Merging or “watering down” of the world’s cultures.

GLOBALIZATION Heavily criticized as destructive of local culture.

Globalization is a process of interactions and integration 6. Ecological Globalization

among the people, companies and governments of Seeing the earth as a single ecosystem rather than
different nations, a process driven by international trade a collection of separate ecological systems
and investment and aided by information technology. because so many problems are global in nature.

Process by which ideas, knowledge, information, 7. Sociological Globalization

goods and services spread around the world. A growing belief that we are all global citizens and
should all be held to the same standards- and have
Globalization or globalisation as it is known in the same rights.
some parts of the world, is driven by the convergence of
cultural and economic systems. FACTORS INFLUENCING GLOBALIZATION

How Globalization works? 1. Historical

In a globalized economy, countries specialize in the 2. Economy
products and services they have a competitive advantage 3. Resources and Markets
in. 4. Production Issues
5. Political
This generally means that they can produce and 6. Industrial Organization
provide most efficiently, with the least amount of 7. Technologies
resources, at a lower cost than competing nations.
HISTORY
If all countries are specializing in what they do The trade routes were made over the years so that goods
best, production should be more efficient worldwide, prices from one country to another move another. The well-known
should be lower, economic growth widespread and all silk route from east to west is an example of a historical
countries should benefit. factor.

This process has effects on the environment, ECONOMY

culture, political systems, economic development and The cost of goods and values to the end user determine the
prosperity, as well as on human physical well-being in movement of goods and value addition. The overall
societies around the world. economics of a particular industry or trade is an important
factor in globalization.
It describes the way countries and people of the
world interact and integrate. Many things have become RESOURCES AND MARKETS
globalized as people come into contact The natural resources like minerals, coals, oil, gas, human
resources, water, etc. make an important contribution in
globalization
7 TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
PRODUCTION ISSUES
1. Financial Globalization Utilization of built up capacities of production,
Interconnection of the world’s financial systems sluggishness in the domestic market and over production
e.g stock markets. More of a connection between makes a manufacturing company look outward and go
large cities than of nations. global. The development of overseas markets and
manufacturing plants in autos, four wheelers and two
2. Economic Globalization wheelers is a classic example.
A worldwide economic system that permits easy
movement of goods, production, capital, and POLITICAL
resources (free trade facilities this) The political issues of a country make globalization
channelized as per political bosses. The regional trade
Example: Multinational corporations understanding or agreements determine the scope of
globalization. Trading in the European Union and special
3. Technological Globalization agreements in the east while the Soviet block and SAARC
Connection between nations through technology are examples.
such as television, radio, telephones, internet, etc.
was traditionally available only to the rich but is INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION
now far more available to the poor. Much less The technological development in the areas of production,
infrastructure is needed now. product mix and firms are helping organizations to expand
their operations. The hiring of services and procurement of
4. Political Globalization sub-assemblies and components have strong influence in
Countries are attempting to adopt similar political the globalization process.
policies and styles of government in order to
facilitate other forms of globalization TECHNOLOGIES
The stage of technology in a particular industry gives rise
Example: free trade agreements to import or export of products or services from or the
country. European countries like England and Germany
5. Cultural Globalization exported their chemical, electrical, mechanical plants in
the 50's and 60’s and exported high tech goods to ● Migration of workers
underdeveloped countries. ● Stock market
Today, India is exporting computer/ software products to
advanced countries like the UK, USA etc.
ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE CREATION OF
8 BARRIERS IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES GLOBAL ECONOMY

Many countries in particular developing one's impose International Finance Institutions (INFs) play a significant
restrictions to globalization by: role in supporting the private sector in developing
countries by encouraging entrepreneurial initiatives that
I. Imposing high taxes and duties for help developing countries achieve sustainable growth.
capital goods, spares and materials
II. Licensing restrictions
III. Foreign exchange restriction Banks facilitate the use of money for transactions in the
IV. Investment restrictions economy because people and firms can use bank accounts
V. Incentives and prioritization to specific when selling or buying goods and services, when paying a
domestic industries worker or being paid, and when saving money or receiving a
VI. Banning/ Restricting products of foreign loan.
origin
VII. Procedural hassles; bureaucracy
Financial system plays a key role in employment growth in
VIII. Close Minded set
an economy. Businesses and industries are financed by the
financial systems which lead to growth in employment and
in turn economic activity and domestic trade.
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION
Example of FInancial institutions:
1. Access to new culture, Globalization makes it
easier than ever to access foreign culture,
including food, movies, music and arts ● African Development Bank
2. The spread of technology and innovation ● Asian Development Bank
3. Lower cost for products ● Caribbean Development Bank
4. Higher standards of living across the world ● European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
5. Access to new markets ● Inter-American Development Bank
6. Access to new talent
● World Bank
● Other IFs & Institutions
GLOBAL ECONOMY
MARKET INTEGRATION
➔ It is a virtual world without borders, inhabited by
A situation in which separate markets for the same
marketing individuals and/or companies who have
products become one single market, for example when an
joined the geographical world with the intent of
import tax in one of the markets is removed. It has long
conducting research and development and making
been recognized that market integration is far more
sales.
efficient than firm integration
➔ Considered as the international exchange of
goods and services
Provides a number of social benefits, including broadening
➔ Countries benefit by producing goods and services
the range of financial services and investment
they can provide most cheaply and by buying the
opportunities available to consumers and increasing
goods and services other countries can provide
competition in the provision of those services
most cheaply.
➔ It can be defined as the sum of activities that take
Occurs when prices among different locations or related
place both within a country and between countries
goods follow similar patterns over a long period of time.
➔ The global economy provides linkages between
Groups of goods and services often move proportionately
the regions and nations of the world in a system of
to each other and when this relationship is very clear
economic relationships
among different markets it is said that the markets are
➔ These relationships involve the exchange of goods
integrated.
and services, financial flows across borders,
exchanging different nation’s currencies,
IMPORTANCE OF MARKET INTEGRATION
movement of people in search of better standards
It provides a number of social benefits, including
of living.
broadening the range of financial services and investment
Example:
opportunities available to consumers and increasing
● Investments
competition in the provision of services
● Researches
● Technology
Measuring the impact of globalization on individual
● Medical Equipment
economies. People, companies and economies are more
● International trade of goods and services
integrated and interconnected than ever before. This helps
● Investments by multinational companies
facilitate connections which leads to specialization, trade and communication have in some ways made the
innovation and economic progress. world smaller, yet in other ways made the gaps between
nations larger by creating greater dependency of poor
TYPES OF MARKET INTEGRATION nations to wealthy nations.
● Horizontal Integration
● Vertical Integration The Global North includes many countries in the Northern
● Conglomeration Hemisphere and also some, such as Australia, New Zealand,
that are located in the Southern Hemisphere.
Horizontal Integration
Occurs when firms or agencies gain control of The Global South includes many countries in the southern
other markets producing similar products. hemisphere and some in the northern hemisphere.
Example: Facebook, Instagram
GLOBAL INEQUALITY
Vertical Integration Refers to the idea of inequality between countries. This
This occurs when a firm performs more than one may refer to economic differences between countries as
activity in the sequence of the marketing process. well as medical and educational differences.
Example: Mcdonald's , Starbucks.
NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE
Conglomeration
A combination of agencies that are not directly NORTH DIVIDE
involved/related to each other. The process ➔ Known as first world
whereby a firm expands by supplying a range of ➔ Home to four of the five permanent members of
different products and such, operates in a number the United Nations Security Council
of markets rather than a single market. ➔ Richer and developed countries
➔ 95% has enough food and shelter and functioning
system as well
IS MARKET INTEGRATION HAPPENS IN THE PHILIPPINES?
As one of 10 members of the Asean Economic Community SOUTH DIVIDE
(AEC) which was launched on December 31, 2015, the ➔ Poor and less developed countries
country stands to benefit from access to a single market of ➔ 5% of the population has enough food and shelter
over 600 million consumers and an increasingly integrated ➔ It is serves as a source of raw materials for global
regional economy. Including the free movement of skilled north
workers and products. STATE OF THE GLOBAL SOUTH

In addition to its membership in ASEAN, and subsequently ● People in this region is dealing with Poverty
in the AEC, the Philippines is highly integrated at a regional ● Corruption
and global level through membership in international ● Lack of Education system
organizations and partnerships, such as the World Trade ● Lack of Right Technology
Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Customs ● Unstable Politics
Organization, World Bank.
SIX DIMENSIONAL ASPECTS OF POVERTY
GLOBAL DIVIDES
1. Hunger
BRANDT LINE 2. Mental State
The Brandt line, proposed by Willy Brandt (German 3. Poor Groundwork
Chancellor) in 1980, created a partition between the 4. Education
“developed” North and “Developing” South. 5. Health
6. Lack of income
The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the North-South
divide between their economies, based on GDP per capita, ASIAN REGIONALISM
proposed by Willy Brandt in the 1980’s.
ASIAN REGIONALISM
The Brandt Line is a visual representation created to Is the product of economic interaction, not political
illustrate international inequalities and the socioeconomic planning. As a result of successful, outward oriented
gulf that separates regions of the world, popularized in growth strategies, Asian economies have grown not only
North-South. richer but also closer together.

HOW DID THE GLOBAL DIVIDES BEGIN? REGIONALISM

The transition of industrial production to cheaper labor ● Regionalism is defined as a political ideology that
sources, international media, and expanding international favors a specific region over a greater area. It
 usually results due to political separations, 5. Vietnam
religious geography, cultural boundaries, linguistic 6. Cambodia
regions, and managerial divisions. 7. Malaysia
8. Philippines
● The regionalism concept encourages 9. Indonesia
municipalities to look beyond their boundaries and 10. Myanmar
recognize that working together towards the
betterment of an entire area will ultimately prove ADVANTAGES OF ASEAN MEMBER
beneficial to each locality within it.
1. Compete with other regions of the country for
● Regionalism is a political ideology that seeks to business and industry
increase the political power, influence, and/or 2. Cite more efficient use of tax dollars
self-determination of the people of one or more 3. Better opportunities to solve problems
subnational regions. 4. Promotes global advantages for business
5. Unified and form common markets
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REGIONALIZATION 6. Create larger markets by opening up borders
AND GLOBALIZATION? 7. Eliminating taxes and import/export tariffs
● Regionalization is the process of dividing an area between the member nations
into smaller segments called regions. Region can 8. It could help sustain the region’s growth
be identified by natural or artificial features such 9. Underpin its stability
as language, government, culture, religion and 10. WIth the right policies- reduce inequality.
climate. DISADVANTAGES OF ASEAN MEMBER
● Globalization is the way countries and people of 1. It can weaken the national identity and arise
the world interact and integrate. passionate divisions between members of the
In the early stages of Asia’s economic takeoff, regional same society
integration proceeded slowly. East Asian economies, in 2. Community might loss its unique identity
particular, focused on exporting to developed country 3. It might prevent local politicians from recognizing
markets rather than selling to each other. the importance of certain national issues or those
in other regions.
Initially, they specialized in simple, labor-intensive
manufactures. As the more advanced among them
graduated to more sophisticated products, less developed
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
economies filled the gap that they left behind.

Asian regionalism moved forward steadily until the 1997 GLOBAL MEDIA
Asian financial crisis
➔ is the “the mass communication on a global level
During the past several years, The Asia Society Policy allowing people across the world to share and
Institute (ASPI) has organized policy dialogues and working access the same information”.
groups focused on finding solutions to pressing challenges ➔ In cultural studies, media culture refers to the
for particular countries and subregions in Asia. overall impact and intellectual guidance exerted by
the media, not only on public opinion but also on
The Policy institute divides its work into five subregions- tastes and values.
East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and
West Asia. Some ASPI initiatives cover multiple subregions; MEDIA- communication outlets or channels used to store
for instance, ASPI’s work on building Asian security and and deliver information or data
trade architecture.
CULTURE- the customs, arts, social institutions, and
FIVE MAJOR REGIONS OF ASIA achievements of a particular nation, people or other social
group
1. Southeast Asia
2. East Asia GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
3. Central Asia It conveys the idea that such culture emerges
4. South Asia spontaneously from masses themselves, that such culture
5. Southwest Asia is the product of the mass media

ASEAN’S 10 MEMBERS Global media cultures create a continuous cultural

exchange in which crucial aspects such as identities,
1. Brunei
nationality, religion, behavioral norms, and way of life are
2. Singapore
continually questioned and challenged.
3. Laos
4. Thailand
ADVANTAGES OF MEDIA CULTURES NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
● Widen the range of cultural experiences that we ● Worshiping ways and practices contradict and are
can have mostly incompatible with each other
● Able to share and access information globally ● Inclined towards clashes and competitions can
● Greater access to modern technologies lead to portraying negative images of religious due
● Better communication to the use of media

DISADVANTAGES OF MEDIA CULTURES GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY

● Demise of the cultural festivals
● Limiting our cultural innovation GLOBAL CITY it is in cities that global operations are
● Forgetting your own culture by watching foreign centralized and where we can see most clearly the
shows in some cases. phenomena associated with their activities, whether it
changes in the structure of employment etc.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
THREE KEY TO A GLOBAL CITY
Religion- is a system of beliefs and practices. It 1. Concentration of wealth in the hands of owners,
comes from the latin word “religare” which means to partners, and professionals associated with the
bind together. high-end firms in this system

Religions have crossed many boundaries having been 2. Growth of a large marginalized population that has
spread by immigrants refugees, aggressions, or by the a very hard time earning a living in the
founders of the country marketplace defined by these high-end activities.

3. A growing disconnect between the city and its

GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION can be understood as a region.
process of realignment in the global religious situation, a
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL CITY
process which involves the following three facts.
● Considerable decision-making power on a daily
1. It implies the inevitable transformation of
basis and at a global level
individual religious organizations
● Centers of new ideas and innovation in business,
2. It can be expected that new characteristics will be
economics,culture, and politics
produced in the contents of doctrines, rituals,and
● Major manufacturing centers with port and
practices.
container facilities
3. Globalization will be accompanied by changes in
● A variety of international financial services,
the human beings supporting religions, particularly
notably in finance, insurance, real estate, banking,
in their intellectual perspectives.
accountancy, and marketing
● Headquarters of several multinational
Considerations of the relations between religion and
corporations
globalization involves two basic probability:
● The existence of financial headquarters, a stock
exchange, and major financial institutions
➔ Religions response to globalization
● Workplace inclusion starts with addressing the
➔ Religions interpretation of globalization
biases. Domination of the trade and economy of a
large surrounding area
Religions epitomize the definition of globalization due to
the fact that it can be spread more efficiently than ever SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
before through the use of different technological tools.

Religion is an abiding force crossing through: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT- the development that
➔ Culture meets the needs of the present without compromising the
➔ Politics ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
➔ Economy
➔ Technology FIVE CHALLENGES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The most known religions across the world are Christianity,
● Yield
Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism.
● Technology
● Climate change
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
● Biofuels
● Brings a culture of pluralism
● Agriculture Transformation
● Globalization engenders greater religious
● Governance
tolerance
● Building political forums that integrate cultural
ethics and religious differences.
 GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

● A group of people from different countries, ethinic,

cultural, color, religion, and belief. They live in a
community and share their feelings, knowledge,
and human rights among themselves.
● Idea that people have rights and responsibilities
that come with being a citizen of the entire world,
rather than a particular nation or place
● Global Citizenship is a way of living that recognizes
our world is an increasingly complex web of
connections and interdependence.

THE 21ST CENTURY SKILLS OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

● Cross-cultural awareness
● Adaptability
● Technology Skills
● Community and Collaboration
● Critical Thinking and Problem solving

VALUES & RESPONSIBILITY OF A GLOBAL COMMUNITY OF

PEOPLE SHARING THE SAME GLOBAL IDENTITY

● Human rights
● Environmental protection
● Religious pluralism
● Gender equity
● sustainable worldwide economic growth