyThread();
System.out.println("t1 Thread name="+t1.getName());
System.out.println("t2 Thread name="+t2.getName());
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
t1.setName("ratan");
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System.out.println("after changeing t1 Thread name="+t1.getName());

}
}
Thread Priorities:-
1. Every Thread in java has some property. It may be default priority provided be
the JVM or customized priority provided by the programmer.
2. The valid range of thread priorities is 1 – 10. Where one is lowest priority and 10
is highest priority.
3. The default priority of main thread is 5. The priority of child thread is inherited
from the parent.
4. Thread defines the following constants to represent some standard priorities.
5. Thread Scheduler will use priorities while allocating processor the thread which
is having highest priority will get chance first and the thread which is having low
priority.
6. If t o threads ha i g the sa e priorit the e a t e pe t e a t e e utio
order it depends upon Thread Scheduler.
7. The thread which is having low priority has to wait until completion of high
priority threads.
8. Three constant values for the thread priority.
a. MIN_PRIORITY = 1
b. NORM_PRIORITY = 5
c. MAX_PRIORITY = 10
Thread class defines the following methods to get and set priority of a Thread.
Public final int getPriority()
Public final void setPriority(int priority)
Here priority’ indicates a number which is in the allowed range of 1 – 10. Otherwise we will get
‘u ti e e eptio sa i g IllegalArgu e tE eptio .
Thread priority decide when to switch from one running thread to another this process is called
context switching.

{ public void run()
{ System.out.println("current Thread name = "+Thread.currentThread().getName());
System.out.println("current Thread priority = "+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
};
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)//main thread started
{ MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
MyThread t2 = new MyThread();
t1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
t2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
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};
 Yield() method causes to pause current executing Thread for giving the chance for
Java.lang.Thread.yield():-
waiting threads of same priority.

 If there are no waiting threads or all threads are having low priority then the same
thread will continue its execution once again.
Syntax:-
Public static native void yield();
Ex:
{ public void run()
{
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ Thread.yield();
System.out.println("child thread");
}
}
}
class ThreadYieldDemo
t1.start();
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
}
}
}
 Join method allows one thread to wait for the completion of another thread.
Java.lang.Thread.join(-,-) method:-
o t.join(); ---> here t is a Thread Object whose thread is currently running.

 Join() is used to stop the execution of the thread until completion of some other Thread.

if a t1 thread is executed t2.join() at that situation t1 must wait until completion of the t2
thread.
public final void join()throws InterruptedExcetion
Public final void join(long ms)throws InterruptedException
Public final void join(long ms, int ns)throws InterruptedException
Methods of Thread class:-
{ public void run()
{ for (int i=0;i<5;i++)
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{ try{ Thread.sleep(2000); }
catch(InterruptedException e)
{e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
};
class ThreadDemo
t1.start();
try
{t1.join(); }
catch (InterruptedException ie)
{ie.printStackTrace();
}
t2.start();
t3.start();
}
};
 A thread can interrupt another sleeping or waiting thread. But one thread is able to
Java.lang.Thread.Interrupted( ):-
interrupted only another sleeping or waiting thread.

 To interrupt a thread use Thread class interrupt() method.
 Public void interrupt()
Effect of interrupt() method call:-
{ public void run()
{ try
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++ )
{ System.out.println("i am sleeping ");
Thread.sleep(5000);
}
}
catch (InterruptedException ie)
{ System.out.println("i got interupted by interrupt() call");
}
}
};
class ThreadDemo
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t.start();
t.interrupt();
}
};
No effect of interrupt() call:-
{ public void run()
{ for (int i=0;i<10;i++ )
{ System.out.println("i am sleeping ");
}
}
};
class ThreadDemo
t.start();
t.interrupt();
}
};
NOTE:- The interrupt() is effected whenever our thread enters into waiting state or sleeping
state and if the ou th ead does ’t e te s i to the aiti g/sleepi g state interrupted call will
be wasted.
Shutdown Hook:-
 Shutdown hook used to perform cleanup activities when JVM shutdown normally or
abnormally.
 Clean-up activities like
o Resource release
o Database closing
o Sending alert message
 So if you want to execute some code before JVM shutdown use shutdown hook
The JVM will be shutdown in fallowing cases.
a. When you typed ctrl+C
b. When we used System.exit(int)
c. Whe the s ste is shutdo ……et
To add the shutdown hook to JVM use addShutdownHook(obj) method of Runtime Class.
public void addShutdownHook(java.lang.Thread);
To remove the shutdown hook from JVM use removeShutdownHook(obj) method of Runtime
Class.
public boolean removeShutdownHook(java.lang.Thread);
To get the Runtime class object use static factory method getRuntime() & this method present
in Runtime class
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Factory method:- one java class method is able to return same class object or different class
object is called factory method.
Example :-
{ public void run()
{System.out.println("shoutdown hook");
}
};
class ThreadDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args)throws InterruptedException
{ MyThread t = new MyThread();
//creating Runtime class Object by using factory method
r.addShutdownHook(t); //adding Thread to JVM hook
for (int i=0;i<10 ;i++)
{System.out.println("main thread is running");
Thread.sleep(3000);
}
}
};
D:\DP>java ThreadDemo
main thread is running
shoutdown hook
while running Main thread press Ctrl+C then hook thread will be executed.
Synchronized :-
 Synchronized modifier is the modifier applicable for methods but not for classes and variables.
 If a method or a block declared as synchronized then at a time only one Thread is allowed to
 The main advantage of synchronized modifier is we can resolve data inconsistency problems.
operate on the given object.
 But the main disadvantage of synchronized modifier is it increases the waiting time of the
Thread and effects performance of the system .Hence if there is no specific requirement it is

never recommended to use.
The main purpose of this modifier is to reduce the data inconsistence problems.
Non-synchronized methods
void m1()
{ non-synchronized method any number of threads can access
}
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Every thread accessing simultaneously
Thread 1 Thread 2 Thread 3---------Thread N
1) In the above case multiple threads are accessing the same methods hence we are getting data
inconsistency problems. These methods are not thread safe methods.
2) But in this case multiple threads are executing so the performance of the application will be
increased.
Synchronized methods
synchronized void m2()

{
Synchronized method only one thread is allow to access.
}
Only one thread allowed to access
Thread 1 Thread 2 Thread 3---------Thread N

1) In the above case only one thread is allow to operate on particular method so the data
inconsistency problems will be reduced.
2) Only one thread is allowed to access so the performance of the application will be reduced.
3) If we are using above approach there is no multithreading concept.
Hence it is not recommended to use the synchronized modifier in the multithreading

programming.
Example :-
class Test
{ public static synchronized void x(String msg) //only one thread is able to access
{ try{
System.out.println(msg);
Thread.sleep(4000);
Thread.sleep(4000);
}
catch(Exception e)
{e.printStackTrace();}
}
}
{ public void run( ) { Test.x("ratan"); } };
{ public void run( ){Test.x("anu");} };
{ public void run( ){Test.x("banu");} };
class TestDemo
{ public static void main(String[] args) //main thread -1
{ MyThread1 t1 = new MyThread1();
225 | P a g e
t1.start(); //2-Threads
}
}
If method is synchronized: if method is non-synchronized:-

D:\DP>java ThreadDemo D:\DP>java ThreadDemo
anu banu
anu ratan
banu anu
banu banu
ratan anu
ratan ratan
synchronized blocks:-
if the application method contains 100 lines but if we want to synchronized only 10 lines of code
use synchronized blocks.
The synchronized block contains less scope compare to method.
If we are writing all the method code inside the synchronized blocks it will work same as the synchronized
method.
Syntax:-
synchronized(object)
{ //code
}
class Heroin
{ public void message(String msg)
{ synchronized(this){
System.out.println("hi "+msg+" "+Thread.currentThread().getName());
try{Thread.sleep(5000);}
catch(InterruptedException e){e.printStackTrace();}
}
System.out.println("hi Sravyasoft");
}
};
{ Heroin h;
MyThread1(Heroin h)
{this.h=h;
}
public void run()
{ h.message("Anushka");
}
};
{ Heroin h;
MyThread2(Heroin h)
{this.h=h;
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}
public void run()
{ h.message("Ratan");
}
};
class ThreadDemo
{
{ Heroin h = new Heroin();
MyThread1 t1 = new MyThread1(h);
MyThread2 t2 = new MyThread2(h);
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
};
Daemon threads:-
The threads wchich are executed at background is called daemon threads.
Ex:- garbage collector,ThreadSchedular.default exceptional handler.
Non-daemon threads:-
The threads which are executed fore ground is called non-daemon threads.
Ex:- normal java application.
 When we create a thread in java that is user defined thread and f it is running JVM will not
terminate that process.
 If a thread is marked as a daemon thread JVM does not wait to finish and as soon as all the user
defined threads are finished then it terminates the program and all associated daemon threads.
 Set the daemon nature to thread by using setDaemon() method
o MyThread t = new Mythread();
t.setDaemon(true);
 To know whether a thread is daemon or not use isDaemon() method
o Thread.currentThread().isDaemon();
{ void message(String str)
{ try {
System.out.println("message="+str);
Thread.sleep(1000); }
catch (InterruptedException e)
{e.printStackTrace(); }
}
public void run()
{ if (Thread.currentThread().isDaemon())
{ while (true)
{ message("print hi ratan");
}
}
}
};
class ThreadDemo
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t.setDaemon(true);//setting daemon nature to Thread
t.start();
try{Thread.sleep(5000);}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{e.printStackTrace();}
System.out.println("main thread completed");
}
};
Note :- in above example make the setdaemon() is comment mode then the program never terminates
e e ai thread fi ished it s e e utio .

{ int total;
public void run()
{ synchronized(this){
for (int i=0;i<10 ;i++)
{ total=total+i;
}
notify();
}
}
}
class ThreadDemo
t.start();
synchronized(t)
{ System.out.println("MyThrad total is waiting for MyThread completion...");
try{
t.wait();}
catch(InterruptedException ie){System.out.println(ie);}
}
System.out.println("MyThrad total is ="+t.total);
}
};
 Volatile modifier is also applicable only for variables but not for methods and classes.
Volatile:-
 If the values of a variable keep on changing such type of variables we have to declare with
 If a variable declared as a volatile then for every Thread a separate local copy will be created.
volatile modifier.
 Every intermediate modification performed by that Thread will take place in local copy instead
 Once the value got finalized just before terminating the Thread the master copy value will be
of master copy.
updated with the local stable value. The main advantage of volatile modifier is we can resolve
 But the main disadvantage is creating and maintaining a separate copy for every Thread
the data inconsistency problem.
 Increases the complexity of the programming and effects performance of the system.
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Nested classes
 Declaring the class inside another class is called nested classes. This concept is introduced in
the 1.1 version.
 Declaring the methods inside another method is called inner methods java not supporting
inner methods concept.
The nested classes are divided into two categories
1. Static nested classes(nested class declared with static modifier)
2. Non static nested classes( these are called inner classes)
a. Normal inner classes
b. Method local inner classes
c. Anonymous inner classes
Static nested classes:- The nested classes declare as a static modifier is called static nested classes.
Nested classes
Non-static nested Static nested

classes classes.
Normal inner classes

Method local inner class
anonymous Inner classes
syntax of nested classes :-

class Outerclasses
{ //static nested class
static class staticnestedclass
{ };
//non-static nested class
class Innerclass
{ };
};
Uses of nested classes:-
1. It is the way logically grouping classes that are only used in the one place.
If a class is useful to other class only one time then it is logically embedded it into that
classes make the two classes together.
A is only one time usage in the B class by using inner classes
(without using inner classes)
class A class B
{ }; { class A
class B { };
{ A a=new A(); };
};
2. It increase the encapsulation
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If we are taking two top level classes A and B the B class need the members of A that
members even we are declaring private modifier the B class can access the private
numbers moreover the B is not visible for outside the world.
3. It lead the more readability and maintainability of the code
Nesting the classes within the top level classes at that situation placing the code is very
closer to the top level class.
For the outer classes the compiler will provide the .class and for the inner classes also the compiler will
provide the .class file.
The .class file name for the inner classes is OuterclassName$innerclasssname.class
Outer class object creation :- Outer o=new Outer();
Inner class object creation :- Outer.Inner i=o.new Inner();
Outer class name :- Outer.class
Inner class name :- Outer$Inner.class
Member inner classes:-
1. If we are declaring any data in outer class then it is automatically available to inner classes.
2. If we are declaring any data in inner class then that data is should not have the scope of the
outer class.
Syntax:-
class Outer
{ class Inner
{
};
};
Object creation syntax:-
Syntax 1:-
OuterClassName o=new OuterClassName();
OuterClassName.InnerClassName oi=OuterObjectreference.new InnterClassName();
Syntax 2:-
OuterclassName.InnerClassName oi=new OuterClass().new InnerClass();
Note:- by using outer class name it is possible to call only outer class peroperties and methods and by
using inner class object we are able to call only inner classes properties and methods.
Example :-
class Outer
{ private int a=100;
class Inner
{ void data()
{ System.out.println("the value is :"+a); }
}
}
class Test
{ Outer o=new Outer();
Outer.Inner i=o.new Inner();
i.data();
}
};
230 | P a g e
Example :-
class Outer
{ int i=100;
void m1()
{ //j=j+10;// compilation error
//System.out.println(j);//compilation error
System.out.println("m1 method");
}
class Inner
{ int j=200;
void m2()
{ i=i+10;
}
};
};
class Test
{ A a=new A();
System.out.println(a.i);
a.m1();
A.B b=a.new B();
System.out.println(b.j);
b.m2();
//b.m1(); compilation error
}
};
Example :-
class Outer
{ private int a=10; private int b=20;
void m1()
{ //m2(); not possible
System.out.println("outer class m1()");
}
class Inner
{ int i=100; int j=200;
void m2()
{ System.out.println("inner class m1()");
System.out.println(i+j);
m1();
}
};
};
class Test
{ Outer o = new Outer(); o.m1();
Outer.Inner i = o.new Inner(); i.m2();
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}
};
Application required this & super keywords:-
class Outer
{ private int a=10; private int b=20;
class Inner
{ int a=100; int b=200;
void m1(int a,int b)
{ System.out.println(a+b);//local variables
System.out.println(this.a+this.b);//Inner class variables
System.out.println(Outer.this.a+Outer.this.b);//outer class variables
}
};
};
class Test
{ Outer.Inner i = new Outer().new Inner();
i.m1(1000,2000);
}
};
class Outer
{ void m1(){ System.out.println("outer class m1()"); }
class Inner
{ void m1()
{ Outer.this.m1();
System.out.println("inner class m1()");
}
};
};
class Test
{ Outer.Inner i = new Outer().new Inner();
i.m1();
}
};
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Method local inner classes:-

1. Declaring the class inside the method is called method local inner classes.
2. In the case of the method local inner classes the class has the scope up to the respective method.
3. Method local inner classes do not have the scope of the outside of the respective method.
4. whenever the method is completed
5. we are able to perform any operations of method local inner class only inside the respective method.
Syntax:-
class Outer
{ void m1()
{ class inner
{ };
}
};
Example:-
class Outer
void m1()
{ class Inner
{
void innerMethod()
{ System.out.println("inner class method");
}
};
Inner i=new Inner();
i.innerMethod();
}
};
class Test
o.m1();
}
};
class Outer
{ void m1()
{ class Inner
{ void m1(){System.out.println("inner class m1()");}
};
Inner i = new Inner();
i.m1();
}
{ Outer o = new Outer();
o.m1();
}
};
233 | P a g e
class Outer
void m1()
{ final int b=200;//local variables must be final variables
class Inner
{ void m1()
{ System.out.println("inner class m1()");
}
};
Inner i = new Inner();
i.m1();
}
{ Outer o = new Outer();
o.m1();
}
};
class Outer
{ int a=10;//instance varaible
static int b=20; //static variable
class Inner //inner class able to access both instance and static variables
{ void m1()
}
};
};
class Outer
{ static int a=10;//static variable
int b=20; //instance variable
static class Inner //this inner class able to access only static memebers of outer class
{ void m1(){
System.out.println(b);//compilation error
}
};
};
Ex 2:-in method local inner classes it is not possible to call the non-final variables inside the inner classes
hence we must declare that local variables must be final then only it is possible to access that members.
class Outer
void m1()
{final int b=1000;
class Inner
{ void innerMethod()
{ System.out.println("inner class method");
234 | P a g e
}
};
Inner i=new Inner();
i.innerMethod();
}
};
class Test
o.m1();
}
};
Static inner classes:-
In general in java classes it is not possible to declare any class as a abstract class but is possible to
declare inner class as a static modifier.
Declaring the static class inside the another class is called static inner class.
Static inner classes can access only static variables and static methods it does not access the instace
variables and instance methods.
Syntax:- class Outer
{ static class Inner
{
};
};
class Outer
{ static int a=10;
static int b=20;
static class Inner
{ int c=30;
void m1()
System.out.println(c);
}
};
Outer.Inner i=new Outer.Inner();
i.m1();
}
};
class Outer
static int b=20;//static variable
{ void m1(){
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}
};
{ Outer.Inner i = new Outer.Inner();//it creates object of static inner class
i.m1();
}
};
class Outer
static int b=20;//static variable
{ void m1(){
}
};
{ Outer.Inner i = new Outer.Inner();//it creates object of static inner class
i.m1();
}
};
Anonymous inner class:-
1. The name less inner class is called anonymous inner class.
2. it can be used to provide the implementation of normal class or abstract class or interface
Anonymous inner classes for abstract classes:-
it is possible to provide abstract method implementations by taking inner classes.
Ex:- we are able to declare anonymousinner class inside the class.
abstract class Animal
{ abstract void eat();
};
class Test
{ //anonymous inner class
Animal a=new Animal()
{ void eat() { System.out.println("animals eating gross"); }
};
t.a.eat();
}
}
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Functional interface:-
 It is introduced in jdk1.8 version & it has exactly one abstract method.
 This interface is also known as single abstract method interface (SAM interface).
 Note that instances of functional interfaces can be created with lambda expressions, method
references, or constructor references.
 Java 8 introduced @FunctionalInterface annotation which can be used for compilation errors
when the interface you annotated violates the contracts of functional interface.
Example : @FunctionalInterface
interface Greetings
{ void morning();
}
Example : if we declare @functionalInterface annotation but if we are declaring more than one
abstract method then compiler will generate error message.
@FunctionalInterface
interface Greetings
{ void morning();
void m1();
}
E:\>javac Durga.java
Test.java:1: error: Unexpected @FunctionalInterface annotation @FunctionalInterface
Greetings is not a functional interface
multiple non-overriding abstract methods found in interface Greetings
 Functional interface allows only one abstract method it is not allowed second abstract method
in functional interface. If we remove @functionalInterface annotation then we are allowed to
add second abstract method but it is not a functional interface.
xample :-
interface Executable
{ void execute();
}
class Runner
{ public void run(Executable e)
{ System.out.println("run method code....");
e.execute();
}
};
public class Test
{ Runner r = new Runner();
//anonymous inner class
r.run(new Executable(){
public void execute()
{ System.out.println("execute method block of java code.....");
}
});
//lambda expression
System.out.println("=============");
r.run(() -> System.out.println("execute method block of code....."));
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}
};
E:\>java Test
run method code....
execute method block of java code.....
=============
run method code....
execute method block of code.....
Observation-1:- to write multiple statements(more lines of code).

r.run(() -> {System.out.println("execute method block of code-1.....");
System.out.println("execute method block of code-2.....");
});
E:\>java Test
run method code....
execute method block of java code.....
=============
run method code....
execute method block of code-1.....
execute method block of code-2.....
Example :-
{ int execute();
}
class Runner
int x = e.execute();
System.out.println("return value="+x);
}
};
public class Test
public int execute()
{ System.out.println("execute method anonymous block of java code.....");
return 10;
}
});
//lambda expression code
r.run(() -> {System.out.println("execute method lambda expression code.....");
return 20;
});
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}
}
E:\>java Test
run method code....
execute method anonymous block of java code.....
return value=10
=============
run method code....
execute method lambda expression code.....
return value=20
Observation:-
If ou do t write any code just you want return value use below code
r.run(() -> 20);
E:\>java Test
run method code....
return value=10
=============
run method code....
return value=20
Example :-
{ int execute(int a,int b);
}
class Runner
int x = e.execute(100,200);
}
};
public class Test
//anonymous inner class code
public int execute(int a,int b)
return 10+a;
}
});
//lambda expression code
r.run((int a,int b) -> 20+a+b);
}
};
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E:\>java Test
run method code....
return value=110
=============
run method code....
return value=320
Observation :-
r.run((a,b) -> 20+a);
E:\>java Test
run method code....
return value=110
=============
run method code....
return value=120
Example:- lambda expression ambiguity problems

{ int execute(int a);
}
interface StringExecutable
{ int execute(String a);
}
class Runner
int x = e.execute(10);
}
public void run(StringExecutable e)
int x = e.execute("ratan");
}
};
public class Test
//lambda expression
r.run((int a) -> 10);
r.run((String a) -> 20);
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// r.run(a ->100); compilation error: ambiguity problem

}
};
Example :-
{ int execute(int a,int b);
}
class Runner
int x = e.execute(100,200);
}
};
public class Test
{ int c=10;
//c=c+10; must be comments
Runner r = new Runner();
public int execute(int a,int b)
return a+b+c;
}
});
//lambda expression
r.run((int a,int b) -> a+b+c);
}
};
E:\>java Test
run method code....
return value=310
=============
run method code....
return value=310
Observation:-
If we remove comments on c=c+10 then we will get fallowing two errors,
E:\>javac Test.java
Test.java:20: error: local variables referenced from an inner class must be final or effectively final
return a+b+c;
Test.java:25: error: local variables referenced from a lambda expression must be final or effectively final
r.run((int a,int b) -> a+b+c);
2 errors
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Annotations :-(meta data)

 Annotations are introduced in 1.5 version it represent metadata of the program.
 A otatio s a e used ithi the pa kages, lasses, ethods, o st u to s…et
 Annotations are executed by using predefined tool APT(Annotation Processing Tool ).
 Annotations are compiled at class file and executed at runtime to perform some logical
operations.
 It possible to create the annotations that are not available at runtime.
 And even it is possible to create annotations available in source code and not at compilation
time.
Syntax:-
Annotatio a e de la ed usi g @ ha a te as p efi of a otatio a e.
@Annotation
public void annotatedMethod()
{ //logics here
}
Annotations has elements in the form of key=value ,the elements are properties of annotation.
@Annotataion(name="ratan",age="28")
{ //logics here
}
If the annotation contains single we can use like this.
@Annotataion( I a he o )
{ //logics here
}
It possible to declare multiple annotations at class-level
@Annotataion1(name="ratan")
@Annotataion2
{ //logics here
}
Uses of annotations:-
 Information for the compiler
Annotations are used by the compiler to detect suppress warnings or errors based on rules.
Example :- @Override this one makes the compiler to check the method correctly override or not
@FunctionalInterface this one makes the compiler to validate annotated interface is
functional interface or not.
 Documentation
Annotations can be used in software applications to ensure the quality of the code like bug
fi di g, epo t ge e atio …et
 Code generation
Annotations used to generate the code or xml files using meta data information present in the
code.
 Runtime processing
Annotations that are used in runtime o je ti es like u it testi g, depe de i je tio …et
242 | P a g e
There are three types of annotations

1) Java built in annotations
2) Marker annotations
3) Custom annotation
4) Meta annotations
@Override - Checks that the method is an override. Causes a compile error if the method is not found
in one of the parent classes or implemented interfaces.
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Override {
}
@override :-
 It instructs the compiler to check parent class method is overriding in child class or not if it is not
overriding compiler will generate error message.
 In below example if are not declaring @override annotation a new method of marry(int a)
created in child class.
class Parent
{ void marry(String name)
{ //logics-here }
};
{ @Override
void marry(int n)
{ //logics here }
};
E:\>javac Test.java
error: method does not override or implement a method from a supertype
@Override
@Deprecated - Marks the method as obsolete. Causes a compile warning if the method is used.
This annotation represent the marked element is no longer be used. The compiler generates
warning message when we used that marked element.
Example :-
@Deprecated
class Test
{ @Deprecated
void m1()
{//logics here
}
}
class Demo
t.m1();
}
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};
E:\>javac Test.java
Note: Test.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
Note: Recompile with -Xlint:deprecation for details.
E:\>javac -Xlint Test.java

Test.java:10: warning: [deprecation] Test in unnamed package has been deprecated
Test.java:10: warning: [deprecation] Test in unnamed package has been deprecated
Test.java:11: warning: [deprecation] m1() in Test has been deprecated
t.m1();
3 warnings
Example -2:-
import java.awt.*;
class Student
{
Frame f = new Frame();
f.show();
}
};
E:\>javac Test.java
Note: Test.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
Note: Recompile with -Xlint:deprecation for details.
@SuppressWarnings - Instructs the compiler to suppress the compile time warnings specified in the
annotation parameters.
@Target({TYPE, FIELD, METHOD, PARAMETER, CONSTRUCTOR, LOCAL_VARIABLE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface SuppressWarnings {
String[] value();
}
Whenever we are using deprecated annotate method then compiler will generate warning
messages but to ignore that warning messages use @suppressWarings annotation.
Whe ou o piled elo appli atio it o t ge e ate a a i gs e e it uses @Dep e ated
annotation.
Example-1 :-
class Test
{ @Deprecated
void m1()
{//logics here
}
}
class Demo
{ @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
{ new Test().m1();
}
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};
Example-2:-
import java.util.*;
class Student
{ @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
{ ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("sravya");
System.out.println(al);
}
};
@SafeVarargs - Suppress warnings for all callers of a method or constructor with a generics varargs
parameter, since Java 7.
@Documented
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR, ElementType.METHOD})
public @interface SafeVarargs { }
@FunctionalInterface - Specifies that the type declaration is intended to be a functional interface,

since Java 8. Annotations applied to other annotations (also known as "Meta Annotations"):
@Documented
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
public @interface FunctionalInterface { }
Meta annotations:-
 it specify information about annotation.
 These annotations are present in java.lang.annotation package.
 The meta annotations are
o @Retention
o @Target
o @Documented
o @Inherited
o @Repeatable
@Retention annotation specifies how the marked annotation is stored:

RetentionPolicy.SOURCE
The marked annotation is retained only in the source level and is ignored by the compiler.
RetentionPolicy.CLASS
The marked annotation is retained by the compiler at compile time, but is ignored by the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM).
RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME
The marked annotation is retained by the JVM so it can be used by the runtime environment.
@Documented - Marks another annotation for inclusion in the documentation.
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Whenever we are using this annotation those elements should be documented by using javadoc
tool.
@Target
 Marks another annotation to restrict what kind of Java elements the annotation may be applied to.
 The target annotation specify one of the fallowing element,
ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE can be applied to an annotation type.
ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR can be applied to a constructor.
ElementType.FIELD can be applied to a field or property.
ElementType.LOCAL_VARIABLE can be applied to a local variable.
ElementType.METHOD can be applied to a method-level annotation.
ElementType.PACKAGE can be applied to a package declaration.
ElementType.PARAMETER can be applied to the parameters of a method.
ElementType.TYPE can be applied to any element of a class.
@Inherited –
Marks another annotation to be inherited to subclasses of annotated class (by default
annotations are not inherited to subclasses).
Example :-
@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR})
@Inherited
@Documented
public @interface MyAnnotation
{ }
 In above example your annotation can be applied only on methods & constructors because you
specified this information by using @Target annotation.
 This annotation is used by JVM at runtime because we specified this information by using
@Retention.
 Basically parent class annotation is not visible in child classes but it is possible to inherit parent call
annotation in child class by using @Inherited annotation.
 we can create documentation by using javadoc tool because we declared annotation by using
@Documented annotation.
@Repeatable - Specifies that the annotation can be applied more than once to the same declaration,
since Java 8.
Customized Annotations:-
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 Annotations can be created by using @interface fallowed by annotation name.

public @interface MyAnnotation
{ }
 E e a otatio is e te di g ja a.la g.a otatio .A otatio i te fa e he e a otatio a t
include extend clause.
public interface MyAnnotation extends Annotation
{
}

Example :-
File-1: ProjectInfo.java
import java.lang.annotation.*;
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Inherited
@Documented
public @interface ProjectInfo
{ int pid();
String pname() default "bank";
int pteamsize();
String pstatus();
}
File-2:- Emp.java
import java.lang.annotation.*;
@ProjectInfo(pid=111,pstatus="not released",pteamsize=5)
class Emp
{ int eid;
String ename;
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
void disp()
{ System.out.println("***Employee details***");
System.out.println("emp id="+eid);
System.out.println("emp name="+ename);
}
{ Emp e = new Emp(111,"ratan");
e.disp();
Class c = e.getClass();
Annotation a = c.getAnnotation(ProjectInfo.class);
ProjectInfo p = (ProjectInfo)a;
System.out.println("***project details details***");
System.out.println("project id="+p.pid());
System.out.println("project name="+p.pname());
System.out.println("project status="+p.pstatus());
247 | P a g e
System.out.println("project teamsize="+p.pteamsize());
}
}
Observation :-
E:\>javadoc Emp.java
Loading source file Emp.java...
Constructing Javadoc information...
Standard Doclet version 1.8.0_65
Building tree for all the packages and classes...
Observation :-
@Target({ElementType.METHOD}) //method level we can use
@ProjectInfo(pid=111,pstatus="not released",pteamsize=5) //but we are using at class level

public class Emp
{ //logics here }
E:\>javac Emp.java
Emp.java:2: error: annotation type not applicable to this kind of declaration
@ProjectInfo(pid=111,pstatus="not released",pteamsize=5)
Observation :-
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE) // ignored at source file level or
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS) //ignored at class level
E:\>java Emp
***Employee details***
emp id=111
emp name=ratan
***project details details***
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
Observation :-
@Documented //if we removed this annotation the documentation is not performed
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ENUMARATION
1. This concept is introduced in 1.5 version
2. enumeration is used to declare group of named constant s.
3. we are declaring the enum by using enum keyword. For the enums the compiler will generate
.classess
4.enum is a keyword and Enum is a class and every enum is directl child class of java.lang.Enum so it is
not possible to inherit the some other class. Hence for the enum inheritance concept is not applicable
5. by default enum constants are public static final
enum Heroin enum Week

{ {
Samantha,tara,ubanu ; public static final smantha;
} public static final tara;
Public static final ubanu;
}
EX:-calling of enum constants individually EX:-

enum Heroin 1. printing the enumeration constants by using
{ for-each loop.
samantha,tara,anu; 2. values() methods are used to print all the
enum constants.
}
3. ordinal() is used to print the index values of
class Test the enum constants.
{
public static void main(String... ratan) enum Heroin
{ {
Heroin s=Heroin.samantha; samantha,tara,anu;
System.out.println(s); }
class Test
Heroin t=Heroin.tara;
{
System.out.println(t); public static void main(String... ratan)
Heroin a=Heroin.anu; {
System.out.println(a); Heroin[] s=Heroin.values();
} for (Heroin s1:s)
}; {
System.out.println(s1+"----"+s1.ordinal());
}
}
};
1. inside the enum it is possible to declare constructors. That constructors will be ececuted for each
and every constant. If we are declaring 5 constants then 5 times constructor will be executed.
2. Inside the enum if we are declaring only constants the semicolon is optional.
3. Inside the enum if we are declaring group of constants and constructors at that situation the group
of constants must be first line of the enum must ends with semicolon.
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Ex :-Semicolan optinal Ex:- semicolon mandatory

enum Heroin enum Heroin
{ samantha,tara,anu,ubanu { samantha,tara,anu,ubanu;
} Heroin()
class Test { System.out.println("ratan sir");
{ public static void main(String... ratan) }
{ Heroin s=Heroin.samantha; }
} class Test
}; { public static void main(String... ratan)
{ Heroin s=Heroin.samantha;
}
};
Ex:- constructors with arguments

enum Heroin
{ ANUSHKA,UBANU(10),DEEPIKA(10,20);
Heroin() { System.out.println("ratan"); }
Heroin(int a) { System.out.println("raghava"); }
Heroin(int a,int b) { System.out.println("sanki"); }
}
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] arhss)
{ Heroin[] h = Heroin.values();
for (Heroin h1 : h)
{ System.out.println(h1+"----"+h1.ordinal());
}
}
};
Ex:-inside the enum it is possible to provide main method.
enum Heroin
{ samantha,tara,anu;
{ System.out.println("enum main method");
}
}
class Test
{ Heroin[] s=Heroin.values();
for (Heroin s1:s)
{ System.out.println(s1+"--------"+s1.ordinal());
}
}
};
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Ex:- inside the enums it is possible to declare group of constants and constructors and main method
enum Heroin
{
//group of constants
ANUSHKA,UBANU,DEEPIKA;
//contructor
Heroin()
}
//enum main method
{
System.out.println("enum m ain method");
}//end main
}//end enum
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] arhss)
{ //accessing enum constants
Heroin[] h = Heroin.values();
for (Heroin h1 : h)
{
System.out.println(h1+"----"+h1.ordinal());
}
}//end main
};//end class
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Collections framework (java.util)

Pre-requisite topics for Collections framework:-
1) Arrays
2) toString() method.
3) type-casting.
4) interfaces.
5) for-each loop.
6) implementation classes.
7) compareTo() method.
8) Wrapper classes.
9) Marker interfaces advantages.
10) Anonymous inner classes.
11) For-each loop
12) Auto-boxing
Importance of collections:-
 The main objective of collections framework is to represent group of object as a single entity.
 In java Collection framework provide very good architecture to store and manipulate the group
of objects.
 Collection API contains group of classes and interfaces that makes it easier to handle group of
objects.
 Collections are providing flexibility to store, retrieve, and manipulate data.
The key interfaces of collection framework:-

1. Java.util.Collection
2. Java.util.List
3. Java.util.Set
4. Java.util.SortedSet
5. Java.util.NavigablaSet
6. Java.util.Queue
7. Java.util.Map
8. Java.util.SotedMap
9. Java.util.NavigableMap
10. Map.Entry
11. Java.util.Enumeration
12. Java.util.Iterator
13. Java.util.ListIterator
14. Java.lang.Comparable
15. Java.util.Comparator
 All collection framework classes and interfaces are present in java.util package.
 The root interface of Collection framework is Collection.
 Collection interface contains 15 methods so all collection implementation classes are able
to use these methods because collections is a root interface.
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Collection interface methods:-

To check the predefined support use javap command.
>javap java.util.Collection
public abstract int size();
public abstract boolean isEmpty();
public abstract boolean contains(java.lang.Object);
public abstract java/util/Iterator<E> iterator();
public abstract java.lang.Object[] toArray();
public abstract <T extends java/lang/Object> T[] toArray(T[]);
public abstract boolean add(E);
public abstract boolean remove(java.lang.Object);
public abstract boolean containsAll(java/util/Collection<?>);
public abstract boolean addAll(java/util/Collection<? extends E>);
public abstract boolean removeAll(java/util/Collection<?>);
public abstract boolean retainAll(java/util/Collection<?>);
public abstract void clear();
public abstract boolean equals(java.lang.Object);
public abstract int hashCode();
Iinterface contains abstract method and for that interfaces object creation is not possible
hence think about implementation classes of that interfaces.
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Collection vs Collections:-
Collection is interface it is used to represent group of objects as a single entity.
Collections is utility class it contains methods to perform operations.
Arrays vs Collections:-
Both Arrays and Collections are used to represent group of objects as a single entity but the differences
are as shown below.
Limitations of Arrays Advantages of Collections
1) Arrays are used to represent group of 1) Collections are used to represent

objects as a single entity. group of objects as a single entity.
2) Arrays are used to store homogeneous 2) Collections are used to store both
data(similar data). heterogeneous data(different type)&
homogeneous data.
3) Arrays are capable to store primitive & 3) Collections are capable to store only
Object type data object data.
4) Arrays are fixed in size, it means once we 4) Collections are growable in nature, it
means based on our requirement it
created array it is not possible to increase &
is possible to increase & decrease
decrease the size based on our requirement.
the size.
5) With respect to memory arrays are not
5) With respect to memory collections
recommended to use. are recommended to use.
6) If you know size in advance arrays are 6) In performance point of view
recommended to use because it provide collections will give low performance
good performance. compare to arrays.
7) Arrays does not contains underlying Data

structure hence it is not supporting 7) Collection classes contains
predefined methods. underlying data structure hence it
supports predefined methods.
8) While working with arrays
ope atio s add, e o e,update… are 8) Here operations are become easy
become difficult because it is not supporting because collections supports
methods. predefined methods.
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Characteristics of Collection frame work classes:-

The collections framework contains group of classes but every class is used to represent group of
objects as a single entity but characteristics are different.
1) The collect ion framework classes introduced Versions

Different classes are introduced in different versions.
2) Heterogeneous data allowed or not allowed.

All most all collection framework classes allowed heterogeneous data except two classes
i. TreeSet ii. TreeMap
3) Null insertion is possible or not possible.

Some classes are allowed null insertion but some classes are not allowed.
4) Duplicate objects are allowed or not allowed.

Inserting same object more than one time is called duplication. Some classes are allowed
duplicates but some classes are not allowed duplicates.
add(e1)
add(e1)
5) Insertion order is preserved or not preserved.

In which order we are inserting element same order output is printed then say insertion
order is preserved otherwise not.
Input --->e1 e2 e3 output --->e1 e2 e3 insertion order is preserved
Input --->e1 e2 e3 output --->e2 e1 e3 insertion order is not-preserved
6) Colle tio lasses’ ethods a e s h o ized o o -synchronized.

If the methods are synchronized only one thread is allow to access, these methods are
thread safe but performance is reduced.
If the methods are non-synchronized multiple threads are able to access, these methods
are not thread safe but performance is increased.
7) Collection classes underlying data structures.

Arrays are does not contains underlying data structure hence it is not supporting
predefined methods.
Every collection class contains underlying data structure hence it supports predefined
methods.
Based on underlying data structure the element will be stored.
8) Collection classes supported cursors.

The collection classes are used to represent group of objects as a single entity & To
retrieve the objects from collation class we are using cursors.
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List interface:-
Collection(i) 1.2 version
extends
List(i) 1.2 version
implements implements implements
ArrayList(c) LinkedList(c) Vector(c)

1.0 version
1.2 version 1.2 version extends
Stack(c)
1.0 version
Legacy classes(introduced in 1.0 version)

I = Interface c=class
Implementation classes of List interface :-
1) ArrayList 3) Vector
2) LinkedList 4) Stack
Legacy classes:-
The java classes which are introduced in 1.0 version are called legacy classes and java.util
package contains 5 legacy classes.
1) Dictionary 4) Stack
2) HashTable 5) Vector
3) Properties
Legacy interfaces:-
The java interfaces which are introduced in 1.0 version are called legacy interfaces and java.util
package contains only one interface is Enumeration.
List interface common properties:-

1) All list class allows heterogeneous data.
2) All List interface implementation classes allows null insertion.
3) All classes allows duplicate objects.
4) All classes preserved insertion order.
Java.util.ArrayList:-
To check parent class and interface use below command.
D:\ratan>javap java.util.ArrayList
public class java.util.ArrayList<E>
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extends java.util.AbstractList<E>
implements java.util.List<E>,
java.util.RandomAccess,
java.lang.Cloneable,
java.io.Serializable
ArrayList Characteristics:-
1) ArrayList Introduced in 1.2 version.
2) ArrayList stores Heterogeneous objects(different types).
3) In ArrayList it is possible to insert Null objects.
4) Duplicate objects are allowed.
5) ArrayList preserved Insertion order it means whatever the order we inserted the data in
the same way output will be printed.
6) ArrayList methods are non-synchronized methods.
7) The under laying data structure is growable array.
8) By using cursor we are able to retrieve the data from ArrayList : Iterator , ListIterator
Constructors to create ArrayList:-

Constructor-1:-
ArrayList al = new ArrayList();
The default capacity of the ArrayList is 10 once it reaches its maximum capacity then size is automatically
increased by New capacity = (old capacity*3)/2+1
Constructor-2:-
ArrayList al = new ArrayList ( int initial-capacity);
It is possible to create ArrayList with initial capacity
Constructor-3:-
ArrayList al = new ArrayList(Collection c);
Adding one collection data into another collection(Vector data intoArrayList) use fallowing
constructor.
Example :-
Collections vs Autoboxing
Up to 1.4 version we must create wrapper class object then add that object into ArrayList.
import java.util.ArrayList;
class Test
Integer i = new Integer(10); //creation of Integer Object
Character ch = new Character('c'); //creation of Character Object
Double d = new Double(10.5); //creation of Double Object
//adding wrapper objects into ArrayList
al.add(i);
al.add(ch);
al.add(d);
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}
}
From 1.5 version onwards add the primitive data into ArrayList that data is automatically
converted into wrapper object format is called Autoboxing.
Code before compilation:- Code after compilation:-

import java.util.ArrayList; import java.io.PrintStream;
class Test import java.util.ArrayList;
{ public static void main(String[] args) class Test
{ ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); { Test()
al.add(10); //AutoBoxing {
al.add('a'); //AutoBoxing }
al.add(10.5);//AutoBoxing public static void main(String args[])
System.out.println(al); { ArrayList arraylist = new ArrayList();
} arraylist.add(Integer.valueOf(10));
} arraylist.add(Character.valueOf('a'));
arraylist.add(Double.valueOf(10.5));
System.out.println(arraylist);
}
}
Example-2:-ArrayList vs toString()
Emp.java:- Student.java
class Emp class Student
{ int eid; { int sid;
String ename; String sname;
Emp(int eid,String ename) Student(int sid,String sname)
{ this.eid=eid; { this.sid=sid;
this.ename=ename; this.sname = sname;
} }
} }
Case 1:-
In java when we print reference variable internally it calls toString() method on that object.
class Test
{ Emp e1 = new Emp(111,"ratan");
Student s1 = new Student(222,"xxx");
al.add(10); //toString()
al.add('a'); //toString()
al.add(e1); //toString()
al.add(s1); //toString()
System.out.println(al); //[10, a, Emp@d70d7a, Student@b5f53a]
System.out.println(al.toString()); //[10, a, Emp@d70d7a, Student@b5f53a]
}
}
258 | P a g e
Case2:-
class Test
Student s1 = new Student(222,"xxx");
al.add(10);
al.add('a');
al.add(e1);
al.add(s1);
System.out.println(al.toString()); //[10, a, Emp@d70d7a, Student@b5f53a]
for (Object o : al)
{ if (o instanceof Integer)
System.out.println(o.toString());
if (o instanceof Character)
System.out.println(o.toString());
if (o instanceof Emp){
Emp e = (Emp)o;
System.out.println(e.eid+"---"+e.ename);
}
if (o instanceof Student){
Student s = (Student)o;
System.out.println(s.sid+"---"+s.sname);
}
}
}
}
Example:- Basic operations of ArrayList

add() to add the objects into ArrayList & bydefault it add the data at last but it is possible to insert the
data at specified index.
remove() it removes Objects from ArrayList based on Object & index.
(for the remove(10) method if we are passing integer value that is always treted as index )
size() to find the size of ArrayList.
isEmpty() to check the objects are available or not.
Clear() to remove all objects from ArrayList.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ ArrayList al =new ArrayList();
al.add(10);
al.add("ratan");
259 | P a g e
al.add("anu");
al.add('a');
al.add(10);
al.add(null);
System.out.println("ArrayList data="+al);
System.out.println("ArrayList size-->"+al.size());
al.add(1,"A1"); //add the object at first index
System.out.println("after adding objects ArrayList size-->"+al.size());
System.out.println("ArrayList Data="+al);
al.remove(1); //remove the object index base
al.remove("A"); //remove the object on object base
System.out.println("after removeing elemetns arrayList size "+al.size());
System.out.println("ArrayList data="+al);
System.out.println(al.isEmpty());
al.clear();
System.out.println(al.isEmpty());
}
}
E:\>java Test
ArrayList data=[10, ratan, anu, a, 10, null]
ArrayList size-->6
after adding objects ArrayList size-->7
ArrayList Data=[10, A1, ratan, anu, a, 10, null]
after removeing elemetns arrayList size 6
ArrayList data=[10, ratan, anu, a, 10, null]
false
true
observation:-
in above example when we remove the data by passing numeric value that is by default
treated as a index value.
al.add(10);
al.add("ratan");
al.add('a');
al.remove(10); // 10 is taken as index value
whenever we are executing above code then JVM treats that 10 is index value but 10th position
value is not available hence it is generating exception java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException: Index:
10, Size: 3
in above case to remove 10 Integer object then use below code.

al.add(i);
al.remove(i);
260 | P a g e
All collection classes are having 2-formats:-

1) Normal version (no type safety).
2) Generic version. (provide type safety )
The main purpose of the generics is to provide the type safety to avoid type casting problems.
Arrays [Type safety]:-
Arrays are always type safe it means we can give guarantee for the type of
element present in arrays.
For example if we want to store String objects create String[]. By mistake if we are trying to add any
other data compiler will generate compilation error.
Example:-
String[] str= new String[50];
str[0]="ratan";
str[1]="anu";
str[2]=new Integer(10);
E:\>javac Test.java
incompatible types
str[2]=new Integer(10);
required: String
found: Integer
Based on above error we can give guarantee String[] is able to store only String type of objects. Hence
with respect to the type arrays are recommended to use because it is type safe.
[Collection]Not type safe:-

Collections are not type safe it means we can’t give guarantee for the type of
elements present in collection.
If programming requirement is to hold the String type of the objects we are choosing ArrayList , by
mistake if we are adding any type of data then compiler is unable to generate compilation error but
runtime program is failed.
Example :-
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add(new Integer(10)); //allowed
String s1 = (String)al.get(0);
String s2 = (String)al.get(1);
String s3 = (String)al.get(2);//java.lang.ClassCastException
Based on above exception we can decide collection is not type safe.
Example :-
al.add("ratan");
String str = l.get(0); // java.lang.ClassCastException
String str =(String l.get(0); //type casting is mandatory
In above example type-casting is mandatory it is bigger problem in collection.
261 | P a g e
To overcome above problems use generics,

1) To provide type safety.
2) To overcome type casting problems.
in java it is recommended to use generic version of collections to provide the type
safety.
Syntax:-
ArrayList<type-name> al = new ArrayList<type-name>( );
The ArrayList is able to store only String data if we are trying to add any other data compiler will
Example :- ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add(new Integer(10)); //compilation error
if we are using generics we will get type safety. At the time retrieval not required to
perform type casting.
ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
String s1 = al.get(0);
Normal version of ArrayList(no type safety) al.add(10.4);

1) Normal version is able to hold any type System.out.println(al);
of data(heterogeneous data) hence it is }
not a type safe. }
ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); Generic version of ArrayList(type safety)
al.add(10); 1) Generic version is able to hold specified
al.add a ; type of data hence it is a type safe.
System.out.println(al); ArrayList<tye-name> al = new ArrayList<type-name>( );
ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList<Integer>();
2) At the time of retrieval Always check the al.add(10);
type of the object by using instanceof al.add(20);
operator. al.add( ata );//compilation error
3) In normal it is holding different types of
data hence while retrieving data must 2) Type checking is not required because it
perform type casting. contains only one type of data.
4) If we are using normal version while 3) It is holding specific data hence at the
compilation compiler generate worning time of retrieval type casting is not
message like unchecked or unsafe required.
operations.
Example:- normal version of ArrayList 4) If we are using generic version compiler
import java.util.*; o t generate worning messages.
class Test Example :- generic version of ArrayList.
{ public static void main(String[] args) import java.util.*;
{ ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); class Test
al.add(10); { public static void main(String[] args)
al.add('a'); {ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList<Integer>();
262 | P a g e
al.add(10); System.out.println(al);
al.add(20); }
al.add(30); }
al.add(40);
Example :- retrieving data from generic version of ArrayList.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ ArrayList<Emp> al = new ArrayList<Emp>();
al.add(new Emp(111,"ratan"));
al.add(new Emp(222,"anu"));
al.add(new Emp(333,"Sravya"));
for (Emp e : al)
{ System.out.println(e.eid+"---"+e.ename);
}
}
}
Example :-
add(E); ---->to add the Object.
remove(java.lang.Object); ----->to remove the object.
addAll(); ------>to add one collection object into another collection.
contains() -----to check object is available or not.
containsAll() ----to check entire collection data is available or not.
Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
Emp e2 = new Emp(222,"Sravya");
Emp e3 = new Emp(333,"aruna");
Emp e4 = new Emp(444,"anu");
ArrayList<Emp> a1 = new ArrayList<Emp>();

a1.add(e1);
a1.add(e2);

a2.addAll(a1);
a2.add(e3);
a2.add(e4);
System.out.println(a2.contains(e1));
System.out.println(a2.containsAll(a1));
a2.remove(e1);
System.out.println(a2.contains(e1));
System.out.println(a2.containsAll(a1));
//printing the data
for (Emp e:a2)
263 | P a g e
}
}
}
E:\>java Test
true
true
false
false
222---Sravya
333---aruna
444---anu
Example :-
removeAll(Obj):-
a2.removeAll(a1); // it removes all a1 data.
retainAll(Obj):-
a2.retainAll(a1); // it removes all a2 data except a1
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ ArrayList<Emp> a1 = new ArrayList<Emp>();
a1.add(new Emp(111,"ratan"));
a1.add(new Emp(222,"Sravya"));

a2.addAll(a1);
a2.add(new Emp(333,"aruna"));
a2.add(new Emp(444,"anu"));
a2.removeAll(a1);
a2.retainAll(a1);
for (Emp e:a2)
}
}
}
Creation of sub ArrayList & swapping data :-

Create sub ArrayList by using subList(int,int) method of ArrayList.
public java.util.List<E> subList(int, int);
to swap the data from one index position to another index position then use swap()
method of Collections class.
public static void swap(java.util.List<?>, int, int);
import java.util.*;
264 | P a g e
class Test
{ ArrayList<String> a1 = new ArrayList<String>();
a1.add("ratan");
a1.add("anu");
a1.add("Sravya");
a1.add("yadhu");
ArrayList<String> a2 = new ArrayList<String>(a1.subList(1,3));
System.out.println(a2); //[anu,Sravya]
ArrayList<String> a3 = new ArrayList<String>(a1.subList(1,a1.size()));
System.out.println(a3); //[anu,Sravya,yadhu]
//java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException: toIndex = 7
//ArrayList<String> a4 = new ArrayList<String>(a1.subList(1,7));
System.out.println("before swapping="+a1);//[ratan, anu, Sravya, yadhu]
Collections.swap(a1,1,3);
System.out.println("after swapping="+a1);// [ratan, yadhu, Sravya, anu]
}
}
ArrayList Capacity:-
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
{ ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList<Integer>(5);
for (int i=0;i<10 ;i++)
{ al.add(i);
System.out.println("size="+al.size()+" capacity="+getcapacity(al));
}
}
static int getcapacity(ArrayList l)throws Exception
{ Field f = ArrayList.class.getDeclaredField("elementData");
f.setAccessible(true);
return ((Object[])f.get(l)).length;
}
}
D:\>java Test
size=1 capacity=5
size=2 capacity=5
size=3 capacity=5
size=4 capacity=5
size=5 capacity=5
size=6 capacity=8
size=7 capacity=8
size=8 capacity=8
size=9 capacity=13
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size=10 capacity=13
Different ways to initialize values to ArrayList:-

Case 1:initializing ArrayList by using asList()
import java.util.*;
class ArrayListDemo
{ ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>(
Arrays.asList("ratan","Sravya","anu"));
}
}
Case 2:- adding objects into ArrayList by using anonymous inner classes.
class ArrayListDemo
{ ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>()
{ {add("anu");
add("ratan");
}
};//semicolan is mandatory
}
}
Case 3:- normal approach to initialize the data
class ArrayListDemo
{ ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("anu");
al.add("Sravya");
}
}
Case 4:-
ArrayList<Type> obj = new ArrayList<Type>(Collections.nCopies(count, object));
import java.util.*;
class ArrayListDemo
ArrayList<Emp> al = new ArrayList<Emp>(Collections.nCopies(5,e1));
for (Emp e:al)
266 | P a g e
{ System.out.println(e.ename+"---"+e.eid);
}
}
}
Case 5:-adding Objects into ArrayList by using addAll() method of Collections class.
import java.util.*;
class Test
String[] strArray={"ratan","anu","Sravya"};
Collections.addAll(al,strArray);
}
}
Q. How to get synchronized version of ArrayList?
Ans:- by default ArrayList methods are synchronized but it is possible to get synchronized version of
ArrayList by using fallowing method.
To get synchronized version of List interface use fallowing Collections class static method
public static List synchronizedList(List l)
To get synchronized version of Set interface use fallowing Collections class static method
public static Set synchronizedSet(Set s)
To get synchronized version of Map interface use fallowing Collections class static method
public static Map synchronized Map(Map m)
to get synchronized version of TreeSet use fallowing Collections class static method
Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(SortedSet<T> s)
to get synchronized version of TreeMap use fallowing Collections class static method
Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(SortedMap<K,V> m)
Example:-
ArrayList al = new ArrayList(); //non- synchronized version of ArrayList
List l = Collections.synchronizedList(al); // synchronized version of ArrayList
HasSet h = new HashSet(); //non- synchronized version of HashSet

Set h1 = Collections.synchronizedSet(h); // synchronized version of HashSet
HashMap h = new HashMap(); //non- synchronized version of HashMap

Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(h); // synchronized version of HashMap
TreeSet t = new TreeSet(); //non- synchronized version of TreeSet

SortedSet s = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(t); // synchronized version of TreeSet
TreeMap t = new TreeMap(); //non- synchronized version of TreeMap

SortedMap s = Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(t); // synchronized version of TreeMap
267 | P a g e
Conversion of Arrays to ArrayList & ArrayList to Arrays:
Example-1:
Conversion of String array to ArrayList (by using asList() method):-
import java.util.*;
class ArrayListDemo
{ String[] str={"ratan","Sravya","aruna"};
ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList(str));
al.add("newperson-1");
al.add("newperson-2");
//printing data by using enhanced for loop
for (String s: al)
{ System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
Example-2:-
Conversion of ArrayList to String array by using toArray( T )
public abstract <T extends java/lang/Object> T[] toArray(T[]);
import java.util.*;
class ArrayListDemo
{ //interface ref-var & implementaiton class Object
List<String> al = new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("anu");
al.add("Sravya");
al.add("ratan");
al.add("natraj");
String[] a = new String[al.size()];
al.toArray(a);
//for-each loop to print the data
for (String s:a)
{System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
268 | P a g e
Example-3:-
Case-1 :- conversion of ArrayList to Array
public abstract java.lang.Object[] toArray();
import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add(10);
al.add('c');
al.add("ratan");
//converison of ArrayList to array
Object[] o = al.toArray();
for (Object oo :o)
{ System.out.println(oo);
}
}
}
Case-2 :-
import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add(new Student(1,"xxx"));
al.add("ratan");
//converison of ArrayList to array
Object[] o = al.toArray();
for (Object oo :o)
{ if (oo instanceof Emp)
{ Emp e = (Emp)oo;
}
if (oo instanceof Student)
{ Student s = (Student)oo;
System.out.println(s.sid+"---"+s.sname);
}
if (oo instanceof String)
{ System.out.println(oo.toString());
}
}
}
}
269 | P a g e
Cursors in Collections:
Property
1. Purpose Enumeration
1) Used to retrieve the data from
collection classes.
2. Legacy or not
2) Introduced in 1.0 version it is legacy
3. Applicable for which type of classes
3) It is used to retrieve the data from only
legacy classes like vector, Stack…et
4. Universal cursor or not
4) Not a universal cursor because it is
applicable for only legacy classes.
5. How to get the object
5) Get the Enumeration Object by using
elements() method.
Vector v =new Vector();
v.add(10);
v.add(20);
Enumeration e = v.elements();
6. How many methods
6) It contains two methods
hasMoreElements(): to check objects.
nextElement() : to retrieve the objects.
7. Operations
7) Only read operations.
8. Cursor moment
8) Only forward direction.
9. Class or interface
9) Interface
10. Versions supports
10) It supports both normal and generic
version.
270 | P a g e
Iterator ListIterator
1) Used to retrieve the objects from 1) Used to retrieve the data from
collection classes. collection classes.
2) Introduced in 1.2 version it is not a 2) Introduced in 1.2 version it is not a

legacy legacy
3) It is used to retrieve the data from all 3) It is used to retrieve the data from only
collection classes. List type of classes like
ArrayList,LinkedList,Vector,Stack.
4) It is a universal cursor because it is 4) Not a universal cursor because it is

applicable for all collection classes. applicable for only List interface classes.
5) Get the iterator Object by using 5) Get the ListIterator Object by using
iterator() method. listIterator() method.
Vector v =new Vector(); Vector v =new Vector();
v.add(10); v.add(10);
v.add(20); v.add(20);
Enumeration e = v.iterator(); Enumeration e = v.listIterator();
6) It contains two methods 6) It contains 9 methods

hasNext(): to check the objects available or not.
Next() : to retrieve the objects.
7) Read, remove, add, and replace
7) read & remove operations are possible. operations.
8) Only forward direction. 8) Bidirectional cursor direction.
9) Interface 9) Interface
10) It supports both normal and generic 10) It supports both normal and generic
version. version.
ListIterator methods:-
public abstract boolean hasNext();
public abstract E next();
public abstract boolean hasPrevious();
public abstract E previous();
public abstract int nextIndex();
public abstract int previousIndex();
public abstract void remove();
public abstract void set(E); //replacement
public abstract void add(E);
271 | P a g e
Retrieving objects of collections classes:-

We are able to retrieve the objects from collection classes in 3-ways
1) By using for-each loop.
2) By using get() method.
3) By using cursors.
Example application:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ ArrayList<String> al =new ArrayList<String>();
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("sravya");
//1st appraoch to print Collection data
for (String a : al )
}
//2nd approach to print Collection data

int size = al.size();
for (int i=0;i<size;i++)
{ System.out.println(al.get(i));
}
//3rd approach to print Collection data

//normal version of Iterator(type casting required at the time of retrieving)
Iterator itr1 = al.iterator();
while (itr1.hasNext())
{ String str =(String)itr1.next();
}
//generic version of Iterator(type casting not required at the time of retrieving)
Iterator<String> itr2 = al.iterator();
{ String str =itr2.next();
}
}
}
272 | P a g e
Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("sravya");
ListIterator<String> lstr = al.listIterator();
lstr.add("suneel");
while(lstr.hasNext())
{ if ((lstr.next()).equals("anu"))
{ lstr.set("Anushka");
}
}
lstr.add("aaa");
for (String str:al)
{ System.out.println(str); }
}
}
E:\>java Test
suneel
ratan
Anushka
sravya
aaa
if we want remove the data:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("sravya");
{ if ((lstr.next()).equals("ratan"))
{ lstr.remove();
}
}
for (String str:al)
{ System.out.println(str);
}
}
}
E:\>java Test
anu
sravya
273 | P a g e
Example:-printing data in forward and backward directions.

import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("sravya");
System.out.println("printing data forward direction");
{ System.out.println(lstr.next());
}
System.out.println("printing data backward direction");
while(lstr.hasPrevious())
{ System.out.println(lstr.previous());
}
}
}
E:\>java Test
printing data forward direction
ratan
anu
sravya
printing data backword direction
sravya
anu
ratan
274 | P a g e
Sorting data by using sort() method of Collections class:-

we are able to sort ArrayList data by using sort() method of Collections class and by default it
perform ascending order .
public static <T extends java/lang/Comparable<? super T>> void sort(java.util.List<T>);
if we want to person ascending order your class must implements Comparable interface of
java.lang package.
If we want to perform descending order use Collections.reverseOrder() method along with

Collection.sort() method.
Collections.sort(list , Collections.reverseOrder());
import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("Sravya");
//printing ArrayList data
System.out.println("ArrayList data before sorting");
for (String str :al)
{ System.out.println(str);
}
//sorting ArrayList in ascending order
Collections.sort(al);
System.out.println("ArrayList data after sorting ascending order");
for (String str1 :al)
}
//sorting ArrayList in decending order
Collections.sort(al,Collections.reverseOrder());
System.out.println("ArrayList data after sorting descending order");
}
}
}
Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
275 | P a g e

al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("Sravya");
System.out.println("ArrayList data after sorting");
}
}
}
 in above example to perform the sorting of data by using natural sorting order then your objects
must be homogeneous and must implements comparable interface.
 The default natural sorting order internally uses compareTo() method to perform sorting and it
compare to objects and it return int value as a return value.
ata . o pa eTo a u ==> +ve ==>change the order
ata . o pa eTo ata ==> 0 ==>no change
a u . o pa eTo ata ==> -ve ==>no change
Example:-
The sorting object(Emp) Not implementing Comparable interface hence it does not perform sorting.
import java.util.*;
class Test
}
}
When we execute the above example JVM will generate Exception,
java.lang.ClassCastException: Emp cannot be cast to java.lang.Comparable
Example :-
If the Class contains Heterogeneous data sorting is not possible.
import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add("ratan");
al.add(10);
Collections.sort(al);//java.lang.ClassCastException
}
}
To overcome above two cases exception use Comparable or Comparator interfaces to perform sorting.
276 | P a g e
Comparable vs Comparator :-
 If we want to perform default natural sorting order then your objects must be
homogeneous & comparable.
 Comparable objects are nothing but the objects which are implements comparable
interface.
 All wrapper classes & String objects are implementing Comparable interface hence it is
possible to perform sorting.
 If we want to sort user defined class like Emp based on eid or ename with
default natural sorting order then your class must implements Comparable
interface.
 Comparable interface present in java.lang package it contains only one
method compareTo(obj) then must override that method to write the sorting
logics.
public abstract int compareTo(T);
 If your class is implementing Comparable interface then that objects are
sorted automatically by using Collections.sort(). And the objects are
sorted by using compareTo() method of that class.
Normal version of comparable:-
Emp.java:-
class Emp implements Comparable
{ int eid;
String ename;
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
public int compareTo(Object o)
{ Emp e = (Emp)o;
if (eid == e.eid )
{ return 0; }
else if (eid > e.eid)
{ return 1; }
else
{ return -1; }
}
}
Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
277 | P a g e
Iterator itr = al.iterator();
while (itr.hasNext())
{ Emp e = (Emp)itr.next();
}
}
}
Generic version of Comparable:-
class Emp implements Comparable<Emp>
{ int eid;
String ename;
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
public int compareTo(Emp e)
{ return ename.compareTo(e.ename);
}
}
Java.utilComparator :-
 For the default sorting order use comparable but for customized sorting order we can
use Comparator.
 The class whose objects are stored do not implements this interface some third party
class can also implements this interface.
 Comparable present in java.lang package but Comparator present in java.util package.
 Comparator interface contains two methods,
public interface java.util.Comparator<T> {
public abstract int compare(T, T);
public abstract boolean equals(java.lang.Object);
}
Normal version of Comparator:-
Emp.java:-
class Emp
{ int eid;
String ename;
{ this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
}
EidComp.java:-
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import java.util.Comparator;
class EidComp implements Comparator
{ public int compare(Object o1,Object o2)
{ Emp e1 = (Emp)o1;
Emp e2 = (Emp)o2;
if (e1.eid==e2.eid)
{ return 0; }
else if (e1.eid>e2.eid)
{ return 1; }
else
{ return -1; }
}
}
EnameComp.java:-
class EnameComp implements Comparator
{ Emp e1 = (Emp)o1;
Emp e2 = (Emp)o2;
return (e1.ename).compareTo(e2.ename);
}
}
Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add(new Emp(444,"xxx"));
System.out.println("sorting by eid");
Collections.sort(al,new EidComp());
Iterator<Emp> itr = al.iterator();
{ Emp e = itr.next();
}
System.out.println("sorting by ename");
Collections.sort(al,new EnameComp());
Iterator<Emp> itr1 = al.iterator();
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{ Emp e = itr1.next();
}
}
}
D:\vikram>java Test
sorting by eid
111---Sravya
222---anu
333---ratan
444---xxx
sorting by ename
222---anu
111---Sravya
333---ratan
444---xxx
The above example code:-(with generic version)

EnameComp.java:-
class EnameComp implements Comparator<Emp>
{ public int compare(Emp e1,Emp e2)
{ return (e1.ename).compareTo(e2.ename);
}
}
EidComp.java:-
class EidComp implements Comparator<Emp>
{ public int compare(Emp e1,Emp e2)
{ ***************
***************
}
}
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Java.lang.Comparable vs java.util.Comparator:-
Property Comparable Comparator
1. Sorting logics 1) Sorting logics must I. Sorting logics in
be in the class separate class
whose class objects hence we are able
are sorting. to sort the data by
using dif attributes.
2. Sorting method 2) Int compareTo(Object o1) II. int compare(Object

This method compares o1,Object o2)
this object with o1 This method compares o1
object and returns and o2 objects. and
a integer.Its value has returns a integer.Its value
following meaning has following meaning.
positive – this object positive – o1 is
is greater than o1 greater than o2
zero – this object zero – o1 equals to o2
equals to o1 negative – o1 is less
negative – this than o1
object is less than o1
3. Method calling to 3) Collections.sort(List) III. Collections.sort(List,

perform sorting Here objects will be Comparator)
sorted on the basis of Here objects will be
CompareTo method. sorted on the basis of
Compare method in
4. package 4) Java.lang Comparator
IV. Java.util
5) Default natual V. For customized
5. which type of
sorting order sorting order.
sorting
java.util.LinkedList:-
public class java.util.LinkedList extends java.util.AbstractSequentialList
java.util.Deque<E>,
1) Introduced in 1.2 version.
2) Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
3) Null insertion is possible.
4) Insertion order is preserved.
5) LinkedList methods are non-synchronized.
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7) The under laying data structure is double linkedlist.

8) cursors :- Iterator,ListIterator
constructors:-
LinkedList(); it builds a empty LinkedList.
LinkedList(java/util/Collection<? extends E>);
it builds a LinkedList that initialized with the collection data.
Example:- LinkedList basic operations.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ LinkedList<String> l=new LinkedList<String>();
l.add("B");
l.add("C");
l.add("D");
l.add("E");
l.addLast("Z"); //it add object in last position
l.addFirst("A"); //it add object in first position
l.add(1,"A1"); //add the Object spcified index
System.out.println("original content:-"+l);
l.removeFirst(); //remove first Object
l.removeLast(); //remove last t Object
System.out.println("after deletion first & last:-"+l);
l.remove("E"); //remove specified Object
l.remove(2); //remove the object of specified index
System.out.println("after deletion :-"+l);//A1 B D
String val = l.get(0); //get method used to get the element
l.set(2,val+"cahged"); //set method used to replacement
System.out.println("after seting:-"+l);
}
};
D:\>java Test
original content:-[A, A1, B, C, D, E, Z]
after deletion first & last:-[A1, B, C, D, E]
after deletion :-[A1, B, D]
after seting:-[A1, B, A1cahged]
Example:-Adding one collection data into another Collection.

import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add("ratan");
al.add("balu");
LinkedList<String> linked = new LinkedList<String>(al);

linked.add("anu");
linked.add("simran");
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System.out.println(linked);
}
}
E:\>java Test
[ratan, balu, anu, simran]
Example :- LinkedList cloneing process:-

import java.util.*;
class Test
{
LinkedList<String> arrl = new LinkedList<String>();
arrl.add("First");
arrl.add("Second");
arrl.add("Third");
arrl.add("Random");
System.out.println("Actual LinkedList:"+arrl);
LinkedLis copy = (LinkedLis) arrl.clone();
System.out.println("Cloned LinkedList:"+copy);
}
}
E:\>java Test
Actual LinkedList:[First, Second, Third, Random]
Cloned LinkedList:[First, Second, Third, Random]
Vector:- (legacy class introduced in 1.0 version)

public class java.util.Vector extends java.util.AbstractList
java.util.RandomAccess,
1) Introduced in 1.0 version it is a legacy class.
4) Null insertion is possible.
6) The under laying data structure is growable array.
7) Vector methods are synchronized.
8) Applicable cursors are Iterator,Enumeration,ListIterator.
Vector constructors:-
Vector();
Vector(int initialCapacity);
Vector(int intialCapacity, int increment);
Vector(java/util/Collection<? extends E>);
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Constructor 1:-
The default initial capacity of the Vector is 10 once it reaches its maximum capacity it
means when we trying to insert 11 element that capacity will become double[20].
Vector v = new Vector();
System.out.println(v.capacity()); //10
v.add("ratan");
System.out.println(v.size()); //1
Constructor 2:-
It is possible to create vector with specified capacity by using fallowing constructor. in
this case once vector reaches its maximum capacity then size is double based on provided initial
capacity.
Vector v = new Vector(int initial-capacity);
Vector<String> vv = new Vector<String>(3);
System.out.println(vv.capacity()); //3
vv.add("aaa");
vv.add("bbb");
vv.add("ccc");
vv.add("ddd");
System.out.println(vv.capacity()); //6
System.out.println(vv.size()); //4
Constructor 3:-
It is possible to create vector with initial capacity and providing increment capacity by
using fallowing constructor.
Vector v = new Vector(int initial-capacity, int increment-capacity);
Vector<String> v = new Vector<String>(2,5);
v.add("ratan");
v.add("aruna");
v.add("Sravya");
System.out.println(v.size()); //3
Constructor 4:-
Vector(java/util/Collection<? extends E>);
It creates the Vector that contains another Collection data.
Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add("no1");
al.add("no2");
Vector<String> v = new Vector<String>(al);
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v.add("ratan");
v.add("aruna");
System.out.println(v);
ArrayList<String> a2 = new ArrayList<String>(v);

a2.add("xxx");
a2.add("yyy");
}
}
E:\>java Test
[no1, no2, ratan, aruna]
[no1, no2, ratan, aruna, xxx, yyy]
Example:-
In below example Vector class removeElement() method removes the data
always based on object but not index.
Vector v=new Vector(); Vector v=new Vector();
v.addElement("ratan"); v.addElement("ratan");
v.removeElement("ratan"); v.removeElement(0);
System.out.println(v); //[ ] empty output System.out.println(v); //[ratan]
The List interface remove() method removes the data based on index and object.
Vector v=new Vector();
v.addElement("ratan");
v.remove(0);
System.out.println(v); //[ ] empty output
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
Vector<Integer> v=new Vector<Integer>(); //generic version of vector
for (int i=0;i<5 ;i++ )
{ v.addElement(i);
}
v.addElement(6);
v.removeElement(1); //it removes element object based
Enumeration<Integer> e = v.elements();
while (e.hasMoreElements())
{ Integer i = e.nextElement();
}
v.clear(); //it removes all objects of vector
System.out.println(v);
}
}
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E:\>java Test
01246[]
Copying data from Vector to ArrayList:-
To copy data from one class to another class use copy() method of Collections class.
import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add("10");
al.add("20");
al.add("30");
Vector<String> v = new Vector<String>();
v.add("ten");
v.add("twenty");
//copy data from vector to ArrayList
Collections.copy(al,v);
}
}
D:\vikram>java Test
[ten, twenty, 30]
Passing data {ArrayList to Vector} & Vector to ArrayList:-

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ ArrayList<String> a1 = new ArrayList<String>();
a1.add("ratan");
a1.add("anu");
a1.add("Sravya");
a1.add("yadhu");
//ArrayList - Vector
Vector<String> v = new Vector<String>(a1);
v.add("xxx");
v.add("yyy");
System.out.println(v); //[ratan, anu, Sravya, yadhu, xxx, yyy]
//Vector-ArrayList
ArrayList<String> a2 = new ArrayList<String>(v);
a2.add("suneel");
System.out.println(a2); //[ratan, anu, Sravya, yadhu, xxx, yyy, suneel]
}
}
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Stack:- (legacy class introduced in 1.0 version)

1) It is a child class of vector.
2) Introduce in 1.0 version it is a legacy class.
3) It is designed for LIFO(last in fist order ).
Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ Stack<String> s = new Stack<String>();
s.push("ratan"); //insert the data top of the stack
s.push("anu"); //insert the data top of the stack
s.push("Sravya");
System.out.println(s);
System.out.println(s.search("Sravya")); //1 last added object will become first
System.out.println(s.size());
System.out.println(s.peek()); //to return last element of the Stack
s.pop(); //remove the data top of the stack
System.out.println(s);
System.out.println(s.isEmpty());
s.clear();
System.out.println(s.isEmpty());
}
}
Example :-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ String reverse="";
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter input string to check palendrome or not");
String str = s.nextLine();
Stack stack = new Stack();
for (int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
{ stack.push(str.charAt(i));
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}
while (!stack.isEmpty())
{ reverse=reverse+stack.pop();
}
if (str.equals(reverse))
{ System.out.println("the input String palindrome");
}
else
{ System.out.println("the input String not- palindrome");
}
}
}
EmpBean.java:-
public class EmpBean implements Comparable<EmpBean>
{ private int eid;
private String ename;
public void setEid(int eid)
{ this.eid=eid;
}
public void setEname(String ename)
{ this.ename=ename;
}
public int getEid()
{return eid;
}
public String getEname()
{return ename;
}
public int compareTo(EmpBean o)
{ if (eid==o.eid)
{return 0;
}
if (eid>o.eid)
{return 1;
}
else{return -1;}
}
};
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Set interface:-
collection(i) 1.2 v
extends
1.2v
Set(i)
implements implements
1.2 v HashSet(c) SortedSet(i) 1.2V
extends extends
1.4 v
LinkedHashSet(c) NavigableSet(i) 1.6v
implements
TreeSet(c) 1.2v
Java.util.HashSet:-
public class java.util.HashSet extends java.util.AbstractSet
implements java.util.Set<E>,
Note:- in entire Collections <E> specifies the type of the Object the Collection
implementation classes will hold.
constructors:-
HashSet(); it creates default HashSet.
HashSet(java/util/Collection<? extends E>);
It initialize the HashSet by passing another collection data.
HashSet(int capacity);
It create the HashSet by specified capacity. And the default capacity of HashSet is 16.
HashSet(int capacity,float fillRatio);
It initialize both capacity and fillratio(also called as load factor) and fillration must be 0.0
to 1.0 after filling this ratio a new HashSet object is created.
The default fill ratio is 0.75.
Note :- The Set interface and HashSet,LinkedHashSet class does not contains new methods it
uses super class methods if you want check the predefined support by using javap command.
Javap java.util.Set
Javap java.util.HashSet
1) Introduced in 1.2 version.
289 | P a g e

3) Duplicate objects are not allowed if we are trying to insert duplicate values then we won't get
any compilation & Execution errors simply add method returns false .
4) Null insertion is possible but if we are inserting more than one null it return only one null value
(because duplicates are not allowed).
5) The under laying data structure is HashTable.
6) Insertion order is not preserved it is based on the hash code of the object (hashing mechanism).
7) Methods are non-synchronized.
8) It supports only Iterator cursor to retrieve the data.
Example:-HashSet data duplication.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ HashSet<String> h = new HashSet<String>();
h.add("C");
h.add("D");
System.out.println(h.add("D"));
System.out.println(h.add("D"));
System.out.println(h);
}
}
E:\>java Test
false
false
[D, C]
Example:- HashSet with cursor.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ HashSet<String> h = new HashSet<String>();
h.add("A");
h.add("B");
h.add("C");
h.add("D");
h.add("D");
//creation of Iterator Object
Iterator<String> itr = h.iterator();
{ String str = itr.next();
}
}
}
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Example:-Adding one collection data into another.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ HashSet<String> h1 = new HashSet<String>();
h1.add("ratan");
h1.add("anu");
h1.add("Sravya");
HashSet<String> h2 = new HashSet<String>(h1);
h2.add("no1");
h2.add("no2");
System.out.println(h2);
}
}
E:\>java Test
[Sravya, ratan, anu, no2, no1]
Java.util.LinkedHashSet:-
public class java.util.LinkedHashSet extends java.util.HashSet
implements java.util.Set<E>,
1. Introduced in 1.4 version and It is a child class of HashSet.
2. Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
3. Duplicate objects are not allowed if we are trying to insert duplicate values then we
won’t get any compilation & Execution errors simply add method return false.
4. Insertion order is preserved.
5. Null insertion is possible only once(because duplication is not possible).
6. The under laying data structure is LinkedList & hashTable.
7. Methods are non-synchronized.
8. It supports only Iterator cursor o retrieve the data.
Conastructors:-
LinkedHashSet();
LinkedHashSet(java/util/Collection<? extends E>);
LinkedHashSet(int capacity);
LinkedHashSet(int capacity,float fillRatio);
Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ Set<String> h = new LinkedHashSet<String>();
h.add("A");
h.add("B");
h.add("C");
h.add("D");
h.add("D");
Iterator<String> itr = h.iterator();
291 | P a g e
{String str = itr.next();
System.out.print(str);
}
}
}
E:\>java Test
ABCD
Java.util.TreeSet:-
public class java.util.TreeSet extends java.util.AbstractSet<E>
implements java.util.NavigableSet<E>,
<E> specifies the type of the Object the set will be hold.
Constructors:-
TreeSet();
It will create empty TreeSet that will be sorted in ascending order according to natural order of
its elements.
TreeSet(java/util/Collection<? extends E>);
It creates the TreeSet with some collection data.
TreeSet(java/util/Comparator<? super E>);
It will create empty TreeSet with comparator specified sorting order (customization or sorting).
TreeSet(java/util/SortedSet<E>);
It builds the TreeSet that contains the elements of SortedSet.
1. TreeSet introduced in 1.2 version.

2. Heterogeneous data is not allowed.
3. Insertion order is not preserved but it sorts the elements in some sorting order.
4. Duplicate objects are not allowed.
5. Null insertion is possible only once.
6. TreeSet Methods are non-synchronized.
7. The underlying data Structure is Balanced Tree.
8. It supports Iterator cursor to retrieve the data.
Case -1: TreeSet<String> t=new TreeSet<String>();

t.add("ratan");
t.add("anu");
t.add("sravya");
System.out.println(t); //[anu, ratan, sravya]
 When we insert the data in TreeSet, by default it prints the data in sorting order(ascending or
alphabetical order) because it is implementing SortedSet interface.
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 To perform the sorting internally it uses compareTo() method and it compare the two objects it
returns int value as a return value.
ata . o pa eTo a u ==> +ve ==>change the order
ata . o pa eTo ata ==> 0 ==>no change
a u . o pa eTo ata ==> -ve ==>no change
Case 2:-
TreeSet t=new TreeSet();
t.add("ratan");
t.add("anu");
t.add(10); // java.lang.ClassCastException
 TreeSet allows homogeneous data, if we are trying to insert heterogeneous data while
performing sorting by using compareTo() JVM will generate java.lang.ClassCastException
(because it is not possible to compare integer data with String) .
Case 3:-
TreeSet t=new TreeSet();
t.add("ratan");
t.add(null); //java.lang.NullPointerException
 If the TreeSet contains data if we are trying to insert null value at the time of comparison JVM
will generate //java.lang.NullPointerException.
 In java any object with comparison of null it will generate java.lang.NullPointerException.
Case 4:-` TreeSet t=new TreeSet();

t.add(null);
System.out.println(t);//[null]
 In empty TreeSet it is possible to insert null value because it is not performing any comparisons.
Example:-TreeSet default sorting order.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ TreeSet<String> t = new TreeSet<String>();
t.add("ratan");
t.add("anu");
t.add("sravya");
TreeSet<Integer> t1 = new TreeSet<Integer>();

t1.add(10);
t1.add(12);
t1.add(8);
}
}
E:\>java Test
[anu, ratan, sravya]
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[8, 10, 12]
Example:-TreeSet customized Sorting Order.

import java.util.*;
class Fruit
{ TreeSet<String> t = new TreeSet<String>(new MyComp());
t.add("orange");
t.add("banana");
t.add("apple");
}
}
class MyComp implements Comparator<String>
{ public int compare(String s1,String s2)
{ return s1.compareTo(s2);//[apple, bananna, orange]
//return -s1.compareTo(s2);//[orange, bananna, apple]
}
};
Example:-Different possibilities of sorting order.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ TreeSet<Integer> t=new TreeSet<Integer>(new MyComp()); // line-1
t.add(50);
t.add(20);
t.add(40);
t.add(10);
t.add(30);
}
}
import java.util.*;
class MyComp implements Comparator
{ Integer i1 = (Integer)o1;
Integer i2 = (Integer)o2;
//check all possibilities by placing comments
//return i1.compareTo(i2);
//return -i1.compareTo(i2);
//return i2.compareTo(i1);
//return -i2.compareTo(i1);
//return -1;
//return +1;
//return 0;
}
}
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Observation-1:
in above example at line number-1 if we are not passing comparator object then JVM will call
compareTo() method as part of default sorting order .
Based on above line the default sorting will done by using compareTo() method.
Observation-2:-
In above example at line number 1 if we are passing comparator object then JVM will call
compare() method to perform sorting instead of compareTo() method.
Example :-write a program to insert String data into TreeSet to perform sorting in reverse of
alphabetical order.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ TreeSet<String> t = new TreeSet<String>(new MyComp());
t.add("ratan");
t.add("anu");
t.add("aravya");
t.add("aruna");
}
}
class MyComp implements Comparator<String>
{ public int compare(String s1,String s2)
{ return s2.compareTo(s1);
//return -s1.compareTo(s2);
}
};
Example :-write a program to insert StringBuffer data into TreeSet to perform sorting in alphabetical
order.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ TreeSet<StringBuffer> t = new TreeSet<StringBuffer>(new MyComp());
t.add(new StringBuffer("ccc"));
t.add(new StringBuffer("aaa"));
t.add(new StringBuffer("ddd"));
t.add(new StringBuffer("bbb"));
}
}
class MyComp implements Comparator<StringBuffer>
{ public int compare(StringBuffer sb1,StringBuffer sb2)
{ String s1 = sb1.toString();
String s2 = sb2.toString();
//return s2.compareTo(s1);
return -s1.compareTo(s2);
}
295 | P a g e
};
Example :- write a program to insert String & StringBuffer object into TreeSet, where sorting is
increasing length order. If two objects are having same length then use alphabetical order.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ TreeSet t = new TreeSet(new MyComp());
t.add("ratan");
t.add(new StringBuffer("sravya"));
t.add("anu");
t.add(new StringBuffer("suneelbabu"));
t.add("sri");
}
}
{ String s1 = o1.toString();
String s2 = o2.toString();
int l1=s1.length();
int l2=s2.length();
if (l1<l2)
{ return -1;
}
else if (l1>l2)
{ return 1;
}
else
{ return s1.compareTo(s2);
}
}
};
Example:- passing sortedset object to TreeSet constructor.
import java.util.*;
class Sravya
{ TreeSet<Integer> t=new TreeSet<Integer>();
t.add(20);
t.add(40);
t.add(10);
t.add(30);
System.out.println(t); //10 20 30 40
SortedSet s = t.headSet(30);
TreeSet tt = new TreeSet(s);
System.out.println(tt); //10 20
}
}
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Example :-Elimination duplicate objects by using set interface.

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ String[] str={"ratan","anu","sravya","anu"};
List<String> l = Arrays.asList(str);
TreeSet<String> t = new TreeSet<String>(l);

}
}
E:\>java Test
[anu, ratan, sravya]
Example :-basic operations on TreeSet.

public E first(); it print first element
public E last(); it print last element
public E lower(E); it print lower object of specified object
public E higher(E); it print higher object of specified object
public java/util/SortedSet<E> subSet(E, E); it print subset
public java/util/SortedSet<E> headSet(E); it print specified object above objects
public java/util/SortedSet<E> tailSet(E); it print specified objects below values
public E pollFirst(); it print and remove first
public E pollLast(); it print and remove last.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ TreeSet<Integer> t=new TreeSet<Integer>();
t.add(50);
t.add(20);
t.add(40);
t.add(10);
t.add(30);
System.out.println(t);//10 20 30 40 50
System.out.println(t.headSet(30));//[10,20]
System.out.println(t.tailSet(30));//[30,40,50]
System.out.println(t.subSet(20,50));//[20,30,40]
System.out.println("last element="+t.last());//50
System.out.println("first element="+t.first());//10
System.out.println("lower element="+t.lower(50));//40
System.out.println("higher element="+t.higher(20));//30
System.out.println("print & remove first element="+t.pollFirst());//10
System.out.println("print & remove last element="+t.pollLast());//50
System.out.println("final elements="+t);//20 30 40
System.out.println("TreeSet size="+t.size());//3
System.out.println(t.remove(30));
System.out.println("TreeSet size="+t.size());//2
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System.out.println("final elements="+t);//20 40
}
}
E:\>java Test
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
[10, 20]
[30, 40, 50]
[20, 30, 40]
last element=50
first element=10
lower element=40
higher element=30
print & remove first element=10
print & remove last element=50
final elements=[20, 30, 40]
TreeSet size=3
TreeSet size=true
TreeSet size=2
final elements=[20, 40]
Map interface:-
1.2v
Map(i)
implements implements
1.2 v HashMap(c) SortedMap(i) 1.2V
extends extends
1.4 v
LinkedHashMap(c NavigableMap(i) 1.6v
)
implements
TreeMap(C) 1.2v
Java.util.HashMap:-
public class java.util.HashMap extends java.util.AbstractMap
implements java.util.Map
1) introduced in 1.2 version.
2) Heterogeneous data allowed.
3) Underlying data Structure is HashTable.
298 | P a g e
4) Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.

5) Insertion order is not preserved it is based on hashcode.
6) Null is allowed for key(only once)and allows for values any number of times.
7) Every method is non-synchronized so multiple Threads are operate at a time hence
permanence is high.
Constructors:-
HashMap(); it creates default HashMap.
HashMap(java/util/Map<? extends K, ? extends V> var);
it creates the HashMap by initializing the values specified in var.
HashMap(int capacity);
It creates the hashmap with specified capacity but the default capacity is 16.
HashMap(int capacity, float fillRatio);
It creates the hashMap with specified capacity & fillRatio.(default capacity is 16 & default fill
ratio 0.75)
Entry:-
 The each and every key value pair is called Entry.
 The Map contains group of entries.
 Entry is sub interface of Map interface hence get the entry interface by using Map interface.
interface Map
{ interface Entry
{ public abstract Object getKey();
public abstract Object getValue();
public abstract Object setValue();
}
}
 To get all the keys use keyset() method.
public java/util/Set<K> keySet();
 To get all the values use values() method.
public java/util/Collection<V> values();
 To get all the entries use entrySet() method.
public java/util/Set<java/util/Map$Entry<K, V>> entrySet();
Example :-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ HashMap h = new HashMap();
h.put(111,"ratan");
h.put(222,"anu");
h.put(333,"banu");
//keySet() to get all keys.
Set s1=h.keySet();
System.out.println("all keys:--->"+s1);
//values() to get all the values.
Collection c = h.values();
System.out.println("all values--->"+c);
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//entrySet() to get all the entries.

Set ss = h.entrySet();
System.out.println("all entries--->"+ss);
Iterator itr = ss.iterator();
{ Map.Entry m= (Map.Entry)itr.next();
System.out.println(m.getKey()+"----"+m.getValue());
}
}
};
E:\>java Test
all keys:--->[222, 111, 333]
all values--->[anu, ratan, banu]
all entries--->[222=anu, 111=ratan, 333=banu]
222----anu
111----ratan
333----banu
Java.util.LinkedHashMap:-
public class java.util.LinkedHashMap extends java.util.HashMap
1) interdicted in 1.4 version
2) Heterogeneous data allowed.
3) Underlying data Structure is HashTable & linkedlist.
6) Null is allowed for key(only once)and allows for values any number of times.
7) Every method is non-synchronized so multiple Threads are operate at a time hence permanence
is high.
Constructors:-
LinkedHashMap(); it creates default HashMap.
LinkedHashMap(java/util/Map<? extends K, ? extends V> var);
LinkedHashMap(int capacity);
LinkedHashMap(int capacity, float fillRatio);
ratio 0.75)
Emp.java:
class Emp //Student.java
{ int eid; class Student
String ename; { //instance variables
Emp(int eid,String ename) int sid;
{this.eid=eid; String sname;
this.ename=ename; Student(int sid,String sname)//local
} variables
} { this.sname=sname; this.sid=sid;
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} }
Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ LinkedHashMap<Emp,Student> h = new LinkedHashMap<Emp,Student>();
h.put(new Emp(111,"ratan"), new Student(1,"budha"));
h.put(new Emp(222,"anu"), new Student(2,"ashok"));
Set s = h.entrySet();
Iterator itr = s.iterator();
{ Map.Entry m = (Map.Entry)itr.next();
Emp e = (Emp)m.getKey();
System.out.println(e.ename+"--"+e.eid);
Student ss = (Student)m.getValue();
System.out.println(ss.sname+"--"+ss.sid);
}
}
}
Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
Map<Integer,String> h1 = new LinkedHashMap<Integer,String>();
h1.put(111,"ratan");
h1.put(222,"sravya");
Map<Integer,String> h2 = new LinkedHashMap<Integer,String>(h1);

h2.put(333,"anu");
for (Map.Entry m : h2.entrySet())

{ System.out.println(m.getKey()+"---"+m.getValue());
}
}
}
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Java.util.HashTable:-
public class java.util.Hashtable extends java.util.Dictionary
implements java.util.Map,java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
1. Introduced in the 1.0 version it s a lega lass.
2. Heterogeneous data allowed for both key & value.
3. Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.
4. Every method is synchronized hence only one thread is allowed to access it is a Thread safe but
performance is decreased.
5. Null is not allowed for both key & Value , if we are trying to insert null values we will get
NullPointerException.
6. HashTable was made generic by JDK5.
7. The underlaying datastructure is hashtable.
Constructors:-
HashTable(); it creates default HashMap.
HashTable (java/util/Map<? extends K, ? extends V> var);
HashTable (int capacity);
HashTable (int capacity, float fillRatio);
ratio 0.75)
Ex:-
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Set;
class Test
{ Hashtable<String,String> h = new Hashtable<String,String>();
//adding data in HashTable
h.put("1","one");
h.put("2","two");
h.put("3","three");
System.out.println(h.get("1")); //one
System.out.println(h.isEmpty());
h.remove("3");
System.out.println(h.containsKey("1"));
System.out.println(h.containsKey("3"));
System.out.println(h.containsValue("one"));
System.out.println(h.size());
//to get all values objects
Collection<String> c = h.values();
for (String i : c)
{ System.out.println(i);
}
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//to get all key objects

Set<String> s = h.keySet();
for (String ss : s)
{ System.out.println(ss);
}
}
}
Java.util.TreeMap:-
public class java.util.TreeMap extends java.util.AbstractMap
implements java.util.NavigableMap,java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
1) This class is introduced in 1.2 version.
2) It allows homogeneous data if we are trying to insert heterogeneous data at runtime while perform
sorting JVM will generate ClassCastException.
4) Insertion order is not preserved it is based on some sorting order of keys.
5) The underlying data structure is red-black trees.
6) For empty treeset it is possible to insert null key once, but if the treeset contains data if we are
inserting null keys at runtime we will get NullPointerException but for the values any number of null
values insertion possible.
Constructors:-
TreeMap();
it will create empty treemap that will be sorted by using natural order of its keys.
TreeMap(java/util/Comparator<? super K>);
It create treemap that will be sorted by using customized sorting oder.
TreeMap(java/util/Map<? extends K, ? extends V>);
It create the treemap with specified data.
TreeMap(java/util/SortedMap<K, ? extends V>);
It creates the treemap by initializing sortedmap data.
Observations of TreeMap:
Case1:- TreeMap h = new TreeMap();
h.put(444,"ratan");
h.put(222,"anu");
h.put(111,"aaa");
System.out.println(h);//{111=aaa, 222=anu, 444=ratan}
In treemap when we insert the data that will be printed in sorting order based on key.
Case 2:- TreeMap h = new TreeMap();
h.put(444,"ratan");
h.put("ratan","aaa"); //java.lang.ClassCastException
Treemap allows homogeneous data, if we are inserting heterogeneous data while performing sorting it
will generate java.lang.ClassCastException.
h.put(444,"ratan");
h.put(null,"aaa"); //java.lang.NullPointerException
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If the treemap contains data then we are adding null value hence while performing sorting it will
generate java.lang.NullPointerException(any object with comparisionof null it will generate
NullPointerException )
h.put(null,"aaa");
System.out.println(h);//{null=aaa}
In empty treemap it is possible to insert null value.
Example:-
import java.util.TreeMap;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
class Test
{ TreeMap<String,String> tmain = new TreeMap<String,String>();
tmain.put("ratan","no1");
tmain.put("anu","no2");
TreeMap<String,String> tsub = new TreeMap<String,String>();

tsub.putAll(tmain);
tsub.put("x","no3");
tsub.put("y","no4");
System.out.println(tsub);
if (tmain.containsKey("ratan"))
{System.out.println("ratan is great");
}
if (tsub.containsValue("no1"))
{System.out.println("no1 ratan only");
}
//printing all the keys
Set<String> s = tsub.keySet();
for (String ss : s)
{ System.out.println(ss);
}
//printing all the values
Collection<String> s1 = tsub.values();
for (String ss1 : s1)
{ System.out.println(ss1);
}
Set<Entry<String,String>> s2 = tsub.entrySet();
for (Entry<String,String> ss2 : s2)
{ System.out.println(ss2);
}
tsub.clear();
System.out.println(tsub);
}
}
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Example:-
import java.util.*;
{ String s1 = (String)o1;
String s2 = (String)o2;
return s2.compareTo(s1);
}
}
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ TreeMap h = new TreeMap(new MyComp());
h.put("ratan",111);
h.put("anu",222);
h.put("zzzz",333);
System.out.println(h);//{zzzz=333, ratan=111, anu=222}
}
}
Example:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ TreeMap h = new TreeMap();
h.put(111,"ratan");
h.put(222,"anu");
h.put(333,"aaa");
h.put(444,"aaa");
Map m = h.subMap(222,444);
System.out.println(m);
System.out.println(h.firstEntry());
System.out.println(h.lastEntry());
System.out.println(h.firstKey());
System.out.println(h.lastKey());
System.out.println(h.lowerKey(222));
System.out.println(h.higherKey(222));
SortedMap s1 = h.headMap(333);
TreeMap t1 = new TreeMap(s1);
SortedMap s2 = h.tailMap(333);
TreeMap t2 = new TreeMap(s2);
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}
}
Example :-
Ceiling()
it return current provided value or greater value but if treemap does not contains same or grater
value then it returns null .
floor():-
it returns current value or less value but if treemap does not contains same value or less then it
return null.
pollFirstEntry:- it removes first entry & it prints that entry.
pollLastEntry():- it removes last entry and it prints that entry.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ TreeMap h = new TreeMap();
h.put(111,"ratan");
h.put(222,"anu");
h.put(444,"aaa");
System.out.println(h.ceilingKey(222));
System.out.println(h.ceilingEntry(333));
System.out.println(h.floorKey(222));
System.out.println(h.floorEntry(333));
System.out.println(h.ceilingKey(666));
Map.Entry m1 = h.pollFirstEntry();
System.out.println(m1.getKey()+"---"+m1.getValue());
Map.Entry m2 = h.pollLastEntry();
System.out.println(m2.getKey()+"---"+m2.getValue());
}
}
Java.util.IdentityHashMap:-
public class java.util.IdentityHashMap extends java.util.AbstractMap
implements java.util.Map,java.io.Serializable, java.lang.Cloneable
It is same as hashmap except one difference,

In case of Hashmap JVM will use equals( ) method to identify duplicate keys.(it performs content
comparison)
In case of identityhashmap JVM will use == operator to identify the duplicate keys.(it perform
reference comparison)
Example:-
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import java.util.*;
class Test
{ //equals() method to identify duplicate keys.
HashMap<Integer,String> h = new HashMap<Integer,String>();
h.put(new Integer(10),"ratan");
h.put(new Integer(10),"anu");
//== operator to identify duplicate keys.

IdentityHashMap<Integer,String> h1 = new IdentityHashMap<Integer,String>();
h1.put(new Integer(10),"ratan");
h1.put(new Integer(10),"anu");
System.out.println(h1);
}
}
E:\>java Test
{10=anu}
{10=anu, 10=ratan}
Java.util.WeakHashMap:-
public class java.util.WeakHashMap extends java.util.AbstractMap
WeakHashMap is same as HashMap except fallowing difference,

If an object is associated with hashmap that object is not destroyed even though it does not contains
any reference type.
But in case of weakhashmap if the object does not contains reference type that object iseligible for
garbage collector even though it associated with weakhashmap.
HashMap System.out.println(h);
import java.util.*; }
class A }
{ public String toString() E:\>java Test
{ return "A"; {A=ratan}
} {A=ratan}
public void finalize()
{System.out.println("object destroyed"); WeakHashMap
} import java.util.*;
}; class A
class Test { public String toString()
{ public static void main(String[] args) { return "A";
{ HashMap h = new HashMap(); }
A a= new A(); public void finalize()
h.put(a,"ratan"); {System.out.println("object destroyed");
System.out.println(h); }
a=null; };
System.gc(); class Test
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{ public static void main(String[] args) System.out.println(h);

{WeakHashMap h = new WeakHashMap(); }
A a= new A(); }
h.put(a,"ratan"); E:\>java Test
System.out.println(h); {A=ratan}
a=null; {}
System.gc(); object destroyed
Java.util.Properties:-
 In standalone applications(JDBC) or web-applications(web sites) the data is frequently changing
like,
a. Database username
b. Database password
c. url
d. d i e …et
 in above scenario for every change must perform modifications in all .java files but it is
complex.to overcome this problem use properties file.
 Properties file is a normal text file with .properties extension & it contains key=value formatted
data but both key and value is string format.
 Once we done modifications on .properties file that modifications are reflected all the .java files.
Abc.properties :-
username = system
password = manager
driver = oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver
trainer = Ratan
Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException,IOException
{ //locate properties file
FileInputStream fis=new FileInputStream("abc.properties");
//load the properties file by using load() method of Properties class
Properties p = new Properties();
p.load(fis);
//get the data from properties class by using getProperty()
String username = p.getProperty("username");
String driver = p.getProperty("driver");
String password = p.getProperty("password");
String trainer = p.getProperty("trainer");
//use the properties file data
System.out.println("DataBase username="+username);
System.out.println("DataBase password ="+password);
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System.out.println("driver ="+driver);
System.out.println("trainer="+trainer);
}
}
Collections:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
al.add("ratan");
al.add("anu");
al.add("Sravya");
//to perform sorting use sort method of collections class
Iterator itr =al.iterator();
{System.out.println(itr.next());
}
}
}
Comparable interface :-
 Comparable interface used to perform sorting of user defined class objects.
 Comparable present in java.lang package and it contains only method
public abstract int compareTo(Object obj-name);
 By using comparable We are able sort the object by suing single data member like
sid,sname.
 String & all Wrapper classes are implement Comparable interface hence if we are
storing these Objects these are comparable.
If first object sid value is greater than existing object then it returns positive//no change in data
If the object sid values is less than existing object then it returns negative.//change location
If any negative or both are equals then it returns zero. //no change in data
Student.java
class Student implements Comparable
{ int sid;
String sname;
Student(int sid,String sname)//local var
{ this.sname=sname; this.sid=sid;
}
public int compareTo(Object obj)
{ Student s = (Student)obj;
if (sid>s.sid)
{return 1;
}
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if (sid<s.sid)
{return -1;
}
If(sid==0){
return 0;}
}
}
Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
{
ArrayList<Student> al = new ArrayList<Student>();
al.add(new Student(11,"ratan"));
al.add(new Student(2,"Sravya"));
al.add(new Student(333,"anu"));
Iterator<Student> itr =al.iterator();
{ Student s = itr.next();
System.out.println(s.sid+"----"+s.sname);
}
}
}
import java.util.*;
class Comp implements Comparator
{
public int compare(Object o1,Object o2)
{
EmpBean e1 = (EmpBean)o1;
EmpBean e2 = (EmpBean)o2;
if (e1.eid==e2.eid)
{return 0;
}
if (e1.eid>e1.eid)
{return 1;
}
else{return -1;}
}
}
import java.util.*;
class Test
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{
TreeSet<EmpBean> s = new TreeSet<EmpBean>(new Comp());
EmpBean e1 = new EmpBean();
e1.setEid(111);
e1.setEname("ratan");
EmpBean e2 = new EmpBean();
e2.setEid(22);
e2.setEname("anu");
s.add(e1);
s.add(e2);
for (EmpBean e:s)

{System.out.println(e.eid+"---"+e.ename);
}
}
}
public class EmpBean implements Comparable<EmpBean>
{ int eid;
String ename;
public void setEid(int eid)
{ this.eid=eid;
}
public void setEname(String ename)
{ this.ename=ename;
}
public int getEid()
{return eid;
}
public String getEname()
{return ename;
}
public int compareTo(EmpBean o)
{
if (eid==o.eid)
{return 0;
}
if (eid>o.eid)
{return 1;
}
else{return -1;}
}
};
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networking
Introduction to networking:-
1) The process of connecting the resources (computers) together to share the data is called
networking.
2) Java.net is package it contains number of classes by using that classes we are able to
connection between the devices (computers) to share the information.
3) Java.net package provide support for the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol),UDP(user data
gram protocol) protocols.
4) In the network we are having to components

a. Sender
b. Receiver
Sender/source: - the person who is sending the data is called sender.
Receiver/destination:- the person who is receiving the data is called receiver.
In the network one system can acts as a sender as well as receiver.
5) In the networking terminology everyone says client and server.

I. Client
II. Server
Client:- the person who is sending the request and taking the response is called client.
Server:- the person who is taking the request and sending the response is called server.
Categories of network:-
We are having two types of networks
1) Per-to-peer network.
2) Client-server network.
Client-server:-
In the client server architecture always client system behaves as a client and server system
behaves as a server.
Peer-to-peer:-
In the peer to peer client system sometimes behaves as a server, server system sometimes
behaves like a client the roles are not fixed.
Types of networks:-
Intranet:-
It is also known as a private network. To share the information in limited area
range(within the organization) then we should go for intranet.
Internet:-
It is also known as public networks. Where the data maintained in a centralized server
hence we are having more sharability. And we can access the data from anywhere else.
Extranet:-
This is extension to the private network means other than the organization , authorized
persons able to access.
The frequently used terms in the networking:-
1) IP Address
2) URL(Uniform Resource Locator)
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3) Protocol
4) Port Number
5) MAC address.
6) Connection oriented and connection less protocol
7) Socket.
Protocol:-
Protocol is a set of rules fallowed by the every computer present in the network this is useful to
send the data physically from one place to another place in the network.
 TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)(connection oriented protocol)
 UDP (User Data Gram Protocol)(connection less protocol)
 Telnet
 SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
 IP (Internet Protocol)
IP Address:-
1) IP Address is a unique identification number given to the computer to indentify it uniquely
in the network.
2) The IP Address is uniquely assigned to the computer it is not duplicated.
3) The IP Address range is 0-255 if we are giving the other than this range that is not allowed.
4) We can identify the particular computer in the network with the help of IP Address.
5) The IP Address contains four digit number
a. 125.0.4.255 ----> Valid
b. 124.654.5.6 ----> Invalid
c. 1.2.3.4.5.6 ----> Invalid
6) Each and every website contains its own IP Address we can access the sites through the
names otherwise IP Address.
Site Name :- www.google.com
IP Address :- 74.125.224.72
Example:-
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
class Test
{ public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("please enter site name");
String sitename=br.readLine();
InetAddress in=InetAddress.getByName(sitename);
System.out.println("the ip address is:"+in);
}
}
java Test
www.google.com
The IP Address is:www.google.com/74.125.236.176
java Test
www.yahoo.com
The IP Address is: www.yahoo.com/ 106.10.139.246
Java Test
Please press enter key then we will get IP Address of the system.
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The IP Address is : local host/we are getting IP Address of the system

Note:- If the internet is not available we are getting java.net.UnKnownHostException.
URL(Uniform Resource Locator):-
1) URL is a class present in the java.net package.
2) By using the URL we are accessing some information present in the world wide web.
3) Example of URL is:-
http://www.Sravyasoft.com:10/Corejava_rattaiah.asp
Protocol path port path

The URL contains information like
a. Protocol to use http://
b. Server name/IP address www.Sravyasoft.com
c. Port number of the particular application and it is optional(:10)
d. File name or directory name Corejava_rattaiah.asp
4) To crate the object for URL we have to use the fallowing syntax
a. URL obj=new URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String path);
b. URL obj=new URL(String protocol, String host, String path);
Example:-
import java.net.*;
class Test
{ URL url=new URL("http://www.Sravyasoft.com:10/index.html");
System.out.println("protocal is:"+url.getProtocol());
System.out.println("host name is:"+url.getHost());
System.out.println("port number is:"+url.getPort());
System.out.println("path is:"+url.getPath());
System.out.println(url);
}
}
Communication using networking :-

In the networking it is possible to do two types of communications.
1) Connection oriented(TCP/IP communication)
2) Connection less(UDP Communication)
Connection Oriented:-
a) In this type of communication we are using combination of two protocols TCP,IP.
b) In this type of communication the main purpose of the TCP is transferred in the form of packets
between the source and destination. And the main purpose of the IP is finding address of a
particular system.
To achieve the fallowing communication the java peoples are provided the fallowing classes.
a. Socket
b. ServerSocket
Layers of the TCP/IP connection.
Application Layer
TCP
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IP
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Application Layer:- Takes the data from the application and sends it to the TCP layer.
TCP Protocol:-
it will take the data which is coming from Application Layer and divides in to small units called
Packets. Then transfer those packets to the next layer called IP. The packet contains group of
bytes of data.
IP:- It will take the pa kets hi h is o i g fro TCP a d prepare e elop alled fra es he e the
frame contains the group of packets. Then it will identify the particular target machine on the basis of
the IP address and sent that frames to the physical layer.
Physical Layer:-Based on the physical medium it will transfer the data to the target machine.
Connection Less :- (UDP)

1) UDP is a protocol by using this protocol we are able to send data without using Physical
Connection.
2) This is a light weight protocol because no need of the connection between the client and server .
3) This is very fast communication compare to the TCP/IP communication.
4) This protocol not sending the data inn proper order there may be chance of missing the data.
5) This communication used to send the Audio and Video data if some bits are lost but we are able
to see the video and images we are getting any problems.
To achieve the UDP communication the java peoples are provided the fallowing classes.
1. DataGrampacket.
2. DataGramSocket.
Socket:-
1) Socket is used to create the connection between the client and server.
2) Socket is nothing but a combination of IP Address and port number.
3) The socket is created at client side.
4) Socket is class present in the java.net package
5) It is acting as a communicator between the client and server.
6) Whenever if we want to send the data first we have to create a socket that is acts as a medium.
Create the socket

1) Socket s=new Socket(int IPAddress, int portNumber);
a. “o ket s= e “o ket . . . , ;
Server IP Address. Server port number.

2) Socket s=new Socket(String HostName, int PortNumber);
a. Socket s=new Socket(Sravyasoft,123);
Client.java:-
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
class Client
{ public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception
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{ Socket s=new Socket("localhost",5555);

String str="ratan from client";
OutputStream os=s.getOutputStream();
PrintStream ps=new PrintStream(os);
ps.println(str);
InputStream is=s.getInputStream();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
String str1=br.readLine();
}
}
Server.java:-
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class Server
{ //to read the data from client
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(5555);
Socket s=ss.accept();
System.out.println("connection is created ");

InputStream is=s.getInputStream();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));

String data=br.readLine();
System.out.println(data);
//write the data to the client

data=data+"this is from server";
OutputStream os=s.getOutputStream();
PrintStream ps=new PrintStream(os);
ps.println(data);
}
}
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Java.awt package
 Abstract Window Tool kit is an API it supports graphical user interface programming.
 By using java.awt package we are able to develop the components like
o Te tFiled , La el, Butto ,Che k o ,‘adioButto …..et
 AWT components are platform dependent it displays the application according to the view of
operating system.
 By using java.awt package we are able to prepare static components to provide the dynamic
nature to the component use java.awt.event package.(it is a sub package of java.awt).

1. This application not providing very good look and feel hence the normal users facing problem
with these types of applications.
2. By using AWT we are preparing application these applications are called console based or CUI
application.
Note
Java.awt package is used to prepare static components.
Java.awt.event package is used to provide the life to the static components.
GUI(graphical user interface):-
1. It is a mediator between end user and the program.

2. AWT is a package it will provide very good predefined support to design GUI applications.
component :-
 The root class of java.awt package is Component class.
 Component is an object which is displayed pictorially on the screen.
Ex:- Button,Label,TextField......etc
Container:-
 it is a component in awt that contains another components like Butto ,Te tField…et
 Container is a sub class of Component class.
 The classes that extends container classes those classes are containers such as Frame, Dialog
and Panel.
Event:-
The event nothing but a action generated on the component or the change is made on the state
of the object.
Ex:-
Button clicked, Checkboxchecked, Itemselected in the list, Scrollbar scrolled
horizontal/vertically.
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Classes of AWT:-
The classes present in the AWT package.
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Java.awt.Frame:-
Frame is a Basic component in AWT, it contains other components like Button, TextField...etc.
There are two approaches to create a frame
1) By extending Frame class.
2) By creating Object of Frame class.
Constructors:-
Frame f=new Frame();
Frame f=new Frame("MyFrame");
Characteristics of the Frame:-
 When we create a Frame class object the Frame will be created automatically with invisible
mode so to provide visible nature to the frame use setVisible() method of Frame class.
public void setVisible(boolean b)
where b==true visible mode b==false means invisible mode.
 When we created a Frame the initial size of the Frame is 0 pixel heights & 0 pixel width so it is
not visible to use. To provide particular size to the Frame we have to use setSize() method.
public void setSize(int width,int height)
 To provide title to the Frame use. public void setTitle(String Title)
 When we create a Frame, the default background color of the Frame is white. If you want to
provide particular color to the Frame we have to use the following method.
public void setBackground(color c)
Example-1 :- creation of Frame By creating Object of Frame class.

import java.awt.*;
class Demo
{ Frame f=new Frame(); //frame creation
f.setVisible(true); //now frame is visible by default not visible
f.setSize(400,400); //set the size of the frame
f.setBackground(Color.red); //set the background
f.setTitle("myframe"); //set the title of the frame
}
};
***CRATION OF FRAME BY TAKING USER DEFINED CLASS****

import java.awt.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame
{ MyFrame()
{ setVisible(true);
setSize(500,500);
setTitle("myframe");
setBackground(Color.red);
}
}
class Demo
{ MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};
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To display text on the screen:-

1. If you want to display some textual message or some graphical shapes on the Frame then we
have to override paint(), which is present in the Frame class.
public void paint(Graphics g)
2. To set a particular font to the text,we have to use Font class present in java.awt package
Font f=new Font(String type,int style,int size);
Ex: Font f= new Font("arial",Font.Bold,30);
Ex :-
import java.awt.*;
class Test extends Frame
{
{
Test t=new Test();
t.setVisible(true);
t.setSize(500,500);
t.setTitle("myframe");
t.setBackground(Color.red);
}
{
Font f=new Font("arial",Font.ITALIC,25);
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString("hi ratan how r u",100,100);
}
}
Note:-
1. When we create a MyFrame class constructor,jvm executes MyFrame class construcor just
before this JVM has to execute Frame class zero argument constructor.
2. In Frame class zero argument constructor repaint() method will be executed, it will access
predefined Frame class paint() method. But as per the requirement overriding paint()
method will be executed.
3. Therefore the paint() will be executed automatically at the time of Frame creation.
Preparation of the components:-

Label: -
1) Label is a constant text which is displayed along with a TextField or TextArea.
2) Label is a class which is present in java.awt package.
3) To display the label we have to add that label into the frame for that purpose we have to use
add() method present in the Frame class.
Constructor:-
Label l=new Label();
La el l= e La el user a e ;
Ex :- class Test
import java.awt.*; {
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{
Frame f=new Frame();
f.setVisible(true);
f.setTitle("ratan");
f.setBackground(Color.red);
f.setSize(400,500);
Label l=new Label("user name:");
f.add(l);
}
}
TextField:-
 TextField is an editable area and it is possible to provide single line of text.
 E ter Butto does t ork o Te tField.
o To set Text to the textarea we have to use t.setTe t Sravya ;
o To get the text form the TextArea we have to use String s=t.getText();
o To append text into the TextArea t.appendText("ratan");
Constructor:-
TextFiled tx=new TextFiled();
TextField tx=new TextField( rata );
Ex :-
import java.awt.*;
class Test
{ Frame f=new Frame();
f.setVisible(true);
f.setSize(400,500);
//TextField tx=new TextField(); empty TextField
TextField tx=new TextField("ratan");
//TextField with data
f.add(tx);
}
}
TextArea:- TextArea is a Editable Area & enter button will work on TextArea.
TextArea t=new TextArea();
TextArea t=new TextArea(int rows,int columns);
 To set Text to the textarea we have to use ta.setTe t Sravya ;
 To get the text form the TextArea we have to use String s=ta.getText();
 To append the text into the TextArea use ta.appendText("ratan");
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import java.awt.*;
class Test
f.setVisible(true);
f.setSize(400,500);
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
Label l=new Label("user name:");
TextArea tx=new TextArea(4,10);//4 character height 10 character width
tx.appendText("ratan");
tx.setText("aruna");
System.out.println(tx.getText());
f.add(l);
f.add(tx);
}
}
Choice:- List is allows to select multiple items but choice is allow to select single Item.
Choice ch=new Choice();
Methods :-
1. To add items to the choice use add() method.
2. To remove item from the choice based on String use remove()method. choice. e o e HYD ;
3. To remove the item based on the index position use choice.remove(2);
4. To remove the all elements ch.removeAll();
5. To inset the data into the choice based on the particular position. choice.i se t , ata ;
6. To get selected item from the choice use String s=ch.getSelectedItem();
7. To get the selected item index number use int a=ch.getSelectedIndex();
ex:- { public static void main(String[] args)
import java.awt.*; { Frame f=new Frame();
class Test f.setVisible(true);
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f.setSize(400,500);
Choice ch=new Choice();
ch.add("c");
ch.add("cpp");
ch.add("java");
ch.add(".net");
ch.remove(".net");
ch.remove(0);
ch.insert("ratan",0);
f.add(ch);
System.out.println(ch.getItem(0));
System.out.println(ch.getSelectedItem());
System.out.println(ch.getSelectedIndex());
//ch.removeAll();
}
}
List: List is providing list of options to select. Based on your requirement we can select any number of
elements. To add the List to the frame we have to use add() method.
CONSTRUCTOR:-
List l=new List(); It will creates the list by default size is four elements.
List l=new List(3); It will display the three items size and it is allow selecting the only single item.
List l=new List(5,true); It will display the five items and it is allow selecting the multiple items.
Methods:-
 To add the elements to the List use list.add ;
 To add the elements to the List at specified index list.add ata , ;
 To remove element from the List use list. e o e ;
 To get selected item from the List use String x=l.get SelectedItem();
 To get selected items from the List we have to use String[] x=s.getSelectedItems()
import java.awt.*;
class Test
f.setVisible(true);
f.setSize(400,500);
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
List l=new List(4,true);
l.add("c"); l.add("cpp"); l.add("java"); l.add(".net");
l.add("ratan"); l.add("arun",0); l.remove(0); f.add(l);
System.out.println(l.getSelectedItem());
}
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Checkbox: - The user can select more than one checkbox at a time.
1) Checkbox cb1=new CheckBox();
2) Checkbox cb2= e Che kBo MCA ;
3) Che k o = e Che kBo B“C ,true);
Methods:-
1. To set a label to the CheckBox explicitly use .setLa el B“C ;
2. To get the label of the checkbox use String str=cb.getLabel();
3. To get state of the CheckBox use Boolean b=ch.getState();
Ex:-
import java.awt.*;
class Test
f.setVisible(true);
f.setSize(400,500);
Checkbox cb1=new Checkbox("BTECH",true);
f.add(cb1);
System.out.println(cb1.getLabel());
System.out.println(cb1.getState());
}
}
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RADIO BUTTON:
 AWT does not provide any predefined support to create RadioButtons.
 It is possible to select Only item from group of items and we are able to create RadioButton by
using two classes.
o CheckBoxgroup
o CheckBox
step 1:- Create CheckBox group object. CheckBoxGroup cg=new CheckBoxGroup();
step 2:- pass Checkboxgroup object to the Checkbox class argument.
Che kBo = e Che kBo ale , g,false ;
Che kBo = e Che kBo fe ale , g,false ;
Methods:-
1) To get the status of the RadioButton use String str=Cb.getState();
2) To get Label of the RadioButton use String str=getLabel().
Ex:-
import java.awt.*;
class Test
f.setVisible(true);
f.setSize(400,500);
CheckboxGroup cg=new CheckboxGroup();
Checkbox cb1=new Checkbox("male",cg,true);
f.add(cb1);
System.out.println(cb1.getLabel());
System.out.println(cb1.getState());
}
}
Layout Managers:-
import java.awt.*;
class Test
f.setVisible(true);
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f.setSize(400,500);
Label l1=new Label("user name:");
TextField tx1=new TextField();
Label l2=new Label("password:");
TextField tx2=new TextField();
Button b=new Button("login");
f.add(l1); f.add(tx1); f.add(l2);
f.add(tx1); f.add(b);
}
}
Event delegation model:-
1. When we create a component the components visible on the screen but it is not possible to
perform any action for example button.
2. Whenever we create a Frame it can be minimized and maximized and resized but it is not
possible to close the Frame even if we click on Frame close Button.
3. The Frame is a static component so it is not possible to perform actions on the Frame.
4. To make static component into dynamic component we have to add some actions to the Frame.
5. To attach actions to the Frame component we need event delegation model.
Whenever we click on button no action will be performed clicking like this is called event.
Event: - Event is nothing but a particular action generated on the particular component.
1. When an event generates on the component the component is unable to respond because
component can't listen the event.
2. To make the component listen the event we have to add listeners to the component.
3. Wherever we are adding listeners to the component the component is able to respond based on
the generated event.
4. A listener is a interface which contain abstract methods and it is present in java.awt.event
package
5. The listeners are different from component to component.
A component delegate event to the listener and listener is designates the event to appropriate
method by executing that method only the event is handled. This is called Event Delegation Model.
Added listener to the Handling method

component
Delegates
Handling method
component Delegates listeners Delegates
Delegates
Click the button(event is raised)
Handling method
Note: -
To attach a particular listener to the Frame we have to use following method
Public void AddxxxListener(xxxListener e)
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Where xxx may be ActionListener,windowListener

The Appropriate Listener for the Fra e is i do Liste er
ScrollBar:-
1. By using ScrollBar we can move the Frame up and down.
ScrollBar s=new ScrollBar(int type)
Type of scrollbar
1. VERTICAL ScrollBar
2. HORIZONTAL ScrollBar
To create a HORIZONTAL ScrollBar:-
ScrollBar sb=new ScrollBar(ScrollBar.HORIZONTAL);
To get the current position of the scrollbar we have to use the following method.
public int getValue()
To create a VERTICAL ScrollBar:-
ScrollBar sb=new ScrollBar(ScrollBar.VERTICAL);
Appropriate Listeners for Components:-
GUI Component Event Name Listner Name Lisener Methods

____________ __________ ____________ _______________
1.Frame Window Event Window Listener 1.Public Void WindowOpened(WindowEvent e)

2.Public Void WindowActivated(WindowEvent e)
3.Public Void WindowDeactivated(WindowEvent e)
4.Public Void WindowClosing(WindowEvent e)
5.Public Void WindowClosed(WindowEvent e)
6.Public Void WindowIconfield(WindowEvent e)
7.Public Void WindowDeiconified(WindowEvent e)
2.Textfield ActionEvent ActionListener 1.Public Void Actionperformed(ActionEvent ae)
3.TextArea ActionEvent ActionListener 1.Public Void Actionperformed(ActionEvent ae)
4.Menu ActionEvent ActionListener 1.Public Void Actionperformed(ActionEvent ae)
5.Button ActionEvent ActionListener 1.Public Void Actionperformed(ActionEvent ae)
6.Checkbox ItemEvent ItemListener 1.Public Void ItemStatechanged(ItemEvent e)
7.Radio ItemEvent ItemListener 1.Public Void ItemStatechanged(ItemEvent e)
8.List ItemEvent ItemListener 1.Public Void ItemStatechanged(ItemEvent e)
9.Choice ItemEvent ItemListener 1.Public Void ItemStatechanged(ItemEvent e)
10.Scrollbar AdjustmentEvent AdjustmentListener 1.Public Void AdjustementValueChanged

(AdjustementEvent e)
11.Mouse MouseEvent MouseListener 1.Public Void MouseEntered(MouseEvent e)

2.Public Void MouseExited(MouseEvent e)
3.Public Void MousePressed(MouseEvent e)
4.Public Void MouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
5.Public Void MouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
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12.Keyboard KeyEvent KeyListener 1.Public Void KeyTyped(KeyEvent e)

2.Public Void KeyPressed(KeyEvent e)
3.Public Void KeyReleased(KeyEvent e)
***PROVIDING CLOSING OPTION TO THE FRAME****
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
{ MyFrame()
{ this.setSize(400,500);
this.setVisible(true);
this.setTitle("myframe");
this.addWindowListener(new myclassimpl());
}
}
class myclassimpl implements WindowListener
{ public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window activated");
}
public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window deactivated");
}
public void windowIconified(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window iconified");
}
public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window deiconified");
}
public void windowClosed(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window closed");
}
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{ System.exit(0);
}
public void windowOpened(WindowEvent e)
{ System.out.println("window Opened");
}
};
class Demo
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}
};
**PROVIDING CLOSEING OPTION TO THE FRAME***
import java.awt.*;
{ MyFrame()
{ this.setVisible(true);
this.setSize(500,500);
this.setBackground(Color.red);
this.setTitle("rattaiah");
this.addWindowListener(new Listenerimpl());
}
};
class Listenerimpl extends WindowAdapter
{ public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
{ System.exit(0);
}
};
class Demo
}
};
Note ;- by using WindowAdaptor class we can close the frame. Internally WindowAdaptor class
implements WindowListener interface. Hence WindowAdaptor class contains empty implementation of
abstract methods.
***PROVIDING CLOSEING OPTION THE FRAME******

import java.awt.*;
{ MyFrame()
this.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter()
{
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public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)

{ System.exit(0);
} });
}
}
class FrameEx
}
};
***WRITE SOME TEXT INTO THE FRAME********
import java.awt.*;
{ MyFrame()
}
{ Font f=new Font("arial",Font.BOLD,20);
g.setFont(f);
this.setForeground(Color.green);
g.drawString("HI BTECH ",100,100);
g.drawString("good boys &",200,200);
g.drawString("good girls",300,300);
}
}
class FrameEx
}
};
********LAYOUT MACHANISUMS FLOWLAYOUT**********
import java.awt.*;
{ Label l1,l2;
TextField tx1,tx2;
Button b;
MyFrame()
this.setBackground(Color.green);
l1=new Label("user name:"); l2=new Label("password:");
tx1=new TextField(25); tx2=new TextField(25);
b=new Button("login");
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tx2.setEchoChar('*');
this.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
this.add(l1); this.add(tx1); this.add(l2); this.add(tx2); this.add(b);
}
}
class Demo
}
};
*****BORDERLAYOUT**********
import java.awt.*;
{ Button b1,b2,b3,b4,b5;
MyFrame()
{ this.setBackground(Color.green);
this.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
b1=new Button("Boys");
b2=new Button("Girls");
b3=new Button("management");
b4=new Button("Teaching Staff");
b5=new Button("non-teaching staff");
this.add("North",b1); this.add("Center",b2);
this.add("South",b3); this.add("East",b4);
this.add("West",b5);
}
}
class Demo
}
};
********CardLayout*************
import java.awt.*;
{ MyFrame()
this.setLayout(new CardLayout());
Button b1=new Button("button1");
this.add("First Card",b1); this.add("Second Card",b2);
this.add("Thrid Card",b3); this.add("Fourth Card",b4);
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this.add("Fifth Card",b5);
}
}
class Demo
}
};
********GRIDLAYOUT**********
import java.awt.*;
{ MyFrame()
this.setLayout(new GridLayout(4,4));
for (int i=0;i<10 ;i++ )
{ Button b=new Button(""+i);
this.add(b);
}
}
};
class Demo
}
};
*********ACTIONLISTENER**********
import java.awt.*;
class myframe extends Frame implements ActionListener
{ TextField tx1,tx2,tx3;
Label l1,l2,l3;
Button b1,b2;
int result;
myframe()
l1=new Label("first value");
l2=new Label("second value");
l3=new Label("result");
tx1=new TextField(25);
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b1=new Button("add");
b2=new Button("mul");
b1.addActionListener(this);
b2.addActionListener(this);
this.add(l1); this.add(tx1); this.add(l2);
this.add(tx2); this.add(l3); this.add(tx3);
this.add(b1); this.add(b2);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{ try{
int fval=Integer.parseInt(tx1.getText());
int sval=Integer.parseInt(tx2.getText());
String label=e.getActionCommand();
if (label.equals("add"))
{ result=fval+sval;
}
if (label.equals("mul"))
{ result=fval*sval;
}
tx3.setText(""+result);
}
catch(Exception ee)
{
ee.printStackTrace();
}
}
};
class Demo
{ myframe f=new myframe();
}
};
***** LOGIN STATUS*********
import java.awt.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame implements ActionListener
{ Label l1,l2;
TextField tx1,tx2;
Button b;
String status="";
MyFrame()
{ setVisible(true);
setSize(400,400);
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setTitle("girls");
setBackground(Color.red);
l1=new Label("user name:");
l2=new Label("password:");
b=new Button("login");
b.addActionListener(this);
tx2.setEchoChar('*');
this.add(l1);
this.add(tx1);
this.add(l2);
this.add(tx2);
this.add(b);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ String uname=tx1.getText();
String upwd=tx2.getText();
if (uname.equals("Sravya")&&upwd.equals("dss"))
{ status="login success"; }
else
{ status="login failure"; }
repaint();
}
{
Font f=new Font("arial",Font.BOLD,30);
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString("Status:----"+status,50,300);
}
}
class Demo
}
};
******MENUITEMS************
import java.awt.*;
class MyFrame extends Frame implements ActionListener
{
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String label="";
MenuBar mb;
Menu m1,m2,m3;
MenuItem mi1,mi2,mi3;
MyFrame()
this.setTitle("myFrame");
mb=new MenuBar();
this.setMenuBar(mb);
m1=new Menu("new");
m2=new Menu("option");
m3=new Menu("edit");
mb.add(m1);
mb.add(m2);
mb.add(m3);
mi1=new MenuItem("open");
mi2=new MenuItem("save");
mi3=new MenuItem("saveas");
mi1.addActionListener(this);
m1.add(mi1);
m1.add(mi2);
m1.add(mi3);
}
{
label=ae.getActionCommand();
repaint();
}

{
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString("Selected item....."+label,50,200);
}
}
class Demo
{
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{
MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
};
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*****MOUSELISTENER INTERFACE**********
import java.awt.*;
class myframe extends Frame implements MouseListener
{ String[] msg=new String[5];
myframe()
this.addMouseListener(this);
}
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
{ msg[0]="mouse clicked......("+e.getX()+","+e.getY()+")";
repaint();
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e)
{ msg[1]="mouse pressed......("+e.getX()+","+e.getY()+")";
repaint();
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
{ msg[2]="mouse released......("+e.getX()+","+e.getY()+")";
repaint();
}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e)
{ msg[3]="mouse entered......("+e.getX()+","+e.getY()+")";
repaint();
}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e)
{ msg[4]="mouse exited......("+e.getX()+","+e.getY()+")";
repaint();
}
{ int X=50;
int Y=100;
for(int i=0;i<msg.length;i++)
{ if (msg[i]!=null)
{ g.drawString(msg[i],X,Y);
Y=Y+50;
}
}
}
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};
class Demo
}
};
*******ITEMLISTENER INTERFACE**********
import java.awt.*;
class myframe extends Frame implements ItemListener
{ String qual="",gen="";
Label l1,l2;
CheckboxGroup cg;
Checkbox c1,c2,c3,c4,c5;
Font f;
myframe()
l1=new Label("Qualification: ");

l2=new Label("Gender: ");
c1=new Checkbox("BSC");
c2=new Checkbox("BTECH");
c3=new Checkbox("MCA");
cg=new CheckboxGroup();
c4=new Checkbox("Male",cg,false);
c5=new Checkbox("Female",cg,true);
c1.addItemListener(this);
this.add(l1); this.add(c1); this.add(c2);

this.add(c3); this.add(l2); this.add(c4);
this.add(c5);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)
{ if(c1.getState()==true)
{ qual=qual+c1.getLabel()+",";
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}
if(c2.getState()==true)
}
}
{ gen=c4.getLabel();
}
{ gen=c5.getLabel();
}
repaint();
}
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString("qualification------>"+qual,50,100);
g.drawString("gender-------------->"+gen,50,150);
qual="";
gen="";
}
}
class rc
}
};
*********KEYLISTENER INTERFACE***********
import java.awt.*;
class myframe extends Frame
{ myframe()
this.addKeyListener(new keyboardimpl());
}
};
class keyboardimpl implements KeyListener
{ public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e)
{ System.out.println("key typed "+e.getKeyChar());
}
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e)
{ System.out.println("key pressed "+e.getKeyChar());
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}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e)
{ System.out.println("key released "+e.getKeyChar());
}
}
class Demo
}
};
***********CHECK LIST AND CHOICE************
import java.awt.*;
class myframe extends Frame implements ItemListener
{ Label l1,l2;
List l;
Choice ch;
String[] tech;
String city="";
myframe()
l1=new Label("Technologies: ");

l2=new Label("City: ");
l=new List(3,true);
l.add("c"); l.add("c++"); l.add("java");
l.addItemListener(this);
ch=new Choice();
ch.add("hyd"); ch.add("chenni"); ch.add("Banglore");
ch.addItemListener(this);
this.add(l1); this.add(l); this.add(l2); this.add(ch);

}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)
{ tech=l.getSelectedItems();
city=ch.getSelectedItem();
repaint();
}
g.setFont(f);
String utech="";
for(int i=0;i<tech.length ;i++ )
{ utech=utech+tech[i]+" "; }
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g.drawString("tech:-------"+utech,50,200);
g.drawString("city---------"+city,50,300);
utech="";
}
}
class Demo
}
};
*********AdjustmentListener**********
import java.awt.*;
class myframe extends Frame implements AdjustmentListener
{ Scrollbar sb;
int position;
myframe()
this.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
sb=new Scrollbar(Scrollbar.VERTICAL);
this.add("East",sb);
sb.addAdjustmentListener(this);
}
public void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent e)
{ position=sb.getValue();
}
{ g.drawString("position:"+position,100,200);
repaint();
}
}
class scrollbarex
}
};
340 | P a g e
SWINGS
1. Sun Micro Systems introduced AWT to prepare GUI applications but awt components not satisfy
the client requirement.
2. An alternative to AWT Netscape Communication has provided set of GUI components in the form
of IFC(Internet Foundation Class) but IFC also provide less performance and it is not satisfy the
client requirement.
3. In the above context[sun+Netscape] combine and introduced common product to design GUI
applications.
Differences between awt and Swings:

 AWT components are heavyweight component but swing components are light weight
component.
 AWT components consume more number of system resources Swings consume less number of
system resources.
 AWT components are platform dependent but Swings are platform independent.
 AWT is provided less number of components where as swings provides more number of
components.
 AWT doesn t provide Tooltip Test support but swing components have provided Tooltip test
support.
in awt for only window closing : windowListener windowAdaptor
In case of swing use small piece of code.
f.setDefaultCloseOption(JFrame.EXIT-ON-CLOSE);
 AWT will not follow MVC but swing follows MVC Model View Controller It is a design pattern to
provide clear separation b/w controller part,model part,view part.
o Controller is a normal java class it will provide controlling.
o View part provides presentation.
o Model part provides required logic.
 In case of AWT we will add the GUI components in the Frame directly but Swing we will add all
GUI components to panes to accommodate GUI components.
Classes of swing:-
341 | P a g e
Example :-
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
class MyFrame extends JFrame
{ JLabel l1,l2,l3,l4,l5,l6,l7;
JTextField tf;
JPasswordField pf;
JCheckBox cb1,cb2,cb3;
JRadioButton rb1,rb2;
JList l;
JComboBox cb;
JTextArea ta;
JButton b;
Container c;
MyFrame() //constructor
{
this.setTitle("SWING GUI COMPONENTS EXAMPLE");
this.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
c=this.getContentPane();
c.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
c.setBackground(Color.green);
l1=new JLabel("User Name");
l2= new JLabel("password");
l3= new JLabel("Qualification");
l4= new JLabel("User Gender");
l5= new JLabel("Technologies");
l6= new JLabel("UserAddress");
l7= new JLabel("comments");
tf=new JTextField(15);
tf.setToolTipText("TextField");
pf=new JPasswordField(15);
pf.setToolTipText("PasswordField");
cb1=new JCheckBox("BSC",false);
cb2=new JCheckBox("MCA",false);
cb3=new JCheckBox("PHD",false);
rb1=new JRadioButton("Male",false);
rb2=new JRadioButton("Female",false);
ButtonGroup bg=new ButtonGroup();
bg.add(rb1); bg.add(rb2);
String[] listitems={"cpp","c","java"};
l=new JList(listitems);
String[] cbitems={"hyd","pune","bangalore"};
cb=new JComboBox(cbitems);
ta=new JTextArea(5,20);
b=new JButton("submit");
c.add(l1); c.add(tf); c.add(l2); c.add(pf);
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c.add(l3); c.add(cb1); c.add(cb2); c.add(cb3);

c.add(l4); c.add(rb1); c.add(rb2); c.add(l5);
c.add(l); c.add(l6); c.add(cb); c.add(l7);
c.add(ta); c.add(b);
}
}
class SwingDemo
}
};
********JCOLORCHOOSER***********
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
class MyFrame extends JFrame implements ChangeListener
{ JColorChooser cc;
Container c;
MyFrame()
c=getContentPane();
cc=new JColorChooser();
cc.getSelectionModel().addChangeListener(this);
c.add(cc);
}
public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent c)
{ Color color=cc.getColor();
JFrame f=new JFrame();
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setVisible(true);
f.getContentPane().setBackground(color);
}
}
class Demo
}
};
********JFILECHOOSER*********************
import java.io.*;
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
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class MyFrame extends JFrame implements ActionListener

{ JFileChooser fc;
Container c;
JLabel l;
JTextField tf;
JButton b;
MyFrame()
c=getContentPane();
l=new JLabel("Select File:");
tf=new JTextField(25);
b=new JButton("BROWSE");
b.addActionListener(this);
c.add(l); c.add(tf); c.add(b);
}
{ class FileChooserDemo extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{ FileChooserDemo()
{ Container c=getContentPane();
fc=new JFileChooser();
fc.addActionListener(this);
fc.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
c.add(fc);
}
{ File f=fc.getSelectedFile();
String path=f.getAbsolutePath();
tf.setText(path);
this.setVisible(false);
}
}
new FileChooserDemo();
}
}
class Demo
}
};
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********JTABLE******************
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.table.*;
class Demo1
{JFrame f=new JFrame();
f.setVisible(true);
f.setSize(300,300);
Container c=f.getContentPane();
String[] header={"ENO","ENAME","ESAL"};
Object[][] body={{"111","aaa",5000},{"222","bbb",6000},{"333","ccc",7000},{"444","ddd",8000}};
JTable t=new JTable(body,header);
JTableHeader th=t.getTableHeader();
c.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
c.add("North",th);
c.add("Center",t);
}
}
*****************APPLET****************
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
public class Demo2 extends Applet
{
{
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString("Sravya Software Solutions",100,200);

}
};
Configuration of Applet:-
<html>
<applet code="Demo2.class" width="500" height="500">
</applet>
</html>
*******INIT() START() STOP() DESTROY()*************

import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
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public class Demo3 extends Applet

{ String msg="";
g.setFont(f);
g.drawString("Sravya Software Solutions "+msg,100,200);
}
public void init()
{ msg=msg+"initialization"+" ";
}
public void start()
{ msg=msg+"starting"+" ";
}
public void stop()
{ msg=msg+"stoping";
}
public void destroyed()
{ msg=msg+"destroyed";
}
};
<html>
<applet code="Demo3.class" width="500" height="500">
</applet>
</html>
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INTERNATIONALIZATION (i18N)
I18N enables the application to support in different languages.
 Internationalization is also called as i18n because in between I & n 18 words are present.
 By using Locale class and ResourceBundle class we are enable I18n on the application.
 Local is nothing but language + country.
 For making your application to support I18n we need to prepare local specific properties
file it ea s fo E glish o e p ope ties file & hi di o e p ope ties file …et .
 The property file format is key = value
 The properties file name fallowed pattern bundlenamewith language code and country
code.
o ApplicationMessages_en_US.properties.
 In single web application contains different properties file all the properties files key
must be same and values are changed local to Locale.
Java.util.Locale:-
 Locale Object is decide properties file based on argument you passed and then it display
locale specific details based on Properties file entry.
Locale l = new Locale(args[0],args[1]);
Locale l = new Locale(en,US);
D:\5batch>javap java.util.Locale
Compiled from "Locale.java"
public final class java.util.Locale extends java.lang.Object i
public static final java.util.Locale ENGLISH;
public static final java.util.Locale FRENCH;
public static final java.util.Locale GERMAN;
public static final java.util.Locale ITALIAN;
public static final java.util.Locale JAPANESE;
public static final java.util.Locale KOREAN;
public static final java.util.Locale CHINESE;
public static final java.util.Locale SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE;
public static final java.util.Locale TRADITIONAL_CHINESE;
public static final java.util.Locale FRANCE;
public static final java.util.Locale GERMANY;
public static final java.util.Locale ITALY;
public static final java.util.Locale JAPAN;
public static final java.util.Locale KOREA;
public static final java.util.Locale CHINA;
public static final java.util.Locale PRC;
public static final java.util.Locale TAIWAN;
public static final java.util.Locale UK;
public static final java.util.Locale US;
public static final java.util.Locale CANADA;
347 | P a g e
public static final java.util.Locale CANADA_FRENCH;
To get particular language and country code use fallowing example:-

import java.util.*;
class Test
{ Locale l = Locale.FRANCE;
System.out.println(l.getLanguage());
System.out.println(l.getCountry());
}
}
D:\5batch>java Test
fr
FR
Java.util.ResourceBundle:-
Creates ResourceBundle object by passing Local object then by using ResourceBoundle we are
able to get data form properties file that is decide by Locale.
 It is possible to create ResourceBundle Object without specifying Locale it will take
default properties file with default language.
ResourceBundle bundle1 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application");
 It is possible to create ResourceBundle Object by specifying default Locale object.
ResourceBundle bundle2 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",Locale.FRANCE);
 It is possible to create ResourceBundle object by creating new user Locale Object
ResourceBundle bundle3 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",new Locale("ratan","RATAN"));
348 | P a g e
Application 1:-
Steps to design application:-
Step-1:- prepare properties files to support different languages and countries.
Application.properties default properties file(base properties file)
Application_fr_FR.properties French properties file
Allication_ratan_RATAN.properties Ratan country properties file
Step 2:- create locale object it identified particular language and country and it decides
execution of properties file.
Lo ale l = e Lo ale e , U“ ;
The above statement specify language is English and country united states
Locale l = new Locale("fr","CA");
Locale x = new Locale("fr","FR");
The above two locales specifies France language in Canada & France
Instead of hard coding language name and country name get the values from command prompt
at runtime.
Public static void main(String[ ] args)
{ Locale l = new Locale(args[0],args[1]);
}
D:\5batch>java Test fr FR
Step 3:-create ResourceBundle by passing Locale object.

//if no local is Matched this property file is executed [default property file]
//it create ResourceBundle with local that is already defined [France properties file ]
ResourceBundle bundle2 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",Locale.FRANCE);
Step 4:- fetch the text form ResourceBundle

“t i g sg = Bu dle.get“t i g ish ;
Application.properties:-
countryname = USA
lang = eng
Application_fr_FR.properties:-
countryname = canada
lang = france
Allication_ratan_RATAN.properties:-
countryname=Ratan
lang= ratan
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Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{
//if no local is Matched this property file is executed
//it create ResourceBundle with local that is already defined
Locale l1 = Locale.FRANCE;
ResourceBundle bundle2 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",l1);
//it creates ResourceBundle with new user created Locale
Locale l2 = new Locale("ratan","RATAN")
ResourceBundle bundle3 = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",l2);
System.out.println(bundle1.getString("countryname")+"--"+bundle1.getString("lang"));
}
}
Output:-
D:\5batch>java Test
USA--eng
Canada--france
Ratan--Ratan
APPLICATION 2:-
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ //creates local object with the help of arguments
Locale l = new Locale(args[0],args[1]);
//it creates resource bundle with local passed from as command line arguments
ResourceBundle bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",l);
System.out.println(bundle.getString("countryname"));
System.out.println(bundle.getString("lang"));
}
}
D:\5batch>java Test x y
USA
eng
canada
france
D:\5batch>java Test ratan RATAN
Ratan
ratan
350 | P a g e
Application before internationalization:-

import java.util.*;
class Test
{
{ System.out.println("hello");
System.out.println("i like you");
System.out.println("i hate you");
}
}
We are de ide to p i t this essages i diffe e t la guages like Ge a , F e h…..et the e ust
translate the code in different languages by moving the message out of source code to text file it looks
the program need to be internationalized(supporting different languages).
wish = hello
lovely = i love you
angry = i hate you
wish = hlloe
lovely = i evol you
angry = i etah you
Application_hi_IN.properties:-
wish=\u0c39\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4a
lovely=\u0c07 \u0c32\u0c4a\u0c35\u0c46 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c09
angry=\u0c07 \u0c39\u0c24\u0c46 \u0c09
import java.util.*;
class Test
ResourceBundle rb = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",l);
System.out.println(rb.getString("wish"));
System.out.println(rb.getString("lovely"));
System.out.println(rb.getString("angry"));
}
}
D:\5batch>java Test x y hlloe
hello i evol you
i love you i etah you
i hate you D:\5batch>java Test hi IN
??????
? ???? ???
? ??? ?
351 | P a g e
Conversion of any language to Unicode values:-

Step 1:- download Unicode editor from internet www.higopi.com
Step 2:- unzip the file and click on index.html page select language and type the words.
Step 3:- copy the content and save the data in text file and while saving select Unicode.
Step 4:- convert the above language to Unicode character format.

Syntax:- native2ascii -encoding encoding-name source-file destination-file
D:\>native2ascii -encoding unicode t.txt output.txt
352 | P a g e
Application :-
wish = hello
lovely = i love you
angry = i hate you
wish = hlloe
lovely = i evol you
angry = i etah you
Application_tl_IN.properties:-
wish=\u0c39\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4a
lovely=\u0c07 \u0c32\u0c4a\u0c35\u0c46 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c09
angry=\u0c07 \u0c39\u0c24\u0c46 \u0c09
Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.*;
class Test
ResourceBundle b = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application",l);
Frame f = new Frame(); //to create frame
f.setVisible(true); //to provide visibility to frame
f.setSize(300,75); //to align the frame set bounds
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); //to set the frame proper format
//creation of buttons with labels
Button b1 = new Button(b.getString("wish"));
Button b2 = new Button(b.getString("lovely"));
Button b3 = new Button(b.getString("angry"));
//adding buttons into frame
f.add(b1);
f.add(b2);
f.add(b3);
}
}
353 | P a g e
Test.java:- example
import java.util.*;
public class Test {
static public void main(String[] args) {
String language;
String country;
Locale currentLocale;
ResourceBundle messages;
if (args.length != 2)
{ language = new String("en");
country = new String("US");
}
else
{ language = new String(args[0]);
country = new String(args[1]);
}
currentLocale = new Locale(language, country);
messages = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Application", currentLocale);
System.out.println(messages.getString("wish"));
System.out.println(messages.getString("lovely"));
System.out.println(messages.getString("angry"));
354 | P a g e
}
}
D:\5batch>java Test
hello
i love you
i hate you
D:\5batch>java Test x y
hello
i love you
i hate you
D:\5batch>java Test tl IN
??????
? ???? ???
? ??? ?
hlloe
i evol you
i etah you
Example :- display Date in different Locale.
DateFormat.DEFAULT,
DateFormat.SHORT,
DateFormat.MEDIUM,
DateFormat.LONG,
DateFormat.FULL
Test.java:-
import java.util.*;
import java.text.DateFormat;
class Test
{
Date d = new Date();
//default locale en US
DateFormat df1 = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT,Locale.getDefault());
System.out.println(df1.format(d));
//date of fresh
355 | P a g e
DateFormat df2 =DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.MEDIUM,Locale.FRENCH);

//date of Italy
DateFormat df3 =DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.SHORT,Locale.ITALY);
}
};
D:\5batch>java Test
Nov 21, 2014
21 nov. 2014
21/11/14
Example on time format:-
import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;
class Test
{Date d = new Date();
DateFormat df1 = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT,Locale.getDefault());
DateFormat df2 = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.MEDIUM,Locale.FRENCH);
DateFormat df3 = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.SHORT,Locale.ITALY);
}
};
Example on both data and Time format:-
356 | P a g e
import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;
class Test
{ Date d = new Date();
DateFormat df1 = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.FULL,DateFormat.FULL,Locale.getDefault());
DateFormat df2 = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.FULL,DateFormat.FULL,Locale.FRENCH);
}
};
357 | P a g e
JVM Architecture:-
Class loader subsystem:-

1. It is used to load the classes and interfaces.
2. It verifies the byte code instructions.
3. It allots the memory required for the program.
Runtime data area:-this is the memory resource used by the JVM and it is 5 types
Method Area:-It is used to store the class data and method data.
Heap area:-It is used to store the Objects.
Runtime data areas shared among all threads.
358 | P a g e
Java stacks:-
 Whenever new thread is created for each and every new thread the JVM will creates PC(program
coubter) register and stack.
 If a thread executing java method the value of pc register indicates the next instruction to
execute.
 Stack will stores method invocations of every thread. The java method invocation includes local
variables and return values and intermediate calculations.
 The each and every method entery will be stored in stack. And the stack contains grounp of
enteries and each and every entry stored in one stack frame hence stack is group of stack
frames.
 Whenever the method complets the entry is automatically deleted from the stach so whatever
the functionalities declared in method it is applicable only for respective methods.
Java native method stack is used to store the native methods invocations.
Runtime data areas exclusive to each thread.
Native method interface:-

Native method interface is a program that connects native methods libraries (C header files)
with JVM for executing native methods.
Native method library: It contains native libraries information.
Execution engine:-
It is used to execute the instructions are available in the methods of loaded classes.
It contains JIT(just in time compiler) and interpreter used to convert byte code instructions into machine
understandable code.
359 | P a g e
Modifiers summary:-
 In java no concept like a ess spe ifie s a d a ess odifie s and only one concept is there
modifiers concept.
 Ho a Modifie si ja a ea s do ’t sa o o ,i ja a odifie s a e the e.
 The default odifie i ja a is default .
Proof 1:-
private class Test
{
}
}
Compilation Error:-
D:\morn11>javac Test.java
Test.java:1: modifier private not allowed here
private class Test
proof 2:- in eclips IDE shows information like this.
modifier classes methods variables

public yes yes yes
private no yes yes
default yes yes yes
protected no yes yes
final yes yes yes
abstract yes yes no
strictfp yes yes no
transient no no yes
native no yes no
static no yes yes
synchronized no yes no
volatile no no yes
Java is not a object oriented programming language:-

java supporting primitive data types there are not a objects. To represent these primitives in
the form of objects java having concept like Wrapper classes.
int a=10;
boolean b=true;
Without creation of object we are able to achieve application requirement by using static methods.
class Test
{ static void m1()
{ System.out.println("hi ratan");
}
360 | P a g e

{ Test.m1();
}
}
java is not supporting oops concepts like multiple inheritance & hybrid inheritance.
Class A extends B,C===error
Different approaches to create objects in java:-

1. By using new operator.
2. by using clone() method.
3. without using new operator by using “t i g st = ata ; [by using String content].
4. at the time of deserialization we are getting the data from file we are stored in object form.
5. By using factory method
a. Instance factory method
b. Static factory method
6. By using newInstance method. (used by servers)……et
361 | P a g e
Arrays
 Arrays are used to represent group of elements as a single entity but these elements are
homogeneous & fixed size.
 The size of Array is fixed it means once we created Array it is not possible to increase and
decrease the size.
 Array in java is index based first element of the array stored at 0 index.
Advantages of array:-
 Instead of declaring individual variables we can declare group of elements by using array it
reduces length of the code.
 We can store the group of objects easily & we are able to retrieve the data easily.
 We can access the random elements present in the any location based on index.
 Array is able to hold reference variables of other types.
First element element at 5th position

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 index
Length is 9
Different ways to declare a Array:-
int[] values;
int []values;
int values[];
declaration & instantiation & initialization :-
Approach 1:- int a[]={10,20,30,40}; //declaring, instantiation, intialization
Approach 2:- int[] a=new int[100]; //declaring, instantiation
a[0]=10; //initialization
a[1]=20;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
a[99]=40;
// declares an array of integers

int[] anArray;
// allocates memory for 10 integers
anArray = new int[10];
// initialize first element
anArray[0] = 10;
// initialize second element
anArray[1] = 20;
// and so forth
anArray[2] = 30; anArray[3] = 40; anArray[4] = 50; anArray[5] = 60;
anArray[6] = 70; anArray[7] = 80; anArray[8] = 90; anArray[9] = 100;
362 | P a g e
Example :- taking array elements from dynamic input by using scanner class.
import java.util.*;
class Test
{ int[] a=new int[5];
Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter values");
for (int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
{ System.out.println("enter "+i+" value");
a[i]=s.nextInt();
}
for (int a1:a)
}
}
}
Example :- find the sum of the array elements.

class Test
{ int[] a={10,20,30,40};
int sum=0;
for (int a1:a)
{ sum=sum+a1;
}
System.out.println("Array Element sum is="+sum);
}
}
Method parameter is array & method return type is array:-

class Test
{ static void m1(int[] a) //method parameter is array
{ for (int a1:a)
}
}
static int[] m2() //method return type is array
return new int[]{100,200,300};
}
{ Test.m1(new int[]{10,20,30,40});
int[] x = Test.m2();
for (int x1:x)
{ System.out.println(x1);
}
}
}
363 | P a g e
Example:- adding the objects into Array and printing the objects.
class Test
{ int[] a = new int[5];
a[0]=111;
for (int a1:a)
}
Emp e1 = new Emp(111,"ratan");
Emp e2 = new Emp(222,"anu");
Emp e3 = new Emp(333,"sravya");
Emp[] e = new Emp[5];
e[0]=e1;
e[1]=e2;
e[2]=e3;
for (Emp ee:e)
{ System.out.println(ee); }
}
}
Output:-
E:\>java Test
111 0 0 0 0
Emp@530daa Emp@a62fc3 Emp@89ae9e null null
Example:- printing array elements with elements and default values.
class Test
{ Emp[] e = new Emp[5];
e[0]=new Emp(111,"ratan");
e[1]=new Emp(222,"anu");
e[2]=new Emp(333,"sravya");
for (Object ee:e)
{ if (ee instanceof Emp)
{ Emp eee = (Emp)ee;
System.out.println(eee.eid+"----"+eee.ename);
}
if (ee==null)
{ System.out.println(ee);
}
}
}
}
Output:-
E:\>java Test
111----ratan
222----anu
333----sravya
null
null
364 | P a g e
Finding minimum & maximum element of the array:-

class Test
{ int[] a = new int[]{10,20,5,70,4};
for (int a1:a)
}
//minimum element of the Array
int min=a[0];
{ if (min>a[i])
{ min=a[i];
}
}
System.out.println("minimum value is ="+min);
//maximum element of the Array
int max=a[0];
{ if (max<a[i])
{ max=a[i];
}
}
System.out.println("maximum value is ="+max);
}
}
Example :- copy the data from one array to another array
class Test
{ int[] copyfrom={10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80};
int[] copyto = new int[7];
System.arraycopy(copyfrom,1,copyto,0,7);
for (int cc:copyto)
{ System.out.println(cc);
}
}
}
Example :- copy the data from one array to another array
class Test
{ int[] copyfrom={10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80};
int[] newarray=java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(copyfrom,1,4);
for (int aa:newarray)
{ System.out.println(aa); //20 30 40
}
}
}
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Example:- finding null index values.

class Test
{ String[] str= new String[5];
str[0]="ratan";
str[1]="anu";
str[2]=null;
str[3]="sravya";
str[4]=null;
for (int i=0;i<str.length;i++)
{ if ( str[i]==null)
{ System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
}
Root structure:-
java.lang.Object
|
|--java.lang.reflect.Array
Arra is a fi al lass a t e e te ded.
To get the class name of the array:-

class Test
{ int[] a={10,20,30};
System.out.println(a.getClass().getName());
}
}
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Example:-process of adding different types Objects in Object array

Test.java:-
class Test
{ Object[] a= new Object[6];
a[0]=new Emp(111,"ratan");
a[1]=new Integer(10);
a[2]=new Student(1,"anu");
for (Object a1:a)
{ if (a1 instanceof Emp)
{ Emp e1 = (Emp)a1;
System.out.println(e1.eid+"---"+e1.ename);
}
if (a1 instanceof Student)
{ Student s1 = (Student)a1;
System.out.println(s1.sid+"---"+s1.sname);
}
if (a1 instanceof Integer)
}
if (a1==null)
}
}
}
}
Emp.java:
class Emp
{ int eid;
String ename;
{ //conversion of local to instance
this.eid=eid;
this.ename=ename;
}
}
Student.java:-
class Student
{ int sid;
String sname;
Student(int sid,String sname)
{ //conversion of local to instance
this.sid=sid;
this.sname=sname;
}
}
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declaration of multi dimensional array:-

int[][] a;
int [][]a;
int a[][];
int []a[];
Example :-
class Test
{ int[][] a={{10,20,30},{40,50,60}};
System.out.println(a[0][0]);//10
}
} 0 1
10 20 30 10 20 30
0 1 2 0 1 2
a[0][0]------10 a[0][1]------20 a[0][2]-----30 a[1][0]-----40
a[1][1]-----50 a[1][2]-----60
Example:-
class Test
{ String[][] str={{"A.","B.","C."},{"ratan","ratan","ratan"}};
System.out.println(str[0][0]+str[1][0]);
}
}
Example :- febonacci series

class Test
{ System.out.println("enter start series of febonacci");
int x = new Scanner(System.in).nextInt();
int[] feb = new int[x];
feb[0]=0;
feb[1]=1;
for (int i=2;i<x;i++)
{ feb[i]=feb[i-1]+feb[i-2];
}
//print the data
for (int feb1 : feb)
{ System.out.print(" "+feb1);
}
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}
}
Example :- febonacci series
class Test
{ System.out.println("enter the no required for febonacci");
int a = new Scanner(System.in).nextInt();
System.out.println("enter first no of febonacci");

int x = new Scanner(System.in).nextInt();
System.out.println("enter second no of febonacci");
int y = new Scanner(System.in).nextInt();
int[] feb = new int[a];

feb[0]=x;
feb[1]=y;
for (int i=2;i<a;i++)
{ feb[i]=feb[i-1]+feb[i-2];
}
//print the data
for (int feb1 : feb)
{ System.out.print(" "+feb1);
}
}
}
Pre-increment & post increment :-
Pre-increment :- it increases the value by 1 then it will execute statement.
Post-increment :-it executes the statement then it will increase value by 1.
class Test
{ //post increment
int a=10;
System.out.println(a++); //10
//pre increment
int b=20;
System.out.println(b); //20
System.out.println(++b); //21
System.out.println(a++ + ++a + a++ + ++a);
//11 13 13 15
}
}
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Pre-decrement & postdencrement :-

Pre-decrement :- it decreases the value by 1 then it will execute statement.
Post-decrement :-it executes the statement then it will increase value by 1.
class Test
{ //post decrement
int a=10;
System.out.println(a--); //10
//post decrement
int b=20;
System.out.println(--b); //19
System.out.println(a-- + --a + a-- + --a);
//9 7 7 5
}
}
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Java Class declaration interview questions

1) What is present version of java and initial version of java?
2) How many modifiers in java and how many keywords in java?
3) What is initial name of java and present name of java?
4) What do you en by open source software & java is open source software or not?
5) What are dependent languages and technologies on java?
6) What do you mean by licensed version and what are the licensed softwares?
7) Can we have multiple public classes in single source file?
8) What do you mean by platform dependent & platform independent ? java is which type?
9) What do you mean by main class & it is possible to declare multiple main classes in single source
file or not?
10) What do you mean by token and literal?
11) What do you mean by identifier?
12) Can we create multiple objects for single class?
13) Is it possible to declare multiple public classes in single source file?
14) What is the difference between editor and IDE(integrated development environment)
15) Write the examples of editor and IDE?
16) Define a class & object?
17) What are the coding conventions of classes and interfaces?
18) What are the coding conventions of methods and variables?
19) Is java object oriented programming language?
20) In java program starts form which method and who is calling that method?
21) What are the commands required for compilation and execution?
22) Is it possible to compile how many files at a time & is it possible to execute how many classes at
a time?
23) The compiler understandable file format & JVM understandable file format?
24) What is the difference between JRE and JDK?
25) What is the difference between path and class path?
26) What is the purpose of environmental variables setup?
27) What are operations done at compilation time and execution time?
28) What is the purpose of JVM?
29) JVM platform dependent or independent?
30) Is it possible to provide multiple spaces in between two tokens?
31) Class contains how many elements what are those?
32) Who is generating .class file and .class files generation is based on?
33) What is .class file contains & .java contains?
34) What is the purpose of data types and how many data types are present in java?
35) Who is assigning default values to variables?
36) What is the default value of int, char, Boolean, double?
37) Is null is a keyword or not?
38) What is the default values for objects
39) Can I have multiple main methods in single class?
40) What is the default package in java?
41) Can I import same class twice yes-what happened no -why ?
42) Is empty java source file is valid or not?
43) What is the purpose of variables in java?
44) How many types of variables in java and what are those variables?
45) What is the life time of static variables and where these variables are stored?
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46) What is the life time of instance variables and where these variables are stored?
47) What is the life time of local variables and where these variables are stored?
48) For the static members when memory is allocated?
49) Where we declared local variables & instance variables & static variables
50) For the instance members when memory is allocated?
51) For the local variables when memory is allocated?
52) What is the difference between instance variables and static variables?
53) Can we declare instance variables inside the instance methods & static variables inside the
static method?
54) If the local variables of methods and class instance variables having same names at that
situation how we are represent local variables and how are representing instance variable?
55) What is the purpose of method & how many types of methods in java?
56) What do you mean by method signature?
57) What do you mean by method declaration & implementation?
58) What is the purpose of template method?
59) Can we have inner methods in java?
60) One method is able to call how many methods at time?
61) For java methods return type is mandatory or optional?
62) Who will create and destroy stack memory in java?
63) When we will get stackoverFlowError?
64) Is it possible to declare return statement any statement of the method or any specific rule is
there?
65) When we ill get aria le ight ot ha e ee i itialized error essage?
66) What are the different ways to create a object?
67) By using which keyword we are creating object in java?
68) Object creation syntax contains how many parts?
69) How many types of constructors in java?
70) What are the advantages of constructors in java?
71) How one constructor is calling another constructor? One constructor is able to call how many
constructors at time?
72) What do you mean by instantiation?
73) What is the difference between named Object & nameless object?
74) What do you mean by eager object creation & lazy object creation?
75) What is the difference between object instantiation and object initialization?
76) What is the purpose of this keyword?
77) Is it possible to use this keyword inside static area?
78) What is the need of converting local variables to instance variables?
79) Is it possible to convert instance variables to local variables yeshow no-why?
80) Whe e ill get o pilatio error like all to this ust e first state e t i o stru tor ?
81) When we will get o pilatio error li e a ot fi d s ol ?
82) What do u mean by operator overloading, is it java supporting operator overloading concept?
83) What is the purpose of scanner class and it is present in which package and introduced in which
version?
84) What are the applicable modifiers for constructors?
85) Who is generating default constructor and at what time?
86) What is object and what is relationship between class and Object?
87) Is it possible to execute default constructor and user defined constructor time?
88) What is the purpose of instance block & what is the syntax?
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89) What is the difference between instance block & constructor?

90) What do you mean by object delegation?
91) What is the purpose of instance blocks when it will execute?
92) Inside class it is possible to declare how many instance blocks & constructors ?
93) What is the purpose of static block & what is the execution process?
94) For a class I am creating ten objects so how many times instance blocks are executed & how
many times static blocks are executed?
95) How to load the .class file into memory programmatically?
96) How to create the object of loaded class in java?
97) To execute the static block inside the class main method mandatory or optional?
98) Is it possible to print some statements in output console without using main method or not?
99) What is execution flow of method VS constructor Vs instance blocks Vs static blocks?
100) When instance blocks and static blocks are executed?
Flow control statement
1) How many flow control statements in java?

2) What is the purpose of conditional statements?
3) What is the purpose of looping statements?
4) What are the allowed arguments of switch?
5) Whe e ill get o pilatio e o like possi le loss of p e isio ?
6) Inside the switch case vs. default vs. Break is optional or mandatory?
7) Switch is allowed String argument or not?
8) Inside the switch how many cases are possible and how many default declarations are
possible?
9) What is difference between if & if-else & switch?
10) What is the default condition of for loop?
11) Inside for initialization & condition & increment/decrement parts optional or
mandatory?
12) Whe e ill get o pilatio e o like i o pati le t pes ?
13) We are able to use break statements how many places and what are the places?
14) What is the difference between break& continue?
15) What do you mean by transfer statements and what are transfer statements present in
java?
16) for (; ;) representing?
17) Whe e ill get o pilatio e o like u ea ha le state e t ?
18) Is it possible to declare while without condition yes -what is default condition
nowhat is error?
19) What is the difference between while and do-while?
20) While declaring if , if-else , switch curly braces are optional or mandatory?
Oops
1) What are the main building blocks of oops?
2) What do you mean by inheritance?
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3) How to achieve inheritance concept and inheritance is also known as?

4) How many types of inheritance in java and how many types of inheritance not
supported by java?
5) How to prevent inheritance concept?
6) If we are extending the class then your class will become parent class but if we are not
extending what is the parent class?
7) One class able to extends how many classes at a time?
8) What is the purpose of extends keyword?
9) What do you mean by cyclic inheritance java supporting or not?
10) What is the difference between child class and parent class?
11) Which approach is recommended to create object either parent class object or child class
object?
12) Except one class all class contains parent class in java what is that except class?
13) What is the purpose of instanceof keyword in java?
14) What is the root class for all java classes?
15) How to call super class constructors?
16) Is it possible to use both super and this keyword inside the method?
17) Is it possible to use both super and this keyword inside the constructor?
18) Inside the constructor if we are not providing this() and super() keyword the compiler
generated which type of super keyword?
19) What is the execution process of constructors if two classes are there in inheritance
relationship?
20) What is the execution process of instance blocks if two classes are there in inheritance
relationship?
21) What is the execution process of static blocks if two classes are there in inheritance
relationship?
22) What is the purpose of instanceof operator in java & what is the return-type?
23) If we are using instanceof both reference-variable & class-name must have some
relationship otherwise compiler generated error message is what?
24) If the child class and parent class contains same variable name that situation how to call
parent class variable in child class?
25) What do you mean by aggregation and what is the difference between aggregation and
inheritance?
26) What do you mean by aggregation and composition and Association?
27) Aggregation is also known as?
28) How many objects are created ?
a. MyClassHero c1,c2;
C1 = New MyClassHero();
29) What do you mean by polymorphism?
30) How many types of polymorphism in java?
31) What do you mean by method overloading and method overriding?
32) How many types of overloading in java?
33) Java supports operator overloading or not?
34) Is it possible to overload the constructors are not?
35) What do you mean by constructor overloading?
36) What are the implicit overloaded operators in java explain it?
37) What do you mean by overriding? What are rules must fallow while performing
method overriding?
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38) What do you mean by overridden method & overriding method?

39) To achieve overriding how many java classes are required?
40) Is it possible to override variable in java?
41) When we will get compilation error like “overridden method is final”?
42) What is the purpose of final modifier java?
43) Is it possible to override static methods yes-how no-why?
44) Parent class reference variable is able to hold child class object or not?
45) What do you mean by dynamic method dispatch?
46) The applicable modifiers only on local variables?
47) What do you mean by type casting & how many types?
48) Is it all methods present in final class is always final and all variables present final class
is always final or not ?
49) If Parent class is holding child class object then by using that we are able to call only
overridden methods of child class but how to call direct methods of child class?
50) Object class present in which package & it contains how many methods?
51) When we will get compilation error like “con not inherit from final parent”?
52) What do you mean by co-variant return types?
53) What do you mean by method signature?
54) What do u mean by method hiding and how to prevent method hiding concept?
55) What do you mean by abstraction?
56) How many types of classes in java generally?
57) Normal class is also known as ?
58) What is the difference between normal method and abstract method?
59) What is the difference between normal class and abstract class?
60) Is it possible to create a object for abstract class?
61) What do you mean by abstract variable?
62) Is it possible to override non-abstract method as a abstract method?
63) Is it possible to declare main method inside the abstract class or not?
64) What is the purpose of abstract modifier in java?
65) How to prevent object creation in java?
66) What is the definition of abstract class?
67) In java is it abstract class reference variable is able to hold child class object or not?
68) What do you mean by encapsulation & what is the examples encapsulation?
69) What do you mean by tightly encapsulated class?
70) What do you mean accessor method and mutator method ?
71) How many ways area there to set some values to class properties (variables)?
72) What do you mean by javaBean class?
73) The javabean class is also known as?
74) In java program execution starts from which method & who is calling that method?
75) Can we inherit main method in child class?
76) The applicable modifiers on main method?
77) While declaring main method public static modifiers order mandatory or optional?
78) What is the argument of main method?
79) What is the return type of main method?
80) What are the mandatory modifiers for main method and optional modifiers of main
method?
81) Why main method is public & static?
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82) What do you by command line arguments & command line arguments are stored in
which format(type)?
83) Is it possible to pass command line arguments with space symbol no why yeshow ?
84) What is the purpose of strictfp modifier?
85) What is the purpose of native modifier?
86) What do you mean by native method and it also known as?
87) Is it possible to overload the main method or not yes=how no=why?
88) Is it possible to override the main method or not yes=how no=why?
89) What is the purpose of variable argument method & what is the syntax?
90) If the application contains both normal argument & variable argument then which one
executed first?
91) The java method allows both variable argument & normal argument in single method?
92) Is it possible to overload the variable argument methods are not?
93) What is the difference between method overloading & variable argument method.
94) What are the modification are allowed on main method?
95)
Packages
1. What do you mean by package and what it contains?
2. How many pre-defined packages in java?
3. What is the default package in java?
4. Is it possible to declare package statement any statement of the source file?
5. What is the difference between ’ defined package and predefined package?
6. What are coding conventions must fallow while declaring user defined package names?
7. Is it possible to declare multiple packages in single source file?
8. What do you mean by import?
9. What is the location of predefined packages in our system?
10. How many types of imports present in java explain it?
11. How to import individual class and all classes of packages and which one is recommended?
12. What do you mean by static import?
13. What is the difference between normal and static import?
14. I am importing two packages, both packages contains one class with same name at that situation how
to create object of two package classes?
15. If we are importing root package at that situation is it possible to use sub package classes in our
applications?
16. What is difference between main package and sub package?
17. If source file contains package statement then by using which command we are compiling that source
file?
18. What do you mean by fully qualified name of class?
19. What is the default modifier in java?
20. What is the public access and default access?
21. The public class members(variables,methods,constructors) are by default public or not?
22. What is private access and protected access?
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23. What is most restricted modifier in java?

24. What is most accessible modifier in java?
25. Is it possible to declare pre-defined package names as a user defined package names or not?
26. What are the applicable modifiers for constructors?
27. Is it possible to override private methods or not yes=how no=why?
28. When we will get compilation error li “ ”
rectify?
Exception handling
1. What do you mean by Exception?
2. How many types of exceptions in java?
3. What is the difference between Exception and error?
4. What is the difference between checked Exception and un-checked Exception?
5. Checked exceptions are caused by?
6. Unchecked exceptions are caused by?
7. Errors are caused by?
8. Is it possible to handle Errors in java?
9. What the difference is between partially checked and fully checked Exception?
10. What do you mean by exception handling?
11. How many ways are there to handle the exception?
12. What is the root class of Exception handling?
13. Can you please write some of checked and un-checked exceptions in java?
14. What are the keywords present in Exception handling?
15. What is the purpose of try block?
16. In java is it possible to write try with out catch or not?
17. What is the purpose catch block?
18. What is the difference between try-catch?
19. Is it possible to write normal code in between try-catch blocks?
20. What are the methods used to print exception messages?
21. What is the purpose of printStackTrace( ) method?
22. What is the difference between printStackTrace( ) & getMessage()?
23. What is the purpose of finally block?
24. If the exception raised in catch block what happened?
25. Independent try blocks are allowed or not allowed?
26. Once the control is out of try , is it remaining statements of try block is executed?
27. Try-catch , try-catch-catch , catch-catch , catch-try how many combinations are valid?
28. Try-catch-finally , try-finally ,catch-finally , catch-catch-finally how many combinations are
valid?
29. Is possible to write code in between try-catch-finally blocks?
30. Is it possible to write independent catch blocks?
31. Is it possible to write independent finally block?
32. What is the difference between try-catch –finally?
33. What is the execution flow of try-catch?
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34. If the exception raised in finally block what happened?

35. What are the situations finally block is executed?
36. What are the situations finally block is not executed?
37. What is the purpose of throws keyword?
38. What is the difference between try-catch blocks and throws keyword?
39. What do you mean by default exception handler and what is the purpose of default exception
handler?
40. How to delegate responsibility of exception handling calling method to caller method?
41. What is the purpose of throw keyword?
42. If we are writing the code after throw keyword usage then what happened?
43. What is the difference between throw and throws keyword?
44. How to create user defined checked exceptions?
45. How to create user defined un-checked exceptions?
46. Where we placed clean-up code like resource release, database closeting inside the try or catch or
finally and why ?
47. Write the code of ArithmeticException?
48. Write the code of NullPointerException?
49. Write the code of ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException & StringIndexOutOfBoundsException?
50. Write the code of IllegalThreadStateException?
51. When we will get InputMisMatchException?
52. When we will get IllegalArgumantException?
53. When we will get ClassCastException?
54. When we will get OutOfMemoryError?
55. What is the difference between ClassNotFoundException & NoClassDefFoundError?
56. W “ E ”?
57. W “E XXXException has already been caught”?
58. When we will get “ ”?
59. How many approaches are there to create user defined unchecked exceptions and un-checked
exceptions?
60. What do you mean by exception re-throwing?
61. How to create object of user defined exceptions?
62. How to handover user created exception objects to JVM?
63. What is the difference user defined checked and unchecked Exceptions?
64. Is it possible to handle different exceptions by using single catch block yes-->how nowhy?
Interfaces
a. What do you mean by interface how to declare interfaces in java?
b. Interfaces allows normal methods or abstract methods or both?
c. For the interfaces compiler generates .class files or not?
d. Interface is also known as?
e. What is the abstract method?
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f. By default modifiers of interface methods?

g. What is the purpose of implements keyword?
h. Is it possible to declare variables in interface ?
i. Can abstract class have constructor ? can interface have constructor?
j. What must a class do to implement interface?
k. What do you by implementation class?
l. Is it possible to create object of interfaces?
m. What do you mean by abstract class?
n. W “ ”?
o. What is the difference between abstract class and interface?
p. What do you mean by helper class?
q. Which of the fallowing declarations are valid & invalid?
a. class A implements it1
b. class A implements it1,it2,it3
c. interface it1 extends it2
d. interface it1 extends it2,it3
e. interface it1 extends A
f. interface it1 implements A
r. what is the difference between classes and interfaces?
s. The interface reference variable is able to hold implementation class objects or not?
a. Interface-name reference-variable = new implementation class object(); valid or invalid
t. What is the real-time usage of interfaces?
u. what is the limitation of interfaces how to overcome that limitation?
v. What do you mean by adaptor class?
w. What is the difference between adaptor class interfaces?
x. Is it possible to create user defined adaptor classes?
y. Tell me some of the adaptor classes?
z. What do you mean by marker interface and it is also known as?
aa. Define marker interfaces?
bb. What are the advantages of marker interfaces?
cc. Is it possible to create user defined marker interfaces or not?
dd. Is it possible to declare nested interfaces or not?
Different types of methods in java (must know information about all methods)
1) Instance method
2) Static method
3) Normal method
4) Abstract method
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5) Accessor methods
6) Mutator methods
7) Inline methods
8) Call back methods
9) Synchronized methods
10) Non-synchronized methods
11) Overriding method
12) Overridden method
13) Factory method
14) Template method
15) Default method
16) Public method
17) Private method
18) Protected method
19) Final method
20) Strictfp method
21) Native method
Different types of classes in java (must know information about all classes)
1) Normal class /concrete class /component class
2) Abstract class
3) Tightly encapsulated class
4) Public class
5) Default class
6) Adaptor class
7) Final class
8) Strictfp class
9) JavaBean class /DTO(Data Transfer Object) /VO (value Object)/BO(Business Object)
10) Singleton class
11) Child class
12) Parent class
13) Implementation class
Different types of variables in java (must know information about all varaibles)
1) Local variables
2) Instance variables
3) Static variables
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4) Final variables
5) Private variables
6) Protected variables
7) Volatile variables
8) Transient variables
9) Public variables
String manipulation
1) How many ways to create a String object & StringBuffer object?
2) What is the difference between
a. “t i g st = ata ;
b. “t i g st = e “t i g ata ;
3) equals() method present in which class?
4) What is purpose of String class equals() method.
5) What is the difference between equals() and == operator?
6) What is the difference between by immutability & immutability?
7) Can you please tell me some of the immutable classes and mutable classes?
8) String & StringBuffer & StringBuilder & StringTokenizer presented package names?
9) What is the purpose of String class equals() & StringBuffer class equals()?
10) What is the purpose of StringTokenizer nd this class functionality replaced method name?
11) How to reverse String class content?
12) What is the purpose of trim?
13) Is it possible to create StringBuffer object by passing String object as a argument?
14) What is the difference between concat() method & append()?
15) What is the purpose of concat() and toString()?
16) What is the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
17) What is the difference between String and StringBuffer?
18) What is the difference between compareTo() vs eqauls()?
19) What is the purpose of contains() method?
20) What is the difference between length vs length()?
21) What is the default capacity of StringBuffer?
22) What do you mean by factory method?
23) Concat() method is a factory method or not?
24) What is the difference between heap memory and String constant pool memory?
25) String is a final class or not?
26) StringBuilder and StringTokenizer introduced in which versions?
27) What do you mean by legacy class & can you please give me one example of legacy class?
28) How to apply StringBuffer class methods on String class Object content?
29) When we use String & StringBuffer & String
30) What do you mean by cloneaing and use of cloning?
31) Who many types of cloneaing in java?
32) What do you mean by cloneable interface present in which package and what is the purpose?
33) What do you mean by marker interface and Cloneable is a marker interface or not?
34) How to create duplicate object in java(by using which method)?
Wrapper classes
1. What is the purpose of wrapper classes?
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2. How many Wrapper classes present in java what are those?

3. How many ways are there to create wrapper objects?
4. When we will get NumberFormatException?
5. How many constructors are there to create Character Wrapper class Object ?
6. How many constructors are there to create Integer Wrapper class?
7. How many constructors are there to create Float Wrapper class?
8. What do you mean by factory method?
9. What is the purpose of valueOf() method is it factory method or not?
10. How to convert wrapper objects into corresponding primitive values?
11. What is the implementation of toString() in all wrapper classes?
12. How to convert String into corresponding primitive?
13. What do you mean by Autoboxing and Autounboxng & introduced in which version?
14. Purpose of parseXXX() & xxxValue() method?
15. Which Wrapper classes are direct child class of Object class?
16. which Wrapper classes are direct child class of Number class?
17. How to convert primitive to String?
18. Whe e ill get o pilatio e o like i t a ot e de efe e ed ?
19. Wrapper classes are immutable classes or mutable classes?
20. Perform fallowing conversions int--->String String--->int Integer--->int int--->Integer ?
Collections
1) What is the main objective of collections?
2) What are the advantages of collections over arrays?
3) Collection frame work classes are present in which package?
4) What is the root interface of collections?
5) List out implementation classes of List interface?
6) List out implementation classes of set interface?
7) List out implementation classes of map interface?
8) What is the difference between heterogeneous and homogeneous data?
9) What do you mean by legacy class can you please tell me some of the legacy classes present in
collection framework?
10) What are the characteristics of collection classe?
11) What is the purpose of generic version of collection classes?
12) What is the difference between general version of ArrayList and generic version of ArrayList?
13) What is purpose of generic version of ArrayList & arrays?
14) How to get Array by using ArrayList?
15) What is the difference betweenArrayList and LinkedList?
16) How to decide when to use ArrayList and when to use LinkedList?
17) What is the difference between ArrayList & vector?
18) How can ArrayList be synchronized without using vector?
19) Arrays are already used to hold homogeneous data but what is the purpose of generic version of
Collection classes?
20) What is the purpose of RandomAccess interface and it is marker interface or not?
21) What do you mean by cursor and how many cursors present in java?
22) How many ways are there to retrieve objects from collections classes what are those?
23) What is the purpose of Enumeration cursor and how to get that cursor object?
24) By using how many cursors we are able to retrieve the objects both forward backward direction
and what are the cursors?
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25) What is the purpose of Iterator and how to get Iterator Object?
26) What is the purpose of ListIterator and how to get that object?
27) What is the difference between Enumeration vs Iterator Vs ListIterator?
28) We are able to retrieve objects from collection classes by using cursors and for-each loop what is
the difference?
29) All collection classes are commonly implemented some interfaces what are those interfaces?
30) What is the difference between HashSet & linkedHashSet?
31) all most all collection classes are allowed heterogeneous data but some collection classes are not
allowed can you please list out the classes?
32) What is the purpose of TreeSet class?
33) What is the difference between Set & List interface?
34) What is the purpose of Map interface?
35) What do you mean by entry.
36) What is the difference between HashMap & LinkedHashMap?
37) What is the difference between comparable vs Comparator interface?
38) What is the difference between TreeSet andTtreeMap?
39) What is the difference between HashTable and Properties file key=value pairs?
40) What do you mean by properties file and what are the advantages of properties file?
41) Properties class present in which package?
42) What is the difference between collection & collections?
Garbage Collector
1. What is the functionality of Garbage collector?

2. How many ways are there to make eligible our objects to Garbage collector?
3. How to call Garbage collector explicitly?
4. What is the purpose of gc( ) method?
5. What is the purpose of finalize() method?
6. If the exception raised in finalize block what happened error or output?
7. What is the purpose of RunTime class?
8. How to create object of RunTime class?
9. What is singleton class?
10. What is the algorithm fallowed by GC?
11. What is the difference between final , finally , finalize()?
12. When GarbageCollector calls finalize()?
13. Finalize method present in which class?
14. Which part of the memory involved in garbage collector Heap or Stack?
15. Who creates stack memory and who destroy that memory?
16. What do you mean by demon thread? Is Garbage collector is DemonThread?
17. How many times Garbage collector does call finalize() method for object?
18. What are the different ways to call Garbage collector ?
19. How to enable/disable call of finalize()?
20. Is it possible to call finalize() method explicitly by the programmer?
Enumeration
1) What is the purpose Enumeration?
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2) How to declare enum?

3) enum constants are by default?
4) One enum is able extends other enum or not?
5) For the enum compiler generate .class files or not?
6) What is the difference enum & Enum?
7) Is it possible to declare main method & constructor inside the enum or not?
8) Is it possible to provide parameterized constructor inside the enum?
9) What is the difference between enum and class?
10) What is the purpose of values() methods?
11) What is the purpose of ordinal() method?
12) Is it possible to crate object for enum?
13) For enum inheritance concept is applicable or not?
14) Is it possible to create object of enum?
15) When enum constants are loaded?
16) Enums are able to implement interfaces or not?
17) Enum introduced in which version?
18) What is the difference between enum & Enumeration & Enum?
19) Is it possible to override toString() method inside enum?
20) Can you use enum constants switch case in java?
Nested classes
1) What are the advantages of inner classes?
2) How many types of nested class?
3) How many types of inner classes?
4) What do you by static inner classes?
5) The inner class is able to access outer class private properties or not?
6) The outer class is able to access inner classes properties& methods or not?
7) How to create object inner class and outer class?
a. Class Outer
{ class Inner{ }
}
8) For the inner classes compiler generates .class files or not? If generates write the name of above
inner class .class file name ?
9) The outer class object is able to call inner class properties & methods or not?
10) The inner class object is able to call outer class properties and methods or not?
11) What is the difference between normal inner classes and static inner classes?
12) What do you mean by anonymous inner classes?
13) What do you mean by method local inner classes?
14) Is it possible to create inner class object without outer class object?
15) Java supports inner method concept or not ?
16) Is it possible to declare main method inside inner classes?
17) Is it possible to declare constructors inside inner classes?
18) If outer class variables and inner class variables are having same name then hoe to represent
outer class variables and how to represent inner class variables?
19) Is it possible to declare same method in both inner class and outer class?
20) Is it possible to declare main method inside outer classes?
File IO
384 | P a g e
1. What is the purpose of java.io package?

2. What do you mean by stream?
3. What do you mean by channel and how many types of channels present in java?
4. What is the difference between normal stream & buffered Streams?
5. What is the difference between FileInputStream & BufferedReader?
6. What is the difference between FileOutputStream & printwriter?
7. Println() method present in which class?
8. Out is which type of variable(instance /static ) present in which class?
9. To create byte oriented channel we required two class what are those classes?
10. To create character oriented channel we required two class what are those classes?
11. What is the difference between byte oriented channel and character oriented channel?
12. What is the difference between read() & readLine() method?
13. What is the difference between normal Streams & bufferd streams?
14. Wat is the purpose of write() & println() ?
15. Example classes normal Streams & bufferd streams?
16. What do you mean by serialization?
17. What is the purpose of Serializable interface& it is marker interface or not ?
18. How to prevent serialization concept?
19. What do you mean deserialization?
20. To perform deserialization we required two classes what are those classes?
21. To perform serialization we required two classes what are those classes?
22. What is the purpose of transient modifier?
23. What are advantage of serialization?
24. Serializable interface present in which package?
25. When we will get IOException how many ways are there to handle the exceptions?
26.
27. IOException is checked Exception or unchecked Exception?
Multhreading
1. What do you mean by Thread?
2. What do you mean by single threaded model?
3. What is the difference single threaded model and multithreaded model?
4. What do you mean by main thread and what is the importance?
5. What is the difference between process and thread?
6. How many ways are there to create thread which one prefer?
7. Thread class& Runnable interface present in which package?
8. Runnable interface is marker interface or not?
9. What is the difference between t.start() & t.run() methods where t is object of Thread class?
10. How to start the thread?
11. What are the life cycle methods of thread?
12. Run() method present in class/interface ?Is it possible to override run() method or not?
13. Is it possible to override start method or not?
14. What is the purpose of thread scheduler?
15. Thread Scheduler fallows which algorithm?
16. What is purpose of thread priority?
17. What is purpose of sleep() & isAlive() & isDemon() & join() & getId() & activeCount() methods?
18. Jvm creates stack memory one per Thread or all threads only one stack?
385 | P a g e
19. What is the thread priority range & how to set priority and how to get priority?
20. What is the default name of user defined thread and main thread? And how to set the name
and how to get the name?
21. What is the default priority of main thread?
22. Which approach is best approach to create a thread?
23. What is the difference between synchronized method and non-synchronized method?
24. What is the purpose of synchronized modifier?
25. What is the difference between synchronized method and non synchronized method?
26. What do you mean by demon thread tell me some examples?
27. what is the purpose of volatile modifier?
28. What is the difference between synchronized method and synchronized block?
29. Wait() notify() notifyAll() methods are present in which class?
30. Whe e ill get E eptio like IllegalTh ead“tateE eptio ?
31. Whe e ill get E eptio like IlleglA gu e tE eptio ?
32. If two threads are having same priority then who decides thread execution?
33. How two threads are communicate each other?
34. What is race condition?
35. How to check whether the thread is demon or not? Main thread is demon or not?
36. How a thread can interrupt another thread?
37. Explain about wait() motify() notifyAll()?
38. Once we create thread what is the default priority?
39. What is the max priority & min priority & norm priority?
40. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling vs time slicing?
Internationalization
1) What is the main importance of I18n?
2) What is the purpose of locale class?
3) What is the format of the properties file?
4) Local class present in which package?
5) What do you mean by properties file and what it contains?
6) What is the purpose of ResourceBundle class and how to create object?
7) How to convert different languages characters into Unicode characters?
8) What is the command used to convert different language characters into Unicode characters?
9) Who decides properties file executions?
10) What is the method used to get values from properties file?
11) By using which classes we are achieving i18n?
12) What is the default Locale and how to get it?
13) Is it possible to create your own locale?
14) What is purpose of DateFormat class and it is preset in which package?
15) What a e the DataFo at Co sta ta s to p i t Date & ti e?
16) How to print date in different Locales?
17) How to print time in different locales?
18) How to print both date & time by using single method?
19) What do you mean by factory method? getBundle() is factory method or not?
20) How to get particular locale language & country?
386 | P a g e
Demo 2-days Topics Covered
1. First application 1-days 1. Introduction

2. Variables 2-days 2. java Class
3. Methods 2-days 3. OOPS
4. Constructors 2-days 4. Packages
5. Instance, static blocks 1-day 5. nested classes
6. Flow control statements 1-day 6. Exception Handling
7. Inheritance 3-days 7. Multi Threading
8. polymorphism, 3-days 8. Java.io package
9. packages 2-days 9.Enumeration
10. Abstraction 2-days 10. Assertions
11. Encapsulation 1-day 11. Collections
12. Garbage collector 1-day 12. Arrays
13. Exception Handling 3-days 13. Generics
14. Java.IO package 1-day 14. Internationalization (I18N)
15. String manipulations 2-days 15. AWT
16. Wrapper classes 1-day 16.Swings
17. Multithreading 3-days 17. Networking
18. Enumeration, assertions 1-day 18.String manipulations
19. Nested classes 1-day 19. Wrapper classes
20. I18n(internationalization) 1-day 20. Interfaces
21. Collections,Arrays,generics 4-days 21. Garbage collector
22. Applet,AWT,swings 2-days 22.JDBC basics
Number of days : 42 days Number of topics : - 22
Note 1: - Every topic Real Time project implementation examples will be provided.
Note 2:- we will discuss 1000+ interview questions in class room.
Note 3:- complete material will be provided.
Note 4:- within one week we are able to write examples in classroom .
by Mr. Ratan.
387 | P a g e
1st class Demo- importance of java.

2nd class Demo-differences between c& cpp& java.
3rd class installation process
4th class first application
5th class first application & data-types
6th class variables
7th class variables & method introduction.
8th class methods examples.
9th class constructors
10th class instance blocks& static blocks
11th class inheritance
12th class inheritance-Aggregation keyword
13th class super keyword
14th class polymorphism-overloading
15th class polymorphism-overriding
16th class polymorphism-overriding rules
17th class packages
19th class abstraction-abstract classes
20th class abstraction-interfaces
21th class encapsulation
22th class main method
23th class flow control statements
24st class nested classes
25th class exception handling try-catch
26th class exception handling finally-throws
27th class exception handling throw & customization
28th class String manipulations
29th class wrapper classes
30th class java.io
31st class
32nd class
388 | P a g e
Example 1:-
class Test
{ 2-instance variables
static void m1()
{ print 2-variables
}
static void m2()
{ print 2-vriables
}
{ call m1();
call m2();
}
};
Example 2:
class Test
2-static variables
void m1()
{ print 4-variables
}
static void m2()
{ print 4-vriables
}
{ call m1();
call m2();
}
};
Example 3:-
class Test
2-static variables
arguments return-type
1-instance method(X x,Emp e) Test
1-static method(any 2-args) float
1-instance method(Product p,int a) String
1-static method(any 1-args) char

{ print the 4-variables
call the four methods
}
};
389 | P a g e
Example :-
class Test
2-static variables
arguments return-type
1-instance method(Y y,int a) Emp
1-static method(any 3-args) int
1-instance method(Student s,int a) double
1-static method(any 1-args) Y
1-constructor(1-arg)
1-constructor(2-arg)
1-instance block (1-sop statement)
1-instance block (1-sop statement)
1-static block (1-sop statement)
1-static block (1-sop statement)
{ create the objects
print the 4-variables
call the four methods
}
};
Example:-
class Emp
{ void details()
{ take the details from keyboard by uisng scanner class.
eid ename esal
}
void display()
{ print the emp details.
}
void status()
{ if (esal>3000)
{ good employee;
}
else
{ very good employee;
}
}
{ call details method
call display method
call status method
}
};
390 | P a g e

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Durga Software Solutions Mr.

Last modification date :- 24th Nov 2015 [ e e sio do ’t p efe old op ]

Always believe practical knowledge but not theoretical.

Core java syllabus

10. java.io package 177-183

15. Enumeration 249-251

16. Generics. 252- 311

17. Collection framework 252-311

18. Networking 312- 316

19. Applet in java 317-340

20. AWT(Abstract Window Tool Kit) 317-340

22. INTERNATIONALIZATION (I18N) 347-357

24. Arrays 362-370

Importance of core java:-

Technologies Depends on Core java:-

hibernate Core java

Learning process of java:-

JDBC Servlets jsp

Parts of the java:-

Predefined constants True, false, null (3)

Differences between C & CPP & JAVA:-

Implementation languages: implementation languages: implementation languages

The header files contain The packages contains

C-lang C CPP-lang CPP java-lang java

In C lang program execution Import java.lang.String; classes

Version Name Code Name Release Date

JAVA Features :-(buzz words)

Types of java applications:-

Install the software and set the path :-

Download the software:-

For 32-bit operating system please click on Windows x86

Install the java software in your machine:-

Process to open command prompt: Start --->run---->open:cmd---->ok

Steps to Design a First Application:-

Step1:- Select an Editor

Step 2:- Write a program.

Step3:- save the application.

example 1:- invalid

Step-4:- Compilation process.

Process of moving application saving location:-

Process of compiling multiple files:-

Step-5:- Execution process.

Overview of first application

Environment of the java programming development:-

First program development :-

Note: - java is a platform independent language but JVM is platform dependent.

Java coding conventions:-

Tokens are---------class , test , { , , [

There are 3 types of comments.

2) Multi line Comments:-

[] brackets used for array declaration.

; semicolon terminates statements.

, comma separate the variables declaration & chain statements in for.

Print() vs Println ():-

Downloading Api document:-

click on JDK 8 documentation then you will get below page.

Accept the license agreement and download the file.

Rules to declare identifier:

5. It is not possible to use keywords as a identifiers.