PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS FED ON MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAF MEAL

SUPPLEMENTED POULTRY FEED

1*
Abdulsalam S., 2Yahaya, M. S and 1Yakasai, M.A
1
Department of Applied Sciences, Kaduna Polytechnic, P.M.B. 2021, Nigeria.
2
.Department of Agricultural Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, P.M.B. 2021, Nigeria.
* Corresponding Author abdulsalamsara2@gmail.com. 08067877930

ABSTRACT
This exploratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MoLM)
supplemented diets on the performance of broiler Chickens. Four different graded levels of Moringa
oleifera leaf meal were used to formulate poultry feed. Ration was formulated using soyabean, yellow
maize and Moringa oleifera leaf meal as ingredient for broiler booster (20% Cruide Protein) and broiler
finisher (18% Criude Protein) using Pearson Squire Method. One hundred and sixty day old unsexed
broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four treatment (iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous) diets as T1
(0% Moringa oleifera leaf meal), T2 (0.5% Moringa oleifera leaf meal), T3 (0.75% Moringa oleifera
leaf meal) and T4 (1.0% Moringa oleifera leaf meal) in a Completely Randomized Design. The birds
were distributed into 4 replicates comprising 10 chickens per replicate and managed under dip litter
system for a period of 8 weeks. Water and feed were provided at ad libitum. Feed consumption, weight
gain and feed conversion ratio were evaluated for the individual replicate of each dietary treatment. In
addition, slaughter weight and carcass weight of the birds were recorded throughout the period.
Statistical analysis was done using the general linear modeling procedure of SAS. The results obtained
showed that significant differences existed in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. It was
also observed that, addition of Moringa leaf meal up to 1.0% to broiler chicks diet significantly lowered
weight gain, feed efficiency and body weight during starter period. During finisher and whole periods
however, supplying broiler chick‘s diet with 0.5% Moringa leaf meal resulted in significant increase in
feed consumption, but addition of different levels of Moringa leaf meal had no significant effects on
weight gain, feed efficiency and final live body weight. It was concluded that the use of Moringa leaf
meal in the broiler diet adversely affected the performance during starter period, but enhanced the
performance during finisher and whole period. The study also reveals that Moringa leaf meal can
conveniently supplement expensive sources of protein in broiler diet without compromising
performance.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Leaf Meal, Broiler, Growth and Supplementary Feed

INTRODUCTION
Poultry is the most abundant livestock species that account for more than 90% of the total bird‘s
population of the world (Biswas et al. 2011) and contributes significantly to income and employment
among people of Africa (Yami, 1995). The number of birds in the Nigerian poultry industry has been
reported to increase from 107.065 to 156.255 million within a period of ten years from 2001 to 2011
(Strydom et al., 2012) representing a substantial increase in the domestic animal supply and by
implication the animal protein availability in the menu of the citizens.

Feeds and feeding are integral part of poultry production that account for about 70-75% of the cost of
production and at the same time dictates the production strength and quality based on the observed
feeding regime and feeding quality. In most developing countries, the major sources of protein in
commercial poultry production are fishmeal (FM) and Soya bean cakes. However, these ingredients
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limit profitability in the poultry industry as they are usually scarce, expensive and used extensively by
other livestock and humans. Thus there is a need to look for non-conventional, cheap, locally available
and less competitive plant protein sources as alternative protein sources for feed formulation in poultry
diets.The use of leguminous multipurpose trees and shrubs has been suggested to be a viable alternative
source of proteins, vitamins and minerals for poultry feeding (Church, 1991). Plants leaves are
commonly processed into leaf meals for use as poultry feed. A review of available literature shows that
Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban and Manihot esculenta have been widely
used in feeding non-ruminants and especially poultry resulting in improvement of their productivity
(D‘Mello et al., 1987). Research has shown that Moringa oleifera is a promising protein source for
inclusion in poultry diets at low levels (Chiseva, 2006).

Moringa plant scientifically referred to as Moringa oleifera (genus Moringa and family Moringaceae)
originates from Asia and is well distributed in Africa (Francis et al., 2005). The tree is considered one
of the world most useful plants known for its nutritional, medicinal and significant economic
importance. Moringa oleifera possess multiple advantages, because different parts of the tree (leaves,
fruits, immature pods and flowers) are edibles and forms part of the traditional diets in many tropical
and sub-tropical countries (Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003; Anhwange et al., 2004). The leaf of the plant
contains 86% dry matter, 29.7% crude protein, 4.38% crude fiber, 29.9% either extracts, 3,056 kcal/kg
energy, 0.26% calcium, 0.03% phosphorus and negligible amount of tannin etc (Kakengi et al., 2003).
Regarding chemical composition, Compaoré et al. (2011) have reported that Moringa oleifera seeds are
good source of fats, proteins and minerals.

Moringa oleifera has been under investigation in many counties for its utility in water treatment, human
nutrition and immune boosting properties. Jahn (1986) has reported that rural women in Sudan use
Moringa oleifera seeds instead of alum to remove turbidity from Nile water. Similarly, Madsen et al.
(1987) have documented that Moringa oleifera seeds were used to reduce bacterial count of turbid Nile
water in Sudan by 1-4 log units (90-99.9%) within the first 1-2 hours of treatment. Moringa oleifera
seeds have also been reported to have antimicrobial effects (Eilert et al. 1981). In addition, Walter et al.
(2011) have observed that Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala methanol and n-hexane seed
extracts produced inhibition effect on Salmonella typhii, Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli, which
normally cause water borne diseases. Moringa plant (miracle tree) has been reported to have many
medicinal use such as possession of hypocholesterolemic properties (Olugbemi et al., 2010) and
impaction of carotenoid compound into the poultry muscle and as such could substitute conventional
feedstuffs as it possesses useful characteristic (Sarwalt et al., 2002). The objective of this study was to
evaluate the performance of broiler chicks in terms of growth and meat yield when fed on Moringa
oleifera leaf meal as a protein supplement.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Site: The experiment was conducted at the experimental poultry farm (open sided house) of the
Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Science and Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic,
Kaduna, Nigeria.

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Experimental procedure: One hundred and sixty (160) day old vaccinated broiler chicks (mixed
sexes) purchased from a commercial hatchery were randomly allocated into 16 wire cages that were
then divided into 4 groups (treatments, 4 cages per treatment). One of the groups was fed basal diet
only (control) and others were fed the three experimental Diets containing 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% of
Moringa oleifera leaf meal inclusions respectively. The experiment was arranged as a complete
randomized design and cages were used as replicate units with 10 birds per replicate.

The birds were raised in deep litter and brooded for the first three (3) weeks of age. The first and
second Gumboro disease vaccines were administered on the 10th and 24th days of age. Newcastle
disease vaccine (Lasota strain) was administered at the fifth week of age. Water and feed were
provided ad-libitum. Broilers were fed a starter diet from d 1 to 21 and a grower diet from d 22 to 42.
Diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements for starter and grower broiler chickens and the diet
compositions are shown in Table 1. All diets were prepared in one batch. Moringa leaf meal powder
was first mixed with premix that was subsequently mixed with other ingredients and then stored in
covered containers before feeding.

Preparation of Moringa leaf meal: Moringa oleifera plants were harvested from a local farm
(Kaduna Polytechnic Quarters Farm) and leaves were removed from the stems, sorted, cleaned with tap
water, and dried under shade for 1-2 days. The dried Moringa leaf then ground to pass 1 mm screen to
get Moringa leaf powder. To avoid chemically and microbiology damages, the Moringa leaf powder
was stored in impermeable glass tubes at ambient temperature (21 to 24°C) before being mixed into
diets.

Formulation of experimental diets: Four diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) were formulated for both the
starter and finisher phases. Diet T1 the basal diet served as control (without moringa leaf inclusion).
The other three experimental Diets T2, T3 and T4 contained 5.0g, 7.5g and 10.0g Moringa oleifera leaf
meal inclusions per 1.0kg diet, respectively. Crude protein value for Moringa was based on proximate
analysis (Table 3) and that of maize and soya beans were based on figures from literature (McDonald et
al., 1995).

The experimental diets were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous and formulated to meet or exceed the
National Research Council, (1994) requirements of broiler chicks. The diets were also formulated to
meet all the bird‘s dietary nutrient requirements for pre-starter (0 to 7days), starter (8 to 28days), and
finisher (29 to 42days) phases. Starter and finisher diets were formulated to contain 20% and 18.79 %
crude protein, respectively. Both diets had a metabolizable energy of 3200 kcal/kg and 3100 kcal/kg,
respectively and supplemented with required vitamins, minerals and amino acids. The ingredient and
nutrient composition calculated analysis of experimental diets for starter and finisher are shown in Table 1.

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Table 1: Ingredient composition of broiler booster and finisher diets formulated with inclusion of
Moringa leaf meal (%)
Broiler Booster Broiler Finisher
T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T4
0.00 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.00 0.50 0.75 1.00
Ingredients Percent
Maize meal 58.00 57.50 57.50 57.50 61.00 61.00 61.00 61.50
Soya beans cake 16.40 16.57 16.65 17.10 08.10 08.10 08.35 08.60
Fish meal 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.50
Rice bran 02.50 02.50 02.00 00.80 09.50 09,13 08.50 06.50
Super concentrate 05.00 05.00 05.00 05.00 05.00 05.00 05.00 05.00
lysine 00.10 00.10 00.10 00.10 00.10 00.10 00.10 00.10
Calcium phosphate 00.30 00.30 00.30 00.30 00.70 00.70 00.70 00.69
Sunflower oil 01.20 01.20 01.20 01.20 00.60 00.60 00.60 00.61
Lime stone 02.00 02.00 02.00 02.00 03.50 03.50 03.50 03.50
Sodium chloride 00.25 00.25 00.25 00.25 00.25 00.25 00.25 00.25
Vit+miniral premix 00.25 00.25 00.25 00.25 00.25 00.25 00.25 00.25
Moringa leaf meal == 00.50 00.75 01.00 == 00.50 00.75 01.00
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Data collection: Live performance (average BW, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio-FCR,
and mortality) was assessed weekly up to the final age (42 days). In order to obtain carcass data, at 42
days one bird per pen was sampled, weighed, and slaughtered by a sharp knife for complete bleeding
and feathers were plucked. Head, viscera and shanks were removed. Carcass was left for one hour to
remove excess water. Dressing percentage was calculated without giblets using the following equation:

Carcass weight
Dressing percentage = ------------------------- × 100
Live body weight

Weekly average feed intake was recorded by subtracting feed left over from quantity of feed given
during the week. Body weight was also recorded on weekly basis by subtracting previous week‘s body
weight from the current weight for each week and average daily gain were also calculated. Mortality
was recorded throughout the period of the study as it occurred.

Statistical analysis: The data generated from the experiment were subjected to the analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using SAS (2005). The individual treatment means were compared using the least
significant deference (LSD) test procedure at 5% level.

RESULTS
Effect of feeding Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplemented diet on growth performance of broiler
during grower period (8-28 days) is presented in table 5. The results indicate that significant difference
exist in live body weight, weight gain and daily weight of broiler at the grower stage. However,
differences in feed consumption and feed conversion were not significant in response to the feeding of
broiler with Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplemented diet.

Supplementation of 0.5% MoLM to broiler chick diet was statistically (P<0.05) comparable to the
basal (no Moringa) diet and significantly higher than the broiler feed supplemented with 0.75 and 1.00
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Moringa leaf meal in terms of live body weight. Increased level of Moringa leaf meal supplement to
poultry diet from 0.5 up to 1.0% resulted in increased daily and weekly body weight gain. Birds fed
with 1.0% Moringa supplemented diets had the highest weight gain/wk that was statically at per with
those fed with 0.75% Moringa supplemented feed. The basal diet was statistically comparable to 0.5
and 0.75% MoLM supplemented diet in terms of weekly weight gain. With respect to daily weight
gain, the 1.0% Moringa supplemented diet treatment resulted in the highest daily gain in body weight
that was statistically similar to the control treatment but significantly higher the other Moringa
supplemented treatments.

Table 2: Effect of feeding Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplemented diet on growth performance
of broiler during grower period (8-28 days)
Dietary level of Moringa leaf meal (%)
Parameters 0 0.5 0.75 1.00 Sign.
Live body weight (g) 2073a 2770a 1538b 1636b *
Weight gain (g/bird/week) 285b 289b 311ab 356a *
Daily weight gain (g) 45.7ab 41.4b 42.9b 47.5a *
Feed consumption (g/bird/week) 366.7a 437.9a 436.3a 384.9a NS
Feed conversion ratio (feed:gain) 1.3a 1.6a 1.4a 1.5a NS
Mortality (%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Values in the same raw with different superscripts are significantly different

Table 6 present data on the influence of dietary graded level of Moringa leaf meal on growth
performance of broiler during finisher period (8-28 days). The data indicated that all the boiler growth
performance parameters were not significantly affected by the experimental diet except live body
weight and weight gain. Live body weight was observed to decreased with increasing dietary level of
the Moringa leaf meal supplement. The highest live body weight of 2970g was recorded by 0.5%
Moringa supplemented diet that was statistically comparable to the basal diet and significantly higher
than other experimental feed stuff. There was no statistically significant variation in weekly weight
gain in response to the application of Moringa leaf supplement in poultry diets. The no Moringa leaf
meal control treatment resulted in the highest body weight gain that was statistically comparable to 0.5
and 1.0% Moringa supplemented poultry feeds during the finisher period.

Table 3: Effect of feeding Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplemented diet on growth performance
of broiler during finisher period (29-42 days)
Dietary level of Moringa leaf meal (%)
Parameters 0 0.5 0.75 1.00 Sign.
Live body weight (g) 2373a 2970a 1638b 1636b *
Weight gain (g/bird/week) 659a 603ab 572b 638ab *
Daily weight gain (g) 138.3a 130.7a 133.1a 132.8a NS
Feed consumption (g/bird/week) 1936.6a 1132.1a 981.5a 1032.4a NS
Feed conversion ratio (feed: gain) 1.8a 2.0a 2.1a 1.8a NS
Mortality (%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Values in the same raw with different superscripts are significance

The influence of ingesting Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplemented diet on growth performance of
broiler during whole period (8-42 days) is shown Table 7. The result revealed that there was a
statistically significant difference in live body weight, weekly weight gain and daily weight increase in
response to the addition of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in poultry feed. The variation in feed
143
consumption and feed conversion efficiency with respect to the application of the experimental
treatments were however not significant. Live body weight was observed to decrease in value
following an increase in Moringa leaf meal inclusion in diet from 0.5 to 0.75 % after which it
statistically levels up. Broilers fed with 0,5% Moringa leaf meal inclusion in the diet recoded the
highest live body weight (2970g) comparable to those fed with basal diet. Addition of 0.75% Moringa
leaf meal resulted in significantly higher weekly weight gain compared to the other Moringa
supplemented diet treatments and the control feed that were statistically similar. The results for daily
poultry weight gain followed similar pattern as that of weekly weight gain, where inclusion of 0.75%
Moringa resulted in the maximum weight gain par day that was statistically similar to the other
experimental diets except the one with 1.0% Moringa leaf meal inclusion.

Although the Moringa supplemented poultry feeds did not significantly differ from thee no Moringa
inclusion control diets in terms of feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency, the values
obtained from the birds fed with Moringa supplemented feed stuff were better than those for broilers
fed with the basal diets.

Table 4: Effect of feeding Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplemented diet on growth performance
of broiler during whole period (8-42 days)
Dietary level of Moringa leaf meal (%)
Parameters 0 0.5 0.75 1.00 Sign.
Live body weight (g) 2773a 2970a 1638b 1619b *
Weight gain (g/bird/week) 916bc 888bc 1049a 890bc *
Daily weight gain (g) 360.9ab 351.7ab 376.7a 336.8b *
Feed consumption (g/bird/week) 1203.5a 1344.6a 1165.6a 1199.9a NS
Feed conversion ratio (feed: gain) 1.0a 1.3a 1.1a 1.3a NS
Mortality (%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Values in the same raw with different superscripts are significance

DISCUSION
The appreciable performance of broiler fed with Moringa supplemented diets over those birds fed with
the control diet without moringa in terms of live body weight, weight gain and daily body weight gain
in this experiment during the grower, finisher and whole periods (Tables 5, 6 and 7) may be due to the
presence of benefit factors in Moringa leaf meal including antibacterial materials as reported by Eilert
et al. (1981). Also Madsen et al. (1987) noted that the use of Moringa oleifera leaf meal reduced
bacterial count of turbid Nile water in Sudan by 1-4 log units (90-99.9%) within the first 1-2 hours of
treatment. Furthermore, Walter et al. (2011) noticed that Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala
methanol and n-hexane seed extracts produced inhibition effect on Salmonella typhii, Vibrio cholerae
and Escherichia coli, which normally cause water borne diseases. Compaoré et al. (2011) mentioned
that Moringa oleifera leaves are considered as a good source of fat, protein, antioxidants and minerals
(Mg and Zn), so it can overcome malnutrition due to micronutrients deficiencies in children. Increase
in abdominal fat weight with increased Escherichia coli, which normally cause water borne diseases.
Regarding chemical composition, Compaoré et al. (2011) reported that Moringa oleifera leaves are
good source of fats, proteins and minerals.

The use of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as an additive on broiler chickens feed stuff had no significant
effect (P>0.05) on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (Table 5, 6 and 7). These observations
are similar to the ones reported by Tekeli et al. (2011) , indicating that antibiotics or plant extract
supplementation in a broiler experiment did not influence body weight gain, feed intake and feed
144
conversion efficiency of the chickens. Similarly, there are other research findings showing that ration
supplemented with plant extract and propolis additives did not have significant effect on the
improvement of feed conversion efficiency of poultry (Botsoglou et al., 2004).

Folorunso and Onibi (2012), also observed no differences on mean weight gain, feed intake and
efficiency of food conversion of broilers when fed with diets containing different levels of protein,
reason being due to varying dietary protein levels showing that the birds were able to consume at fairly
the same level regardless of the quantity of protein in the diet. However, in our observations it may be
due to the fact that the nutrients in the diets provided to the broilers were not in same quantities and
could have affected the performance of the chickens. Another reason could be that the level of
M.oleifera provided was too little to have any effects on feed conversion ratio, feed consumption and
daily weight gain. The anti-nutritional factors, such as condensed tannins in MOLM could also play a
significant role in the nutrition of animals, causing either adverse or beneficial effects on nutrient
utilization, health and production (Hoste et al., 2006). Some anti-nutritional factors are reported to
affect palatability of diets which in turn will affect feed intake.

body weight gain and live body weight differed significantly in response to the application of Moringa
oleifera leaf meal at grower, finisher and whole periods, with the no moringa supplementation control
having the highest value at all the production periods . There was no significant difference in daily
weight in response to the experimental treatments during the finisher period of poultry production in
this experiment (Table 6). The none significant differences observed in average daily weight increase at
the finisher stage could be due to the fact that Moringa leaf meal was added in small amounts so there
was not much difference between the treatments with Moringa leaf meal that without out it. These
findings contradict that of Denil et al. (2003) that showed supplementation of additives in broiler diets
enhanced nutrient utilization, growth and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of broilers. Ayssiwede et
al. (2011) observed that the inclusion of M.oleifera leaf meal in the diet of growing traditional Senegal
chickens had no negative impact on live body weight, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio,
carcass and organ characteristics in birds. However, they reported a significant decrease in daily feed
intake in treatments that contained different levels of M.oleifera leaf meal.

CONCLUSION
Overall, the present study has provided promising data for the use of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as an
additive in broiler feed. The results of the study also suggest that a 0.5% inclusion level of Moringa
oleifera leaf meal could be used in broiler diets to improve growth performance, carcass yield and
economic output of broiler chickens. The study also reveals that MoLM can conveniently supplement
expensive sources of protein in broiler diet without compromising performance and favoring
production cost positively. Hence, poultry farmers are encouraged to patronize the use of MoLM as
feed source for their broiler. In addition, further research is necessary to determine how to increase the
nutritive value if Moringa oleifera leaf meal for broilers and layer chickens in view of its cheapness
and abundance.

Aknowledgement
This research work was carried out with the financial support and assistance provided by the Tertiary
Education Trust Fund (TETFund) which the authors gratefully acknowledged.

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