WEEK EIGHT

TOPIC: SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

CONTENT
Solving Simultaneous Equations Involving One linear and One quadratic.
Solving Simultaneous Equations Using Graphical Method
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS INVOLVING ONE LINEAR AND ONE QUADRATIC
One of the equations is in linear form while the other is in quadratic form.
Note: One linear, one quadratic is only possible analytically using substitution method.

Examples:
1. Solve simultaneously for x and y (i.e. the points of their intersection)
3x + y = 10 & 2x2 +y2 = 19
Solution
3x + y = 10 ----------- eq 1
2x2 + y2 = 19 --------- eq 2

Make y the subject in eq 1 (linear equation)

y = 10 3x ---------- eq 3
Substitute eq 3 into eq 2
2x2 + (10-3x) 2 = 19
2x2+ (10 3x) (10 3x) = 19
2x2 + 100 30x 30x + 9x2 = 19
2x2 + 9x2 - 30x 30x + 100 19 = 0
11x2 - 60x + 81 = 0
11x2 - 33x 27x + 81= 0
11x (x-3) 27 (x 3) = 0
(11x 27) (x 3) = 0
11x 27 = 0 or x-3 = 0
11x = 27 or x = 3
x = 27/11 or 3
Substitute the values of x into eq 3.

When x = 3
y = 10 3(x)
y = 10 - 3(3)
y = 10 9 = 1

When x =27/11
y = 10 3(27/11)
y = 10 - 51/11
y = 110 - 51
11
y = 59/11
w hen x = 3, y = 1
x = 27 , y = 59
11 11

2. Solve the equations simultaneously 3x + 4y = 11 &xy = 2

solution
3x + 4y = 11 -------- eq 1
xy = 2 -------- eq 2
Make y the subject in eq 1
4y = 11 3x
y = 11 3x
4
substituteeq 3 into eq 2
xy=2
x ( 11- 3x ) = 2
4
x (11-3x) = 2x4
11x 3x2 = 8
1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 27
 -3x2 + 11x 8 = 0
-3x2 + 3x + 8x 8 = 0
-3x (x-1) +8 (x-1) = 0
(-3x + 8) (x-1) = 0
-3x + 8 = 0 or x 1 = 0
3x = 8 or x = 1
x = 8/3 or 1
Substitute the values of x into eq 3
y = 11- 3x
4
when x = 1
y = 11 3(1) = 11-3 = 8
4 4 2
y= 4
when x = 8/3
y = 11 3(8/3)
4
y = 33 24 = 9 = 3
12 12 4
x = 1, y = 2
x = 8/3, y = 3/4.

Evaluation
Solve for x and y
1. 3x 2 - 4y = -1 2. 4x2 + 9y2 = 20
2x y = 1 2x 9y = -2

MORE EXAMPLES
Solve simultaneously for x and y.
3x y = 3 -------- eq 1
9x2 - y 2 = 45 --------- eq 2
Solution
From eq 2
(3x)2 - y 2 = 45
(3x-y) (3x+y) = 45 ---------- eq 3
Substitute eq 1 into eq 3
3 (3x + y) = 45

Solve eq 1 and eq 4 simultaneously.

3x y = 3 --------- eq 1
3x + y = 15 -------- eq 4
eq 1 + eq 4
6x = 18
x = 18/ 6
x=3
Substitute x = 3 into eq 4.
3x + y = 15
3 (3) + y = 15
9 + y = 15
y = 15 9
y=6
x = 3, y = 6

Evaluation
Solve for x and y in the following pairs of equations
1. (a) 4x2 y2 = 15 (b) 3x2 +5xy y2 =3
2x y = 5 x - y =4

WORD PROBLEMS LEADING TO LINEAR AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Example
1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 28
The product of two numbers is 12. The sum of the larger number and twice the smaller number is 11.
Find the two numbers.
Solution
Let x = the larger number
y = the smaller number

From the last statement,

From eq2, x = 11
Sub. Into eq1
y(11 2y) = 12
11y 2y2 = 12
2y2 -11y + 12 = 0
2y2 8y 3y + 12 = 0
2y(y-4) 3(y-4) = 0
(2y-3)(y-4) =0
2y-3 =0 or y-4 =0
2y = 3 or y = 4
y= 3/2 or 4
when y = 3/2 when y=4
x = 11 2y x = 11- 2y
x = 11 2(3/2) x = 11 2(4)
x = 11 3 x = 11 8
x=8 x=3
Therefore, (8 , 3/2)(3 , 4)

Evaluation
Solve the following simultaneous equation
1. (a) 22x-3y = 32, 3x-2y = 81 (b) 2x+2y=1, 32x+y = 27
2.
present ages.

SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS USING GRAPHICAL METHOD

Examples
Using the scale 2cm to 1 units on x-axis and 2cm to 2 unit on y-axis, draw the graph of y = x2 x 1
and y = 2x 1 (on the same scale and axis for values of x: - <4

Solution
Table of values for y = x2 x 1
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
-x +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Y 11 5 1 -1 -1 1 5 11

X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Y 11 5 1 -1 -1 1 5 11

Table of values for y = 2x 1

X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
2x -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Y -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3

X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5

1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 29

Evaluation
a. Copy and complete the table below of values for the relation y = 2x2 3x 7
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y
b.Using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit on x-axis and 2cm to 5 unit on y-axis, draw the graph of the relation
y = 2x2-3x-7 for -3 <
c.Using the same scale and axis, draw the graph of y = 2x-1
d. Use your graph to find the values of x and y.

GENERAL EVALUATION AND REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Solve the simultaneous equation: 3x2 - 4y = -1 & 2x - y = 1
2. Five years ago, a father was 3 times as old as his son, now their combined ages amount
to 110 years. How old are they?
3. Solve: 4x2 - y2 = 15 & 2x - y = 5
4. Seven cups and eight plates cost # 1750. Eight cups and seven plates cost #1700. Calculate the
cost of a cup and of a plate.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Solve each of the following pairs of equations simultaneously,
1. xy = -12 ; x y = 7 a. (3 , -4)(4 ,-3) b. (-2 ,4)(-3, -4) c.(-4, 5)(-2 , 3) d.(3 ,-3)(4,-4)
2. x 5y = 5 ; x2 25y2 = 55 a (-8, 0)(3/5 , 0) b. (0, 0)(-8 , 3/5) c. (8 , 3/5) d. (0, 8)(0, 3/5)
3. y = x2 and y = x + 6 (a).(0,6) (3,9) (b)(-3,0) (2,4) (c) (-2,4) (3,9) (d).(-2, 3), (-3,2)
4. x y = -3/2 ; 4x2 + 2xy y2 = 11/4 : a. (-1, 1/2)(1, 5/2). b. (3, 2/5) (1, 1/2) c.(3/2 ,
-1) (4,2) d.(-1 , -1/2)(-1 , 5/2)
5. m2 + n2 = 25 ; 2m + n 5 = 0 : a. (0,5)(4, -3) b.(5,0)(-3,4)c.(4,0)(-3,5) d(-5,3)(0,4)

THEORY
1a. Find the coordinate of the points where the line 2x y = 5 meets the curve 3x2 xy -4 =10
b. Solve the simultaneous equation: 22x+4y = 4, 33x + 5y 81= 0
2. A woman is q years old while her son is p years old. The sum of their ages is equal to twice the
difference of their ages. The product of their ages is 675.
Write down the equations connecting their ages and solve the equations in order to find the ages of
the woman and her son. (WAEC)

1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 30

 WEEK NINE
TOPIC: STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS
CONTENT
Gradient of a Straight Line.
Gradient of a Curve.
Drawing of Tangents to a Curve.
GRADIENT OF A STRAIGHT LINE
The gradient (or slope) of a straight line is a measure of the steepness of the line.
The gradient of a line may be positive or negative.

Positive gradient (uphill slope)

Consider line LM shown in the diagram below. The line slopes upwardsto the right and it makes an
acute angle of with the positive x-axis, so tan is positive. The gradient of the line can be found by
choosing any two convenient points such as A and B on the line. In moving from A to B, x increases
( ) and y also incrases ( ).

y
M
B

2 units up
A
C
4 units across
x
L
i.e. increase in x = horizontal distance = AC
increase in y = vertical distance = BC
the gradient of a line is represented by letter m.
the gradient of a line LM is given by:
m=
also in ABC, tan
it follows that the gradient of line AB = tan . When a line slopes upwards (uphill) to the right, the
gradient of the line is positive.
Negative gradient (downhill slope)
In the diagram below, line PQ slopes downwards and it makes an obtuse angle with positive x-axis,
so tan is negative. Again, to find the gradient of the line, we choose two convenient points such as D
and F on the line. In moving from D to F, x increase ( ) and y decreases ( ).
y
p

D E
3 units down

O
Q
i.e. increase in x = horizontal distance = DE and decrease in y = vertical distance = EF.
The gradient, m of line PQ is given by:
m=

1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 31

Also the gradient of line PQ = tan
When a line slopes downwards to the right (i.e. downhill) the gradient is negative.
For example, in the diagram below, the slope goes up 3 units for every 4 units across. Since triangles
PQT, QRU and RSW are similar,
y B
S

R
W

Q
U

P
T
x
A
We have:
This means the gradient of the line is given by:

Calculating the Gradient of a Line

The gradient of a straight line can be calculated from any two points on the line.
Let the two points on line PQ be A and B. if the coordinates of point A are (x1, y 1) and the coordinates
Gradients of lines and curves
y Q
B(x2, y2)

(y2, y1)

A(x1, y1)
(x2, x1)

x
O

of point B are P
(x2, y2), then in moving from A to B, the increase in x (or change in x) is AC and the
increase in y (or change in y) is CB, i.e. AC = x2 x1 and CB = y2 y1,
Thus, the gradient, m of the line PQ is given by:
m=
=

1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 32

Exercise
Calculate the gradient of the line joining the points C(-2, -6) and D(3, 2) and.
Solution
Method 1
Plot the points C(-2, -6) and D(3, 2).

2 D(3. 2)

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2 8 units

-4

C(-2. -6) -6
5 units
-8

Draw a straight line to pass through the points.

Gradient =

Method 2
We can calculate the gradient in the following 2 ways.
a) In moving from C to D
(x1, y1) = (-2, -6) and (x2, y2) = (3, 2)
m=
b) In moving from D to C
(x1, y1) = (3, 2) and (x2, y2) = (-2, -6)
m=
Notice that the answer is the same in obht cases, therefore, it does not matter which point we call the
first or the second.

Example
Find the gradient of the line joining (-4, 6) and (3, 0)

Solution
Let m = gradient,
(x1, y1) = (-4, 6) and (x2, y2) = (3 , 0)
m=

Evaluation
Find the gradients of the line joining the following pairs of points.
1. (9,7) , (2,5)
2. (2,5) , (4,5)
3. (2,3) , (6,-5)

Drawing the Graphs of Straight Lines

Example
(a) Draw the graph of 3x + 2y = 8

1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 33

(b) Find the gradient of the line.

Solution

(a) First make y the subject.

3x + 2y = 8
2y = 8 3x
y=
Choose three easy values and then make a table of values as shown below.
When x = 0, y =
When x = 2, y=
When x = 4, y=
x 0 2 4
y 4 1 -2
The graph of 3x + 2y = 8 is shown below.

(b) Choose two easy points such as P and Q on the line.

y
2
P
4

x
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1

-2 Q

Gradient of PQ =

Evaluation
Using three convenient points, draw the graph of the following linear equations and then find their
gradients.
1. 2x-y-6=0 2.) 5y+4x=20 3.) 3x-2y=9

GRADIENT OF A CURVE
Finding the gradient of a straight line is constant at any point on the line. However, the gradient of a
curve changes continuously as we move along the curve. In the diagram below, the gradient at P is
not equal to the gradient at S. to find the gradient of a curve, draw a tangent to the curve, draw a
tangent to the curve at the point your require to find the gradient. For example, the gradient of curve
at point P is the same as the gradient of the tangent PQ. Also the gradient of the curve at S is the
same as the gradient of the tangent ST.

The diagram above represents the graph of the function y =2x2 + x 5.

The gradients at P and S can be found as follows:

1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 34

Gradient at P = gradient of tangent PQ. By constructing a suitable right-angled triangle with
-
hypotenuse PQ, the gradient is Gradient = -
Remember that the gradient is negative because the tangent slopes downwards from left to right.
Gradient at S = gradient of tangent ST.
By constructing a suitable right-angled triangle with hypotenuse ST, the gradient is

y
10

P
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

S U

Q -5
R

Gradient =
Remember that the gradient is positive because the tangent slopes upwards from left to right.
Note: This method only gives approximate answer. However, the more accurate your graphs are, the
more accurate your answers will be.

Evaluation
Draw the graphs of the following functions and use the graphs to find the gradients at indicated points.
1) y= x2 x-2 at x= -1
2) y= x2-3x-4=0 at x = 4

GENERAL EVALUATION/ REVISION QUESTIONS

1. A straight line passes through the points (3,k) and (-3,2k). If the gradient of the line is -2/3, find the
value of k. What is the equation line?
2. Sketch the following graphs using gradient-intercept method.
a) y= 0.5x - 3 b) y= 5x c) y = x/4 - 3 d) 2y-10 = 2x
3. Find the gradients of the curves at the points indicated.
a) y= 6x - x2 at x= 3 b) x2 6x + 5

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Find the gradient of the equation of line 2y 10 = 2x A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
2. Find the gradient of the line joining (7,-2) and (-1,2) A. ½ B. ½ C. 1/3 D. -1/3
3. Find the equation of a straight line passing through (-3,-5) with gradient 2.
A. y =3x-1 B. y=2x-1C. y=2x-1 D. y=3x+1
Given that 3y-6x +15=0, use the information to answer questions 4 and 5.
4. Find the gradient of the line. A. 5 B. -5 C. 2 D. -2
5. Find the intercept of the line. A. 5 B. -5 C. 2 D. -2

THEORY

1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 35

1. Draw the graph of y= 2x-3 using convenient points and scale. Hence , find the gradient of the line
at any convenient point.
2a) Copy and complete the following table of values for the relation y= 2x 2 7x-3.
X -2 1- 0 1 2 3 4 5
Y 19 -3 -9
b) Using 2cm to 1unit on the x-axis and 2cm to 5units on the y-axis, draw the graph of y= 2x2 -7x-3
for -2
c) From your graph, find the:
i. minimum value of y.
ii. the equation of the line of symmetry.
iii. the gradient of the curve at x=1.

Reading Assignment
New General Mathematics for SSS2, pages 190-192, exercise 16d.

1ST TERM/MATHEMATICS/SS2 Page 36