BASIC MATHEMATICS

1 AND LOGARITHM

NUMBER SYSTEM These numbers are also called as relatively prime

numbers.
(i) Natural numbers: The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ... are
called Natural Numbers. The set of natural numbers is Note:
denoted by N. (a) Two prime number(s) are always co-prime but
Thus N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....}. converse need not be true.
(ii) Whole numbers: Natural numbers including zero are (b) Consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime
called whole numbers. The set of whole numbers is numbers.
denoted by W. (ix) Twin prime numbers : If the difference between two
Thus W = {0, 1, 2, .........} prime numbers is two, then the numbers are called twin
(iii) Integers: The numbers ... – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 .... are prime numbers.
called integers and the set is denoted by  or Z. Thus 
e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13}, {17, 19}, {29, 31}
(or Z) = {.. – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3...}
Note : Note: Number between twin prime numbers is divisible
(a) Positive integers  = {1, 2, 3 ....} = N by 6 (except (3, 5)).
(b) Negative integers – = {....., –3, –2, –1}. (x) Rational numbers: All the numbers that can be
(c) Non-negative integers (whole numbers) = {0, 1, 2, ...}. represented in the form p/q, where p and q are integers
(d) Non-positive integers = {......, –3, –2, –1, 0}. and q  0, are called rational numbers and their set is
(iv) Even integers: Integers which are divisible by 2 are called denoted by Q. Thus Q = {p/q : p, q  and q  0}. It may
even integers. be noted that every integer is a rational number since it
e.g. 0, ± 2, ± 4,....... can be written as p/q. It may be noted that all recurring
(v) Odd integers: Integers which are not divisible by 2 are decimals are rational numbers.
called odd integers. p
e.g. ± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 7...... Note : Maximum number of different decimal digits in q
(vi) Prime numbers: Natural numbers which are divisible by 11
1 and itself only are called prime numbers. is equal to q, i.e. will have maximum of 9 different
9
e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, ........ decimal digits.
(vii) Composite number: Let 'a' be a natural number, 'a' is said (xi) Irrational numbers : The numbers which can not be
to be composite if, it has atleast three distinct factors.
expressed in p/q form where p, q   and q  0 i.e. the
e.g. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 .........
numbers which are not rational are called irrational
Note :
numbers and their set is denoted by Q c . (i.e.
(i) 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
(ii) Numbers which are not prime are composite numbers complementary set of Q) e..g. 2 , 1 + 3 etc. Irrational
(except 1). numbers can not be expressed as recurring decimals.
(iii) ‘4’ is the smallest composite number. Note : e  2.71 is called Napier's constant and  3.14 are
(iv) ‘2’ is the only even prime number.
irrational numbers.
(viii) Co-prime numbers: Two natural numbers (not necessarily
(xii) Real numbers: Numbers which can be expressed on
prime) are called coprime, if their H.C.F (Highest common
number line are called real numbers. The complete set of
factor) is one.
rational and irrational numbers is the set of real numbers
e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (3, 10), (3, 8), (5, 6), (7, 8)
and is denoted by R. Thus R = Q  QC.
(15, 16) etc.
 All real numbers follow the order property i.e. if there are
two distinct real numbers a and b then either a < b or a > b. TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
Note: Example 1: The polynomials P(x) = kx 3 + 3x 2 – 3 and
(a) Sum of a rational number and an irrational number is Q(x) = 2x3 – 5x + k, when divided by (x – 4) leave the same
always an irrational number remainder. The value of k is
e.g. 2+ 3 Sol. P(4) = 64k + 48 – 3 = 64k + 45
(b) The product of a non zero rational number and an Q(4) = 128 – 20 + k = k + 108
irrational number will always be an irrational number. given P(4) = Q(4)
(c) If a  Q and b  Q, then ab = rational number, only if  64k + 45 = k + 108;
a = 0.  63k = 63  k = 1
(d) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational
numbers need not be a irrational number or we can SOME IMPORTANT IDENTITIES
say, result may be a rational number also.
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab
(xiii) Complex number: A number of the form a + ib is called a
2. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab
complex number, where a, b  R and i = 1 . Complex
number is usually denoted by Z and the set of complex 3. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
number is represented by C. Thus C = {a + ib : a, b  R 4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
and i = 1 } 5. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
Note: It may be noted that N  W    Q  R  C. 6. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)
DIVISIBILITY TEST 7. a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b) = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab)
(i) A number will be divisible by 2 iff the digit at the unit 8. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = a2 + b2 + c2
place is divisible by 2. 1 1 1
(ii) A number will be divisible by 3 iff the sum of its digits of + 2abc    
a b c
the number is divisible by 3.
(iii) A number will be divisible by 4 iff last two digits of the 1
9. a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 +
number together are divisible by 4. 2
(c – a)2]
(iv) A number will be divisible by 5 iff digit at the unit place is
either 0 or 5. 10. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
(v) A number will be divisible by 6 iff the digit at the unit 1
= (a + b + c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
place of the number is divisible by 2 & sum of all digits of 2
the number is divisible by 3. If a + b + c = 0 , then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
(vi) A number will be divisible by 8 iff the last 3 digits, all
11. a4 – b4 = (a + b) (a – b) (a2 + b2)
together, is divisible by 8.
(vii) A number will be divisible by 9 iff sum of all it’s digits is 12. a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + 1)2 – a2 = (1 + a + a2) (1 – a + a2)
divisible by 9.
INDICES
(viii) A number will be divisible by 10 iff it’s last digit is 0.
(ix) A number will be divisible by 11 iff the difference between If ‘a’ is any non zero real or imaginary number and ‘m’ is the
the sum of the digits at even places and sum of the digits positive integer, then am = a · a · a. ... a (m times). Here a is called
at odd places is a multiple of 11. the base and m is called the index, power or exponent.
e.g. 1298, 1221, 123321, 12344321, 1234554321, Law of indices:
123456654321, 795432
1. a0 = 1, (a  0)
REMAINDER THEOREM 1
2. a–m = m , (a  0)
Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to a
3. am + n = am · an, where m and n are rational numbers
one and ‘a’ be any real number. If p(x) is divided by (x – a), then
the remainder is equal to p(a). am
4. am – n = , where m and n are rational numbers, a  0
FACTOR THEOREM an
5. (am)n = amn
Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and
q
‘a’ be a real number such that p(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of 6. ap/q = ap
p(x). Conversely, if (x – a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
P 6 DROPPER JEE
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 TRAIN YOUR BRAIN a c e xa  yc  ze  ......
(ix) If    ..... , then each =
b d f xb  yd  zf  ......
4 4
3  6 
Example 2: Simplify  6 a9   3 a 9  a c e  xa n  yc n  zen 
1/ n

Sol. a9(1/6)(1/3)4 · a9(1/3)(1/6)4 = a2 · a2 = a4. (x) If b  d  f  ..... , then each =  n n n 

 xb  yd  zf 
RATIO
(i) If A and B be two quantities of the same kind, then their TRAIN YOUR BRAIN
A
ratio is A : B; which may be denoted by the fraction Example 3: If x  y  y  z  z  x , then find x : y : z.
B 2 3 4
(This may be an integer or fraction)
Sum of the numerators
a ma Sol. Each =
(ii) A ratio may represented in a number of ways e.g. = Sum of the denominators
b mb
na 2( x  y  z ) x  y  z
= =...... where m, n,...... are non-zero numbers. =  and therefore each
nb 9 9/2
(iii) To compare two or more ratio, reduce them to common
denominator. ( x  y  z)  ( y  z) ( x  y  z)  ( x  z)
= 
(iv) Ratio between two ratios may be represented as the ratio 9 9
3 4
of two integers 2 2
(x  y  z)  (x  y)
a c a/b ad 
e.g. : : = or ad : bc. 9
b d c/d bc 2
2
(v) Ratios are compounded by multiplying them together
x y z
a c e ace =   x:y:z=3:1:5
i.e. . . ......= ....... 3 / 2 1/ 2 5 / 2
b d f bdf
(vi) If a : b is any ratio then its duplicate ratio is a2 : b2; triplicate INTERVALS
ratio is a3 : b3..... etc. Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in
(vii) If a : b is any ratio, then its sub-duplicate ratio is a1/2 : b1/ solving inequalities or in finding domains. If there are two
2
; sub-triplicate ratio is a1/3 : b1/3 etc. numbers a, b  R such that a < b, we can define four types of
PROPORTION intervals as follows :
Open Interval (a, b)
When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities compositing
{x : a < x < b} i.e. extreme points are not includes
a c
them are said to be proportional. If = , then it is written as Closed Interval [a, b]
b d
a : b = c : d or a : b : : c : d {x : a  x  b} i.e. extreme points are includes
(i) ‘a’ and ‘d’ are known as extremes and ‘b and c’ are known It can possible when a and b are finite
as means. Semi-Open Interval (a, b]
(ii) An important property of proportion Product of extremes
= product of means. {x : a < x  b} i.e. a is not include and b is include
(iii) If a : b = c : d, then b : a = d : c (Invertando) Semi-Closed Interval [a, b)
(iv) If a : b = c : d, then a : c = b : d (Alternando) {x : a  x < b} i.e. a is include and b is not include
ab cd Note:
(v) If a : b = c : d, then  (Componendo)
b d 1. The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
a b c d (i) (a, ) = {x : x > a}
(vi) If a : b = c : d, then  (Dividendo)
b d (ii) [a, ) = {x : x  a}
ab cd (iii) (– , b) = {x : x < b}
(vii) If a : b = c : d, then  (Componendo and
ab cd (iv) (, b] = {x : x  b}
dividendo)
a c e a  c  e  ..... (v) (– ) = {x : x  R}
(viii) If    ..... , then each 2. x  {1, 2} denotes some particular values of x, i.e. x =
b d f b  d  f  ......
1, 2
Sum of the numerators 3. If there is no value of x, then we say x  (null set)
=
Sum of the denominators
BASIC MATHEMATICS AND LOGARITHM 7 P
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GENERAL METHOD TO SOLVE INEQUALITIES LOGARITHM FUNCTION
(Method of intervals (Wavy curve method) The logarithm of the number N to the base ‘a’ is the exponent
indicating the power to which the base ‘a’ must be raised to
 ( x – b1 )k1 ( x – b2 )k2    ( x – bn )kn  obtain the number N.
Let g(x) =  r1 r rn 
 ... (i)
 ( x – a1 ) ( x – a2 ) 2    ( x – an )  This number is designated as logaN.
Where k1, k2 ..... kn and r1, r2 ........ rn  N and b1, b2..... bn and Hence logaN = x  ax = N, a > 0, a  1 and N > 0
a1, a2 ... an are real numbers. If a = 10, then we write log b rather than log10b
Then to solve the inequality following steps are taken.
a = e, we write ln b rather than logeb
Steps: Points where numerator becomes zero are called zeros or The existence and uniqueness of the number logaN follows
roots of the function and where denominator becomes zero are from the properties of an exponential functions.
called poles of the function. Domain :
(i) First we find the zeros and poles of the function. The existence and uniqueness of the number loga N can be
(ii) Then we mark all the zeros and poles on the real line determined with the help of set of conditions, a > 0 & a  1 &
and put a vertical bar there dividing the real line in N > 0.
many intervals. The base of the logarithm ‘a ’ must not equal unity otherwise
(iii) Determine sign of the function in any of the interval numbers not equal to unity will not have a logarithm and any
and then alternates the sign in the neghbouring number will be the logarithm of unity.
interval if the poles or zeros dividing the two interval
FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITY
has appeared odd number of times otherwise retain
the sign. (i) loga1 = 0 (a > 0, a  1)
(iv) Thus we consider all the intervals. The solution of the (ii) logaa = 1 (a > 0, a  1)
g(x) > 0 is the union of the intervals in which we have (iii) log1/a a = –1 (a > 0, a  1)
put the plus sign and the solution of g(x) < 0 is the
Remember
union of all intervals in which we have put the minus
log102  0.3010; log103  0.4771
sign.
n 2  0.693; n 10  2.303

TRAIN YOUR BRAIN FUNDAMENTAL LOGARITHMIC IDENTITY

log a N
a = N, a > 0, a  1 & N > 0
2
( x –1) ( x  4)
Example 4: Solution < 0 is PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES
(2 – x)
Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers, a > 0, a  1, b > 0,
( x –1) 2 ( x  4) ( x  4) b  1 and are any real numbers, then:
Sol. <0  ( x – 2) > 0
(2 – x) (i) loga (M · N) = loga M + loga N ;
In general
loga(x1 x2 ... xn) = logax1 + loga x2 + ... + loga xn
+ + (ii) loga(M/N) = loga M  loga N
–4 – 2
(iii) logaM = · loga M

 (– , – 4)  (2, ). BASE CHANGING THEOREM

3 It states that ratio of logarithm of two numbers is independent
( x  4) 4 ( x – 1)3 of their common base
Example 5: The solution of > 0 is
( x – 2)
Symbolically
( x  4) 4/ 3 ( x – 1) 3 x –1
Sol. ( x – 2)
>0  >0 loga M
x–2
= logb M (a > 0, M > 0, b > 0)
loga b

+ + Important Results
1 – 2 1
(i) Base power formula: logak M = loga M
k
logb c logb a
 (– , 1)  (2, ) Excluding – 4. (ii) a c

P 8 DROPPER JEE
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GRAPH OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS Form - I : f (x) > 0, g(x) > 0, g(x)  1
If a > 0, a  1, then the function y = loga x, x  R+ (set of Form Collection of system
positive real numbers) is called the logarithmic Function with
base a.  f ( x)  1, g ( x)  1
(a) logg(x) f (x)  0    
Y 0  f ( x )  1, 0  g ( x)  1
y=log2x
y=log 4x  f ( x)  1 , 0  g ( x)  1
y=log10x (b) logg(x) f (x)  0   
0  f ( x )  1 , g ( x)  1
Domain : R+
X Range : R  f ( x )  g ( x) a , g ( x)  1
O (c) logg(x) f (x)  a   
Nature : one-one 0  f ( x )  g ( x)
a
, 0  g ( x)  1
y=log1/10x
y=log1/4x a
y=log 1/2x 0  f ( x)  g ( x ) , g ( x)  1
(d) logg(x) f (x) a    a
 f ( x )  g ( x) , 0  g ( x)  1
Note:
(i) If the number and the base are on the same side of the From - II : When the inequality of the form
unity, then the logarithm is positive.
Form Collection of system
(ii) If the number and the base are on the opposite sides
of unity, then the logarithm is negative.  f ( x )  g ( x), ( x)  1,
(a) log(x) f (x) log(x) g(x)  
0  f ( x)  g ( x );0  ( x )  1

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
 0  f ( x )  g ( x ), ( x )  1,
If a > 0, a  1 then the function defined by f (x) = ax, x  R is (b) log(x) f (x) log(x) g(x)  
 f ( x )  g ( x )  0, 0  ( x)  1
called an Exponential Function with base a.

COMMON AND NATURAL LOGARITHM

Y
log10N is referred as a common logarithm and logeN is called as
–x
y=4
y = 10–x y = 10x y = 4x natural logarithm of N to the base Napierian and is popularly
y=2
–x y = 2x
Domain : R written as n N. Note that e is an irrational quantity lying be-
+ tween 2.7 to 2.8 Note that en x = x.
a>1 Range : R

Nature : one-one CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA

0<a<1 The common logarithm of a number consists of two parts,
integral and fractional, of which the integral part may be zero or
O X an integer (+ve or –ve) and the fractional part a decimal, less
than one and always positive.
The integral part is called the characteristic and the deci-
mal part is called the mantissa. It should be noted that, if the
LOGARITHMIC EQUATION
characteristic of the logarithm of N is p then number of signifi-
The equality loga x = loga y is possible if and only if x = y cant digit in N = p + 1 if p is the non negative characteristic of
i.e. loga x = loga y  x = y logN. Number of zeros after decimal before a significant figure
Always check validity of given equation, (x > 0, y > 0, a > 0,
start is p – 1
a  1)
LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY ANTILOGARITHM
Let ‘a’ is a real number such that The positive real number ‘n’ is called the antilogarithm of a
(i) If a > 1, then logax > loga y  x > y number ‘m’ if log n = m
(ii) If a > 1, then logax < 0 < x < a Thus, logan = m  n = antiloga m
(iii) If a > 1, then logax > x > a So antiloga m = am ( n = ax)

(iv) If 0 < a < 1, then logax > loga y  0 < x < y 2
e.g. antil og8    82/3  4
(v) If 0 < a < 1, then logax < x > a 3

BASIC MATHEMATICS AND LOGARITHM 9 P

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 TRAIN YOUR BRAIN f(x)
y
1 1
Example 6: Compute the value of + .
log 2 36 log3 36
1 1 1 x' x
Sol. + = log362 + log363 = log366 = O x
log 2 36 log 3 36 2
y'
Example 7: How many solutions are there for equation
log4 (x – 1) = log2 (x – 3)? Domain = R; Range = [0, ) or R+ {0}

Sol. log4 (x – 1)= log2 (x – 3) Properties of modulus : For any a, b  R

 log22 (x – 1)= log2 (x – 3) (i) a  0

1 (ii) a  a
 log2 (x – 1)= log2 (x – 3)
2 (a) | a |n = | an |
 log2 (x – 1)1/2= log2 (x – 3) (b) | an | = an , where n is even and n z
 (x – 1)1/2= (x – 3)
(iii) a  a, a  a
 x – 1= x2 – 6x + 9
 (x – 2) (x – 5)= 0
(iv) ab  a b
 x = 2, 5
But x – 1> 0 and x – 3 > 0 a a
(v) b  b
x > 1 and x > 3
So only one solution x = 5
Note : | f (x) |+ | g(x) | = | f (x) + g(x) |
4x  6  f (x) · g(x)  0
Example 8: Solve the logarithmic inequality log1/5 0.
x
Sol. Since log1/5 1 = 0, the given inequality can be written as. Example 9: The absolute value of sum of real solutions of
log2 |x2 + 5x + 4| = log2 3 + log2 |x + 1| is
4x  6 (a) 8 (b) 6
log1/5  log1/5 1
x (c) 7 (d) 5
when the domain of the function is taken into account the Ans. (c)
inequality is equivalent to the system of ineqaulities.
| ( x  1)( x  4) |
Sol. log2 = log2 3
 4x  6 | x 1|
 x  0,
 |x + 4| = 3
 4x  6  1 x + 4 = –3, +3
 x x = –7, –1 (rejected);
Solving the ineqaualities by using method of intervals  x = –7

–3  Example 10: Number of real solutions of |x – 1| = |x – 2| + |x – 3| is


x   –2, (a) 0 (b) 1
 2 
(c) 2 (d) more than 2
ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION / MODULUS Ans. (c)
FUNCTION: Sol. Case-I: x  1 , 1 – x = 2 – x + 3 – x
This is also known as absolute value function and denoted x = 4 (rejected)
by Case-II: 1 < x  2, x – 1 = 2 – x + 3 – x, x = 2

f(x) = |x| i.e.  x , x0

f(x) =  x , x  0
Case-III: 2 < x < 3 , x – 1 = x – 2 + 3 – x, x = 2
Case-IV: x  3, x – 1 = x – 2 + x – 3
Domain of this function is set of all real numbers because f(x) x=4
exists for all x  R but |x|  0 so range is all non-negative real
 x = 2, 4
numbers.
P 10 DROPPER JEE
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INEQUALITIES INVOLVING ABSOLUTE Example 13: Solve x  1  2  5
VALUE Sol. x  1  2  5
(i) | x |  a (where a > 0) –5  |x – 1| – 
–3  |x – 1| < 7
It implies those values of x on real number line which
|x – 1| < 7
are at distance a or less than a from zero.
– 6 < x < 8

GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION

–a 0 a (STEP-UP FUNCTION)
 –a  x  a The function f(x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function and
is defined as follows:
e.g. x  2   2  x  2 [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
|x| < 3  –3 < x < 3 e.g., [3] = 3, [2.7] = 2, [7.8] = 8, [0.8] = 0
In other words if we list all the integers less then or equal to x,
In general, f  x   a (where a > 0)  –a  f (x)  a. then the integer greatest among them is called greatest integer
of x. Greater integer of x is also called integral part of x.
(ii) x  a (where a > 0)
y = f(x) = [ x ]
It implies those values of z on real number line which are Domain : R ; Range : I ;
y
at distance a or more than a from zero
2

1
–a 0 a 2 1 x
1 2 3
 x  –a or x a 1

In general, f  x   a  f(x)  – a or f (x)  a 2

(iii) a |x| b (where a, b > 0) Remarks

(i) [x]  x < [x] + 1
–b –a 0 a b (ii) [x + m] = [x] + m; m  I
 0 ; xI
Fig 1.22 (iii) [x] + [–x] =   1 ; x  I

x  [–b, –a]  [a, b]
(iv) If |x + y| = |x| + |y| , xy  FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION
If |x – y| = |x| + |y| , xy  0 y = f (x) = {x} = x – [x]
If |x + y| = ||x| – |y||, xy  0 Domain : x  R; Range : [0, 1)
If |x – y| = ||x| – |y||, xy 
E.g. 2.3 = 2 + 0.3 fractional part
Example 11: Solve x2 – 4|x| + 3 < 0. 
Sol. x2 – 4|x| + 3 < 0 Integer part
y
 (|x| – 1) (|x| – 3) < 0
 1 < |x| < 3 1

 – 3 < x < –1 or 1 < x < 3

–1 –2 0 1 2 3 x
 x  (3, 1)  (1, 3)
Remarks
Example 12: Solve 1 |x – 2|  3
Sol. 1 |x – 2|  3 (i) Fractional part of any integer is zero.
–3  x – 2  – 1 or 1  x – 2  3 (ii) {x + n} = {x}, n 
–1  x  1 or 3  x  5 0 ; x  I
(iii) {x} + {–x} = 
x  [–1, 1]  [3, 5] 1 ; otherwise

BASIC MATHEMATICS AND LOGARITHM 11 P

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 Topicwise Questions

BASIC CONCEPTS AND NUMBER SYSTEM 10. If 2x3 – 5x2 + x + 2 = (x– 2) (ax2 – bx – 1), then a & b are
respectively
1. Let x  Q, y  Qc , Which of the following statement
is always WRONG? (a) 2, 1 (b) 2, – 1
(a) xy  Qc (c) 1, 2 (d) –1, 1/2
(b) y/x  Q, whenever defined 11. The value of [e] – [– ] is, where [.] denotes greatest
integer function.
(c) 2x + y  Q (a) 5 (b) 6
(d) x/y  Qc , whenever defined (c) 7 (d) 8
2. If x and y are two rational numbers such that 12. Number of real solution (x) of the equation
(x + y) + (x  2 y) 2 = 2 x  y + ( x  y  1) 6 , then: | x  3 |3 x
2
1 0 x  3 = 1 is
(a) x = 1, y = 1 (a) exactly four (b) exactly three
(b) x = 2, y = 1 (c) exactly two (d) exactly one
(c) x = 5, y = 1
(d) x and y can take infinitely many values LOGARITHM AND ITS PRINCIPLE PROPERTIES
3. Which of the following statement is incorrect :
(a) rational number + rational number = rational number 1 1 1
13.   has the
(b) irrational number + rational number = irrational number log bc
abc log ca
abc log ab
abc
(c) integer + rational number = rational number
value equal to
(d) irrational number + irrational number = Irrational number
(a) 1/2 (b) 1
4. The number of real roots of the equation (x  1)2 +
(x  2)2 + (x  3)2 = 0 is : (c) 2 (d) 4
(a) 0 (b) 1 1
(c) 2 (d) 3 14. If logx log18 ( 2  8)  . Then the value of 1000 x is
3
5. If x – a is a factor of x3 – a2x + x + 2, then ‘a’ is equal to equal to
(a) 0 (b) 2 (a) 8 (b) 1/8
(c) –2 (d) 1
(c) 1/125 (d) 125
6. Every irrational number can be expressed on the number
line. This statement is 15. Number of real solutions of the equation log10   x 
(a) always true = log10 x 2 is :
(b) never true (a) none (b) exactly 1
(c) true subject to some condition
(c) exactly 2 (d) 4
(d) None of these
7. The multiplication of a rational number ‘x’ and an irrational 16. Greatest integer less than or equal to the number log 2
number ‘y’ is 15 . log1/6 2 . log3 1/6 is
(a) always rational (a) 4 (b) 3
(b) rational except when y =  (c) 2 (d) 1
(c) always irrational log 1/ 4 a 2
1)3
(d) irrational except when x = 0 2 2  3log 27 (a  2a
17. The ratio simplifies to
4log 49 a
8. If x, y are integral solutions of 2x2 – 3xy – 2y2 = 7, then 7  a 1
value of |x + y| is
(a) a2 – a – 1 (b) a2 + a – 1
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) a2 – a + 1 (d) a2 + a + 1
(c) 6 (d) 2 or 4 or 6
9. If a, b, c are real, then a (a – b) + b (b – c) + c (c – a) = 0, 18. If 3 2 log 3 x – 2 x – 3 = 0, then the number of values of ‘x’
only if satisfying the equation is
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a = b = c (a) zero (b) 1
(c) a = b or b = c or c = a (d) a – b – c = 0 (c) 2 (d) more than 2

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 19. The number log27 is 24. Solution set of the inequality 2  log2 (x2 + 3x)  0 is :
(a) an integer (b) a rational number (a) [ 4, 1]
(c) an irrational number (d) a prime number
(b) [ 4,  3)  (0, 1]
20. Anti logarithm of 0.75 to the base 16 has the value equal
to (c) (  3)  (1, )
(a) 4 (b) 6 (d) (  4)  [1, )
(c) 8 (d) 12
MODULUS FUNCTION
INEQUALITIES
25. Solutions of |4x + 3| + |3x – 4| = 12 are
21. If the solution set of the inequality
7 3 5 2
(a) x = – , (b) x = – ,
log 2
log 5 ( x  5  x ) > 0 contains ‘n’ integral 3 7 2 5
0.9
11 13 3 7
values, then n equals to (c) x = – , (d) x = – ,
7 7 7 5
(a) 7 (b) 8
(c) 6 (d) 10 26. If |x2 – 2x – 8| + |x2 + x – 2| = 3 | x + 2|, then the set of all real
2 values of x is
22. If log0.5 log5 (x – 4) > log0.51, then ‘x’ lies in the interval
(a) [1, 4]  {–2} (b) [1, 4]
(a) (– 3, – 5 )  ( 5 , 3) (c) [–2, 1]  [4,) (d) (–, –2]  [1, 4]
(b) (– 3, – 5 )( 5 ,3 5 ) 27. The complete set of real ‘x’ satisfying ||x – 1| – 1|  1 is:
(c) ( 5 ,3 5 ) (a) [0, 2] (b) [ 1, 3]
(d)  (c) [ 1, 1] (d) [1, 3]

23. The set of all the solutions of the inequality log 1 – x 28. The number of real roots of the equation |x|2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0
(x – 2)  – 1 is is
(a) (– , 0) (b) (2, ) (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) (– , 1) (d)  (c) 3 (d) 4

Learning Plus

1. If A & B are two rational numbers and AB, A + B and 4. The remainder obtained when the polynomial
A – B are rational numbers, then A/B is 1  x  x 3  x 9  x 27  x81  x 243 is divided by x – 1 is
(a) always rational (a) 3 (b) 5
(b) never rational (c) 7 (d) 11
(c) rational when B  0 3 x
(d) rational when A  0 5. If x x x

 x. 3 x  , then x =
2. If a, b, c are real and distinct numbers, then the value of
(a) 1 (b) –1
(a  b) 3  (b  c) 3  (c  a ) 3 (c) 0 (d) 2
is
(a  b)(b  c)(c  a )
6. The equation 4   9.2 x 2  8  0 has the solution
x2 2 2

(a) 1 (b) a b c
(c) 2 (d) 3 (a) x = ± 1 (b) x = 10
3. The polynomials P(x) = kx + 3x2 – 3 and Q(x) = 2x3 – 5x +
3

k, when divided by (x – 4) leave the same remainder. The (c) x =  2 (d) x = 3

5
value of k is 7. Logarithm of 32 4 to the base 2 2 is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (a) 3.6 (b) 5
(c) 0 (d) –1 (c) 5.6 (d) 10

BASIC MATHEMATICS AND LOGARITHM 13 P

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 8. The value of log34 log45 log56 log67 log78 log89 is 21
..
(a) 1 (b) 2 9998
.
18. The value of log 2 .log3 ....log100 100 is
(c) 3 (d) 4
1 1 1 (a) 0 (b) 1
9. 1  log a  log c  1  log a  log b  1  log b  log c (c) 2 (d) 100!
b b c c a a
has the value equal to 19. The number of solution of log2(x + 5) = 6 – x is
1 (a) 2 (b) 0
(a) abc (b) (c) 3 (d) 1
abc
(c) 0 (d) 1 20. If log102 = 0.30103, log103 = 0.47712, the number of digits
a b 1 in 312 × 28 is
10. If loge     loge a  log e b  , then relation (a) 7 (b) 8
 2  2
between a and b will be (c) 9 (d) 10
b 21. Exhaustive set of values of x satisfying log|x| (x2 + x + 1) 
(a) a = b (b) a 
2 0 is
b (a) (–1, 0) (b) (–, –1)  (1, )
(c) 2a = b (d) a 
3 (c) (–) – {–1, 0, 1} (d) (–, –1)  (–1, 0)  (1, )

11. log 7 log 7 7( 7 7 )  22. The set of real values of x satisfying

(a) 3 log2 7
(c) 1 – 3log72
(b) 1 – 3 log37
(d) 1 – 10 log27
 
log1/ 2 x 2  6x  12  2 is

12. The value of 81(1/log53) + 27 log936 + 34/log79 is equal to (a)  , 2 (b) [2, 4]
(a) 49 (b) 625
(c) 216 (d) 890 (c)  4,  (d) [3, 8]
13. If log10 x = y, then log1000 x2 is equal to
23. If log0.04(x – 1)  log0.2(x – 1) then x belongs to the interval
(a) y2 (b) 2y
(c) 3y/2 (d) 2y/3 (a) (1, 2] (b) (–, 2]
14. If x = loga(bc), y = logb(ca), z = logc(ab), then which of the (c) [2, + ) (d) [2, 2]
following is equal to 1
24. If log0.3(x – 1) < log0.09(x – 1), then x lies in the interval
(a) x + y + z (a) (2, ) (b) (– 2, –1)
(b) (1 + x)–1 + (1 + y)–1 + (1 + z)–1 (c) (1, 2) (d) (–2, 2)
(c) xyz
(d) x + y – z 25. The minimum value of f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 3| is equal
15. If a = log2412, b = log3624 and c = log48 36, then 1+abc is to
equal to (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) 2ab (b) 2ac (c) 3 (d) 0
(c) 2bc (d) 0 26. The set of real value(s) of p for which the equation
| 2x + 3 | + | 2x – 3 | = px + 6 has more than two solutions
16. The solution of the equation log7 log5  
x2  5  x  0 .
is :
(a) x = 2 (b) x = 3 (a) [0, 4) (b) (– 4, 4)
(c) x = 4 (d) x = – 2
(c) R – {4, – 4, 0} (d) {0}
log 20  0.1 0.01 0.001 ........
17. The value of  0.05 is 27. Number of solutions of the equation [2x] – 3 {2x} = 1
1 (where [ . ] and { . } denotes greatest integer and
(a) 81 (b) fractional part function respectively)
81
1 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 20 (d) (c) 3 (d) 0
20

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 Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions

MCQ/COMPR EH ENSION/MATCH ING/ 8. Solution set of the inequality

2
NUMERICAL  x3   32  2
 log 2 x 4   log1 2 
 9 log 2  2   4 log1 2 x  is
 8  x 
y
1. If x & y are real numbers and = x, then ‘y’ cannot take (a, b)  (c, d) then the correct statement is
x
the value(s) (a) a = 2b and d = 2c
(a) –1 (b) 0 (b) b = 2a and d = 2c
(c) 1 (d) 2 (c) logcd = logba
2. Indicate all correct alternatives, where base of the log (d) there are 4 integers in (c, d)
is 2.
1
(3/4) (log² x)² + log² x(5/4) 9. If  log0.1 x  2, then
The equation x = 2 has : 2
(a) at least one real solution 1
(a) maximum value of x is
(b) exactly three real solutions 10
(c) exactly one irrational solution 1 1
(b) x lies between and
(d) Imaginary roots 100 10
3. Values of x satisfying the equation 1
(c) minimum value of x is
5 10
log52 x + log5x   = 1 are 1
x (d) minimum value of x is
100
(a) 1 (b) 5
10. If |x – 5| + |x + 5| = 10, then
1 (a) the number of integral solutions is 10
(c) (d) 3
25 (b) the number of integral solutions is 11
log 3 135 log 3 5 (c) the sum of all the integral solutions is 0
4 . Let N =  . Then N is (d) all the solutions of the equation are rational numbers
log 15 3 log 405 3
(a) a natural number (b) a prime number Comprehension – 01 ( no. 11 to 13)
(c) a rational number (d) an integer Adenotes the product xyz where x, y and z satisfy
5. The solution set of the system of equations log3x + log3y log3x = log5 – log7
log5y = log7 – log3
2
= 2 + log32 and log27(x + y) = is log7z = log3 – log5
3 Bdenotes the sum of square of solution of the equation
(a) (6, 3) (b) (3, 6) log2 (log2x6 – 3) – log2 (log2x4 – 5) = log23
(c) (6, 12) (d) (12, 6) Cdenotes characterstic of logarithm
6. The equation log 16 + log2x 64 = 3 has log2 (log23) – log2 (log43) + log2 (log45) – log2 (log65) +
x2 log2 (log67) – log2(log87)
(a) one irrational solution
(b) no prime solution 11. Find value of A + B + C
(c) two real solutions (a) 18 (b) 34
(d) one integral solution (c) 32 (d) 24
12. Find log2A + log2B + log2C
 2 9 
 (log3 x)  2 log3 x 5  (a) 5 (b) 6
7. The equation x    3 3 has
(c) 7 (d) 4
(a) exactly three real solution 13. Find | A – B + C |
(b) at least one real solution (a) – 30 (b) 32
(c) exactly one irrational solution (c) 28 (d) 30
(d) complex roots

BASIC MATHEMATICS AND LOGARITHM 15 P

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Comprehension – 02 ( no. 14 to 16) 15. Number of zeroes after decimal before a significant digit
in (b)10 is
Let  and  are the solutions of the equation  x log 5 x 1
=
(a) 5
(c) 8
(b) 7
(d) 6
5 where  I and  I Then
[Use: log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771] 16. The value of ()log 25 9 is
1
(a) (b) 5
14. The number of significant digits before decimal in ()10 is 3
(a) 13 (b) 14 1
(c) (d) 9
(c) 15 (d) None 5

17. Match the Column:

Column-I Column-II
(a) The value(s) of x, which does not satisfy the equation (P) 2
log22 (x2 – x) – 4 log2(x – 1) log2x = 1, is (are)

(b) The value of x satisfying the equation (Q) 3

log 7 10 log10 ( 8 x 3)

ln 5log5 7
2log 2 e = 13, is (R) 4

 1 1 
(c) The number N = 
  
 log 2  log 6   is less than (S) 5

(d) Let l = (log34 + log29)2 – (log34 – log29)2 and m = 

(0.8) 1  9log3 8 
log 65 5
(T) 6

then (l + m) is divisible by
18. Match the Column:
Column-I Column-II
 
(a) Anti logarithm of 0. 6 to the base 27 has the value equal to (P) 5
(b) Characteristic of the logarithm of 2008 to the base 2 is
(c) The value of b satisfying the equation, (Q) 7
loge2 · logb625 = log1016 · loge10 is
(d) Number of naughts after decimal before a significant figure (R) 9
100
 5
comes in the number   , is (S) 10
6

NUMERICAL BASED QUESTIONS 22. If a, b are co-prime numbers and satisfying

1 1

19. Find the number of integral solution of the equation 
log a 2 3   3 1 
log b  
 1
log x  x  | x  2 |  = logx(5x – 6 + 5 | x – 2|). 2  3   3 1 
=
12
,
20. If log3x45 = log4x 40 3 then find the characteristic of
then (a + b) can be is equal to
x3 to the base 7.
 
 2
3 log 2  2 log log 103  log  log 106 
 
 
21. Let y = log 2 3·log 2 12·log 2 48·log 2 192  16 23. Let N = 10 where base of

– log212 · log248 + 10. the logarithm is 10. The characteristic of the logarithm of
Find y  N. N to the base 3, is equal to

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 24. If p is the smallest value of x satisfying the equation 26. If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that,
15 p y
2x + x = 8 then the value of 4 is equal to 2 log(2y – 3x) = log x + log y, find .
2 x
25. Positive numbers x, y and z satisfy xyz = 10 81 and 27. If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are the solution of the system of
(log10x)(log10yz) + (log10y)(log10z) = 468. equation
Find the value of log225(x) + log64(y) = 4
logx(225) – logy(64) = 1,
log10 x 2  log10 y 2  log10 z 2
then find the value of log30(x1y1x2y2).

JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions

JEE-MAIN 2. If 3x = 4x – 1 , then x = [JEE Advanced-2013]

PREVIOUS YEARS 2 log 3 2
(a) 2 log 2 – 1
1. The sum of the solutions of the equation 3

x 2  x  
x  4  2  0, (x  0) is equal to : 2
(b) 2 – log 3
2
[JEE Main-2019 (April)]
(a) 4 (b) 9
1
(c) 10 (d) 12 (c) 1 – log 3
4
JEE-ADVANCED
PREVIOUS YEARS 2 log 2 3
(d) 2 log 3 – 1
1. The value of 2

 
1 1 1 1 1
6  log 3   1
4– 4– 4– ....
3. The value of  (log 2 9)  log2 (log2 9)  ( 7) 4 is ______
2 log 7
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
2 
is [IIT JEE-2012] [JEE Advanced-2018]

BASIC MATHEMATICS AND LOGARITHM 17 P

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 ANSWER KEY

Topicwise Questions

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d)

Learning Plus

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (c)

Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions

MCQ/COMPREHENSION/MATCHING/NUMERICAL
1. (a, b) 2. (a, b, c) 3. (a, b, c) 4. (a, b, c, d) 5. (a, b)
6. (a, b, c, d) 7. (a, b, c, d) 8. (b, c) 9. (a, b, d) 10. (b, c)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (a)-Q, R, S, T; (b)-P; (c)-Q, R, S, T; (d)-P, R, S
18. (a)-R; (b)-S; (c)-P; (d)-Q
19. [0001] 20. [0002] 21. [0006] 22. [0007] 23. [0003]
24. [0009] 25. [5625] 26. [2.25] 27. [12]

JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions

JEE-MAIN
PREVIOUS YEARS
1. (c)

JEE-ADVANCED
PREVIOUS YEARS
1. (d) 2. (a, b, c) 3. (8)

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 BASIC MATHEMATICS
1 AND LOGARITHM

Topicwise Questions
1. (b) It is a property Case III:x – 2y = –1, 2x + y = –7
2. (b) x and y are rational and  x = –3, y = –1
|x + y| = 4
(x + y) + (x – 2y) 2 = 2x – y + (x – y – 1) 6 9
Since real part of both sides are equal and Case IV: x – 2y = –7, 2x + y = –1 x = – rejected
5
coefficient of irrational parts should be zero in both Hence |x + y| = 4
sides
 x – 2y = 0  x = 2y 9. (b) a(a – b) + b (b – c) + c(c – a) = 0
and x – y – 1 = 0  y = 1  x = 2 a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0
x = 2, y = 1 Multiplying & deviding by 2,
3. (d) It is a property 1
[(a2 + b2 – 2ab) + (b2 + c2 – 2bc) + (a2 + c2 – 2ac)] = 0
4. (a) Here (x – 1)2 + (x – 2)2 + (x – 3)2 = 0 2
Here sum of three + ve number can not be equal 1
to zero then all three number independently be  [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = 0
2
zero. (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = 0  a = b = c
 There are no any real root.
5. (c) Let P(x) = x3 – a2x + x + 2 be the given polynomial 10. (a) 2x3 – 5x2 + x + 2
Then by factor theorem, (x – a) is a factor of P(x) iff = ax3 + (–b –2a) x2 + (a–1 + 2b) x + 2
P(A) = 0 On comparing coefficient of x3 & x, we get
 a3 – a2 . a + a + 2 = 0 a=2&b=1
 a+2=0a=–2 11. (b) [e] – [–]
6. (a) Every irrational number can be expressed on the here e  2.7
number line. This statement is always true.
  3.14
7. (d) (rational) × (irrational) = irrational except when x = 0  [2.7] – [– 3.14]
x y = 2 – (–4) = 2 + 4 = 6
8. (b) 2x – 4xy + xy – 2y2 = 7
2
12. (b) Taking log on both sides,
2x (x – 2y) + y(x – 2y) = 7
(3x2 – 10x + 3) log |x – 3| = 0
(x – 2y) (2x + y) = 7
log |x – 3| = 0 or 3x2 – 10x + 3 = 0
x, y are integers  x – 2y, 2x + y are also integers
Four cases are possible x – 3  0; |x – 3| = 1 or (x – 3) (3x – 1) = 0
Case I: x – 2y = 1, 2x + y = 7  x = 3, y = 1 1
x  3; (x – 3) = ± 1 or x = 3; x =
|x + y| = 4 3
9  x = 2, 4, 1 by 3 [ x  3]
Case II: x – 2y = 7, 2x + y = 1 x = rejected
5 Hence, three real solutions
13. (b) Applying base change theorem,
21. (b) log 0.9
log 5 ( x 2  5  x ) > 0
= logabc bc + logabc ca + logabc ab
log5 ( x 2  5  x ) < 1
= logabc bc . ca . ab = logabc abc = 1
(x2 + 5 + x)1/2 < 5 and x2 + x + 5 > 0
1  x2 + 5 + x < 25
14. (d) Given, logx log18 ( 2 + 8 )=
3  x2 + x – 20 < 0
 log18 ( 2 + 2 2 ) = x1/3  log183 2 = x1/3  (x + 5) (x – 4) < 0
 x  (–5, 4)
1/3
 (3 2 )2 = bc  18 = 182 x  n=8
22. (a) x 2 – 4 > 0  x  (–, –2)  (2, )
1 1
2x1/3 = 1  x1/3 =  x =  1000x = 125 log5(x 2 – 4) > 0  x 2 – 4 > 1  x2 – 5 > 0
2 8
 x  (–, – 5 )  ( 5 , )
15. (c) log10 ( x) = log10 x 2
Now
 x<0 log0.5 log5 (x 2 – 4) > log0.51  log5(x 2 – 4) < 1
log10 ( x) = log10(–x) x 2 – 4 < 5  x 2 – 9 < 0, x  (–3, 3)

 log210(–x) – log10(–x) = 0 
 Ans. : 3,  5    5, 3 
 log10(–x) = 0, 1 x = – 1, – 10
23. (d) log1–x (x – 2)  –1
two solution
1 – x > 0  1 > x  x  (–, 1) – {0}
16. (c) log215 . log1/62 . log31/6 x – 2 > 0  x > 2 No solution.
log e 15 log e 2 log e 1 / 6 log e 15 24. (b) 2 – log2 (x 2 + 3x)  0
= × × =
loge 2 log e 1 / 6 loge 3 loge 3 log2(x2 + 3x)  2
 x2 + 3x  4
log e (3  5)
= = 1 + log35
loge 3
 x 2 + 3x – 4  0 –4 –3 0 1
 1  log 3 5   2  (x + 4) (x – 1)  0
4) 2 1)
 x  [–4, 1]
2log 2 ( a  3log3 ( a  2a a 4  (a 2  1)  2a and x2 + 3x > 0  x  (–, –3)  (0, )
17. (d) = =
7 log7 ( a
2)
 a 1 a2  a  1 Ans. : [–4, –3)  (0, 1]
3
(a 2 )2  (a  1)2 25. (c) When x  – – 4x – 3 – 3x + 4 = 12 – 11 = 7x
= = a2 + a + 1 4
(a 2  a  1)
11
x=–
log3 ( x 2 ) 7
18. (b) 3 – 2x – 3 = 0
3 4
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 When – <x ; 4x + 3 – 3x + 4 = 12
4 3
(x – 3) (x + 1) = 0 x = 5 will not satisfy
x = – 1, 3, (x = – 1 reject  x > 0)
4
number of values of x is one When x > 4x + 3 + 3x – 4 = 12
3
19. (c) log27 log24 < log27 < log28 13
2 < log27 < 3 i.e. not integer 7x = 13  x =
7
p 26. (a) Since (x2 + x – 2) – (x2 – 2x – 8) = 3x + 6 = 3(x + 2)
Let log27 = (where p and q are coprime)
q  (x2 – 2x – 8) (x2 + x – 2)  0
 2p/q = 7 2p = 7q i.e. (x – 4) (x + 2) (x + 2) (x – 1)  0
which is not possible so log27 is an irratoinal number
20. (c)  antilog16 0.75 = (16)0.75
= (16)3/4 = (24)3/4 = 23 = 8  Solution set is [1,4]  {–2}

P 6 DROPPER JEE
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 27. (b) ||x – 1| – 1|  1 28. (d) |x|2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0
 –1  |x – 1| – 1  1 (|x| – 2) (|x| – 1) = 0
 0  |x – 1|  2 |x| = 1, 2
 –2  x – 1  2
x = ± 1, ± 2
 –1  x  3
 Ans. : x  [–1, 3] number of real roots is 4.

Learning Plus
A 7. (a) Let x be the required logarithm , then by definition
1. (c) A & B are two rational number then is
B log 2 2
32 5 4  x
Also rational number if B  0. x x

3 3 3
2 2   32 5 4  2.21/2    25.2 2/5;
(a  b)  (b  c )  (c  a)
2. (d) =? 3x
5
2
(a  b)(b  c)(c  a)  22 2 5

Let a – b = A, (b – c) = B, (c – a) = C 3 27
Here, by equating the indices, x
[ A + B + C = 0  A3 + B3 + C3 = 3ABC] 2 5
18
(a  b)3  (b  c )3  (c  a)3 3ABC x   3.6 .
 = =3 5
(a  b)(b  c)(c  a) ABC
8. (b) log34. log45. log56. log67. log78. log89
3. (b) P(4) = k43 + 3. 42 – 3 & Q(4) = 2. 43 – 5 . 4 + k
log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 9 log 9
remainder is same = log 3 . log 4 . log 5 . log 6 . log 7 . log 8  log 3
P(4) = Q(4)  64 k + 48 – 3 = 128 – 20 +
= log3 9 = log3 32 = 2.
63
63 k = 108 – 45 k = =1 1 1
63 9. (d) b a c
+
log b  log b  log b log c  log c a  log cb
c

4. (c) Putting x = 1, remainder = 7 1

1 +
1 x log a  log a b  log a c
a

 
1 1
x .x1/3 1/3 x x 3
5. (a) x 
 x.x  x x 3
1 1 1
4
= ++
4/3 x 4/3 x 4 log b abc log c abc log a abc
 xx  x 4/3    xx  x3  x 4/3 
3
x;
= logabc b + logabc c + logabc a = logabcabc = 1
Also is an obvious solution.
 a b  1
6. (a)  x2 2  9.2 x2 2  8  0 10. (a) log e     loge a  log e b 
4  2  2
2 1

 2
 x2 2   9.2
 x2  2   8  0 =
2
loge  ab   log e ab
 
 
ab
2   ab  a  b  2 ab
Put 2
 x2  2   y . Then y 2  9 y  8  0 , which gives
2
2
y = 8, y = 1.   a b  0 a  b 0 a b
2 2 2
when y = 8  2 x  2 = 8  2 x = 23  x 2 + 2 = 3 11. (c) log7 log 7 7 7 7  log 7 log 7 77/8  log7  7 / 8
 x2 = 1 x = 1, –1 .
= log77 – log78 = 1 – log7 2 3 = 1 – 3 log7 2.
x2  2 x2  2
when y = 1  2 1  2  2
12. (d) 81
1/log5 3
2 2
 27log9 36  34 / log7 9
 x + 2 = 0  x = – 2 , which is not

BASIC MATHEMATICS AND LOGARITHM 7 P

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 1
3. log3 36
19. (d) log2(x + 5) = 6 – x  x + 5 = 26–x
4log3 5 4log 9 7
3 3 2 3  x + 5 = 64.2–x
4 3/ 2 4/2
 3log3 5  3log3 36  3log3 7 Let y = x + 5, y = 64.2–x will intersect at one point.
Number of solutions = 1.
 54  363/ 2  72  890
20. (c) y = 312 × 28  log10y = 12 log10 3 + 8 log10 2
2 2 2 2
13. (d) log1000 x  log 3 x  2 log 3 x  log10 x  y = 12 × 0.47712 + 8 × 0.30103
10 10 3 3
14. (b) x = logabc  1 + x = logaa + logabc = loga abc = 5.72544 + 2.40824 = 8.13368
 (1 + x)–1 = logabca  Number of digits in y = 8 + 1 = 9.
 (1 + x)–1 + (1 + y)–1 + (1 + z)–1 = logabca + logabcb + 21. (d) log|x|(x2 + x + 1)  0
logabcc = logabc abc = 1. D : |x|  0, 1
Case-: if |x| < 1
log12 2 log 2  log 3 x2 + x + 1  1 x(x + 1)  0
15. (c) a  log 24 12  
log 24 3log 2  log 3 x  (–1, 0)
3log 2  log 3 Case-: if |x| > 1
b  log 36 24 
2  log 2  log 3  x2 + x + 1 > 1 x (x + 1)  0
2  log 2  log 3   x  (– , –1)  (0, )
c  log 48 36   x  (– , –1)  (1, )
4 log 2  log 3

 abc 
2 log 2  log 3 
22. (b) log1/2 x 2  6 x  12  2  ...(i)
4 log 2  log 3
For log to be defined, x2 – 6x + 12 > 0
6 log 2  2 log 3 3log 2  log 3
 1  abc  = 2. =  (x – 3)2 + 3 > 0, which is true  x  R.
4 log 2  log 3 4 log 2  log3
2bc. 1
2
From (i), x 2  6 x  12   
16. (c) log 7 log 5  
x 2  5  x  0  log 7 1 2

1/2 x2 – 6x + 12  4 x2 – 6x + 8  0


 log 5 x  5  x 2
  1  log 5 5 (x – 2) (x – 4)  0  x
 (x2 + 5 + x)1/2 = 5 x
 (x2 + x + 5) = 25  x2 + x – 20 = 0 23. (c) log0.04(x – 1)  log0.2(x – 1) ...(i)
 (x – 4)(x + 5) = 0  x = 4, – 5  x = 4 For log to be defined x – 1 > 0  x > 1
 0.1 
2log 20  
From (i), log
 0.2 2
 x  1  log 0.2  x  1
log 20  0.1 0.01........  1   1 0.1 
17. (a)  0.05   
 20 
1
 log0.2 ( x  1)  log0.2 ( x  1)  x  1  ( x  1)
2log 20 1/9 2log 20 9 log 20 92 2 2
 20  20  20  9  81
21  x  1(1  x  1)  0  1  x  1  0
...
9998
18. (b) log 2 .log 3 ....log 99 log100 100
 x  1  1  x  2  x  [2, )
21
..
98. 24. (a) log0.3 ( x  1)  log ( x  1)
 log 2 log 3 ....log 9999 (0.3) 2

[log100100 = 1] 1
log0.3 ( x  1)  log(0.3) ( x  1)
21 2
...
98 97
= log 2 .log3 ....log98 log 0.3 ( x  1)  log (0.3) ( x  1)1/ 2
1 Here base is less than 1, therefore the inequality is
.2
..
9796 21 reversed
= log 2 .log3 ....log97  log 2 log3 3
(x – 1) > (x –1)1/2
= log2 2' log3 3 = log2 2 = 1.
(x – 1)2 > (x – 1)
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 x2 1 – 2x – x + 1 > 0 27. (c) [2x] – 3 {2x} = 1
x2 – 3x + 2 > 0
x2 – 2x – x + 2 > 0 {2x} = [2 x] – 1
3
x (x – 2) – 1 (x – 2) > 0
(x – 1) (x – 2) > 0 0  {2x} < 1
+ – +  1  [2x] < 4
1 2  [2x] = 1, 2, 3
x  (– , 1)  (2, ) [2x] = 1, {2x} = 0
x–1>0x>1
2x = 1 + 0
than x  (2, )
25. (b) f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 3| 1
x=
2
 x  1  x  2  x  3  6  3 x , x 1
 x 1 x  2  x  3  4  x 1 x  2 1
 [2x] = 2 ; {2x} =
=  3
 x  1  x  2  x  3  x 2 x3
 x  1  x  2  x  3  3x  6 x3 1
2x = 2 +
min f(x) = 2. 3
26. (d)
7
2x =
3

7
x=
6

2 2
[2x] = 3, {2x} = , 2x = 3 +
3 3
we get three value of x
For more than 2 solution p = 0

Advanced Level Multiconcept Questions

1. (a, b) 1
t = 1, – 2, – = log2x
y 3
=x
x 1 1
 y = x2 [ x  0] x = 2, , –3
4 2
y0 3. (a, b, c)
 x2 > 0  y > 0  y  –1 5
(log5x)2 + log5x =1
2. (a, b, c) x
3 5
 (log5x)2 + log5x 5 – log5x x = 1
(log 2 x ) 2  log2 x –
x4 4 = 2 log5 5 log5 x
 (log5 x)2 + – =1
3 2 5 1 log 5 5  log 5 x log 5 5  log 5 x
 4 (log 2 x)  log 2 x – 4  log2x = log2 2 = 2
 
Let log2x = t 1 log5 x
 (log5x)2 + – =1
(3t 2 + 4t – 5) t = 2 3 t3 + 4t 2 – 5t – 2 = 0 1  log 5 x 1  log 5 x

BASIC MATHEMATICS AND LOGARITHM 9 P

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 Let log5x = t 7. (a, b, c, d)
1 t Taking log3 on both sides
 t2 + – =1
1 t 1 t 9 3
[(log x )2  log3 x  5] (log3 x) 
3 2 2
t 2 (1  t )  1  t
 =1 Let log3x = 
1 t
 t3 + t2 + 1 – t = 1 + t (2  3  9 2  10  ) 3
 =
2 2
t 3 + t2 – 2t = 0
23 – 92 + 10 – 3 = 0
t(t2 + t – 2) = 0
( – 1) (22 –  + 3) = 0
t(t – 1) (t + 2) = 0
t = 0, 1, – 2 1
( – 1) ( – 3) (2 – 1) = 0  = 1, 3,
 log5x = 0, 1, –2 2
1
1 log3x = 1; log3x = 3 ; log3x =
 x = 1, 5, 2
25
4. (a, b, c, d) x = 3 ; x = 33 = 27 ; x = 3
= log3135 log315 – log35 log3405 Exactly three solution, one is irrational solution and every
= log3(5 × 33) . log(5 × 3) – log3 5. log3 (5 × 34) real number is also complex.
8. (b, c)
= (log35 + log333) (log35 + log33) – log35 (log35 + log334)
32
= (x + 3) (x + 1) – x (x + 4) 4  x 
 log 2 x    log 2     9 log 2 32  log 2 x 2 
{Let log35 = x}   2  

= x2 + 4x + 3 – x2 – 4x = 3  4  log 2 x 
2

which is Prime, rational Integer and natural number (note x > 0)

5. (a, b)
 log3xy = 2log33 + log32  log 2 x 4   3log 2 x  32  45  18 log 2 x  4  log 2 x 2
log3xy = log3(2 × 9) xy = 18 ...(i)
Let log2x = t
2
and log27(x + y) =  x + y = 272/3 t4 – (3t – 3)2 + 45 – 18t < 4t2
3
x + y = 32 x + y = 9 ...(ii)  t4 – (9t2 + 9 – 18t) – 18t + 45 < 4t2
from equation (i) & (ii)  t4 – 13t2 + 36 < 0
x2 – 9x + 18 = 0 (x – 6) (x – 3) = 0  (t2 – 4)(t2 – 9) < 0
x = 6, 3 so (x, y)  (6, 3)  (3, 6)
 4 < t2 < 9
6. (a, b, c, d)
t2 < 9  – 3 < t < 3
4 log x 64
logx 2 + and t2 > 4  t > 2 or t < – 2
2 log x 2 x
hence, t  (–3, –2)  (2, 3)
2 x log x 2 6 log x 2
 + =3
x 1  log x 2
Let  = logx2
6
2 + =3
1 
2 + 22 + 6 – 3 – 3 = 0
1 1
 22 + 5 – 3 = 0 x  ,   (4, 8)  B, C
 ( + 3) (2 – 1) = 0  a = – 3, 1/2 8 4
 logx2 = – 3  x = 2–1/3 (Irrational) 9. (a, b, d)
1 1
1/2 2
or logx2 =  x = 4 (Integer)  1   1 
2  log0.1x  2    x  
2  10   10 

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 10. (b, c) 1
|x – 5| + |x + 5| = 10 x = 25 or x =
5
Case-I: x  5, the equation becomes 1
(x – 5) + (x + 5) = 10  = 25 and  =
5
 2x = 10
(a) Now, let N = (25)10
 x = 5 which satisfies the case, therefore accepted.
log10N = 10 · 2log102 = 20 [1 – 0.3010] = 20 [0.6990] =
Case-II: – 5 < x < 5 The above equation becomes 13.980 = 13.98
– (x – 5) + (x + 5) = 10  N is a 14 digit number.
 – x + 5 + x + 5 = 10 10
 10 = 10 which is true. 1
(b) Let x =  
So, the solution is x  (–5, 5) 5
Case-III: x  – 5, The above equation becomes log x = 10 (– log 5) = – 10 (1 – log 2) = – 10 [0.699]
– (x – 5) – (x + 5) = 10 = – 6.99
 – x + 5 – x – 5 = 10 Hence, there are 6 zeroes after decimal before a
 – 2x = 10 significant figure.
 x = – 5 which satisfies the above case so, accepted. log 25 9 log 5 3
1 1 1 1
 final answer is x  [–5, 5] (c)   =  = log 5 3 = . Ans.
11. (b) 5 5 5 3
12. (a)
17. (a) Q, R, S, T; (b) P; (c) Q, R, S, T; (d) P, R, S
13. (d) x = 3log5 – log7
(a) Let log2(x – 1) = A & log2 x = B then
y = 5log7 – log3  (A + B)2 – 4AB = 1
z = 7log3 – log5  (A – B)2 = 1
 x·y·z=1  (A – B) = ± 1
 A=1
log2 (6 log2 | x | – 3) – log2 (4 log | x | – 5) = log2 3  x 1  –1
 log2   = 1 or 2  x = –1 or 2
 x 
6 log 2 | x |  3
3 Only 2 is solution.
4 log 2 | x |  5
(b) (8x – 3) = 13 [ a log a b = b]
let log2 | x | = 1
(8x = 16)
6t  3 x = 2
 3
4t  5
 1 1 
6t – 3 = 12t – 15, 6t = 12 (c) N =    (log 2 + log 6)
 t = 2, log2 | x | = 2,| x | = 4  log 2  log 
6 
 

 x=±4 log12 >  2 = 10

B = 16 + 16 = 32 log2 < log 12 < log3 3 < 28
log2 (log23) + log2 (log34) + log2 (log45) + log2 (log56) 2 < log12 < 3
+ log2 (log67) + log2 (log78) = log2 (log28) = log23 (d) l = (log34 + log29)2 – (log34 – log29)2
C=1
m = 0.8 (1  9 log3 8 )log65 5
14. (b)
15. (d)  l = (A + B)2 – (A – B)2 = 4AB = 4log34 ·
log 4 log 9
log5 x 1 1 log29 4 · 
16. (a)  x = 5  (log5x – 1) log5x = 1 log 3 log 2 16
2
 log5x (log5x – 1) = 2 l = 16
Put log5x = y 2
m = 0.8 (1  3log3 8 )log65 5
 y2 – y – 2 = 0  (y – 2) (y + 1) = 0
 y = 2 or – 1 log5x = 2 or – 1  (0.8) (1  64)log65 15  (0.8) (65)log65 (5)

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  (0.8) (5) = 4 squaring both sides
 m = 4 45 × 45 = (3x)3
so, l + m = 16 + 4 = 20 x3 = 75
18. (a) R; (b) S; (c) P; (d) Q] log7 x3  log7 75
(a) Antilog 27(2/3) = x  (2/3) = log27x
 log 7 49  log 7 75  log 7 343
 x= (27)2/3 = 9 Ans
2 < log775 < 3 ;
(b) We have to find characteristic of log22008
Characteristic = 2.
we know , log21024 = 10 and log22048 = 11
21. [0006]
 10 < log22008 < 11
y= log 2 3·log 2 12·log 2 48·log 2 192  16
 It has characteristic = 10 Ans. – log212 · log248 + 10
log 2 log 625 4 log 2 log10
(c)    = log 2 3·  2  log 2 3  4  log 2 3   6  log 2 3   16 –
log e log b log10 log e
 log5 = logb  b = 5 Ans.  2  log 2 3  4  log 2 3  10
5
100 Let us put log23 = x
(d) y =    log10y = 100(log105 – log106)
6 = x  2  x   4  x   6  x   16   2  x   4  x   10
= 100(1 – log102 – log103 – log102)
 – 7.91  – 8+0.09 = x 2
 6x  x 2
 
 6 x  8  16  x 2  6 x  8  10 
since char is –8. Hence number of zeros after decimal Put again x2 + 6x = 
= 7 Ans.
INTEGER TYPE =     8  16     8  10
19. [1] Let x + | x – 2 | = y
=  2  8  16     8  10
 Equation becomes
logxy2 = logx(5y – 6) 2

 y2 = 5y – 6
=   4     8   10

 y2 – 5y + 6 = 0 =    4      8  10 = y = 6.
 y = 2 or 3
22. [0007]
If y = 2
then x + | x – 2 | = 2 0 < x < 1  1 < x  2 1 1
As, 
If y = 3 
log a 2  3   3 1 
log b  

5  3 1
then x + | x – 2 | = 3 x = only
2
Hence number of integral solutions is 1. = log 2  3
a  log 3 1
b
3 1
20. [2] Let log3x45 = log4x 40 3 = k
k = log 2 a  log 2 b  log 2 3 (ab)
45 = (3x)k , 40 3   4 k  3 3

k k log
2  3 ( ab) 1
45  3k 
  
3 3  3
  Now, 2  3   =
12
40 3  4 x  8  4
 1 
3 log
2  3  ab  1
 3 2
3
       k =
3 k

 2 3  =
12
4
  4
  2
1 1
3    ab = 12
log3 x 45  ab 12
2 As a, b are co-prime numbers, so either a = 4, b = 3 or
3 a = 3, b = 4.
45 =  3x  2 Hence , (a + b) = 7. Ans.
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 23. [0003] 2
x x
N = 10p ; p = log108 – log109 + 2log106 9    13  4 = 0
y
  y
 8 · 36  x   9x 
p = log   = log1032
 9    1   4  0
 y  y 
log 32
 N = 10 10 = 32 x x 4
1,  .
Hence characteristic of log332 is 3. y y 9
24. [0009] z = y disregarded as for x = y, 2y – 3x is negative.
We have, y 9
22x – 8 · 2x + 15 = 0 Hence  .
x 4
 (2x – 3) (2x – 5) = 0
27. [12]
 2x = 3 or 2x = 5
log225x + log64y = 4
Hence smallest x is obtained by equating 2x = 3
logx225 – logy64 = 1
 x = log23
Let us put log225x = a, log64y = b
So, p = log23
a+b=4
p 2 log 2 3 log2 9
Hence, 4 = 2 = 2 = 9. 1 1
 1
25. [5625] a b
b – (4 – b) = (4 – b) b
Let log10x = a; log10y = b and log10z = c
Here xyz = 1081 2b – 4 = 4b – b2
 log10x + log10y + log10z = 81 b2 – 2b – 4 = 0, Let b1, b2 be the roots
i.e. a + b + c = 81 ....(1) b1 + b2 = 2
Also a(b + c) + bc = 468 log64y1 + log64y2 = 2
ab + bc + ca = 468 ....(2) log64y1y2 = 642 = 212
Similarly a1 + a2 = (4 – b1) + (4 – b2)
Now a2 + b2 + c2 = (a + b + c)2 – 2  ab = (81)2 – (2)(468)
= 8 – (b1 + b2) = 8 – 2
= 6561 – 936 = 5625 Ans. a1 + a2 = 6
26. [2.25]
log225x1 + log225x2 = 6
log(2y – 3x)2 = log xy
x1x2 = 2256 = 1512.
(2y – 3x)2 = xy
Now, log30x1x2y1y2 = log30212 × 1512
4y2 – 12xy + 9x2 + xy
= 12 log3030 = 12. Ans.
Dividing the equation by y2

JEE Mains & Advanced Past Years Questions

JEE-MAIN JEE-ADVANCED
PREVIOUS YEARS PREVIOUS YEARS
1. (d)
1. (c) x2  x  
x 4 2  0
2 1 1 1
Let 4– 4– ....... = t  4 – t =t
| x 2|    x 4 x 2 0 3 2 3 2 3 2
| x  2 |2  x 2 2  0 1
4 – t = t2
| x  2 | 2 (not possible) or | x  2 | 1 3 2
1
x  2  1,  1  t2 + t – 4 = 0  3 2 t2 + t – 12 2 = 0
3 2
x  3, 1
x = 9, 1 –1  1  4  3 2  12 2 –1  17
t = =
Sum = 10 23 2 23 2

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 16 –18 8 –3 –3 Again x log23 = (x – 1) · 2
t= , t = , and is rejected 2
6 2 6 2 3 2 2 2
x (log23 – 2) = – 2 x = 2 – log 3 Ans. (b)
2
 1 8   4
so 6 + log3/2    = 6 + log3/2 9 1 1
3 2 3 2    x=  Ans.(c)
1 1 – log 4 3
1– log 2 3
  2 2  2
= 6 + log3/2    = 6 – 2 = 4
 3   3. (8)
 
2 1/2
2. (a, b, c)
log 2 9 log2 (log2 9)  7 log4 7
3x = 4x–1 x = (x – 1) log34
x(1 – 2log32) = – 2log32 2 log 2
1
log 7 4
log 29
 (log 2 9)  72
2 log 3 2
x = 2 log 2 – 1 Ans. (a) =4× 2=8
3

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