SCH3U - Final Exam Review

UNIT: Matter and Chemical Bonding 1. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in each atom or ion below? a) 34 Se
79 59 2+ 128 52

b) 28 Ni

c)

Te1-

d) 1 H

1+

2. Draw Lewis structures for lithium chlorine, sulfur, magnesium, and aluminum. 3. Use the Lewis structures below to answer the questions that follow.

a) Which of these species have identical electron configurations? b) Which are stable? c) Which are in the same period? d) Which are in the same group? 4. Ionization Energies ____i. lowest ionization energy in Group 1 (IA) a. iodine ____ii. lowest ionization energy of all the elements b. neon ____iii. highest first ionization energy in Period 2 c. hydrogen ____iv. element with the highest second ionization energy d. cesium ____v. halogen with the highest first ionization energy e. fluorine f. iodine g. helium h. lithium 5. Periodicity ____i. halogen with the lowest boiling point ____ii. element that is, chemically, most like iodine ____iii. Period 4 element with the highest electron affinity ____iv. atomic number of the next noble gas (hypothetical) ____v. the most electropositive alkaline earth metal a. 104 b. beryllium c. fluorine d. radium e. astatine f. 118 g. boron h. silicon i. bromine j. krypton

6. Terminology ____i. outer energy level in an atom ____ii. energy needed to remove the third electron ____iii. energy released when an atom gains an electron ____iv. stable electron configuration ____v. elements in Groups 1, 2, and 13 to 18 a. transition metals b. third energy level c. main group elements d. radioisotopes e. electron affinity f. electronegativity g. halogens h. transuranium elements i. valence shell j. third ionization energy k. octet

7. The following table lists some of the properties of four different compounds. A list of compounds is given at the bottom of the table. Select the compound in this list that best corresponds to each set of properties. Note: For conductivity, the state is given in brackets. For example, in solid state is (s) and in aqueous solution is (aq).
Substance a) b) c) d) Conductivity no (s), no (aq) yes (aq) no (s) yes (aq) yes (s) Solubility soluble soluble soluble insoluble Hardness moderately brittle NA (gas) brittle soft (scratchable) Melting point (oC) 185 -115 727 328

Compounds: copper, sucrose, acetic acid, hydrogen chloride, sodium bromide, lead, mothballs 8. a) Name the first element of the alkali metals. b) Sketch the Bohr-Rutherford diagram for this element. c) Sketch the Lewis structure for this element. 9. Compare the intermolecular and intramolecular bonding in carbon dioxide, CO2, and silicon

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dioxide, SiO2. Explain why carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature, while silicon dioxide is a solid. 10. Four fictitious atoms have the following electronegativities: A = 3.7, B = 2.6, C = 1.5, and D = 3.0. The following compounds form between these elements: DA, CA, CD, and BA. a) Classify the bonds in each compound as ionic, covalent, or polar covalent. b) How can the classifications of the bonds be used to determine whether any of these compounds are dipoles? c) Arrange the formulas in decreasing order of melting point. d) Which compound do you expect to be most soluble in water? 11. a) What is the highest valence for the element tin? b) State three possible names for the compound formed between tin, in this oxidation state, and the element chlorine. c) Draw the Lewis structure for the compound described in part b. d) Is this compound a polar molecule? Give a reason to support your answer. e) Would you expect the melting point of this compound to be higher or lower than the melting point of NaCl? Would you expect this compound to be more or less soluble in water than NaCl? 12. Chemical Formulas ____i. dinitrogen tetroxide ____ii. carbon monoxide ____iii. mercury(II) sulfate ____iv. lead(IV) fluoride ____v. tin(IV) phosphate ____vi. gold(I) chlorate a. Sn3P4 b. Au(ClO3)3 c. CO d. MeSO4 e. AuClO3 f. N2O4 g. C2O2 h. HgSO4 i. Sn3(PO4)4 j. NO2 k. PbF4

Dont forget to study your polyatomic ion derivatives

vi. mercuric sulphate __________________________ 14. Chemical Formulas of Anions ____i. hydride ____ii. carbonate ____iii. nitrite ____iv. nitride ____v. sulfate ____vi. nitrate ____vii. phosphite ____viii. hydroxide a. PO43b. NO3c. OHd. CO32e. SO42f. NO2g. Hi. N3j. PO33k. SO32-

15. Types of Reactions ____i. N2(g) +3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ____ii. 2HI(g) I2(g) + H2(g) ____iii. C7H16(l) + 11O2(g) 7CO2(g) + 8H2O(g) ____iv. Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) a. neutralization b. synthesis c. double displacement d. single displacement

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____v. HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaNO3(aq) + HOH(l) 16. Balancing Equations __Na3PO4 + __Pb(NO3)2 __Pb3(PO4)2 + __NaNO3 __ NO2 + H2O __HNO3 + __NO __C2H6 + __ O2 __CO2 + __H2O __Cu + __H2SO4 __CuSO4 + __H2O + __ SO2 __Al2C6 + __ H2O __Al(OH)3 + __C2H2

e. combustion f. decomposition

17. Predicting Products Note: Match the reactants in column A with the products in column B. Assume that the ionic reactants are in aqueous solutions. ____i. sodium + water ____ii. sodium chloride + barium hydroxide ____iii. barium + ferric nitrate ____iv. sodium phosphate + lead acetate ____v. cesium chlorite + lithium hydroxide ____vi. hydrogen peroxide ____vii. barium hydroxide + nitric acid a. water + barium nitrate b. water + oxygen c. cesium lithide + hydroxy chlorine d. iron + barium nitrate e. acetic phosphate + lead sodide f. sodium + acetate + lead phosphate g. lithium chlorite + cesium + water h. lye + barium chloride i. cesium hydroxide + lithium chlorite j. sodium hydride + hydrogen k. hydrogen + sodium hydroxide

18. Examine the following reactants, and predict the type of reaction that will occur. Use the following classifications: synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, neutralization, complete combustion, incomplete combustion, no reaction. a) CuNO3(aq) + BaCl2(aq) b) HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) c) NH4NO3(aq) + KOH(aq) d) Pb(s)+ CuCl2(aq) UNIT: Chemical Quantities 19. Calculating Molar Mass i. NaCl ii. Ca(OH)2 iii. Li2S 20. Converting Mass, Moles, and Particles ____ i. to convert number of particles to moles ____ ii. to convert moles to mass ____ iii. to convert moles to number of particles ____ iv. to convert mass to moles ____ v. to convert number of particles to mass iv. Mg(NO3)2 v. Al2(SO4)3 e) HgO(s) + heat f) C3H8(g) + limited O2(g) g) Br2(l) + CaCl2(aq) h) CuO(s) + H2(g)

a. multiply by the Avogadro constant b. multiply by the molar mass c. multiply by the Avogadro constant, then divide by the molar mass d. divide by the Avogadro constant e. divide by the molar mass f. multiply by the Avogadro constant, then multiply by the molar mass g. divide by the Avogadro constant, then multiply by the molar mass

21. Calculating Number of Moles ____ i. 56.0 g of NCl3 ____ ii. 5.32 x 1022 atoms of N ____ iii. 7.25 x 1021 molecules of N2 ____ iv. 124 g of N2O4 ____ v. 6.30 x 1022 molecules of NO2 a. 0.0120 mol of N atoms b. 0.0241 mol of N atoms c. 1.35 mol of N atoms d. 0.0884 mol of N atoms e. 0.105 mol of N atoms f. 0.465 mol of N atoms g. 2.70 mol of N atoms

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22. Determine how many moles are in 67.5 g of sodium sulphate. 23. Determine the molar mass of potassium permanganate. 24. Calculate the number of oxygen atoms in 15.0 g of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2. 25. Calculate the mass of 7.53 x 1022 molecules of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2. 26. Copper metal is used in pennies and electrical wiring. Copper has two naturally occurring isotopes: copper-63 (62.93 u) and copper-65 (64.9278 u). Its average atomic mass is 63.546 u. Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope. 27. Empirical Formulas ____i. 40% C, 6.7% H, 53.3% O ____ii. 92.3% C, 7.7% H ____iii. 12.5% H, 37.5% C, 50.0% O ____iv. 75.0 % C, 25.0% H ____v. 63.2% C, 5.30% H, 31.5%, O a. C8H8O3 b. CH2O c. CH4O d. CH3 e. CH f.CH4 g. C2H6O

28. A 5.015 g sample of a compound that contained hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen was combusted in a carbon-hydrogen analyzer. The combustion produced 7.35 g of carbon dioxide and 2.99 g of water. a) Determine the empirical formula of the compound. b) The molar mass of the compound is 60.05 g. What is the molecular formula of the compound? c) Draw the structural formula for this compound, an acid that is common in the kitchen. Name the acid, and identify the common kitchen substance that contains it. 29. The percentage composition of a compound is 88.8% copper and 11.2% oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. 30. Calculate the percentage composition of ammonium chloride. 31. A compound has the formula X3(PO4)2, where X is an unknown element. The compound is 35.8% oxygen by mass. Identify element X. 32. Mole Ratio Calculations The following reaction takes place with 3.00 g of copper and excess sulfuric acid. Cu(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + SO2(g) Calculate the amount of each substance that is used or formed in the reaction. ____i. moles of Cu ____ii. moles of H2SO4 ____iii. moles of CuSO4 ____iv. mass of sulfur dioxide ____v. mass of water a. 0.0944 mol b. 0.425 g c. 0.0472 mol d. 1.70 g e. 0.0236 mol f. 3.02 g

33. The following reaction takes place when heat is added to 26.5 g of calcium phosphate, 16.8 g of silicon oxide, and excess carbon: Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 3SiO2(s) + 5C(s) 2P(s) + 3CaSiO3(s) + 5CO(g) Determine the limiting factor. Then calculate the amount of each substance that is used or formed in the reaction. ____i. moles of Ca3(PO4)2 ____ii. moles of SiO2 ____iii. moles of C ____iv. moles of P ____v. moles of CO a. 0.0854 mol b. 0.170 mol c. 0.280 mol d. 0.427 mol e. 0.256 mol f. 0.467 mol g. 0.123 mol

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34. 25.0 g of calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide. Calculate the mass of calcium hydroxide that is produced. 35. Iron reacts with antimony trisulfide in a single replacement reaction. Antimony and iron (II) sulfide are produced. Calculate the mass of iron that is needed to react with 15.6 g of antimony trisulfide. 36. The theoretical yield of a reaction is 62.9 g, but the actual yield is 47.8 g. Calculate the percentage yield. 37. 0.987 mol of potassium chlorate decompose into potassium chloride and oxygen, according to the following equation: 2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s)+ 3O2(g) Calculate the moles of potassium chloride and the moles of oxygen that are formed. 38. Iron reacts with water to form hydrogen gas and iron(III) oxide. a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. b) 4.5 g of iron is used in the reaction. Calculate the mass of hydrogen gas that is produced. c) Name the type of reaction. 39. Ammonia is an important raw material in the production of fertilizers. It is formed by the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen. 490 g of nitrogen are placed in a reaction vessel with 100 g of hydrogen. Calculate the mass of ammonia that is formed. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) UNIT: Solutions and Solubility 40. Terms and Definitions ____i. a substance that has other substances dissolved in it a. immiscible ____ii. a substance that is present in a smaller amount in a solution b. aqueous ____iii. a solution in which water is the solvent c. solute ____iv. liquids that readily dissolve in each other d. miscible ____v. liquids that do not readily dissolve in each other e. solvent f. solubility g. alloy 41. Units of Concentration ____i. mass solubility ____ii. molar concentration ____iii. parts per billion ____iv. mass/volume percentage ____v. volume/volume percentage ____vi. 1 g/L 42. Calculating Concentration ____i. 30 g of NaCl in 500 mL of solution ____ii. 46 g of NaOH in 100 mL of water ____iii. 5.25 g of AgNO3 in 50 g of water ____iv. 3 mL of hydrogen peroxide in 10 mL of water ____v. 125 g of copper(II) sulfate in 500 g of water 43. Factors That Affect Solubility and Rate of Dissolving ____i. agitation ____ii. temperature ____iii. pressure ____iv. particle size ____v. molecule size 44. Explain the statement Like dissolves like. 45. Give an example of a familiar solution that is made up of each pair of substances. a) a gas solute and a gas solvent b) a gas solute and a liquid solvent a. rate of dissolving b. solubility c. both a. 46% (m/v) b. 25% (m/m) c. 1.03 mol/L d. 5.25% (m/m) e. 30% (v/v) f. 10.5% (m/m) a. mol/L b. g/100mL c. ppm d. ppb e. % (v/v) f. % (m/v) g. 1 mg/mL

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c) a solid solute and a solid solvent 46. a) Draw the Lewis structure of a water molecule. Show the shape and charge distribution. b) Explain why water is a polar molecule. c) Why is water called the universal solvent? d) Describe the properties of water that make it a good solvent. 47. 0.25 mol of potassium nitrate is added to enough water to make a 175 mL solution. What is the molar concentration of potassium nitrate? 48. What is the mass/volume percentage of 3.0 g in 50.0 mL of solution? 49. Calculate the mass (in grams) of sodium sulfide that is needed to make 350 mL of a 0.50 mol/L solution. 50. Calculate the concentration of 0.75 mL of hydrogen peroxide in 10 mL of solution. Express the concentration as a volume/volume percentage. 51. Calculate the concentration of 0.575 g of magnesium acetate in 265 g of water. Express the concentration as a mass/mass percentage. 52. 35 mL of a 0.250 mol/L solution of hydrochloric acid is mixed with an excess of silver nitrate. A white precipitate of silver chloride forms. What is the mass of the silver chloride precipitate? 53. 10.0 mL of a 0.10 mol/L solution of copper(II) sulfate is reacted with 25.0 mL of a 0.20 mol/L solution of sodium sulfide. This reaction creates a brown precipitate, copper(II) sulfide. What is the mass of the copper(II) sulfide precipitate? 54. What volume of 0.20 mol/L acetic acid solution is needed to make 100 mL of 0.015 mol/L acetic acid solution? 55. Using the Solubility Table ____i. magnesium sulfate ____ii. lithium hydroxide ____iii. calcium carbonate ____iv. silver nitrate ____v. iron(II) sulfite 56. Precipitation Reactions ____i. silver nitrate and sodium chloride ____ii. silver nitrate and sodium acetate ____iii. magnesium bromide and zinc sulfate ____iv. ammonium hydroxide and strontium sulfide ____v. mercury nitrate and lithium iodide a. precipitation b. no reaction a. soluble b. insoluble

57. Write the net ionic equation for the formation of each salt by mixing aqueous solutions of the component ions. a) silver chloride b) magnesium hydroxide c) aluminum phosphate 58. A solution of sodium sulfide is mixed with a solution of copper(II) chloride. Write the total ionic equation and the net ionic equation for the reaction. Identify the spectator ions in the reaction. 59. 65 mL of a 2.5 mol/L solution of silver nitrate is added to an excess of calcium chloride. Identify the precipitate, and calculate the mass of this precipitate that is formed. 60. An excess of sodium carbonate solution is added to 75.0 mL of calcium chloride solution. 7.50 g of precipitate is formed. Calculate the concentration of the calcium chloride solution. 61. Suppose that you are given a sample that contains Ag+, Ba2+, and Fe3+ ions. Outline a procedure to separate these ions from each other. What will you add to precipitate out the different ions? Write the net ionic equation for each reaction. 62. Classifying Acids and Bases ____i. is a proton acceptor ____ii. remains when a proton is removed from an acid ____iii. dissociates to form H+(aq) in solution a. Arrhenius acid b. Arrhenius base c. Brnsted-Lowry acid

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____iv. is a proton donor ____v. results when a base receives a proton 63. pH Calculations i. 2.3 x 10-8 M v. 1.2 x 10-9 ii. 1.0 x 10-5M

d. Brnsted-Lowry base e. conjugate acid f. conjugate base

iii. 4.5 x 10-12M

iv. 7.9 x 10-2M

64. Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the following reaction: H3PO4 (aq) + H2O(l) H2PO4-(aq) + H3O+(aq) 65. Name each acid. a) HBr(aq) b) H3PO2(aq) c) H2SO3(aq) d) HIO3(aq) c) sulfurous acid e) HBrO4(aq) d)

66. Write the chemical formula of each acid. a) carbonic acid b) hyponitrous acid hydrocyanic acid e) perchloric acid

67. What are two major flaws with the Arrhenius definition of an acid and a base? Explain how the Brnsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases improves on these flaws. 68. 34.2 mL of 0.200 mol/L sulfuric acid neutralizes 23.8 mL of lithium hydroxide. Determine the concentration of the base. 69. 20.0 mL of 0.15 mol/L sodium hydroxide is reacted with 30.0 mL of 0.20 mol/L sulfuric acid. a) How many grams of salt are produced? b) What is the concentration of hydronium ions in the resulting solution? c) What is the pH of the resulting solution? UNIT: Gases and Atmospheric Chemistry 70. Temperature and Pressure Units Conversion ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ i. 760 torr ii. -19C iii. 1.27 atm iv. 352 K v. 100.9 kPa a. 757 mm Hg b. 292 K c. 965 mm Hg d. 101.3 kPa e. 254 K f. 79C g. 434 mm Hg h. 625C

71. Gas Laws ____ i. When the volume of a gas is doubled, the pressure is a. Charles' law halved. b. Boyle's law ____ ii. When the pressure of a gas is tripled, the temperature c. Gay-Lussac's law is tripled. ____ iii. When the volume of a gas is decreased by a factor of 5, the temperature is decreased by a factor of 5. ____ iv. When the pressure of a gas is halved, the temperature is halved. ____ v. When the volume of a gas is increased by a factor of 5,the temperature is decreased by a factor of 5. 72. Gas Components in the Dry Atmosphere ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ i. nitrogen ii. methane iii. argon iv. neon v. oxygen a. 0.002 % b. 0.93 % c. 78.08% d. 0.03% e. 0.008% f. 0.09% g. 28.95%

73. What does STP stand for? State the temperature in two units and the pressure in four units. 74. The fuel supply for a course-correcting rocket engine on a communications satellite is

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contained in a steel sphere. The volume of the sphere is 10.0 L. The sphere is able to deliver 1400 L of gas at room temperature (25 C) and 101.3 kPa. Calculate the pressure that the sphere can withstand if the normal operating temperature of the sphere is -10oC. 75. A car tire contains air at a pressure of 1520 mm Hg and 25oC. When the car is driven, the tire heats up and the pressure increases to 1900 mm Hg. Assuming that the tire does not expand, calculate the new temperature inside the tire. 76. A sample of gas has a volume of 30 mL at 1.5 atm. The gas is allowed to expand until its volume is 100 mL. Calculate the new pressure, assuming that the temperature remains constant.

77. Use Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, or the combined gas law to determine the missing information.
P1 (kPa) 105 constant 80 100 110 V1 (L) constant 10 2.5 20 5.0 T1 (C) 25 52 constant -5 0 P2 (kPa) ? constant 110 190 200 V2 (L) constant 13 ? ? 8.0 T2 (oC) 150 ? constant 75 ?

78. Constants and Standards for the Ideal Gas Law. ____ i. standard pressure a. 6.02 x 10-23 ____ ii. standard temperature b. 8.314 kPaL/molK ____ iii. the Avogadro constant c. 1 atm ____ iv. molar volume d. 22.4 L/mol ____ v. the ideal gas constant e. 0C f. 760 mm Hg g. 6.02 x 1023 h. 2.24 L/mol 79. Gas Laws Matching ____ i. Equal volumes of all ideal gases, at the a. law of multiple proportions same temperature and pressure, contain the same b. Avogadro's law number of molecules. c. law of combining gas volumes ____ ii. When gases react, the volumes of the d. law of conservation of mass reactants and the products, measured at equal e. ideal gas law temperatures and pressures, are always in whole f. Boyle's law number ratios. g. Gay-Lussac's law ____ iii. PV = nRT ____ iv. Decreasing the pressure in a rigid closed container will result in a cooler temperature. ____ v. There is the same quantity of matter before and after a chemical reaction. 80. Mole Calculations ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ i. 2.4 L, 750 mm Hg, 20C ii. 300 mL, 104 kPa, -50C iii. 20 L, 0.98 atm, 200 K iv. 273 K, 760 torr, 22.4 L v. 98 kPa, 10.5 L, 300 K a. 1.2 mol b. 0.50 mol c. 1.00 mol d. 0.41 mol e. 0.099 mol f. 2.4 mol g. 0.017 mol h. 4.1 mol

81. What is molar volume? State the molar volume (including the units) of any gas. 82. Calculate the volume that is occupied by 5.05 mol of hydrogen chloride, HCl, gas at STP. 83. What is the pressure of 6.7 mol of carbon dioxide gas, in 35.0 L at 30C? 84. Use the ideal gas law to determine the values for a to f.

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85. Calculate the volume of water vapour that is produced from the combustion of 15.0 g of ethylene at 25C and 100 kPa. C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) 86. How many fluorine gas molecules are in 9.2 L of fluorine gas at STP? 87. A 5.00 g sample of gas has a pressure of 1.20 atm and a volume of 750 mL, at a temperature of 35C. Calculate the molar mass of the gas. 88. 148 L of hydrogen gas reacts with nitrogen gas to produce ammonia gas at 65C and 350 kPa. Calculate the volume of ammonia gas that is produced at 700 mm Hg and 34C. 89. Iron pyrite, FeS2, when roasted in air, reacts to produce sulfur dioxide and iron(III) oxide as follows: 4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g) 25.2 g of iron pyrite reacts with 5.50 L of oxygen gas at 20C and 100 kPa. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide that is formed.

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