AT17602 – Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Part – A

Unit 1

1. What is meant by a electric vehicle?

An electric vehicle is operated by an electric motor, which draws electricity from a battery
bank. Storage batteries store a fixed amount of chemical energy. The batteries can be
recharged when the electrochemically active materials in these batteries have been used up.
2. List the components of electric vehicle.
 Battery
 Electronic controller
 Power convertor
 Electric motor
 Mechanical transmission and wheels
3. Mention the advantages of electric vehicles
 EVs produce zero emissions at the point of use.
 EVs are very efficient.
 Quick torque generation
 Silent in operation.
 Requires minimal maintenance
4. What are the disadvantages of electric vehicles?
 The batteries used in EV limit the average vehicle`s driving range to between 100
and 200 km depending on the battery type.
 Most batteries must be replaced after 400 – 500 charges, which is expensive
proportion.
 Lack of public charging infrastructure.
5. What is meant by Hybrid Electric Vehicle?
Hybrid Electric Vehicles use the combination of engine of a conventional vehicle with an
electric motor powered by traction batteries and/or fuel cell. This combination helps in
achieving both energy and environmental goals.
6. List the various components of HEV drive train.
 Fuel systems for hybrid power units.
 Hybrid power units such as SI engines, CI direct injection engines, etc.,
 Electrical energy storage systems such as batteries and ultra-capacitors.
 Electric traction motors/controllers.
 Transmission.
7. Mention the advantages of hybrid vehicles?
 The engine needs to handle only the maximum continuous load and not the peak
load.
 The hybrid`s electricity can be stored temporarily in a small battery or other similar
device until it is needed for extra acceleration. Hence the weight, cost and fuel
consumption of the engine can be reduced. Thus the fuel economy is improved.
 Lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles.
 8. What is meant by a series hybrid electric vehicle?
In series design, the primary engine is connected to a generator that produces electricity.
The electricity charges the batteries, which drive an electric motor that powers the wheels.
9. What is meant by a parallel hybrid electric vehicle?
In a parallel design, the energy conversion unit and the electric propulsion system are
connected directly to the vehicle`s wheels. The primary engine is used for highway driving
and the electric motor provides added power during hill climbs, acceleration and other
periods of high demand.
10. What is meant by fuel cell?
Fuel cells produce electricity, employing reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gases,
electrochemically. Fuel cells are efficient, environmentally benign, compact, modular and
reliable for power generation.
11. List the types of fuel cells.
 Proton exchange membrane fuel cells
 Phosphoric acid fuel cells
 Molten carbonate fuel cells
 Solid oxide fuel cells
 Direct methanol fuel cells
 Alkaline fuel cells
12. Mention the advantages of fuel cell EVs
 Zero tailpipe emissions
 Higher energy efficiency than the internal combustion engine
 Regenerative braking captures and reused braking energy
 Energy security : no dependence on petroleum

Unit 2

1. What are the targets for a potential EV battery?

 High energy density
 High specific power
 Light weight
 Low cost
 Lower risk of smoke and fire hazard
 Ability to charge quickly
 Longer cycle/calendar life
2. Mention the electrodes and electrolytes in NiCd battery.
The NiCd battery employs a nickel oxide positive electrode and a metallic cadmium negative
electrode. The net reaction occurs in the potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte.
3. Write the equation for the reaction inside a NiCd battery
4. List the advantages and disadvantages of NiCd battery
The advantages of NiCd batteries are superior low-temperature performance compared to
lead-acid batteries, flat discharge voltage, long life, and excellent reliability. The
maintenance requirements of the batteries are also low. The biggest drawbacks of NiCd
batteries are the high cost and the toxicity contained in cadmium.
5. Write the reaction of NiMH battery.

6. Mention the drawbacks of NiMH battery

The disadvantages of NiMH batteries are the relatively high cost, higher self-discharge rate
compared to NiCd, poor charge acceptance capability at elevated temperatures, and low cell
efficiency.
7. What is the cell chemistry of Li-ion battery?
Metallic-lithium is bypassed in Li-ion batteries by using lithium intercalated (absorbed)
carbons (LixC) in the form of graphite or coke as the negative electrode, along with the
lithium metallic oxides as the positive electrode. The majority of the Li-ion batteries uses
positive electrodes of cobalt oxide, which is expensive but proven to be the most
satisfactory.
8. Discuss about Li-polymer battery
The most promising positive electrode material for Li-poly batteries is vanadium oxide V6O13.
The most common polymer electrolyte is polyethylene oxide compounded with an
appropriate electrolyte salt.
9. Explain in brief about sodium sulphur battery
Sodium, similar to lithium, has a high electrochemical reduction potential (2.71 V) and low
atomic mass (23.0), making it an attractive negative electrode element for batteries.
Moreover, sodium is abundant in nature and available at a low cost. Sulfur, which is a
possible choice for the positive electrode, is also a readily available and low-cost material.
The use of aqueous electrolytes is not possible due to the highly reactive nature of sodium,
and because the natures of solid polymers like those used for lithium batteries are not
known. The solution of electrolyte came from the discovery of beta-alumina by scientists at
Ford Motor Company in 1966. Beta-alumina is a sodium aluminum oxide with a complex
crystal structure.
10. What is a zinc air battery?
Zinc-air batteries have a gaseous positive electrode of oxygen and a sacrificial negative
electrode of metallic zinc. The practical zinc-air battery is only mechanically rechargeable by
replacing the discharged product, zinc hydroxide, with fresh zinc electrodes.
Unit – 3

1. What are the advantages of MOSFET?

 Lower switching losses.
 No Secondary breakdown.
 Switching frequency high.
 It has positive temperature coefficient for resistance.
2. What are the types of power transistors?
 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
3. How can a thyristor turned off?
A thyristor can be turned off by making the current flowing through it to a level below the
holding current.
4. Define holding current.
The holding current is defined as the minimum value of anode current below which it must
fall to for turning off the thyristor.
5. What are the advantages of GTO over SCR?
 Elimination of commutation of commutating components in forced commutation,
resulting in reduction in cost, weight and volume.
 Reduction in acoustic noise and electromagnetic noise due to elimination of
commutation chokes.
 Faster turn-off, permitting high switching frequencies.
 Improved efficiency of the converters
6. What are the draw backs of GTO?
 Magnitude of latching and holding currents is more.
 On state voltage drop and the associated loss is more
 Due to multi cathode structure of GTO, triggering gate current is higher than the
required for a conventional thyristor.
7. Distinguish between SCR and TRIAC?
SCR is unidirectional device, gate current is positive, one VI characteristics
Triac is bidirectional device; gate current is positive or negative, two VI characteristics
8. Compare MOSFET and BJT?
MOSFET Voltage controlled device, unipolar device
BJT current controlled device, bipolar device
9. Mention the merits of SCR
 Very small amount of gate drive is required since SCR is a regenerative device.
 SCR with high voltage & current ratings are available
 On state losses in SCR are reduced
10. Discuss about the demerits of SCR
a. Gate has no control once SCR has been turned on
b. External circuits are required to turn off the SCR
11. Applications of SCR
a. Best suited for controlled rectifiers
b. AC regulators, lighting and heating applications
 c. DC motor drives, large power supplies and electronic circuit breakers
12. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of TRIAC
Advantages
 TRIACs can be triggered with positive or negative polarity
 A TRIAC needs a single fuse for protection which also simplifies construction
 A TRIAC needs a single heat sink of slightly larger size where antiparallel
thyristor pair needs two heat sinks.

Disadvantages

 Since TRIAC can be triggered in either direction a trigger circuit with TRIAC
needs careful consideration.
 SCRs are available in larger rating compared to TRIAC

Unit – 4

1. Sketch the torque speed characteristics of IC Engine and electric motor

2. Mention the requirements of an motor for EV and HEV applications

The important characteristics of a motor for an EV or HEV include flexible drive control, fault
tolerance, high efficiency, and low acoustic noise. The motor drive must be capable of
handling voltage fluctuations from the source. Another important requirement of the
electric motor is acceptable mass production costs, which is to be achieved through
technological advancement.
3. List the advantages and disadvantages of DC machines
Positive attributes of DC machines are as follows:
• Ease of control due to linearity
• Capability for independent torque and flux control
• Established manufacturing technology
Disadvantages of DC machines include the following:
• Brush wear that leads to high maintenance
• Low maximum speed
• EMI due to commutator action
• Low power-to-weight ratio
• Low efficiency
4. How will you change the direction of rotation of d.c.motor?
Either the field direction or direction of current through armature conductor is reversed.
 5. Enumerate the factors on which speed of a d.c.motor depends?
N= (V-IaRa)/Ф so speed depends on voltage applied to armature, flux per pole, resistance of
armature

6. What is srm?
It is a doubly salient , single excited motor this means that it has salient poles on both rotor
and the stator. but only one member carries winding the rotor has no windings, magnets or
case windings.
7. What are the advantages of SRM?
 Construction is very simple
 Rotor carries no winding
 No brushes and requires less maintenance
8. What are the disadvantages of SRM?
 It requires a position sensor
 Stator phase winding shold be capable of carrying magnetizing currents

9. Why rotor position sensor is essential for the operation of switched reluctance motor?
It is necessary to use a rotor position sensor for commutation and speed feedback. The
turning on and off operation of the various devices of power semiconductor switching
circuit are influenced by signals obtained from rotor position sensor.

10. Write the characteristics of SRM.

 Lowest construction complexity, many stamped metal elements
 Like a BLDC or stepper without the magnets
 High reliability (no brush wear), failsafe for Inverter but...acoustically noisy
 High efficiency

Unit-5

1. Define EMI.
Electromagnetic interference, EMI, has been defined as undesired conducted or radiated
electrical disturbances from an electrical or electronic apparatus, including transients, which
can interfere with the operation of other electrical or electronic apparatus. Such
disturbances can occur anywhere in the electromagnetic spectrum.
2. What is meant by EMI shielding?
A shield is defined as a metallic or electrically conductive configuration inserted between a
source of EMI/RFI and a desired area of protection, which has the capability of absorbing
and/or reflecting EMI/RFI and reducing the energy levels thereof. As a practical matter, such
shields normally take the form of an electrically conductive housing that is electrically
grounded.
3. Explain in brief about SAE J551 standard.
This SAE Standard covers the measurement of radio frequency radiated emissions and
immunity. Each part details the requirements for a specific type of electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) test and the applicable frequency range of the test method. The
 methods are applicable to a vehicle or other device powered by an internal combustion
engine or electric motor.
4. Discuss in brief about the SAE J1113 standard.
This SAE Standard covers the measurement of voltage transient immunity and within the
applicable frequency ranges, audio (AF) and radio frequency (RF) immunity, and conducted
and radiated emissions.
5. Explain in detail about ASI 038 standard.
This standard specifies the construction and functional safety requirements for L, M and N
categories of electric power train vehicles.
6. What is the importance of measuring electrical isolation resistance?
Testing the electrical isolation between points within a fuel cell coolant loop and each
vehicle’s chassis is important because the coolant can be a shorting path.
7. Define the term electrical isolation.
The electrical resistance between a high-voltage source and any of the vehicle’s electrical
chassis divided by the working voltage of the high-voltage source.
8. Discuss in brief about the AIS 041 standard.
This standard applies to the representation of the curve as a function of motor speed and
the power at full load indicated by the vehicle/motor manufacturer for motors of electric
drive trains and the maximum 30 minutes power of electric drive trains intended for the
propulsion for L, M and N categories of Electric Power Train Vehicles as defined in Rule 2 (u)
of CMVR.
9. What is the importance of the test AIS 039?
This standard specifies the method for measurement of electrical energy consumption
expressed in Wh/km for L, M & N categories of Electric Power Train Vehicles as defined in
Rule 2 (u) of CMVR.
10. Discuss in brief about the AIS 048 standard.
This standard applies to the traction (driving power) batteries used for battery operated
vehicles of L, M and N category vehicles as defined in AIS-053.
 Part – B

Unit – 1

1. Discuss in detail about the electric and hybrid electric vehicles.

NOL: Page no: 1-3
2. Sketch the layout of Electric vehicle and mention the pros and cons for the same.
NOL: Page no: 1-2
3. With the help of a neat sketch discuss in detail about the hybrid electric vehicles.
NOL: Page: 3 – 5
4. With a neat sketch discuss in detail about the architecture and working of series hybrid
electric vehicle.
NOL: Page: 3
5. With a neat sketch discuss in detail about the architecture and working of parallel hybrid
electric vehicle.
NOL: Page: 3
6. Discuss in detail about the different operating mode of HEV.
NOL: Page: 6
7. Explain in detail about the fuel cells.
NOL: Page: 7 – 8
8. With a neat sketch discuss about Solid oxide fuel cells and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel
cells.
NOL: Page: 9
9. Discuss in brief about Alkaline fuel cells and Direct Methanol Fuel cells.
NOL: Page: 10
10. Explain in detail about Phosphoric Acid fuel cells and Molten carbonate fuel cells.
NOL: Page: 11-12

Unit – 2

1. Discuss in detail about the specification and requirements of batteries for electric vehicle.
NOL: Page: 14-16
2. Explain in brief about Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Battery Operating Requirements.
NOL: Page: 17
3. Explain in brief about Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Battery Operating Requirements.
NOL: Page: 18
4. With a neat sketch discuss the chemistry and functioning of Lithium-ion battery.
NOL: Page: 19
5. With a neat sketch discuss the chemistry and functioning of Lithium-Polymer battery.
NOL: Page: 20
6. With a neat sketch discuss the chemistry and functioning of Ni-MH battery.
NOL: Page: 21
7. Discuss in brief about various charging standards.
NOL: Page: 27
8. Explain in detail about charging methods and charging mode for EV and HEV.
NOL: Page: 28-29
 9. Discuss in detail about tesla power wall.
NOL: Page: 31
10. With a neat sketch explain in detail about the wireless power transfer technology
NOL: Page: 32
11. Explain in detail about the regenerative braking.
NOL: Page: 37

Unit – 3

1. Discuss in detail about the V-I characteristics of power diode.

NOL: Page: 38
2. Explain in detail about the Bipolar Junction Transistors and MOSFET with a neat sketch.
NOL: Page: 40
3. Discuss in detail about the GTO in detail with operating characteristics.
NOL: Page: 43
4. With a neat circuit diagram explain the working of AC-DC Convertor.
NOL: Page: 44
5. Explain the working principle of DC-DC convertor with a neat circuit diagram.
NOL: Page: 49
6. Discuss in detail about the current sensor with a circuit diagram.
NOL: Page: 51
7. Explain in detail about the various types of power transistors.
NOL: Page: 40
8. Discuss in detail about the IGBT with a neat sketch.
NOL: Page: 41

Unit – 4

1. Explain in detail about the requirement of a electric motor for EV application

NOL: Page: 54
2. Discuss in detail about the engine and motor ratings for EV and HEV application
NOL: Page: 55
3. With a neat graph(s) discuss in detail about the power and torque characteristics of various
motors suitable for EV application.
NOL: Page: 56
4. Discuss in detail about EV motor sizing.
NOL: Page: 57
5. With a neat sketch explain the construction and working of a DC Motor.
NOL: Page: 59
6. Explain the working principle, construction and working of a BLDC motor.
NOL: Page: 60
7. With a neat sketch explain the construction and working of a induction motor.
NOL: Page: 64
8. Explain the working principle, construction and working of a permanent magnet DC motor.
 NOL: Page: 67
9. With a neat sketch explain the construction and working of a switched reluctance motor.
NOL: Page: 69
10. Discuss on detail about the DC motor drives. NOL: Page: 70
11. Explain the motor drive control system for a SR motor
NOL: Page: 72
12. Discuss in detail about the design Criteria of SR Motor Drives for EVs
NOL: Page: 74

Unit – 5

1. Discuss in detail about Electromagnetic compatibility in automotive electronic

components
NOL: Page: 76
2. Explain in detail about the cables and wiring used for the EMC in automobile.
NOL: Page: 77
3. Discuss in detail about the AIS 038 standard with all the testing procedures.
NOL: Page: 78
4. Explain in detail about the AIS041 motor power test.
NOL: Page: 81
5. Discuss in detail about the AIS 039 energy consumption standard with all the testing
procedures.
NOL: Page: 85
6. Explain in detail about the AIS048 battery testing standard.
NOL: Page: 89
7. Discuss in detail about the AIS 040 standard with all the testing procedures.
NOL: Page: 92
8. Explain in detail about the FAME India Scheme.