Psat 16

PSAT 16
Test begins on the next page.

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Reading Test
60 M I NU TES, 4 7 QUESTIONS
Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
DIRECTIONS
Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading
each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or
implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or
graph).
Questions 1-9 are based on the following passage. The real evils indeed of Emma’s situation were the
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This passage is adapted from Jane Austen, Emma, originally

power of having rather too much her own way, and a
published in 1815. 30 disposition to think a little too well of herself; these
were the disadvantages which threatened alloy to her
Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, many enjoyments. The danger, however, was at
with a comfortable home and happy disposition, present so unperceived, that they did not by any
seemed to unite some of the best blessings of means rank as misfortunes with her.
Line existence; and had lived nearly twenty-one years in 35 Sorrow came—a gentle sorrow—but not at
5 the world with very little to distress or vex her. all in the shape of any disagreeable
She was the youngest of the two daughters of a consciousness.—Miss Taylor married. It was
most affectionate, indulgent father, and had, in Miss Taylor’s loss which first brought grief. It was on
consequence of her sister’s marriage, been mistress of the wedding-day of this beloved friend that Emma
his house from a very early period. Her mother had 40 first sat in mournful thought of any continuance.
10 died too long ago for her to have more than an The wedding over and the bride-people gone, her
indistinct remembrance of her caresses, and her father and herself were left to dine together, with no
place had been supplied by an excellent woman as prospect of a third to cheer a long evening. Her
governess, who had fallen little short of a mother in father composed himself to sleep after dinner, as
affection. 45 usual, and she had then only to sit and think of what
15 Sixteen years had Miss Taylor been in she had lost.
Mr. Woodhouse’s family, less as a governess than a The event had every promise of happiness for her
friend, very fond of both daughters, but particularly friend. Mr. Weston was a man of unexceptionable
of Emma. Between them it was more the intimacy of character, easy fortune, suitable age and pleasant
sisters. Even before Miss Taylor had ceased to hold 50 manners; and there was some satisfaction in
20 the nominal office of governess, the mildness of her considering with what self-denying, generous
temper had hardly allowed her to impose any friendship she had always wished and promoted the
restraint; and the shadow of authority being now match; but it was a black morning’s work for her.
long passed away, they had been living together as The want of Miss Taylor would be felt every hour of
friend and friend very mutually attached, and Emma 55 every day. She recalled her past kindness—the
25 doing just what she liked; highly esteeming kindness, the affection of sixteen years—how she had
Miss Taylor’s judgment, but directed chiefly by taught and how she had played with her from five
her own. years old—how she had devoted all her powers to
attach and amuse her in health—and how nursed her
60 through the various illnesses of childhood. A large
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debt of gratitude was owing here; but the intercourse
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2
of the last seven years, the equal footing and perfect
unreserve which had soon followed Isabella’s Which choice best summarizes the first
marriage on their being left to each other, was yet a two paragraphs of the passage (lines 1-14)?
65 dearer, tenderer recollection. It had been a friend and A) Even though a character loses a parent at an
companion such as few possessed, intelligent, early age, she is happily raised in a loving home.
well-informed, useful, gentle, knowing all the ways of B) An affectionate governess helps a character to
the family, interested in all its concerns, and overcome the loss of her mother, despite the
peculiarly interested in herself, in every pleasure, indifference of her father.
70 every scheme of her’s;—one to whom she could
speak every thought as it arose, and who had such an C) Largely as a result of her father’s wealth and
affection for her as could never find fault. affection, a character leads a contented life.
How was she to bear the change?—It was true that D) A character has a generally comfortable and
her friend was going only half a mile from them; but fulfilling life, but then she must recover from
75 Emma was aware that great must be the difference losing her mother.
between a Mrs. Weston only half a mile from them,
and a Miss Taylor in the house; and with all her
advantages, natural and domestic, she was now in 3
great danger of suffering from intellectual solitude.
The narrator indicates that the particular nature of
80 She dearly loved her father, but he was no
Emma’s upbringing resulted in her being
companion for her. He could not meet her in
conversation, rational or playful. A) despondent.
The evil of the actual disparity in their ages (and B) self-satisfied.
Mr. Woodhouse had not married early) was much
C) friendless.
85 increased by his constitution and habits; for having
been a valetudinarian* all his life, without activity of D) inconsiderate.
mind or body, he was a much older man in ways
than in years; and though everywhere beloved for the
friendliness of his heart and his amiable temper, his 4
90 talents could not have recommended him at Which choice provides the best evidence for the
any time. answer to the previous question?
* a person in weak health who is overly concerned with his or her
ailments A) Lines 1-5 (“Emma . . . her”)
B) Lines 9-14 (“Her . . . affection”)
C) Lines 28-32 (“The real . . . enjoyments”)
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D) Lines 32-34 (“The danger . . . her”)
The main purpose of the passage is to
A) describe a main character and a significant
change in her life. 5
B) provide an overview of a family and a nearby As used in line 26, “directed” most nearly means
neighbor.
A) trained.
C) discuss some regrettable personality flaws in a
B) aimed.
main character.
C) guided.
D) explain the relationship between a main
character and her father. D) addressed.

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Questions 10-19 are based on the following
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passage and supplementary material.
As used in line 54, “want” most nearly means
This passage is adapted from Marina Gorbis, The Nature of
A) desire. the Future: Dispatches from the Socialstructed World. ©2013
B) lack. by Marina Gorbis.
C) requirement. Visitors to the Soviet Union in the 1960s and
D) request. 1970s always marveled at the gap between what they
saw in state stores—shelves empty or filled with
Line things no one wanted—and what they saw in
7 5 people’s homes: nice furnishings and tables filled
with food. What filled the gap? A vast informal
It can most reasonably be inferred that after economy driven by human relationships, dense
Miss Taylor married, she had networks of social connections through which people
A) less patience with Mr. Woodhouse. traded resources and created value. The Soviet people
10 didn’t plot how they would build these networks. No
B) fewer interactions with Emma.
one was teaching them how to maximize their
C) more close friends than Emma. connections the way social marketers eagerly teach
D) an increased appreciation for Emma. us today. Their networks evolved naturally, out of
necessity; that was the only way to survive.
15 Today, all around the world, we are seeing
8 a new kind of network of relationship-driven
economics emerging, with individuals joining forces
Which choice provides the best evidence for the sometimes to fill the gaps left by existing
answer to the previous question? institutions—corporations, governments,
A) Line 37 (“Miss . . . married”) 20 educational establishments—and sometimes creating
B) Lines 47-48 (“The event . . . friend”) new products, services, and knowledge that no
institution is able to provide. Empowered by
C) Lines 60-65 (“A large . . . recollection”) computing and communication technologies that
D) Lines 73-79 (“How . . . solitude”) have been steadily building village-like networks on a
25 global scale, we are infusing more and more of our
economic transactions with social connectedness.
9 The new technologies are inherently social and
personal. They help us create communities around
Which situation is most similar to the one described
interests, identities, and common personal
in lines 83-91 (“The evil . . . time”)?
30 challenges. They allow us to gain direct access to a
A) A mother and her adult son have distinct tastes worldwide community of others. And they take
in art and music that result in repeated family anonymity out of our economic transactions. We can
arguments. assess those we don’t know by checking their
B) The differences between an older and a younger reputations as buyers and sellers on eBay or by
friend are magnified because the younger one is 35 following their Twitter streams. We can look up their
more active and athletic. friends on Facebook and watch their YouTube
videos. We can easily get people’s advice on where to
C) An older and a younger scientist remain close
find the best shoemaker in Brazil, the best
friends despite the fact that the older one’s work
is published more frequently.
D) The age difference between a high school student
and a college student becomes a problem even
though they enjoy the same diversions.

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programmer in India, and the best apple farmer in empowered with technologies and the collective
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40 our local community. We no longer have to rely on intelligence of others in their social network—can
bankers or venture capitalists as the only sources of take on many functions that previously only large
funding for our ideas. We can raise funds directly 70 organizations could perform, often more efficiently,
from individuals, most of whom we don’t even know, at lower cost or no cost at all, and with much greater
through websites that allow people to ease. Socialstructing is opening up a world of what
45 post descriptions of their projects and generate my colleagues Jacques Vallée and Bob Johansen
donations, investments, or loans. describe as the world of impossible futures, a world
We are moving away from the dominance of the 75 in which a large software firm can be displaced by
depersonalized world of institutional production and weekend software hackers, and rapidly orchestrated
creating a new economy around social connections social movements can bring down governments in a
50 and social rewards—a process I call socialstructing. matter of weeks. The changes are exciting and
Others have referred to this model of production as unpredictable. They threaten many established
social, commons-based, or peer-to-peer. Not only is 80 institutions and offer a wealth of opportunities for
this new social economy bringing with it an individuals to empower themselves, find rich new
unprecedented level of familiarity and connectedness connections, and tap into a fast-evolving set of new
55 to both our global and our local economic exchanges, resources in everything from health care to education
but it is also changing every domain of our lives, and science.
from finance to education and health. It is rapidly 85 Much has been written about how technology
ushering in a vast array of new opportunities for us distances us from the benefits of face-to-face
to pursue our passions, create new types of communication and quality social time. I think those
60 businesses and charitable organizations, redefine the are important concerns. But while the quality of our
nature of work, and address a wide range of face-to-face interactions is changing, the
problems that the prevailing formal economy has 90 countervailing force of socialstructing is connecting
neglected, if not caused. us at levels never seen before, opening up new
Socialstructing is in fact enabling not only a new opportunities to create, learn, and share.
65 kind of global economy but a new kind of society, in
which amplified individuals—individuals
The following graph, from a 2011 report from the International Data Corporation, projects trends in digital information use to 2015
(E=Estimated).
Global Digital Information

Created and Shared, 2005–2015E
8
Digital information created
and shared (zettabytes)
0
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013E 2015E
Note: 1 zettabyte = 1 trillion gigabytes

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10 14
As used in line 10, “plot” most nearly means The author indicates that, in comparison to
A) mark. individuals, traditional organizations have
tended to be
B) form.
A) more innovative and less influential.
C) plan.
B) larger in size and less subject to regulations.
D) claim.
C) less reliable and less interconnected.
D) less efficient and more expensive.
11
The references to the shoemaker, the programmer,
15
and the apple farmer in lines 37-40 (“We can
easily . . . community”) primarily serve to Which choice provides the best evidence for the
A) illustrate the quality of products and services in answer to the previous question?
countries around the world. A) Lines 22-26 (“Empowered . . . connectedness”)
B) emphasize the broad reach of technologies used B) Lines 40-42 (“We no longer . . . ideas”)
to connect people. C) Lines 47-50 (“We are moving . . .
C) demonstrate that recommendations made online socialstructing”)
are trustworthy. D) Lines 66-72 (“amplified . . . ease”)
D) call attention to the limits of the expansion of the
global economy.
16
The author recognizes counterarguments to the
12
position she takes in the passage by
The passage’s discussion of life in the Soviet Union in A) acknowledging the risks and drawbacks
the 1960s and 1970s primarily serves to associated with new technologies and social
A) introduce the concept of social networking. networks.
B) demonstrate that technology has improved social B) admitting that some people spend too much
connections. time unproductively on the Internet.
C) list differences between the Soviet Union and C) drawing an analogy between conditions today
other countries. and conditions in the Soviet Union of the 1960s
D) emphasize the importance of examining and 1970s.
historical trends. D) conceding that the drawbacks of socialstructing
may prove over time to outweigh the benefits.
13
17
As used in line 45, “post” most nearly means
A) publish. Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
B) transfer.
A) Lines 35-37 (“We can look . . . videos”)
C) assign.
B) Lines 74-76 (“a world . . . hackers”)
D) denounce.
C) Lines 79-84 (“They . . . science”)
D) Lines 85-87 (“Much . . . time”)

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Which statement best summarizes the information According to the graph, which statement is true
presented in the graph? about the amount of digital information projected to
A) Far more people around the world own be created and shared globally in 2012?
computers and cell phones today than in 2005. A) Growth in digital information creation and
B) The number of people sharing digital sharing was projected to be wildly out of
information has more than tripled since 2005. proportion to growth in 2011 and 2013E.
C) The volume of digital information created and B) The amount of digital information created and
shared has increased tremendously in recent shared was projected to begin a new upward
years. trend.
D) The amount of digital information created and C) The amount of digital information created and
shared is likely to be almost 8 zettabytes in 2015. shared was projected to peak.
D) The amount of digital information created and
shared was projected to pass 2 zettabytes for the
first time.

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Questions 20-28 are based on the following Once a bear is under the tranquilizer’s influence
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passage and supplementary material. (which takes about five minutes), the scientists have
This passage is adapted from Tina Hesman Saey, “Lessons
60 minutes max to get the animal from its den, weigh
from the Torpid.” ©2012 by Society for Science & the Public. 45 and measure it, draw blood samples and do minor
surgeries to collect fat and other tissues. The bear is
Understanding how hibernators, including returned to its den by minute 61.
ground squirrels, marmots and bears, survive their Precious materials collected during this
long winter’s naps may one day offer solutions for high-pressure encounter need to be analyzed within
Line problems such as heart disease, osteoporosis and 50 24 hours, so the researchers often test for levels of
5 muscular dystrophy. cholesterol or certain proteins in the blood while
Nearly everything about the way an animal’s body working in the snow or at a nearby research station.
works changes when it hibernates, and preparations A pilot sometimes flies samples from field sites to a
start weeks or months in advance. The first order of lab in Denmark in order to meet the deadline,
business is to fatten up. 55 Fröbert says. Samples such as bones and arteries that
10 “Fat is where it’s at for a hibernator,” says can’t be collected from live bears come from bears
Matthew Andrews, a molecular biologist at the killed by hunters during the legal hunting season.
University of Minnesota Duluth who studies 13-lined Recent analyses revealed that Scandinavian brown
ground squirrels. “You bring your own lunch with bears spend the summer with plasma cholesterol
you.” Packing lunch is necessary because the animals 60 levels considered high for humans; those values then
15 go on the world’s strictest diet during the winter, increase substantially for hibernation, Fröbert and
surviving entirely off their white fat. “They have their his colleagues reported. These “very, very fat” bears
last supper in October; they don’t eat again until with high cholesterol also get zero exercise during
March,” Andrews says. hibernation. Lolling about in the den pinches off
Bigger fat stores mean a greater chance of 65 blood vessels, contributing to sluggish circulation.
20 surviving until spring. “If they go in really chunky, “That cocktail would not be advisable in humans,”
nice and roly-poly, that’s going to be a good Fröbert says. It’s a recipe for hardened arteries,
hibernator,” he says. putting people at risk for heart attacks and strokes.
Bears also watch their waistlines expand in the Even healthy young adult humans can develop
months before settling in for the season. The brown 70 fatty streaks in their arteries that make the blood
25 bears cardiologist Ole Fröbert studies pack on the vessels less flexible, but the bears don’t build up such
pounds by chowing down on up to 40 kilograms of artery-hardening streaks. “Our bears, they had
blueberries a day. Such gluttony among humans nothing,” Fröbert says. It’s not yet clear how the
could have severe consequences: Obesity is bears keep their arteries flexible, but Fröbert hopes to
associated with a greater risk of heart attack and 75 find some protective molecule that could stave off
30 diabetes, among other ailments. hardened arteries in humans as well.
To see how fattening up affects Scandinavian
brown bears, Fröbert and his colleagues Total Plasma Cholesterol
ventured into the wilds of Sweden following signals in Seven Bears
541
given off by radio transmitters or GPS devices on
35 tagged bears.
Milligrams/deciliter
Bears can be dangerous close-up. Even

hibernating bears can rouse to action quickly, so
scientists tracking down bears in the winter use darts 387
to tranquilize the animals from a distance. Scientists
40 studying the bears in the summer tranquilize them
from a helicopter.
232
maximum desirable level for humans
hibernation active

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20 23
The passage is written from the perspective of What main effect do the quotations by Andrews in
someone who is lines 10-18 have on the tone of the passage?
A) actively involved in conducting hibernator A) They create a bleak tone, focusing on the
research. difficulties hibernators face during the winter.
B) a participant in a recent debate in the field of B) They create a conversational tone, relating
cardiology. scientific information in everyday language.
C) knowledgeable about advances in hibernator C) They create an ominous tone, foreshadowing the
research. dire results of Andrews’s research.
D) an advocate for wildlife preservation. D) They create an absurd tone, using images of
animals acting as if they were human.
21
24
It is reasonable to conclude that the main goal of the
scientists conducting the research described in the As used in line 19, “stores” most nearly means
passage is to A) preservatives.
A) learn how the hibernation patterns of bears and B) reserves.
squirrels differ.
C) stacks.
B) determine the role that fat plays in hibernation.
D) shelters.
C) illustrate the important health benefits of
exercise for humans.
D) explore possible ways to prevent human diseases. 25
Based on the passage, what is Fröbert’s hypothesis
regarding why bears’ arteries do not harden during
22
hibernation?
Which choice provides the best evidence for the A) The bears’ increased plasma cholesterol causes
answer to the previous question? the arteries to be more flexible.
A) Lines 1-5 (“Understanding . . . dystrophy”) B) Sluggish circulation pinches off the blood vessels
B) Lines 10-13 (“Fat . . . squirrels”) rather than hardening the arteries.
C) Lines 31-35 (“To . . . bears”) C) Bears exercise in short, infrequent bursts during
D) Lines 42-46 (“Once . . . tissues”) hibernation, which staves off hardened arteries.
D) Bears possess a molecule that protects against
hardened arteries.

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26 28
Which choice provides the best evidence for the Which statement about the effect of hibernation on
answer to the previous question? the seven bears is best supported by the graph?
A) Lines 19-20 (“Bigger . . . spring”) A) Only one of the bears did not experience an
B) Lines 24-27 (“The brown . . . day”) appreciable change in its total plasma cholesterol
level.
C) Lines 69-72 (“Even . . . streaks”)
B) Only one of the bears experienced a significant
D) Lines 73-76 (“It’s . . . well”) increase in its total plasma cholesterol level.
C) All of the bears achieved the desirable plasma
27 cholesterol level for humans.
D) The bear with the lowest total plasma cholesterol
What information discussed in paragraph 10
level in its active state had the highest total
(lines 58-68) is represented by the graph?
plasma cholesterol level during hibernation.
A) The information in lines 58-62 (“Recent . . .
reported”)
B) The information in lines 62-64 (“These . . .
hibernation”)
C) The information in lines 64-65 (“Lolling . . .
circulation”)
D) The information in lines 67-68 (“It’s . . . strokes”)

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Questions 29-37 are based on the following the latter living with the master, and therefore
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passage. subject to the same conditions. When these
This passage is from Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," originally
40 apprentices rose to be masters, there was little or no
published in 1889. Arriving penniless in Pennsylvania from change in their mode of life, and they, in turn,
Scotland in 1848, Carnegie became one of the richest educated succeeding apprentices in the same routine.
people in the United States through the manufacture of There was, substantially, social equality, and even
steel. political equality, for those engaged in industrial
45 pursuits had then little or no voice in the State.
The problem of our age is the proper The inevitable result of such a mode of
administration of wealth, that the ties of brotherhood manufacture was crude articles at high prices. To-day
may still bind together the rich and poor in the world obtains commodities of excellent quality at
Line harmonious relationship. The conditions of human prices which even the preceding generation would
5 life have not only been changed, but revolutionized, 50 have deemed incredible. In the commercial world
within the past few hundred years. In former days similar causes have produced similar results, and the
there was little difference between the dwelling, race is benefited thereby. The poor enjoy what the
dress, food, and environment of the chief and those rich could not before afford. What were the luxuries
of his retainers. . . . The contrast between the palace have become the necessaries of life. The laborer has
10 of the millionaire and the cottage of the laborer with 55 now more comforts than the farmer had a few
us to-day measures the change which has come with generations ago. The farmer has more luxuries than
civilization. This change, however, is not to be the landlord had, and is more richly clad and better
deplored, but welcomed as highly beneficial. It is housed. The landlord has books and pictures rarer
well, nay, essential, for the progress of the race that and appointments more artistic than the king could
15 the houses of some should be homes for all that is 60 then obtain.
highest and best in literature and the arts, and for all The price we pay for this salutary change is, no
the refinements of civilization, rather than that none doubt, great. We assemble thousands of operatives in
should be so. Much better this great irregularity than the factory, and in the mine, of whom the employer
universal squalor. Without wealth there can be no can know little or nothing, and to whom he is little
20 Maecenas.* The “good old times” were not good old 65 better than a myth. All intercourse between them is
times. Neither master nor servant was as well at an end. Rigid castes are formed, and, as usual,
situated then as to-day. A relapse to old conditions mutual ignorance breeds mutual distrust. Each caste
would be disastrous to both—not the least so to him is without sympathy for the other, and ready to credit
who serves—and would sweep away civilization with anything disparaging in regard to it. Under the law of
25 it. But whether the change be for good or ill, it is 70 competition, the employer of thousands is forced
upon us, beyond our power to alter, and, therefore, into the strictest economies, among which the rates
to be accepted and made the best of. It is a waste of paid to labor figure prominently, and often there is
time to criticize the inevitable. friction between the employer and the employed,
It is easy to see how the change has come. between capital and labor, between rich and poor.
30 One illustration will serve for almost every phase of 75 Human society loses homogeneity.
the cause. In the manufacture of products we have The price which society pays for the law of
the whole story. It applies to all combinations of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts
human industry, as stimulated and enlarged by the and luxuries, is also great; but the advantages of this
inventions of this scientific age. Formerly, articles law are also greater still than its cost—for it is to this
35 were manufactured at the domestic hearth, or in 80 law that we owe our wonderful material
small shops which formed part of the household. development, which brings improved conditions
The master and his apprentices worked side by side, in its train.
* Gaius Maecenas (70–8 B.C.E.) was a great patron of the arts.

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29 32
Which choice best describes the structure of the The author describes the people who live in the
first paragraph? “houses of some” (line 15) as interested in the
A) A personal history is narrated, historical A) materials from which their houses are
examples are given, and a method is constructed.
recommended. B) size of their homes.
B) A position is stated, historical context is given, C) advantages of culture.
and earnest advice is given.
D) pedigree of their guests.
C) Certain principles are stated, opposing principles
are stated, and a consensus is reached.
D) A historical period is described, and its attributes 33
are reviewed.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
30 A) Lines 9-10 (“the palace . . . laborer”)
The author most strongly implies which of the B) Lines 15-16 (“all . . . arts”)
following about “the ties of brotherhood” (line 2)? C) Lines 18-19 (“Much . . . squalor”)
A) They were always largely fictitious and are more D) Lines 19-20 (“Without . . . Maecenas”)
so at present.
B) They are stronger at present than they ever were
before. 34
C) They are more seriously strained in the present The author uses the phrase “good old times” (line 20)
than in the past. as an example of
D) They will no longer be able to bring together the A) a cliché that still has life and usefulness left in it.
rich and the poor. B) a bit of folk wisdom from his childhood.
C) something said by those who have acquired great
riches.
31
D) something said by people who do not share his
The author uses “dwelling, dress, food, and viewpoint.
environment” (lines 7-8) as examples of
A) things more valued in the present than in
the past. 35
B) bare necessities of life. What is the author’s main point about the
C) things to which all people are entitled. disadvantages of the modern economic system?
D) possible indications of differences in status. A) It provides only a few people with the advantages
of culture.
B) It replicates many of the problems experienced
in the past.
C) It creates divisions between different categories
of people.
D) It gives certain people great material advantages
over others.

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36 37
Which choice provides the best evidence for the As used in line 82, “in its train” is closest in
answer to the previous question? meaning to
A) Lines 37-39 (“The master . . . conditions”) A) before it.
B) Lines 43-45 (“There was . . . State”) B) with it.
C) Lines 46-47 (“The inevitable . . . prices”) C) anticipating it.
D) Lines 65-66 (“All intercourse . . . end”) D) advancing it.

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Questions 38-47 are based on the following destruction—that the trend has been called a sixth
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passages. 40 mass extinction, an event on par with such die-offs as
Passage 1 is adapted from Stewart Brand, “The Case for
the one that befell the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
Reviving Extinct Species.” ©2013 by the National A program to restore extinct species poses a risk of
Geographic Society. Passage 2 is adapted from the editors selling the public on a false promise that technology
at Scientific American, “Why Efforts to Bring Extinct Species alone can solve our ongoing environmental
Back from the Dead Miss the Point.” ©2013 by Nature 45 woes—an implicit assurance that if a species goes
America, Inc. away, we can snap our fingers and bring it back.
Passage 1 Already conservationists face difficult choices
Many extinct species—from the passenger pigeon about which species and ecosystems to try to save,
to the woolly mammoth—might now be reclassified since they cannot hope to rescue them all. Many
as “bodily, but not genetically, extinct.” They’re dead, 50 countries where poaching and trade in threatened
Line but their DNA is recoverable from museum species are rampant either do not want to give up the
5 specimens and fossils, even those up to 200,000 years revenue or lack the wherewithal to enforce their own
old. regulations. Against that backdrop, a costly and
Thanks to new developments in genetic flamboyant project to resuscitate extinct flora and
technology, that DNA may eventually bring the 55 fauna in the name of conservation looks
animals back to life. Only species whose DNA is too irresponsible: Should we resurrect the mammoth
10 old to be recovered, such as dinosaurs, are the ones only to let elephants go under? Of course not.
to consider totally extinct, bodily and genetically. That is not to say that the de-extinction enterprise
But why bring vanished creatures back to life? lacks merit altogether. Aspects of it could
It will be expensive and difficult. It will take decades. 60 conceivably help save endangered species.
It won’t always succeed. Why even try? For example, extinct versions of genes could be
15 Why do we take enormous trouble to protect reintroduced into species and subspecies that have
endangered species? The same reasons will apply to lost a dangerous amount of genetic diversity, such as
species brought back from extinction: to preserve the black-footed ferret and the northern white rhino.
biodiversity, to restore diminished ecosystems, to 65 Such investigations, however, should be conducted
advance the science of preventing extinctions, and to under the mantle of preserving modern biodiversity
20 undo harm that humans have caused in the past. rather than conjuring extinct species from the grave.
Furthermore, the prospect of de-extinction is
profound news. That something as irreversible and
final as extinction might be reversed is a stunning 38
realization. The imagination soars. Just the thought The author of Passage 1 suggests that the usefulness
25 of mammoths and passenger pigeons alive again of de-extinction technology may be limited by the
invokes the awe and wonder that drives all
conservation at its deepest level. A) amount of time scientists are able to devote to
genetic research.
Passage 2
B) relationship of an extinct species to
The idea of bringing back extinct species holds
contemporary ecosystems.
obvious gee-whiz appeal and a respite from a steady
30 stream of grim news. Yet with limited intellectual C) complexity of the DNA of an extinct species.
bandwidth and financial resources to go around, D) length of time that a species has been extinct.
de-extinction threatens to divert attention
from the modern biodiversity crisis. According to a
2012 report from the International Union for
35 Conservation of Nature, some 20,000 species are
currently in grave danger of going extinct.
Species today are vanishing in such great
numbers—many from hunting and habitat

1 1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
39 43
Which choice provides the best evidence for the As used in line 37, “great” most nearly means
answer to the previous question? A) lofty.
A) Lines 7-9 (“Thanks . . . life”) B) wonderful.
B) Lines 9-11 (“Only . . . genetically”) C) large.
C) Line 13 (“It will be . . . difficult”) D) intense.
D) Lines 13-14 (“It will take . . . succeed”)
44
40
The reference to the “black-footed ferret and the
As used in line 27, “deepest” most nearly means northern white rhino” (line 64) serves mainly to
A) most engrossing. A) emphasize a key distinction between extinct and
B) most challenging. living species.
C) most extensive. B) account for types of animals whose numbers are
dwindling.
D) most fundamental.
C) provide examples of species whose gene pools
are compromised.
41 D) highlight instances of animals that have failed to
adapt to new habitats.
The authors of Passage 2 indicate that the matter of
shrinking biodiversity should primarily be
considered a
45
A) historical anomaly.
Which choice best states the relationship between the
B) global catastrophe. two passages?
C) scientific curiosity. A) Passage 2 attacks a political decision that
D) political problem. Passage 1 strongly advocates.
B) Passage 2 urges caution regarding a technology
that Passage 1 describes in favorable terms.
42
C) Passage 2 expands on the results of a research
Which choice provides the best evidence for the study mentioned in Passage 1.
D) Passage 2 considers practical applications that
A) Lines 37-41 (“Species . . . ago”) could arise from a theory discussed in Passage 1.
B) Lines 42-45 (“A program . . . woes”)
C) Lines 53-56 (“Against . . . irresponsible”)
D) Lines 65-67 (“Such . . . grave”)

1 1
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
46 47
How would the authors of Passage 2 most likely Which choice would best support the claim that the
respond to the “prospect” referred to in line 21, authors of Passage 2 recognize that the “imagination
Passage 1? soars” (line 24, Passage 1) in response to
A) With approval, because it illustrates how useful de-extinction technology?
de-extinction could be in addressing widespread A) Lines 28-30 (“The . . . news”)
environmental concerns. B) Lines 30-33 (“Yet . . . crisis”)
B) With resignation, because the gradual extinction C) Lines 58-59 (“That . . . altogether”)
of many living species is inevitable.
D) Lines 61-63 (“For . . . diversity”)
C) With concern, because it implies an easy
solution to a difficult problem.
D) With disdain, because it shows that people have
little understanding of the importance of genetic
diversity.
STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.
Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 16

No Test Material On This Page
2 2
Writing and Language Test
DIRECTIONS
Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you
will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For
other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in
sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by
one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising
and editing decisions.
Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will
direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole.
After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively
improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the
conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option.
Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the
passage as it is.
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.

...................................................................................................................................
1
A) NO CHANGE
A Nod to Nodding Off B) see an annual loss of $63.2 billion each year
With 30 percent of United States workers not getting C) lose $63.2 billion annually
D) have a yearly loss of $63.2 billion annually
enough sleep at night, according to the Wall Street
Journal, US companies 1 lose a yearly sum of
$63.2 billion annually due to the drop in employee
productivity resulting from sleep deprivation.
Sleep-deprived workers generally have lower morale and
are less able to retain information than their better-rested
colleagues.

2 2
[1] One of the 2 big reasons behind workers’ lack
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
of sleep is the work itself. [2] To combat the problem of A) NO CHANGE
B) main things leading up to
sleep deprivation in a demanding work environment,
C) huge things about
some companies have begun allowing workers to take
D) primary causes of
naps. [3] The hours the average American 3 spend
working have increased dramatically since the 1970s, 3
making it hard for many workers to get a good night’s A) NO CHANGE
B) have spent
sleep. [4] Although employees who sleep on the job are
C) spends
often considered lazy and unproductive, napping in the
D) are spent
workplace has been shown to improve workers’ efficiency
and quality of life. [5] As long as companies continue to 4
demand long hours from 4 workers, and managers A) NO CHANGE
should champion napping as a means to keep employees B) workers; managers
C) workers, managers,
happy, healthy, and functional. 5
D) workers, managers
5
To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 3
should be placed
A) where it is now.
B) before sentence 1.
C) after sentence 1.
D) after sentence 4.

2 2
Such a proposition may seem counterintuitive, but,
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
6
in fact, allowing employees to nap could save companies At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following sentence.
hours of lost productivity. Studies reveal that napping
Even fifteen-minute power naps improve
improves memory and boosts wakefulness for the alertness, creativity, and concentration.
remainder of the day. 6 Napping can also have a Should the writer make this addition here?
positive effect on mood and overall job satisfaction, while A) Yes, because it demonstrates that the benefits of
napping can be gained without sacrificing large
constant drowsiness reduces reaction time and hampers amounts of work time.
one’s ability to concentrate. Employee naps might also B) Yes, because it explains the methodology of the
studies mentioned in the previous sentence.
lead to reduced health care costs for companies, since
C) No, because a discussion of the type of nap
regular napping leads to long-term health benefits, workers take is not important to the writer’s
main point in the paragraph.
7 and it improves workers’ average weekly attendance.
D) No, because it contradicts the writer’s discussion
of napping in the previous sentences.
7
Which choice provides a supporting example that
reinforces the main point of the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) including a lower risk of cardiovascular
problems such as heart attack and stroke.
C) which are essential in an era of rising health care
costs.
D) in addition to making employees more efficient.

2 2
Napping at work has already won corporate
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8
advocates in the worlds of technology, finance, and news A) NO CHANGE
B) gently wake
media, and some businesses are beginning to set aside
C) gently to wake
special nap rooms. A few companies, such as Google,
D) gentle waking of
have even invested in high-tech nap pods that block out
light, play soothing music, and 8 gently waking 9
nappers. A) NO CHANGE
B) among
Zephrin Lasker, CEO of the mobile-advertising firm
C) between
Pontiflex, has observed that employees are happier and
D) into
more productive since he created a nap room in the
company’s Brooklyn headquarters. Ryan Hodson of 10
Kodiak Capital Group and Arianna Huffington of the A) NO CHANGE
Huffington Post Media Group have promoted napping B) but it benefits

C) as also to
9 throughout their workers and have been effusive
D) but also to
about the results. In light of the benefits not only to
employees’ efficiency 10 and again to their health and 11
sense of well-being, these executives’ enthusiasm is not The writer wants a concluding sentence that restates
the main argument of the passage. Which choice best
surprising. 11 These executives are among the most
accomplishes this goal?
successful leaders in their respective fields. A) NO CHANGE
B) Clearly, employers should consider reducing
employees’ hours when they are overworked.
C) Companies should consider employee schedules
carefully when implementing a napping policy.
D) More businesses should follow their lead and
embrace napping on the job.

2 2
Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12
and supplementary material.
A) NO CHANGE
B) pollination: this is
Vanishing Honeybees: A Threat to Global Agriculture C) pollination,
Honeybees play an important role in the agriculture D) pollination;
industry by pollinating crops. An October 2006 study

found that as much as one-third of global agriculture 13
A) NO CHANGE
depends on animal pollination, including honeybee
B) highlights the potentially disastrous effects
12 pollination—to increase crop output. The C) highlight the potentially disastrous effects
importance of bees 13 highlights the potentially D) highlight the potentially disastrous affects
disastrous affects of an emerging, unexplained crisis:
entire colonies of honeybees are dying off without 14
A) NO CHANGE
warning.
B) Known as colony
14 They know it as colony collapse disorder (CCD), C) It is known as colony
this phenomenon will have a detrimental impact on D) Colony
global agriculture if its causes and solutions are not
determined. Since the emergence of CCD around 2006, 15
Which choice offers the most accurate interpretation
bee mortality rates have 15 exceeded 25 percent of the
of the data in the chart?
population each winter. There was one sign of hope: A) NO CHANGE
during the 2010–2012 winter seasons, bee mortality rates B) been above the acceptable range.
C) not changed noticeably from year to year.
decreased slightly, and beekeepers speculated that the
D) greatly increased every year.
colonies would recover. Yet in the winter of 2012–2013,
the 16 portion of the bee population lost fell nearly
16
10 percent in the United States, with a loss of 31 percent Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the
of the colonies that pollinate crops. data in the chart?
A) NO CHANGE
B) portion of bees lost was double what it had been
the previous year, rising to
C) number of losses, which had fallen within the
acceptable range the previous year, rose to
D) portion of total colonies lost rose almost 10
percentage points, with a loss of

2 2
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Managed Honey Bee 17
Colony Losses in the US
40% Which choice most smoothly and effectively
Percent total-colony winter loss
introduces the writer’s discussion of studies of CCD

35% in this paragraph?
30% A) NO CHANGE
25% B) Bees are vanishing, and according to studies
20% there are several possible reasons for this trend.
15% C) Several possible reasons, offered by studies, may
10% explain why bees are vanishing.
acceptable range D) DELETE the underlined sentence.
5%
0%
07 08 09 10 11 12 13
– 20 – 20 – 20 – 20 – 20 – 20 – 20 18
06 007 008 009 010 011 012
20 2 2 2 2 2 2 At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following sentence.
Winter seasons
Prolonged exposure to neonicotinoids has been
Adapted from Dennis van Engelsdorp et al., “Preliminary Results: Honey shown to increase bees’ vulnerability to disease
Bee Colony Losses in the United States, Winter 2012-2013.” ©2013 by the
Bee Informed Partnership.
and parasitic mites.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it provides support for the claim
17 Studies have offered several possible reasons that made in the previous sentence.
bees are vanishing. One reason that is often cited is the B) Yes, because it introduces a new idea that will
become important later in the passage.
use of pesticides called neonicotinoids, which are
C) No, because it would be better placed elsewhere
absorbed by plants and linger much longer than do in the passage.
D) No, because it contradicts the main idea of the
topical pesticides. 18 Chemicals such as herbicides and
passage.
fungicides may also play a role, contaminating the pollen
that bees typically feed on and inhibiting healthy insect
maturation.

2 2
Given the role that honeybees play in agriculture, the
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
19
impact of this loss of hives on fruit, vegetable, seed, and A) NO CHANGE
B) is a pretty big deal.
nut crops 19 is not to be scoffed at. A reduction in bee
C) can’t be put on the back burner.
numbers leads to less pollination, which in turn leads to
D) cannot be ignored.
smaller harvests and higher food prices. Some farmers
have resorted to renting hives from beekeepers to 20
pollinate their 20 crops; when there is a shortage of bees A) NO CHANGE
B) crops, this is an expensive proposition when
this being an expensive proposition. Other farmers have
there is a shortage of bees.
increased 21 they’re dependence on costly C) crops, an expensive proposition when there is a
shortage of bees.
hand-pollination by human workers. Furthermore, there
D) crops; an expensive proposition when there is a
may be sociological repercussions. Agroecologist shortage of bees.
Alexandra-Maria Klein has suggested that rising produce
prices could lead to an increase in obesity as people turn 21
to cheaper, less wholesome fare. A) NO CHANGE
B) there
Though the precise causes of CCD are yet unclear,
C) their
some commonsense measures may be taken. A decrease D) its
in the use of certain pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides,
as well as greater attention to the nutrition, habitat, and 22
genetic diversity of managed hives, could begin a shift in The writer wants a conclusion that addresses the
future of efforts to combat CCD. Which choice
a favorable direction. 22 results in the passage having the most appropriate
concluding sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Still, bee colonies have experienced such
devastating losses that the consequences of the
issue have been felt worldwide.
C) Although CCD is a relatively new phenomenon,
scientists have been studying other aspects of
honeybees for over a century.
D) Genetic variation in bee colonies generally
improves bees’ productivity, disease resistance,
and ability to regulate body temperature.

2 2
Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
23
A) NO CHANGE
Lunar Farming B) stood;
C) stood—
Late last autumn, Giuseppe Ferrua 23 stood, on the
D) stood
hillside he farms overlooking Italy’s Serchio River valley,
a landscape of low mountains dotted 24 with vineyards.
24
Ferrua grows grapes and olives, and he does so according A) NO CHANGE
to the phases of the Moon. He didn’t always farm this B) inside
way. When he began, he exercised modern, C) for
D) on
one-size-fits-all farming methods but says he soon
became convinced that “plants are completely prone to
25
elements in the cosmos, the rhythms of day and night.” A) NO CHANGE
Following the lunar calendar, this type of farming is B) however,
driven by the belief that the Moon influences levels of C) by contrast,
D) thereafter,
moisture in the soil, just as the Moon’s gravitational pull
affects great bodies of water. Lunar farmers believe,
26
25 for example, that from the new Moon to quarter A) NO CHANGE
Moon phases, when the Moon is waxing, a soil’s moisture B) Given that
content increases, whereas drier periods occur during the C) So
D) DELETE the underlined portion and begin the
waning phase. 26 Although moisture influences seed sentence with a capital letter.
germination, a lunar guide on when to plant and weed
can be advantageous to a grower.

2 2
27 Nature has been around forever. First-century
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
27
Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder stated in his Natural Which choice most effectively sets up the paragraph?
History that the Moon “replenishes the Earth; when she A) NO CHANGE
B) People all over the world farm by the Moon.
approaches it, she fills all bodies, while, when she recedes,
C) Farming by the Moon is not new.
she empties them.” Chinese and Egyptian people D) Talk of the Moon’s influence is far-reaching.
performed agricultural tasks according to the lunar
calendar for millennia, and, to this day, the vaunted Old 28
Farmer’s Almanac includes regional lunar calendars and Which choice provides the most specific information
on the type of advice a lunar calendar offers?
advice on 28 when to conduct farm chores. The
A) NO CHANGE
29 almanacs editor, Janice Stillman, says, “That B) actions relevant to farming.
information is of value to our readers who practice these C) points in time at which to undertake certain
tasks.
traditional methods—and claim great success.”
D) optimal times to plant, weed, prune, and harvest.
29
A) NO CHANGE
B) almanacs’s
C) almanac’s
D) almanacs’

2 2
Lunar farming has its 30 skeptics, who are not sure
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30
of the method’s efficacy. Recalling advice he received on A) NO CHANGE
B) skeptics, who have yet to be convinced.
the best lunar time to plant potatoes, an English farmer
C) skeptics—those who doubt the method.
says his first reaction was “Hoopla.” Current mainstream
D) skeptics.
agriculture does not factor the Moon into 31 their
practices, so the concept might seem quaint or irrational. 31
Additionally, lunar farming is based in astrology as A) NO CHANGE
B) those
opposed to astronomy, and no extensive scientific studies
C) it’s
have yet been conducted that measure the Moon’s overall
D) its
influence on farming, 32 so supporters continue to wait
for their practices to be verified scientifically. 32
Stillman says, “We are of the mind that you accept or The writer wants to conclude the paragraph
effectively while also reinforcing the point that
believe by choice.” Indeed, despite his doubts, the skepticism toward lunar farming still exists. Which
skeptical English farmer wound up planting his potatoes choice best accomplishes this goal?
A) NO CHANGE
according to the lunar cycle and claims they were “the
B) and therefore no sound scientific data on the
best I have tasted.” Agricultural professor Jennifer subject exist to date.
Coffman has a similar response to Ferrua’s bounty in C) yet many continue to practice lunar farming.
D) leading many to conclude that the practice is
Italy. 33 “Smell this rosemary,” she says. “Smell how based in folklore, not fact.
amazingly fragrant that is.” At this stage, one could say
that the evidence must be experienced to be believed. 33
Which choice gives an additional supporting
example that emphasizes the importance of the
senses in judging the success of the lunar farming
method?
A) NO CHANGE
B) She has taken photographs of the grapevines and
landscape.
C) She takes careful notes about Ferrua’s farming
methods, asking Ferrua to clarify how he
prepares the soil.
D) She dips bread into Ferrua’s olive oil as he
explains a soil preparation he does in the fall.

2 2
Questions 34 -44 are based on the following passage.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
34
The writer is considering deleting the underlined
Recipes for History: The Szathmary Cookbook portion (ending the sentence with a period). Should
Collection the writer make this deletion?
A) Yes, because the underlined portion detracts
In 1990, chef Louis Szathmary, a voracious collector from the paragraph’s focus on the Szathmary
of cookbooks, donated approximately 20,000 culinary collection.
B) Yes, because the information in the underlined
artifacts to the University of Iowa library. The gift portion is provided in the previous sentence.
included more than 100 manuscript recipe books C) No, because the underlined portion defines a
term that is important to the passage.
34 —collections of recipes handwritten by the people
D) No, because the underlined portion gives an
who used them. The manuscripts, some of which date example of a particular culinary artifact.
back to the seventeenth century, are an invaluable
resource for food historians as well as the general public. 35
A) NO CHANGE
35 Because of the astonishing size and range of
B) Regardless of
Szathmary’s 36 donation to the University of Iowa, C) In contrast to
making this cornucopia of information available to D) In addition to
readers was a challenge. Working in conjunction with the
library, the University of Iowa Press published volumes 36
A) NO CHANGE
as varied as The P.E.O. Cookbook, written in rural Iowa in
B) donation of so many culinary artifacts,
1908, and Ladie Borlase’s Receiptes Booke, written in the
C) massive donation of cookbooks,
English countryside from 1665 to 1822. Librarians were D) donation,
happy to show the Szathmary collection to people who
were able to visit the library, 37 so the manuscripts, too 37
A) NO CHANGE
delicate to be checked out to library patrons, remained
B) for
largely unexplored.
C) and
D) but

2 2
This all started to change in 2012, when the
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
38
university expanded its DIY History Project (“DIY” A) NO CHANGE
B) his or her
stands for “do it yourself”) to include the manuscripts.
C) their
The project enlists volunteers to transcribe the recipes:
D) one’s
working from 38 our home computers, the volunteers
type up the scanned handwritten recipes. After a page is 39
transcribed and proofread, it is digitized and becomes A) NO CHANGE
B) simple directions
part of a searchable online archive. Volunteer
C) bare-bones how-tos
transcribers need no particular expertise; 39 prosaic
D) facile protocols
directives are provided on the DIY History website.
Transcribing is easy. The ingredients (one recipe requires 40
something called “ringon root”) and measurements (a A) NO CHANGE
“ditto” of baking soda), 40 moreover, can be puzzling. B) therefore,
C) however,
The goal is to digitize all the manuscripts in the
D) in short,
Szathmary collection, making them available to anyone
with 41 access of a computer and the Internet. 41
A) NO CHANGE
B) access to
C) excess of
D) excess to

2 2
[1] The library is working hard to publicize the
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
42
project and encourage the public to try the recipes. [2] It A) NO CHANGE
B) work
has formed a club dedicated to cooking manuscript
C) worked
recipes. [3] Some recipes don’t fare well in the
D) could have worked
twenty-first century (one club member called her 1800s
gingerbread a “molasses-laden brick”), while others 43
42 had worked just fine. [4] In another instance of A) NO CHANGE
B) almond, cheesecake summer, mince,
library outreach, a competition at the 2013 Iowa State
C) almond cheesecake summer, mince
Fair, contestants baked desserts in three
D) almond, cheesecake, summer, mince,
categories— 43 almond cheesecake, summer mince pie,
and Marlborough pie—using recipes from the Szathmary 44
collection. 44 The writer plans to add the following sentence to this
paragraph.
The efforts of the library and the volunteers are
The judges reported that the entries were
clearly bearing fruit. By January 2014, more than 38,000 delicious.
manuscript pages had been transcribed, thanks to the To make this paragraph most logical, the sentence
volunteers who answered DIY History’s call to “help should be placed
A) after sentence 1.
build the historical record by doing it yourself.”
B) after sentence 2.
C) after sentence 3.
D) after sentence 4.
STOP

3 3
Math Test – No Calculator
For questions 1-13, solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices provided,
and fill in the corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For questions 14-17, solve the
problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer to the
directions before question 14 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may use any
available space in your test booklet for scratch work.
1. The use of a calculator is not permitted.

2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated.
3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.
4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for
which f(x) is a real number.
s√2
r c 2x 60° s 45°
w h b x
30° 45°
b a x√3 s
A = pr 2 A = w 1
A = bh c 2 = a2 + b 2 Special Right Triangles
2
C = 2pr
h r r h h
h
w r w

V = wh V = pr 2h 4
V = pr 3
1
V = pr 2h V = 1 wh
3 3 3
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360.
The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2p.
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 3
A babysitter earns $8 an hour for babysitting 1 1
2 children and an additional $3 tip when both x− y = 10
2 4
children are put to bed on time. If the babysitter gets 1 1
the children to bed on time, what expression could x− y = 19
8 8
be used to determine how much the babysitter
earned? Which ordered pair (x, y ) satisfies the system of
equations above?
A) 8x + 3, where x is the number of hours
B) 3x + 8, where x is the number of hours A) (−112, −264)
C) x(8 + 2) + 3, where x is the number of children
D) 3x + (8 + 2), where x is the number of children
B) (64, 88)
⎛ 232 224 ⎞
C) ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ 3 3 ⎟⎠
D) (288, 536)
2
3(x + y ) = y
If (x, y ) is a solution to the equation above and

x
y ≠ 0, what is the ratio ?
y
4
A) −
3
2
B) −
3
1
C)
3
2
D)
3

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 6
A 2x 2 + 7x − 15 = 0
If r and s are two solutions of the equation above
and r > s , which of the following is the
value of r − s ?
15
A)
2
F
E 13
B)
2
B C
D 11
C)
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 2
3
D)
2
Triangle ABC above is isosceles with AB = AC and
BC = 48. The ratio of DE to DF is 5 : 7. What is
the length of DC ?
A) 12
B) 20
C) 24 7
D) 28 To cut a lawn, Allan charges a fee of $15 for his
equipment and $8.50 per hour spent cutting a lawn.
Taylor charges a fee of $12 for his equipment and
$9.25 per hour spent cutting a lawn. If x represents
the number of hours spent cutting a lawn, what are
all the values of x for which Taylor’s total charge is
greater than Allan’s total charge?
A) x > 4
5
B) 3 ≤ x ≤ 4
In a certain game, a player can solve easy or hard C) 4 ≤ x ≤ 5
puzzles. A player earns 30 points for solving an easy
puzzle and 60 points for solving a hard puzzle. Tina D) x < 3
solved a total of 50 puzzles playing this game, earning
1,950 points in all. How many hard puzzles did Tina
solve?
A) 10
B) 15
C) 25
D) 35

3 3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8 10
n = 456 − 3T If f (x − 1) = 2x + 3 for all values of x, what is the
The equation above is used to model the relationship value of f (−3) ?
between the number of cups, n, of hot chocolate sold A) −7
per day in a coffee shop and the average daily
temperature, T, in degrees Fahrenheit. According to B) −5
the model, what is the meaning of the 3 in the C) −3
equation?
D) −1
A) For every increase of 3°F, one more cup of hot
chocolate will be sold.
B) For every decrease of 3°F, one more cup of hot
C) For every increase of 1°F, three more cups of hot
D) For every decrease of 1°F, three more cups of hot 11
Which of the following is equivalent to (s − t ) ( ts ) ?
s
A) −s
t
s
B) − st
9 t
A truck enters a stretch of road that drops 4 meters s2

in elevation for every 100 meters along the length of C) −s
t
the road. The road is at 1,300 meters elevation where
the truck entered, and the truck is traveling at s2 s
16 meters per second along the road. What is the D) − 2
t t
elevation of the road, in meters, at the point where
the truck passes t seconds after entering the road?
A) 1,300 − 0.04t
B) 1,300 − 0.64t
C) 1,300 − 4t
D) 1,300 − 16t

3 3
..................................................................................
12 13
p(x ) = 3(x 2 + 10x + 5) − 5(x − k ) In the xy-plane, if the parabola with equation
In the polynomial p(x ) defined above, k is a y = ax 2 + bx + c , where a, b, and c are constants,
constant. If p(x ) is divisible by x, what is the value passes through the point (−1, 1), which of the
of k ? following must be true?
A) −3 A) a − b = 1
B) −2 B) − b + c = 1
C) 0 C) a + b + c = 1
D) 3 D) a − b + c = 1

3 3
7
Answer: 12 Answer: 2.5
DIRECTIONS
Write
For questions 14–17, solve the problem and answer 7 / 12 2 . 5
enter your answer in the grid, as described in boxes. / / Fraction / /
below, on the answer sheet. line
. . . . . . . . Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point
1. Although not required, it is suggested that 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

you write your answer in the boxes at the top 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
of the columns to help you fill in the circles Grid in 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
accurately. You will receive credit only if the result. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
circles are filled in correctly. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
2. Mark no more than one circle in any column. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
3. No question has a negative answer. 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
4. Some problems may have more than one 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
correct answer. In such cases, grid only one 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
answer.
5. Mixed numbers such as 3 1 must be gridded 2
Acceptable ways to grid 3 are:
2
as 3.5 or 7/2. (If 3 1 / 2 is entered into the
/ / 2 / 3 . 666 . 667
grid, it will be interpreted as 31 , not 3 1 .) / / / / / /
2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Decimal answers: If you obtain a decimal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
answer with more digits than the grid can 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
accommodate, it may be either rounded or 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
truncated, but it must fill the entire grid.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Answer: 201 – either position is correct
NOTE: You
201 201 may start your
/ / / / answers in any
column, space
. . . . .. . .
permitting.
0 0 0 0 0 0 Columns you
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 don’t need to
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 use should be
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 left blank.

3 3
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
14 16
h
For what value of h is 24 = −6 ? If x is not equal to zero, what is the value
10
4(3x )2
of ?
(2x )2
15
What is the value of a if (2a + 3) − (4a − 8) = 7 ?
17
If x − 2 is a factor of x 2 − bx + b, where b is a
constant, what is the value of b ?
STOP

4 4
Math Test – Calculator
1-27 solve each problem, choose the best answer from the choices
For questions 1-27,
provided, and fill in the corresponding circle on your answer sheet. For questions 28 -31,
solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid on the answer sheet. Please refer
to the directions before question 28 on how to enter your answers in the grid. You may
use any available space in your test booklet for scratch work.
1. The use of a calculator is permitted.

2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated.
3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.
4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for
which f(x) is a real number.
s√2
r c 2x 60° s 45°
w h b x
30° 45°
b a x√3 s
A = pr 2 A = w 1
A = bh c 2 = a2 + b 2 Special Right Triangles
2
C = 2pr
h r r h h
h
w r w

V = wh V = pr 2h 4
V = pr 3
1
V = pr 2h V = 1 wh
3 3 3
The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360.
The number of radians of arc in a circle is 2p.
The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 3
Tyra subscribes to an online gaming service that Monthly Rainfall in Chestnut City
charges a monthly fee of $5.00 and $0.25 per hour for
time spent playing premium games. Which of the 6
following functions gives Tyra’s cost, in dollars, for a
Rainfall (inches)
5
month in which she spends x hours playing
4
premium games?
3
A) C(x ) = 5.25x
2
B) C(x ) = 5x + 0.25 1
C) C(x ) = 5 + 0.25x 0
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
D) C(x ) = 5 + 25x
Month
The line graph above shows the monthly rainfall

from March to October last year in Chestnut City.
According to the graph, what was the greatest change
(in absolute value) in the monthly rainfall between
two consecutive months?
2
A) 1.5 inches
A grocery store sells a brand of juice in individual
B) 2.0 inches
bottles and in packs of 6 bottles. On a certain day,
the store sold a total of 281 bottles of the brand of C) 2.5 inches
juice, of which 29 were sold as individual bottles. D) 3.5 inches
Which equation shows the number of packs of
bottles, p, sold that day?
281 − 29
A) p =
6
281 + 29
B) p =
6
281
C) p = − 29
6
281
D) p = + 29
6

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 6
A rectangle has perimeter P, length A and width w. A soda company is filling bottles of soda from a tank
Which of the following represents A in terms that contains 500 gallons of soda. At most, how
of P and w ? many 20-ounce bottles can be filled from the tank?
(1 gallon = 128 ounces)
A) A = P − w A) 25
B) 78
2P − w
B) A = C) 2,560
2
D) 3,200
P − 2w
C) A =
2
D) A = 2P − 2w
7
A car traveled at an average speed of 80 miles per
hour for 3 hours and consumed fuel at a rate of 34
miles per gallon. Approximately how many gallons
5 of fuel did the car use for the entire 3-hour trip?
Which ordered pair (x, y ) satisfies the system of A) 2

equations shown below? B) 3
2x − y = 6 C) 6
x + 2y = −2 D) 7
A) (−6, 2)
B) (−2, 2)
C) (2, −2)
D) (4, 2)

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8 10
A high school basketball team won exactly 65 percent
What is the slope of the line in the xy-plane that of the games it played during last season. Which of
the following could be the total number of games the
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
passes through the points ⎜⎜− , 1⎟⎟ and ⎜⎜− , 4⎟⎟ ? team played last season?
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝⎜ 2 ⎟⎠
A) 22
A) −1 B) 20
C) 18
2 D) 14
B) −
3
C) 1
3
D)
2
11
110x + y = 1,210
A coffee shop is running a promotion where a
number of free coffee samples are given away each
day. The equation above can be used to model the
9 number of free coffee samples, y, that remain to be
Dimensions of Envelopes given away x days after the promotion began. What
14 does it mean that (11, 0) is a solution to this
12 equation?
Height (inches)
10
8 A) During the promotion, 11 samples are given
6 away each day.
4 B) It takes 11 days during the promotion to see
2 1,210 customers.
0 C) It takes 11 days during the promotion until none
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
of the samples are remaining.
Width (inches)
D) There are 11 samples available at the start of the
promotion.
The scatterplot above shows the widths and the
heights of 12 types of rectangular envelopes. What is
the width, in inches, of the envelope represented by
the data point that is farthest from the line of best fit
(not shown) ?
A) 2
B) 5
C) 7
D) 12

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12 13
Which scatterplot shows a negative association that 14
is not linear? (Note: A negative association between 12
two variables is one in which higher values of one
10
Frequency
variable correspond to lower values of the other
variable, and vice versa.) 8
y 6
A)
4
10 2
0
x 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
O 10
Height of pyramid (meters)
B) y The histogram above shows the distribution of the

heights, in meters, of 26 pyramids in Egypt. Which
of the following could be the median height of the
10
26 pyramids represented in the histogram?
x
O 10 A) 44 meters
B) 48 meters
C) y C) 63 meters
D) 77 meters
10
x
O 10
D) y
10
x
O 10

4 4
▼
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
16
Questions 14-16 refer to the following information.
Based on the data, how many times more likely is it
A survey of 170 randomly selected teenagers aged for a 14 year old or a 15 year old to NOT have a
14 through 17 in the United States was conducted to summer job than it is for a 16 year old or a 17 year
gather data on summer employment of teenagers. The old to NOT have a summer job? (Round the answer
data are shown in the table below. to the nearest hundredth.)
Have a Do not have a A) 0.52 times as likely
Total
summer job summer job
B) 0.65 times as likely
Ages 14–15 20 69 89
C) 1.50 times as likely
Ages 16–17 39 42 81
Total 59 111 170 D) 1.64 times as likely
▲
14
Which of the following is closest to the percent of
those surveyed who had a summer job?
A) 22%
B) 35%
C) 47%
D) 53%
15
In 2012 the total population of individuals in the
United States who were between 14 and 17 years old
(inclusive) was about 17 million. If the survey results
are used to estimate information about summer
employment of teenagers across the country, which
of the following is the best estimate of the total
number of individuals between 16 and 17 years old in
the United States who had a summer job in 2012 ?
A) 8,200,000
B) 3,900,000
C) 2,000,000
D) 390,000

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
17 18
Percent Protein in Five Food Products B C
35
30
Percent protein
25
20 A D
15 E
10
5
In quadrilateral ABCD above, BC is parallel to AD ,
0
A B C D E and AB = CD . If BC and AD were each doubled and
Food products BE was reduced by 50 percent, how would the area of
ABCD change?
The graph above shows the amount of protein A) The area of ABCD would be decreased by
supplied by five different food products, A, B, C, D, 50 percent.
and E, as a percentage of their total weights. The
B) The area of ABCD would be increased by
costs of 10 grams of products A, B, C, D, and E are
50 percent.
$2.00, $2.20, $2.50, $4.00, and $5.00, respectively.
Which of the five food products supplies the most C) The area of ABCD would not change.
protein per dollar? D) The area of ABCD would be multiplied by 2.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) E
19
Boyd grows only tomatoes and raspberries in his
garden. Last year, he grew 140 pounds of tomatoes
and 60 pounds of raspberries. This year, the
production, by weight, of tomatoes declined by
20 percent, and the production, by weight, of
raspberries declined by 50 percent. By what
percentage did the total yield, by weight, of
Boyd’s garden decline?
A) 29 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 35 percent
D) 70 percent

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
20 21
4 y
3 4
Frequency
2 2
1
x
–4 –2 O 2 4 6
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
–2
Integers
The graph above shows the frequency distribution of What is the minimum value of the function graphed
a list of randomly generated integers between 0 and on the xy-plane above, for −4 ≤ x ≤ 6 ?
10. What is the mean of the list of numbers? A) −∞
A) 3.0 B) −4
B) 3.5 C) −2
C) 4.25 D) 1
D) 12.0

4 4
▼
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
23
Questions 22-24 refer to the following information.
There are four galaxies shown in the graph at
In 1929, the astronomer Edwin Hubble published the approximately 0.9 Mpc from Earth. Which of the
data shown. The graph plots the velocity of galaxies following is closest to the range of velocities of these
relative to Earth against the distances of galaxies from four galaxies, in kilometers per second?
Earth.
A) 100
Velocity–Distance Relation
B) 200
among Galaxies
1,500 C) 450
D) 700
1,000
Velocity (km/s)
500
Galaxy Q
0
24
–500
– 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Based on the model, what is the velocity, in
Distance (Mpc) kilometers per second, of a galaxy that is 15 Mpc
from Earth?
A) 7,500 km/s
Hubble’s data can be modeled by the equation v = 500d,
B) 5,000 km/s
where v is the velocity, in kilometers per second, at
C) 1,100 km/s
which the galaxy is moving away from Earth and d is the
D) 750 km/s
distance, in megaparsecs, of the galaxy from Earth.
Assume that the relationship is valid for larger distances
than are shown in the graph. (A megaparsec (Mpc) is ▲
3.1 × 1019 kilometers.)
22
According to Hubble’s data, how fast, in meters per
second, is Galaxy Q moving away from Earth?
A) 2 × 106 m/s
B) 5 × 105 m/s
C) 5 × 102 m/s
D) 2.5 × 102 m/s

4 4
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
25 27
Janice puts a fence around her rectangular garden. ⎪⎧⎪ y ≤ − x
The garden has a length that is 9 feet less than 3 ⎨ 2y > 3x + 2
times its width. What is the perimeter of Janice’s ⎩⎪⎪
fence if the area of her garden is 5,670 square feet? y
A) 342 feet
B) 318 feet
section Q
C) 300 feet
D) 270 feet
section R section P
x
section S
26 A system of inequalities and a graph are shown

above. Which section or sections of the graph could
B represent all of the solutions to the system?
A) Section R
a B) Sections Q and S
C) Sections Q and P
A C D) Sections Q, R, and S
b
Given the right triangle ABC above, which of the

b
following is equal to ?
a
A) sin A
B) sin B
C) tan A
D) tan B

4 4
7
Answer: 12 Answer: 2.5
DIRECTIONS
Write
For questions 28 -31, solve the problem and answer 7 / 12 2 . 5
enter your answer in the grid, as described in boxes. / / Fraction / /
below, on the answer sheet. line
. . . . . . . . Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 0 point
1. Although not required, it is suggested that 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

you write your answer in the boxes at the top 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
of the columns to help you fill in the circles Grid in 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
accurately. You will receive credit only if the result. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
circles are filled in correctly. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
2. Mark no more than one circle in any column. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
3. No question has a negative answer. 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
4. Some problems may have more than one 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
correct answer. In such cases, grid only one 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
answer.
5. Mixed numbers such as 3 1 must be gridded 2
Acceptable ways to grid 3 are:
2
as 3.5 or 7/2. (If 3 1 / 2 is entered into the
/ / 2 / 3 . 666 . 667
grid, it will be interpreted as 31 , not 3 1 .) / / / / / /
2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Decimal answers: If you obtain a decimal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
answer with more digits than the grid can 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
accommodate, it may be either rounded or 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
truncated, but it must fill the entire grid.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Answer: 201 – either position is correct
NOTE: You
201 201 may start your
/ / / / answers in any
column, space
. . . . .. . .
permitting.
0 0 0 0 0 0 Columns you
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 don’t need to
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 use should be
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 left blank.

4 4
..............................................................................................................................
28 29
y In a college archaeology class, 78 students are going
(4, 19) to a dig site to find and study artifacts. The dig site
has been divided into 24 sections, and each section
(v, w)
will be studied by a group of either 2 or 4 students.
How many of the sections will be studied by a group
(0, 3) of 2 students?
x
(2, – 1)
(0, – 9)
The xy-plane above shows one of the two points of

intersection of the graphs of a linear function and a
quadratic function. The shown point of intersection
has coordinates (v, w ) . If the vertex of the graph of
the quadratic function is at (4, 19), what is the value
of v ?

4 4
▼
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
31
Questions 30 and 31 refer to the following
information. How long will it take for the arrow to reach its
maximum height to the nearest tenth of a second?
v = v0 – gt (speed-time)
h = v0t – 1 gt2 (position-time) ▲

2
v 2 = v02 – 2gh (position-speed)
An arrow is launched upward with an initial speed of 100

meters per second (m/s). The equations above describe
the constant-acceleration motion of the arrow, where v0
is the initial speed of the arrow, v is the speed of the
arrow as it is moving up in the air, h is the height of the
arrow above the ground, t is the time elapsed since the
arrow was projected upward, and g is the acceleration
due to gravity (9.8 m/s2).
30
What is the maximum height from the ground the
arrow will rise to the nearest meter?
STOP

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PSAT 16

Test begins on the next page.

This passage is adapted from Jane Austen, Emma, originally

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Bears can be dangerous close-up. Even

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Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.

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Huffington Post Media Group have promoted napping B) but it benefits

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industry by pollinating crops. An October 2006 study

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introduces the writer’s discussion of studies of CCD

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1. The use of a calculator is not permitted.

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If (x, y ) is a solution to the equation above and

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A truck enters a stretch of road that drops 4 meters s2

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1. Although not required, it is suggested that 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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1. The use of a calculator is permitted.

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The line graph above shows the monthly rainfall

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Which ordered pair (x, y ) satisfies the system of A) 2

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B) y The histogram above shows the distribution of the

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