Python SQLite

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 Python SQLite

About the Tutorial

Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level
programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985-1990. Like Perl,
Python source code is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). This
tutorial gives enough understanding on Python programming language.

This tutorial explains how to communicate with SQLite database in detail, along with
examples.

Audience
This tutorial is designed for python programmers who would like to understand the Python
sqlite3 module in detail.

Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial, you should have a good understanding of python
programming language. It is also recommended to have basic understanding of the
databases — SQLite.

Copyright & Disclaimer

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 Python SQLite

Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ........................................................................................................................................... ii

Audience .......................................................................................................................................................... ii

Prerequisites .................................................................................................................................................... ii

Copyright & Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................... ii

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... iii

1. Python SQLite ― Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1

2. Python SQLite — Establishing Connection................................................................................................. 4

Establishing connection using python ............................................................................................................. 4

3. Python SQLite ― Create Table .................................................................................................................. 5

Creating a table using python .......................................................................................................................... 6

4. Python SQLite — Insert Data ..................................................................................................................... 8

Inserting data using python ............................................................................................................................. 9

5. Python SQLite ― Select Data .................................................................................................................. 11

Retrieving data using python......................................................................................................................... 13

6. Python SQLite — Where Clause .............................................................................................................. 15

Where clause using python ........................................................................................................................... 16

7. Python SQLite ― Order By ...................................................................................................................... 18

ORDER BY clause using python ...................................................................................................................... 20

8. Python SQLite — Update Table ............................................................................................................... 22

Updating existing records using python ........................................................................................................ 23

9. Python SQLite ― Delete Data ................................................................................................................. 26

Deleting data using python ........................................................................................................................... 27

10. Python SQLite — Drop Table ................................................................................................................... 29

Dropping a table using Python ...................................................................................................................... 30

11. Python SQLite ― Limit ............................................................................................................................ 31

LIMIT clause using Python ............................................................................................................................. 32

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12. Python SQLite — Join .............................................................................................................................. 34

Join clause using python ................................................................................................................................ 35

13. Python SQLite ― Cursor Object............................................................................................................... 37

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 1. Python SQLite ― Introduction Python SQLite

SQLite3 can be integrated with Python using sqlite3 module, which was written by Gerhard
Haring. It provides an SQL interface compliant with the DB-API 2.0 specification described
by PEP 249. You do not need to install this module separately because it is shipped by
default along with Python version 2.5.x onwards.

To use sqlite3 module, you must first create a connection object that represents the
database and then optionally you can create a cursor object, which will help you in
executing all the SQL statements.

Python sqlite3 module APIs

Following are important sqlite3 module routines, which can suffice your requirement to
work with SQLite database from your Python program. If you are looking for a more
sophisticated application, then you can look into Python sqlite3 module's official
documentation.

S.No. API & Description

1 sqlite3.connect(database [,timeout ,other optional arguments])

This API opens a connection to the SQLite database file. You can use ":memory:"
to open a database connection to a database that resides in RAM instead of on
disk. If database is opened successfully, it returns a connection object.

2 connection.cursor([cursorClass])

This routine creates a cursor which will be used throughout your database
programming with Python. This method accepts a single optional parameter
cursorClass. If supplied, this must be a custom cursor class that extends
sqlite3.Cursor.

3 cursor.execute(sql [, optional parameters])

This routine executes an SQL statement. The SQL statement may be

parameterized (i. e. placeholders instead of SQL literals). The sqlite3 module
supports two kinds of placeholders: question marks and named placeholders
(named style).

For example − cursor.execute("insert into people values (?, ?)", (who, age))

4 connection.execute(sql [, optional parameters])

This routine is a shortcut of the above execute method provided by the cursor
object and it creates an intermediate cursor object by calling the cursor method,
then calls the cursor's execute method with the parameters given.

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5 cursor.executemany(sql, seq_of_parameters)

This routine executes an SQL command against all parameter sequences or

mappings found in the sequence sql.

6 connection.executemany(sql[, parameters])

This routine is a shortcut that creates an intermediate cursor object by calling

the cursor method, then calls the cursor.s executemany method with the
parameters given.

7 cursor.executescript(sql_script)

This routine executes multiple SQL statements at once provided in the form of
script. It issues a COMMIT statement first, then executes the SQL script it gets
as a parameter. All the SQL statements should be separated by a semi colon
(;).

8 connection.executescript(sql_script)

This routine is a shortcut that creates an intermediate cursor object by calling

the cursor method, then calls the cursor's executescript method with the
parameters given.

9 connection.total_changes()

This routine returns the total number of database rows that have been modified,
inserted, or deleted since the database connection was opened.

10 connection.commit()

This method commits the current transaction. If you don't call this method,
anything you did since the last call to commit() is not visible from other database
connections.

11 connection.rollback()

This method rolls back any changes to the database since the last call to
commit().

12 connection.close()

This method closes the database connection. Note that this does not
automatically call commit(). If you just close your database connection without
calling commit() first, your changes will be lost!

13 cursor.fetchone()

This method fetches the next row of a query result set, returning a single
sequence, or None when no more data is available.

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14 cursor.fetchmany([size = cursor.arraysize])

This routine fetches the next set of rows of a query result, returning a list. An
empty list is returned when no more rows are available. The method tries to
fetch as many rows as indicated by the size parameter.

15 cursor.fetchall()

This routine fetches all (remaining) rows of a query result, returning a list. An
empty list is returned when no rows are available.

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2. Python SQLite — Establishing Connection Python SQLite

To establish connection with SQLite Open command prompt, browse through the location
of where you have installed SQLite and just execute the command sqlite3 as shown
below:

Establishing connection using python

You can communicate with SQLite2 database using the SQLite3 python module. To do so,
first of all you need to establish a connection (create a connection object).

To establish a connection with SQLite3 database using python you need to:

 Import the sqlite3 module using the import statement.

 The connect() method accepts the name of the database you need to connect with
as a parameter and, returns a Connection object.

Example
import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

Output
print("Connection established ..........")

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 3. Python SQLite ― Create Table Python SQLite

Using the SQLite CREATE TABLE statement you can create a table in a database.

Syntax
Following is the syntax to create a table in SQLite database:

CREATE TABLE database_name.table_name(

column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY(one or more columns),
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
.....
columnN datatype
);

Example
Following SQLite query/statement creates a table with name CRICKETERS in SQLite
database:

sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age int,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>

Let us create one more table OdiStats describing the One-day cricket statistics of each
player in CRICKETERS table.

sqlite> CREATE TABLE ODIStats (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Matches INT,
Runs INT,
AVG FLOAT,
Centuries INT,
HalfCenturies INT

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);
sqlite>

You can get the list of tables in a database in SQLite database using the .tables command.
After creating a table, if you can verify the list of tables you can observe the newly created
table in it as:

sqlite> . tables
CRICKETERS ODIStats
sqlite>

Creating a table using python

The Cursor object contains all the methods to execute quires and fetch data etc. The
cursor method of the connection class returns a cursor object.

Therefore, to create a table in SQLite database using python:

 Establish connection with a database using the connect() method.

 Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the above created
connection object.

 Now execute the CREATE TABLE statement using the execute() method of the
Cursor class.

Example
Following Python program creates a table named Employee in SQLite3:

import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.

cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
#Creating table as per requirement
sql ='''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
AGE INT,
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SEX CHAR(1),
INCOME FLOAT)'''
cursor.execute(sql)
print("Table created successfully........")

# Commit your changes in the database

conn.commit()

#Closing the connection

conn.close()

Output
Table created successfully........

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 4. Python SQLite — Insert Data Python SQLite

You can add new rows to an existing table of SQLite using the INSERT INTO statement. In
this, you need to specify the name of the table, column names, and values (in the same
order as column names).

Syntax
Following is the recommended syntax of the INSERT statement:

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3,...columnN)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN);

Where, column1, column2, column3,.. are the names of the columns of a table and value1,
value2, value3,... are the values you need to insert into the table.

Example
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the CREATE TABLE
statement as shown below:

sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age int,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>

Following PostgreSQL statement inserts a row in the above created table.

sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS (First_Name, Last_Name, Age, Place_Of_Birth,

Country) values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite>

While inserting records using the INSERT INTO statement, if you skip any columns names,
this record will be inserted leaving empty spaces at columns which you have skipped.

sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS (First_Name, Last_Name, Country) values

('Jonathan', 'Trott', 'SouthAfrica');
sqlite>

You can also insert records into a table without specifying the column names, if the order
of values you pass is same as their respective column names in the table.
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sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');

sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
sqlite>

After inserting the records into a table you can verify its contents using the SELECT
statement as shown below:

sqlite> select * from cricketers;

Shikhar |Dhawan | 33 | Delhi | India
Jonathan |Trott | | | SouthAfrica
Kumara |Sangakkara | 41 | Matale | Srilanka
Virat |Kohli | 30 | Delhi | India
Rohit |Sharma | 32 | Nagpur | India
sqlite>

Inserting data using python

To add records to an existing table in SQLite database:

 Import sqlite3 package.

 Create a connection object using the connect() method by passing the name of the
database as a parameter to it.

 The cursor() method returns a cursor object using which you can communicate
with SQLite3. Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() object on the (above
created) Connection object.

 Then, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object, by passing an INSERT
statement as a parameter to it.

Example
Following python example inserts records into to a table named EMPLOYEE:

import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

cursor = conn.cursor()

# Preparing SQL queries to INSERT a record into the database.

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cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,

INCOME) VALUES ('Ramya', 'Rama Priya', 27, 'F', 9000)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,

INCOME) VALUES ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,

INCOME) VALUES ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,

INCOME) VALUES ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,

INCOME) VALUES ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000)''')

# Commit your changes in the database

conn.commit()

print("Records inserted........")

# Closing the connection

conn.close()

Output
Records inserted........

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 5. Python SQLite ― Select Data Python SQLite

You can retrieve data from an SQLite table using the SELCT query. This query/statement
returns contents of the specified relation (table) in tabular form and it is called as result-
set.

Syntax
Following is the syntax of the SELECT statement in SQLite:

SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name;

Example
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query:

sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age int,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>

And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as:

sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');

sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown',
'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
sqlite>

Following SELECT query retrieves the values of the columns FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME
and, COUNTRY from the CRICKETERS table.

sqlite> SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, COUNTRY FROM CRICKETERS;

Shikhar|Dhawan|India
Jonathan|Trott|SouthAfrica
Kumara|Sangakkara|Srilanka

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Virat|Kohli|India
Rohit|Sharma|India
sqlite>

As you observe, the SELECT statement of the SQLite database just returns the records of
the specified tables. To get a formatted output you need to set the header, and mode
using the respective commands before the SELECT statement as shown below:

sqlite> .header on
sqlite> .mode column
sqlite> SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, COUNTRY FROM CRICKETERS;
First_Name Last_Name Country
---------- -------------------- ----------
Shikhar Dhawan India
Jonathan Trott SouthAfric
Kumara Sangakkara Srilanka
Virat Kohli India
Rohit Sharma India
sqlite>

If you want to retrieve all the columns of each record, you need to replace the names of
the columns with "*" as shown below:

sqlite> .header on
sqlite> .mode column
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;
First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_Birth Country
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------- ----------
Shikhar Dhawan 33 Delhi India
Jonathan Trott 38 CapeTown SouthAfric
Kumara Sangakkara 41 Matale Srilanka
Virat Kohli 30 Delhi India
Rohit Sharma 32 Nagpur India
sqlite>

In SQLite by default the width of the columns is 10 values beyond this width are chopped
(observe the country column of 2nd row in above table). You can set the width of each
column to required value using the .width command, before retrieving the contents of a
table as shown below:

sqlite> .width 10, 10, 4, 10, 13

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;

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First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_B Country

---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Shikhar Dhawan 33 Delhi India
Jonathan Trott 38 CapeTown SouthAfrica
Kumara Sangakkara 41 Matale Srilanka
Virat Kohli 30 Delhi India
Rohit Sharma 32 Nagpur India
sqlite>

Retrieving data using python

READ Operation on any database means to fetch some useful information from the
database. You can fetch data from MYSQL using the fetch() method provided by the sqlite
python module.

The sqlite3.Cursor class provides three methods namely fetchall(), fetchmany() and,
fetchone() where,

 The fetchall() method retrieves all the rows in the result set of a query and returns
them as list of tuples. (If we execute this after retrieving few rows it returns the
remaining ones).

 The fetchone() method fetches the next row in the result of a query and returns it
as a tuple.

 The fetchmany() method is similar to the fetchone() but, it retrieves the next set
of rows in the result set of a query, instead of a single row.

Note: A result set is an object that is returned when a cursor object is used to query a
table.

Example
Following example fetches all the rows of the EMPLOYEE table using the SELECT query and
from the obtained result set initially, we are retrieving the first row using the fetchone()
method and then fetching the remaining rows using the fetchall() method.

Following Python program shows how to fetch and display records from the COMPANY
table created in the above example.

import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

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cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving data
cursor.execute('''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE''')

#Fetching 1st row from the table

result = cursor.fetchone();
print(result)

#Fetching 1st row from the table

result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Commit your changes in the database

conn.commit()

#Closing the connection

conn.close()

Output
('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0)
[('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0),
('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0),
('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0),
('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)]

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 6. Python SQLite — Where Clause Python SQLite

If you want to fetch, delete or, update particular rows of a table in SQLite, you need to
use the where clause to specify condition to filter the rows of the table for the operation.

For example, if you have a SELECT statement with where clause, only the rows which
satisfies the specified condition will be retrieved.

Syntax
Following is the syntax of the WHERE clause in SQLite:

SELECT column1, column2, columnN

FROM table_name
WHERE [search_condition]

You can specify a search_condition using comparison or logical operators. like >, <, =,
LIKE, NOT, etc. The following examples would make this concept clear.

Example
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query:

sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age int,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>

And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as:

sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi',

'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown',
'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale',
'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur',
'India');

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sqlite>

Following SELECT statement retrieves the records whose age is greater than 35:

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS WHERE AGE > 35;

First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Jonathan Trott 38 CapeTown SouthAfrica
Kumara Sangakkara 41 Matale Srilanka
sqlite>

Where clause using python

The Cursor object/class contains all the methods to execute queries and fetch data, etc.
The cursor method of the connection class returns a cursor object.

Therefore, to create a table in SQLite database using python:

 Establish connection with a database using the connect() method.

 Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the above created
connection object.

 Now execute the CREATE TABLE statement using the execute() method of the
Cursor class.

Example
Following example creates a table named Employee and populates it. Then using the where
clause it retrieves the records with age value less than 23.

import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.

cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
sql = '''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
LAST_NAME CHAR(20),

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AGE INT,
SEX CHAR(1),
INCOME FLOAT)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Populating the table

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,
INCOME) VALUES ('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000)''')
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,
INCOME) VALUES ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000)''')
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,
INCOME) VALUES ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300)''')
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,
INCOME) VALUES ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000)''')
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,
INCOME) VALUES ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000)''')

#Retrieving specific records using the where clause

cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE <23")

print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database

conn.commit()

#Closing the connection

conn.close()

Output
[('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0)]

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 7. Python SQLite ― Order By Python SQLite

While fetching data using SELECT query, you will get the records in the same order in
which you have inserted them.

You can sort the results in desired order (ascending or descending) using the Order By
clause. By default, this clause sorts results in ascending order, if you need to arrange them
in descending order you need to use “DESC” explicitly.

Syntax
Following is the syntax of the ORDER BY clause in SQLite.

SELECT column-list
FROM table_name
[WHERE condition]
[ORDER BY column1, column2, .. columnN] [ASC | DESC];

Example
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query:

sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age int,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>

And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as:

sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi',

'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown',
'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale',
'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur',
'India');

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 Python SQLite

sqlite>

Following SELECT statement retrieves the rows of the CRICKETERS table in the ascending
order of their age:

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS ORDER BY AGE;

First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Virat Kohli 30 Delhi India
Rohit Sharma 32 Nagpur India
Shikhar Dhawan 33 Delhi India
Jonathan Trott 38 CapeTown SouthAfrica
Kumara Sangakkara 41 Matale Srilanka
sqlite>

You can use more than one column to sort the records of a table. Following SELECT
statements sorts the records of the CRICKETERS table based on the columns AGE and
FIRST_NAME.

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS ORDER BY AGE, FIRST_NAME;

First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Virat Kohli 30 Delhi India
Rohit Sharma 32 Nagpur India
Shikhar Dhawan 33 Delhi India
Jonathan Trott 38 CapeTown SouthAfrica
Kumara Sangakkara 41 Matale Srilanka
sqlite>

By default, the ORDER BY clause sorts the records of a table in ascending order you can
arrange the results in descending order using DESC as:

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS ORDER BY AGE DESC;

First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Kumara Sangakkara 41 Matale Srilanka
Jonathan Trott 38 CapeTown SouthAfrica
Shikhar Dhawan 33 Delhi India
Rohit Sharma 32 Nagpur India
Virat Kohli 30 Delhi India
sqlite>

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 Python SQLite

ORDER BY clause using python

To retrieve contents of a table in specific order, invoke the execute() method on the cursor
object and, pass the SELECT statement along with ORDER BY clause, as a parameter to
it.

Example
In the following example we are creating a table with name and Employee, populating it,
and retrieving its records back in the (ascending) order of their age, using the ORDER BY
clause.

import psycopg2

#establishing the connection

conn = psycopg2.connect(database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password',
host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432')

#Setting auto commit false

conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.

cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
#Creating a table
sql = '''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
AGE INT, SEX CHAR(1),
INCOME INT,
CONTACT INT)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Populating the table

#Populating the table
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)
VALUES ('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000),('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M',
6000), ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300), ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F',
10000),('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000)''')

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conn.commit()

#Retrieving specific records using the ORDER BY clause

cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE ORDER BY AGE")

print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database

conn.commit()

#Closing the connection

conn.close()

Output
[('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000, None),
('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000, None),
('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300, None),
('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000, None),
('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000, None)]

21
 8. Python SQLite — Update Table Python SQLite

UPDATE Operation on any database implies modifying the values of one or more records
of a table, which are already available in the database. You can update the values of
existing records in SQLite using the UPDATE statement.

To update specific rows, you need to use the WHERE clause along with it.

Syntax
Following is the syntax of the UPDATE statement in SQLite:

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2...., columnN = valueN
WHERE [condition];

Example
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query:

sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age int,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>

And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as:

sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi',

'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown',
'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale',
'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur',
'India');
sqlite>

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 Python SQLite

Following Statement modifies the age of the cricketer, whose first name is Shikhar:

sqlite> UPDATE CRICKETERS SET AGE = 45 WHERE FIRST_NAME = 'Shikhar' ;

sqlite>

If you retrieve the record whose FIRST_NAME is Shikhar you observe that the age value
has been changed to 45:

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS WHERE FIRST_NAME = 'Shikhar';

First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Shikhar Dhawan 45 Delhi India
sqlite>

If you haven’t used the WHERE clause values of all the records will be updated. Following
UPDATE statement increases the age of all the records in the CRICKETERS table by 1:

sqlite> UPDATE CRICKETERS SET AGE = AGE+1;

sqlite>

If you retrieve the contents of the table using SELECT command, you can see the updated
values as:

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;

First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Shikhar Dhawan 46 Delhi India
Jonathan Trott 39 CapeTown SouthAfrica
Kumara Sangakkara 42 Matale Srilanka
Virat Kohli 31 Delhi India
Rohit Sharma 33 Nagpur India
sqlite>

Updating existing records using python

To add records to an existing table in SQLite database:

 Import sqlite3 package.

 Create a connection object using the connect() method by passing the name of the
database as a parameter to it.

 The cursor() method returns a cursor object using which you can communicate
with SQLite3 . Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() object on the (above
created) Connection object.

23
 Python SQLite

 Then, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object, by passing an UPDATE
statement as a parameter to it.

Example
Following Python example, creates a table with name EMPLOYEE, inserts 5 records into it
and, increases the age of all the male employees by 1:

import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.

cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
#Creating table as per requirement
sql ='''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
AGE INT,
SEX CHAR(1),
INCOME FLOAT)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Inserting data
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)
VALUES ('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000),('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M',
6000), ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300), ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F',
10000),('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000)''')
conn.commit()

#Fetching all the rows before the update

print("Contents of the Employee table: ")
cursor.execute('''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE''')
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Updating the records

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 Python SQLite

sql = '''UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET AGE=AGE+1 WHERE SEX = 'M' '''

cursor.execute(sql)
print("Table updated...... ")

#Fetching all the rows after the update

print("Contents of the Employee table after the update operation: ")
cursor.execute('''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE''')
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database

conn.commit()

#Closing the connection

conn.close()

Output
Contents of the Employee table:
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M',
6000.0), ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0), ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F',
10000.0), ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)]
Table updated......
Contents of the Employee table after the update operation:
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 21, 'M',
6000.0), ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 26, 'M', 8300.0), ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F',
10000.0), ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)]

25
 9. Python SQLite ― Delete Data Python SQLite

To delete records from a SQLite table, you need to use the DELETE FROM statement. To
remove specific records, you need to use WHERE clause along with it.

Syntax
Following is the syntax of the DELETE query in SQLite:

DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE Clause]

Example
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query:

sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age int,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>

And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as:

sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi',

'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown',
'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale',
'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur',
'India');
sqlite>

Following statement deletes the record of the cricketer whose last name is 'Sangakkara'.

sqlite> DELETE FROM CRICKETERS WHERE LAST_NAME = 'Sangakkara';

sqlite>

26
 Python SQLite

If you retrieve the contents of the table using the SELECT statement, you can see only 4
records since we have deleted one.

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;

First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Shikhar Dhawan 46 Delhi India
Jonathan Trott 39 CapeTown SouthAfrica
Virat Kohli 31 Delhi India
Rohit Sharma 33 Nagpur India
sqlite>

If you execute the DELETE FROM statement without the WHERE clause, all the records
from the specified table will be deleted.

sqlite> DELETE FROM CRICKETERS;

sqlite>

Since you have deleted all the records, if you try to retrieve the contents of the
CRICKETERS table, using SELECT statement you will get an empty result set as shown
below:

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;

sqlite>

Deleting data using python

To add records to an existing table in SQLite database:

 Import sqlite3 package.

 Create a connection object using the connect() method by passing the name of the
database as a parameter to it.

 The cursor() method returns a cursor object using which you can communicate
with SQLite3 . Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() object on the (above
created) Connection object.

 Then, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object, by passing an DELETE
statement as a parameter to it.

Example

27
 Python SQLite

Following python example deletes the records from EMPLOYEE table with age value greater
than 25.

import sqlite3
#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving contents of the table

print("Contents of the table: ")
cursor.execute('''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE''')
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Deleting records
cursor.execute('''DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE > 25''')

#Retrieving data after delete

print("Contents of the table after delete operation ")
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database

conn.commit()

#Closing the connection

conn.close()

Output
Contents of the table:
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 21, 'M',
6000.0), ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 26, 'M', 8300.0), ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F',
10000.0), ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)]
Contents of the table after delete operation
[('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 21, 'M', 6000.0), ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F',
6000.0)]

28
 10. Python SQLite — Drop Table Python SQLite

You can remove an entire table using the DROP TABLE statement. You just need to specify
the name of the table you need to delete.

Syntax
Following is the syntax of the DROP TABLE statement in PostgreSQL:

DROP TABLE table_name;

Example
Assume we have created two tables with name CRICKETERS and EMPLOYEES using the
following queries:

sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (First_Name VARCHAR(255), Last_Name

VARCHAR(255), Age int, Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255));
sqlite> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL, LAST_NAME
CHAR(20), AGE INT, SEX CHAR(1), INCOME FLOAT);
sqlite>

Now if you verify the list of tables using the .tables command, you can see the above
created tables in it ( list) as:

sqlite> .tables
CRICKETERS EMPLOYEE
sqlite>

Following statement deletes the table named Employee from the database:

sqlite> DROP table employee;

sqlite>

Since you have deleted the Employee table, if you retrieve the list of tables again, you can
observe only one table in it.

sqlite> .tables
CRICKETERS
sqlite>

If you try to delete the Employee table again, since you have already deleted it you will
get an error saying “no such table” as shown below:

sqlite> DROP table employee;

29
 Python SQLite

Error: no such table: employee

sqlite>

To resolve this, you can use the IF EXISTS clause along with the DELTE statement. This
removes the table if it exists else skips the DLETE operation.

sqlite> DROP table IF EXISTS employee;

sqlite>

Dropping a table using Python

You can drop a table whenever you need to, using the DROP statement of MYSQL, but you
need to be very careful while deleting any existing table because the data lost will not be
recovered after deleting a table.

Example
To drop a table from a SQLite3 database using python invoke the execute() method on
the cursor object and pass the drop statement as a parameter to it.

import sqlite3
#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists

cursor.execute("DROP TABLE emp")
print("Table dropped... ")

#Commit your changes in the database

conn.commit()

#Closing the connection

conn.close()

Output
Table dropped...

30
 11. Python SQLite ― Limit Python SQLite

While fetching records if you want to limit them by a particular number, you can do so,
using the LIMIT clause of SQLite.

Syntax
Following is the syntax of the LIMIT clause in SQLite:

SELECT column1, column2, columnN

FROM table_name
LIMIT [no of rows]

Example
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query:

sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age int,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>

And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as:

sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi',

'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown',
'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale',
'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur',
'India');
sqlite>

Following statement retrieves the first 3 records of the Cricketers table using the LIMIT
clause:
31
 Python SQLite

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS LIMIT 3;

First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Shikhar Dhawan 33 Delhi India
Jonathan Trott 38 CapeTown SouthAfrica
Kumara Sangakkara 41 Matale Srilanka
sqlite>

If you need to limit the records starting from nth record (not 1st), you can do so, using
OFFSET along with LIMIT.

sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS LIMIT 3 OFFSET 2;

First_Name Last_Name Age Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Kumara Sangakkara 41 Matale Srilanka
Virat Kohli 30 Delhi India
Rohit Sharma 32 Nagpur India
sqlite>

LIMIT clause using Python

If you Invoke the execute() method on the cursor object by passing the SELECT query
along with the LIMIT clause, you can retrieve required number of records.

Example
Following python example retrieves the first two records of the EMPLOYEE table using the
LIMIT clause.

import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving single row

sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE LIMIT 3'''

32
 Python SQLite

#Executing the query

cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching the data

result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Commit your changes in the database

conn.commit()

#Closing the connection

conn.close()

Output
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M',
6000.0), ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0)]

33
 12. Python SQLite — Join Python SQLite

When you have divided the data in two tables you can fetch combined records from these
two tables using Joins.

Example
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query:

sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age int,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>

Let us create one more table OdiStats describing the One-day cricket statistics of each
player in CRICKETERS table.

sqlite> CREATE TABLE ODIStats (

First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Matches INT,
Runs INT,
AVG FLOAT,
Centuries INT,
HalfCenturies INT
);
sqlite>

Following statement retrieves data combining the values in these two tables:

sqlite> SELECT

Cricketers.First_Name, Cricketers.Last_Name, Cricketers.Country,

OdiStats.matches, OdiStats.runs, OdiStats.centuries, OdiStats.halfcenturies

from Cricketers INNER JOIN OdiStats ON Cricketers.First_Name = OdiStats.First_Name;

First_Name Last_Name Country Matches Runs Centuries HalfCenturies

---------- ---------- ---- ---------- ------------- ---------- ----------

Shikhar Dhawan Indi 133 5518 17 27

34
 Python SQLite

Jonathan Trott Sout 68 2819 4 22

Kumara Sangakkara Sril 404 14234 25 93
Virat Kohli Indi 239 11520 43 54
Rohit Sharma Indi 218 8686 24 42
sqlite>

Join clause using python

Following SQLite example, demonstrates the JOIN clause using python:

import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving data
sql = '''SELECT * from EMP INNER JOIN CONTACT ON EMP.CONTACT = CONTACT.ID'''

#Executing the query

cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching 1st row from the table

result = cursor.fetchall();

print(result)

#Commit your changes in the database

conn.commit()

#Closing the connection

conn.close()

Output
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0, 101, 101, 'Krishna@mymail.com',
'Hyderabad'), ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0, 102, 102,
35
 Python SQLite

'Raja@mymail.com', 'Vishakhapatnam'), ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0,

103, 103, 'Krishna@mymail.com', 'Pune'), ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F',
10000.0, 104, 104, 'Raja@mymail.com', 'Mumbai')]

36
 13. Python SQLite ― Cursor Object Python SQLite

The sqlite3.Cursor class is an instance using which you can invoke methods that execute
SQLite statements, fetch data from the result sets of the queries. You can create Cursor
object using the cursor() method of the Connection object/class.

Example
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method

cursor = conn.cursor()

Methods
Following are the various methods provided by the Cursor class/object.

Method Description

This routine executes an SQL statement. The SQL statement

may be parameterized (i.e., placeholders instead of SQL
literals). The psycopg2 module supports placeholder using %s
execute() sign

For example:cursor.execute("insert into people values (%s,

%s)", (who, age))

This routine executes an SQL command against all parameter

executemany()
sequences or mappings found in the sequence sql.

fetchone() This method fetches the next row of a query result set,
returning a single sequence, or None when no more data is
available.

fetchmany() This routine fetches the next set of rows of a query result,
returning a list. An empty list is returned when no more rows
are available. The method tries to fetch as many rows as
indicated by the size parameter.

fetchall() This routine fetches all (remaining) rows of a query result,

returning a list. An empty list is returned when no rows are
available.

37
 Python SQLite

Properties
Following are the properties of the Cursor class:

Method Description

arraySize This is a read/write property you can set the number of rows
returned by the fetchmany() method.

description This is a read only property which returns the list containing the
description of columns in a result-set.

lastrowid This is a read only property, if there are any auto-incremented

columns in the table, this returns the value generated for that column
in the last INSERT or, UPDATE operation.

rowcount This returns the number of rows returned/updated in case of SELECT

and UPDATE operations.

connection This read-only attribute provides the SQLite database Connection

used by the Cursor object.

38