PROJECT PROPOSAL

Al Ula Royal Commission

ARABIAN LEOPARD

RIYADH - SAUDI ARABIA - MAKKAH AL MUKARRAMAH ROAD. KHURAIS STAR. 2ND FLOOR - OFFICE #9 - P.O.BOX: 12821 RIYADH 7858.

All Rights Reserved ÓTilad 2018.

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1. Introduction

1.1. Who we are? Our Resources:

Tilad Environmental consultants, has a very potential and expert Team of Consultants and
professors from different nationalities and vast experience in both environmental engineering
and veterinary medicine wildlife recover protocols.
Our consultants have diverse experiences ranged from 5 to over 30 years in environmental
biodiversity and Nature Reserves’ conservation systems planning/ Protected Areas
management and Eco-tourism, as well as wildlife management protocols, from all over the
world with proven records of success stories in similar projects, especially in Africa, west Asia
and Middle East.

We excel in GIS mapping and animal identifications and recordings, however we are the first
to implement the environmental police force project with the MEWA, Nonetheless we also
manage the wildlife rehabilitation programs. The experience we have acquired, have given
the major entities that work in the biodiversity industry to seek our capabilities in setting
prevention programs of illegal hunting in protected areas, moreover to organize special
protected areas for natural animal hunting eco-touristic projects.

We acquired our experience in implementation of biodiversity conservation projects in the

safari eco-tourism industry through current running and processed projects in Saudi Arabia
and internationally.

We Aim to make difference with our solid diversified partnerships with local and international
communities, research centers, educational facilities, nature reserves, and specialized
institutions from all over the world. Our main focus is to enhance the biodiversity awareness
and its relevant socioeconomic matters, and enrich the nature reserves industry in Saudi
Arabia region.

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1.2. Introduction of Arabian leopard History in the Saudi Arabia.

Legal Status:

Arabian leopard is classified as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List.

The GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) agreement endorsed in December 2001 included the
Arabian Leopard in its policies of cross border conservation.
In Saudi Arabia, hunting is restricted un- der the National Hunting Law, Decree No M/26
dated 25/5/1398 (2/5/1978) and decree No 457 dated 13/3/1399 (10/2/1979).
Decree No M/22 from 1986 sets out NCWCD’s official remit for protected areas, and Decree
No 128 from 1995 concerns regulations governing a “Wildlife Protected Areas System”
including selection, establishment and management of wildlife protected areas (Seddon
1996).
All forms of hunting are officially prohibited in Protec- ted Areas managed by NCWCD, but
the presence of leopards has been attested from only 2 of them.
A Wild Animals and Birds Hunting Act, an Act on the Trade in Endangered Wildlife Species
and their Products, and an Environ- mental Code have been promulgated in 1999, 2000 and
2002.

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Historically:

The Arabian leopard Pan- thera pardus nimr was probably found in a large part of Saudi
Arabia, exclu- ding sand dune areas (Nafud, Rub al Khali).
Its range extended all along the mountains bordering the Red Sea coast, from the Jordan
border in the north to Yemen in the south (Gasperetti et al. 1985, Harrison & Bates 1991).
Early travelers on the pilgrimage route to Mecca (Lady Anne Blunt 1881, Dough- ty 1888,
Carruthers 1909) reported its presence inland in the Hail area and a review of the Saudi
toponymy (site names composed of “nimr”) suggested that its distribution could have
extended inland as far east as the Riyadh region.
The Arabian leopard may currently be found in only small isolated populations in remote and
rugged areas of the western Sarawat and Hijaz Mountains.
During the period 1998 to 2003, leopards were reported from 19 locations, of which 4 can be
considered confirmed.

The potential leopard population in 1998 was estimated to range between 60 and 425
individuals. Based on the distribution ranges estimated for different periods (Judas et al.
2004), the leopard’s range has decreased by around 90 % since the beginning of the 19th
century with an annual rate of range loss close to 10% in the last 15 years.
With such a rate of decrease, the potential population size in 2004 could range between 16
and 111 individuals for the whole of Saudi Arabia.
population viability analyses using Vortex 8.42 (Lacy et al. 2001) projected a mean time to
first extinction of 11.3 years as from 1998, that is, now.

The decrease in Arabian leopard populations is mainly due to habitat fragmentation, habitat
degradation and direct persecution. In Saudi Arabia, habitat loss began several centuries
ago with tree cutting to meet the wood demands of growing iron and copper industries
(Collenette 1999)

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2. The elements of a successful captive breeding and

reintroduction program

2.1. Captive population:

Ongoing research in behavior, genetics, physiology, nutrition, reproduction, and pathology


Genetic and demographic management of the population
Self-sustaining viable captive
population
Sufficient size to remove animals for reintroduction without impacting the viability
of the captive population

2.2. Field studies:

Regular censuses of the size, distribution, and genetics of the wild population
Behavioral
ecology studies (home range size, movements, habitat preferences, social organizations,
mating system, feeding, and adaptions)
Locating existing suitable habitat containing critical
resources for reintroduction

2.3. Habitat preservation and management

Protection of habitat from degradation and exploitation Restoration and management of
degraded habitats
Increase in or maintenance of the number of preservation areas

2.4. Conservation education for long-term support

Professional training through academic studies, workshops, internships, courses, and
fellowships
Determining the most appropriate public relations and educational strategies
through surveys
Public relations educational efforts using appropriate mass media (e.g.,
television, radio, magazines, and newspapers) Local community education, both formal and
informal

2.5. Preparation and reintroductions of animals

Choice of candidates and assessment of their characters for retrospective correlation with
post release survival Training in survival techniques, including foraging and feeding,
antipredator tactics, locomotion, and orientation Adaption to local conditions at release site
(food, climate and temperature, and disease)
Release and long-term monitoring to
evaluate causes of death and basis for survival.

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3. A Framework for the Conservation of the Arabian Leopard within

the premises of Saudi Arabia

3.1. Introduction
it is necessary to proceed in a careful and well-planned way in an emergency situation. The
Status Reports provide baseline information for the next steps in planning, which will be (1)
the development of a range-wide conservation strategy for the Arabian leopard, and,
building on this general strategy, (2) country-based action plans. In this paper, we outline the
requirements for and the steps towards a comprehensive conservation of this charismatic
top predator of the Arabian Peninsula.

3.2. Scenario for the recovery of the Arabian leopard.



The first priority is to assure the continued existence of the Arabian leopard as a distinct
taxon. This is granted through the captive breeding programs. Then, the survival of the
remaining wild populations must be secured

3.3. Strategic conservation planning

To secure the survival of the Arabian leopard according to IUCN Red List criteria is one
aspect of its conservation. Beyond this, the leopard is the top predator of the regional eco-
system, and plays an important role as an umbrella and flagship species.
Such a view implies that the Arabian leopard should be conserved in all suitable habitats of
its historic range as an integral part of the eco-system, and that populations must be
maintained or restored in all range countries.
For effective international co-operation, we plan to partnership with leading entities from all
around the world, and contracts on long-term goals, hence a conservation strategy
endorsed by the national authorities

The Partnership must include but not limited to:

1. national governmental organizations, providing political guidance and responsible for

legal aspects (laws on nature conservation, protected areas, etc.) and implementation of
conservation actions agreed,
2. non-governmental organizations and interest groups, which can support leopard
conservation in many ways, e.g. stakeholder involvement, education, raising awareness and
fundraising
3. scientific experts, responsible for compiling (biological) baseline information, surveys and
monitoring using adequate methods.

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4. Research, survey and monitoring

Research and monitoring using approved methods must be an integral part of any
conservation program.
On one hand, reliable information is fundamental to development of sound and target-
driven conservation activities, and on the other hand, all conservation programes need
careful monitoring allowing for continuous adaptation of procedures and actions.

Monitoring is crucial for the control of success and the adaptive management of any
conservation program.
Many different things can be monitored, like size and distribution of the leopard population,
dynamics of prey populations, changes in human attitudes, etc.
Monitoring is a demanding, time-consuming and expensive task, and a particular challenge
in the rugged and remote mountains of the Arabian Peninsula.
Well-planned co-operation and co-ordination between countries and agencies can
however assist the monitoring through standardization, calibration and adaptation of
methods according to the principles of stratified monitoring (Breitenmoser et al. 2006).

More specific information is needed in the following domains:

4.1. Distribution and status of leopards in Saudi Arabia.

The distribution nuclei indicated in these two countries (this issue) are mainly concluded from
unconfirmed observations. Sound initial surveys followed by continuous monitoring must have
high priority for all potential leopard areas.

4.2. The identification of threats and conflicts are not based on explicit investigations on
general assumptions.
To tailor conservation actions specifically for a certain area, understanding the local
people’s attitudes towards leopards is important.

4.3. Depletion of wild prey is believed to be a major reason for the decline of the Arabian
leopard but its diet and feeding ecology is not understood.
A preliminary study by Muir-Wright 1999 (quoted in Spalton et al. 2006)

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4. Requirements

1- Assessment Visit to the current & New facilities. To determine:

A. KPI’s
B. Potential risks
C.Project Pros & Cons
D. Scope of work
E. Milestones
F. Strategic plans ( Short & Long Term)
G. Field surveys
H. Field investigations and ecological study

Updating the status and distribution based on extensive surveys of remaining wild
populations needs to be urgently undertaken. All potentially suitable sites have to be
investigated. Areas where the presence of leopards has recently been reported
should be targeted as priority sites for conservation.

Tilad experts will visit the Arabian Leopard Center to assess the center and
the animals the outcome will be:

1. Animal physical examination and lab testing of all the 14 individual. ( Testing will
include ( Biochemistry, CBC, blood & fecal parasite.
2. A full report about the center experiment, facility, cages, water & food testing
3. assess the worker knowledge and the protocol that has been followed
After that, Tilad will Draft a report about the Animal health, worker knowledge,
equipment and 6 months plan + 5 years master plan and what its need to achieve the
goals.

The main outcome will be a proposal for a full project, a way forward for
leopard conservation in KSA. That proposal will include:

1. A review of the state of current knowledge about wild leopards

2. A review of the current captive breeding program
3. Recommendations on future activities for both in situ and ex situ conservation for
leopards in KSA
4. detailed budget for the next few years.

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5. Country Screening Program (yet to be investigated)

Efficiency of conservation programs and population management would be greatly

improved with accurate knowledge of the ecology of the Arabian subspecies.

Field surveys should firstly focus on population assessment using the camera trapping
technique, which appears to be efficient for leopard surveys in Oman.

A second step would be to gather information on the number of individuals per sub-
population, to determine range use pattern, home range size, activity pattern, habitat
requirements, food requirement (prey species), prey availability, relation predator-prey
(such as seasonal movements of ibex and gazelles), competition with other predators
(caracal, hyena, wolf), conflict with man.

1. Our team will run ecological studies, that would require the full time appointment of
at least one PhD student and/or one researcher and a team of field workers with
appropriate funding.
2. Important material means should be available to capture and mark wild animals,
and conduct radio-tracking or satellite-tracking studies.
3. To assure long term survival of the wild populations, population viability analysis
should be developed to project populations trends with regularly up- dated data.
This would require:
4. An understanding of population dynamics;
5. Study of dispersal rates and quantify movements between populations
6. establishment of long-term monitoring with regular periodic surveys (camera
trapping);
7. Assessment of the gene pool by deter- mining genetic identity from blood and
scats (DNA micro-satellite mapping).

6. Rehabilitation plan

More specific information is needed in the following domains:

1. Distribution and status of leopards in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. The distribution nuclei
indicated in these two countries (this issue) are mainly concluded from unconfirmed
observations. Sound initial surveys followed by continuous monitoring must have high
priority for all potential leopard areas.
2. The identification of threats and conflicts are not based on explicit investigations, but
rather on general assumptions. To tailor conservation actions specifically for a certain
area, understanding the local people’s attitudes towards leopards is important.
3. Depletion of wild prey is believed to be a major reason for the decline of the Arabian
leopard, but its diet and feeding ecology is not understood.
A preliminary study by Muir-Wright 1999 (quoted in Spalton et al. 2006)

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7. Reproduction & captive breeding plan

The need for captive breeding will undoubtedly increase as loss and degradation of wildlife
habitat continue as a consequence of human population growth.
However, captive breeding and reintroduction programs can play only a minor conservation
role in comparison to protecting and improving habitat. Thus experience in Natural reserves
and protected areas implementation experience is much needed.
The major goal of most captive breeding programs is to develop a self-sustaining captive
population.
Even if a species is never reintroduced, a successful captive breeding program will supply
zoos with animals to exhibit, though minimizing the need to collect them from the wild after
all for further need.

Captive Breeding Programs Has Three Phases.

In the founding phase, the captive population is started.

1. The main management concerns during the founding phase are, Removing
individuals for the captive population with minimal impact on the wild population.
2. Acquiring enough founders from the wild to achieve “Genetic goals” for a captive
population are usually specified in terms of the proportion of genetic variation
(measured as heterozygosity) to be maintained for a specified time.
3. A common goal is to maintain 90% of the genetic diversity of the source population for
100 years.
4. Once a genetic goal has been set, population genetics theory enables calculation of
the number of founders needed for the captive population and the target population
size.
5. Planning to retain a higher proportion of genetic variation usually increases the target
population size.
6. Increasing the number of founders reduces the size of the target population needed
to reach a particular goal.
7. Twenty to thirty unrelated individuals are generally a sufficient number of founders.
8. Unfortunately, Arabian Leopard captive breeding programs were begun after it was
already too late to acquire this many founders. For example, the ferret population had
only 10 founders. If it had been possible to obtain 25 founders, the target population
size could have been reduced from 500 to 200 individuals.
9. Although a small number of founders reduces the probability that a captive breeding
program will be successful, it does not doom it to failure. Thus, the lack of an ideal
number of founders does not justify abandoning or failing to initiate a captive
breeding program.
10. Getting the species to breed reliably in captivity.
11. Setting specific goals and plans for the captive population.

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In the growth phase, the population rapidly increases to the final ‘‘target’’
population size specified by its managers.

1. growth phase center on getting the population to increase as rapidly as possible.

Rapid growth has two benefits: it increases the captive population’s chances of
survival and it retains as much of the founders’ genetic diversity as possible
2. At some point during the growth phase, the captive population usually is divided into
subpopulations housed in different breeding facilities

In the carrying capacity phase, the population is maintained at its target size
and excess individuals may be reintroduced into the wild (Fig. 1).

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8. Releasing & reintroduction plan

the goals of all captive breeding plans would include reintroduction back to the wild.
However, some species may be impossible to reintroduce due to lack of habitat or other
problems. Furthermore, some species will be easier to
reintroduce than others.

8.1. The elements of a successful re- introduction program:

A. Preparation and reintroductions of animals

1. Choice of candidates and assessment of their characters for retrospective correlation

with post release survival Training in survival techniques, including foraging and
feeding, anti-predator tactics, locomotion, and orientation Adaption to local
conditions at release site (food, climate and temperature, and disease)
Release and
long-term monitoring to evaluate causes of death and basis for survival.

2. These elements include research on both the captive and wild populations, habitat
preservation and management, conservation education to ensure long-term support
of the program, and careful management and monitoring of the reintroduced
individuals

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3. There are two general strategies for producing the individuals to be reintroduced. If
the date of a reintroduction effort can be scheduled well in advance and the species
has a predictable breeding pattern (such as breeding once a year during the spring),
males and females can be paired up for the specific purpose of producing excess
young for that particular reintroduction. However, if the date of a reintroduction effort
is difficult to predict in advance (this may occur due to difficulties with funding or
permits), animals for reintroduction can be selected from the existing population and
breeding pairs can be set up to replace the reintroduced individuals.

4. In the early stages of a reintroduction program, re- introduction techniques are still
being refined and mortality may be high. Thus, initially the most genetically
expendable individuals are usually released. Later, emphasis will gradually shift to
choosing individuals that are not closely related to the individuals already present in
the wild population. This maximizes the genetic diversity of the wild population. The
final genetic goal is to make the wild population as genetically diverse as the captive
population.

8.2. We follow the IUCN and AZA guidelines that discuss the
biological, socioeconomic, and legal requirements for
successful reintroduction.

A. Condition of species

1. Need to augment wild population

2. Available stock 

3. No jeopardy to wild population

B. Environmental conditions

1. Causes of decline removed

2. Sufficient protected habitat
3. Unsaturated habitat

C. Bio political conditions

1. No negative impact for locals

2. Community support exists
3. GOs/NGOs supportive/involved
4. Conformity with all laws/regulations

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Numerous efforts should be made at the political level to reinforce legislation, to create
mechanisms of policy implementation and fund raising.

All national institutions involved in land management or whose activities affect leopard
conservation, have to be approached, cooperative actions reinforced and information
exchange increased.
Leopard conservation in Saudi Arabia also re- quires the support of international institutions or
NGOs to intercede with local communities.

D. Biological and other resources

Reintroduction technology known/in development

Knowledge of species’ biology
Sufficient resources exist for program

9. Environmental impact assessment

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10. Protected area management plan

Most important, reintroduction is a realistic goal only when habitat protection is an integral
part of the species’ overall conservation plan.
A species should not be re- introduced unless the factors that led to its decline in the wild
have been identified and eliminated – or at least greatly reduced – and suitable legally
protected habitat exists.

In addition, the release site should be within the species’ historic range. Occasionally,
however, a species must be ‘‘re- introduced’’ into areas of suitable habitat outside of its
historic range.

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In situ conservation “ protected area” conservation.

Presence of leopards has been reported in only 2 protected areas, both too small to provide
any efficient conservation.
New key sites have to be identified and secured through establishment of new protected
areas in order to assure viability of the last remaining populations.
In the actual state of knowledge, we suggest concentrating conservation efforts on the
Biljurashi escarpment, between Al Mikwah and Nimrah, from where the most recent records
come, as well as Al Atifah area.
Several areas (Wadi Aleb, Jibal Bani Yub, north of Badr, Himat Al Fiqrah) already mentioned
As a further step, potential sites for reintroduction, population reinforcement or translocation
would have to be identified, if requested, according to the updated results of population
status and distribution.

financial funding should be planned to assure the construction of facilities and the
functioning of the project (food, veterinary care, researchers, technicians and laboratories,
staff training, materials).
The captive breeding structure can generate some funds, through opening to visitors or by
stimulating private sponsors. Captive breeding could also contribute to development of a
genetic fingerprinting method for individual identification.

11. Stakeholders Engagement plan / Partnerships management

The International Species Information System (ISIS) has about 825 member institutions in
almost 80 countries around the world and maintains a global database on over 10,000
species of captive animals dating back to 1829

11.1.International Partnership protocol with hosting country.

( A Frame work for the international conservation program of Arabian Leopard)

A strong partnership between the range countries, but also between governmental
agencies, non-governmental organizations, and scientists is needed.

Steps in the strategic planning for the conservation of the Arabian leopard include but not
limited to:
A. Compilation of base- line information (status reports).
B. Definition of common goals and activities at the range level (conservation strategy).
C. The definition of tasks and actions for each range country (action plans).

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11.2.The basis for the development of a range-wide Conservation

Strategy.

The Strategy should be developed in a participative process using a logistic framework

approach, with all relevant governmental agencies of the range countries, important non-
governmental organizations, and the experts involved.

The Strategy should express the common will to save the Arabian leopard and provide
guidance for the definition and implementation of conservation action in the countries,
which are the management units.

Consequently, it will be of outstanding importance that the political authorities in charge of

nature conservation in each range country endorse the Conservation Strategy.

Co-operation between countries and institutions and the principle of adaptive processes go
along with reporting. Both on national and range-wide level, progress and failures need to
be continuously assessed and necessary adaptations identified. On an international level,
the annual conservation workshop in Sharjah would offer a perfect forum for the review of
the progress in implementing the actions defined in the Conservation Strategy and in the
Action Plans, and to discuss necessary changes, however, there is a standing sort of
cooperation with Sharjah C.C. as the kingdom has lent them 3 Arabian Leopards earlier
couple of years ago.

12. public awareness plan & Anti-Poaching

However, captive breeding and reintroduction programs can play only a minor conservation
role in comparison to protecting and improving habitat.
The public awareness program aims to induct a conservation ethic in farmers and the public.

Public awareness programs have to be initiated and developed in “leopard are- as”, to
involve local people in a clearly defined strategy. Brochures mentioning the high
conservation profile of the Arabian leopard, its CITES position, hunting laws in force and
penalties, could be distributed in schools, police stations, and shops. Development of the
captive breeding program could be used to make the Saudi public aware of leopard
conservation, and to collect funds.

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People and institutions

• Three organizations are involved in leopard conservation in Saudi Arabia:
The National

Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD) is a governmental
agency, in Riyadh in 1986 by Royal Decree No. M/22 and which has the mandate to
“Develop and implement plans to preserve Wildlife in its natural ecology”. The NCWCD
has created two committees: The Carnivore Advisory Group (CAG), and The Arabian
Leopard Working group, constituted on 7 January 1996.
• The National Wildlife Research Centre (NWRC), created in 1988 in Taif, is in charge of
captive breeding and reintroduction of viable populations of houbara bustard and

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Arabian oryx in Saudi Arabia. A program of leopard captive breeding, and field
investigations has been initiated.
• An Arabian Leopard Captive Breeding Working Group (ALCBWG) has been created in
relation with NCWCD.
• The King Khaled Wildlife Research Centre (KKWRC) located in Tumamah, 30 km north-
west from Riyadh, is mainly involved in conservation and captive breeding of gazelles
and ibex. Genetic analyses of leopard samples have been initiated.

Socio-economic survey

• Socio-economic surveys should assess the effect of leopard predation on live- stock
(number, species killed and economic cost). Compensation measures for kills of
domestic animals should be examined, including solutions for pro- per identification of
the causes of death, and for regular fundraising. Human activities in areas used by
leopards, need to be described and quantified to modify the conservation plan

Management plan & Outcomes.

1. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is a process that helps improve performance and
achieve results. Its goal is to improve current and future management of outputs,
outcomes and impact.
2. Monitoring and evaluation are the primary mechanisms to assess whether a project is
meeting its targets and objectives
3. Management plan & long term conservation strategy
A management plan should
include benefits for local communities with replacement of activities that disrupt
ecological processes by others that preserve habitats or restore them.
4. Trade-off between social, economic and ecological interests is necessary.
5. Protected Area management should involve local people by creating a consultative
committee of local representatives for bottom-up regulation in harmony with top-
down ones.
6. The socio-economic importance of biodiversity has to be assessed to define a national
program of sustainable rural development (Child 2003).
7. This should include maintenance of ecological productivity, a principle underlying all
sustainable management plans.
8. Efficiency of implemented measures has to be controlled (adaptive management).

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2006. Status of the Arabian leopard in Yemen. Cat News and genetic management of captive populations. In:
Special Issue 1, 20-25. Kleiman DG, Thompson KV, and Kirk-Baer C (eds.) Wild
Mammals in Captivity, 2nd edn., pp. 219–252. Chicago:
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2006. History of the Arabian Leopard Captive Breeding
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