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PUBLISHED BY THE INTERNATIONAL TYPEFACE CORPORATION, VOLUME ONE, NUMBER

RAND LOWER CASE, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TYPOGRAPHICS

Two

1974

This Issue itorial and TIC Look Alikes editorial by Aaron Burns on the continuing plight le typeface designer, whose unprotected work ill copied and sold against his will and without permission. cat's New from ITC review showing of the newest in typeface designs: Artext, Korinna, and Serif Gothic now being Ted through ITC subscribers. e ABC's of Illustration lc invited 26 famed illustrators to take a letter from ) Z and see what they would do with it. Result? Look de and feast your eyes on some highly creative (king put into alphabetic action. e Story of "0" w do you make something out of nothing? Designer rb Lubalin does just thatand often. In this issue, he nonstrates a variety of his own designs that include very first "0" he ever created.

"Whatever liberates our spirit without giving us self control is disastrous."...Goethe

It was in this spirit that the 16th A.TYP.I. (L'Association TYpographique Internationale) Congress met in Copenhagen to ponder "Education in Letterforms," an issue of considerable concern in this age of rapid technological and social change.

HER A GRABYJUDITH ver6.1

A Proposition for Education in Letterforms 4),Handwriting

By Wim Cromwell

Letterforms are like a strand of personal expression, intertwined with other strands of creative education. Old criteria of good form, beauty, taste, no longer apply. In the absence of basic standards, new teaching methods are called for. Mr. Crouwel has specific suggestions. Mrs. Gray notes the variety among people, everyday situations and moods, and feels that a wide range of letterforms is needed to best meet the communication needs of the wide range of messages and message situations and to contribute to a more lively environment. Here's how tools, technologies and materials have shaped letters, taking note of such varied influences as the broad quill pen, the pointed pen, the 48x48 grid of Louis XIV, the development of calendered paper, the Jacquard loom, and more right through today's CRTs and OCRs
A thoughtful look at such stresses and strains as those among new technologies and old design concepts, the emphasis on legibility in text typesetting and the treatment of display lettering as illustration, and the limits but expanding capabilities of reading machines.

Lettering and Society

By Nicolete Gray

e Faith of Graffiti the past few years, anyone living in New York City been bombarded with the youth-cult-inspired phenenon of graffitithat unique "art form" screaming augh space on a unilinear subway line. A couple of erprising fellows have combined sophisticated de1 and photography with the naievete of graffiti art s a text by Norman Mailer.

The Interdependence of Technique and Typography

By Max Caflisch
WEIL

oundSpel" Rondthaler writes of a computerized system of habet simplification which transliterates our present guage into a phonetic rendering that makes pose reading without further training for the literate, minimal training for the illiterate.
PAGE 15

udent Typographics :ording to Herb Lubalin: "The best 0 through 9 ever seen:'

THE j'AT TURAR Y EVEIVIfiG POST

.., ;

Technical Training for Technicians and Typographers

By Adrian Frutiger

Le Good Old Saturday Evening Post is a time B.T. (Before Television) when middle-class iericans spent their free timebelieve it or not lc:ling. For a nostalgic look at "the way we were" U&lc ?cents words, ads, illustrations, from the July 6, 1901 ae of The Saturday Evening Post.
omething for Everybody sturettes, aphorisms, cartoons, comparisons (French U.S. tax forms), and you name it. V Best with Letters egular U&lc feature. Four outstanding designers er their one "best" piece of typographic art along with ,ersonal commentary. Dnderful Wonderful Copenhagen tterforms, Signs, and Symbols are dynamic means communication and as such perform a vital social Iction. This theme and others were discussed at the th A. TYP. I. Congress. rtters to the Editor iblushingly, a compilation of just a fistful of encomiums, negyrics, and plain old-fashioned pats on the back A have come to U&lc on the heels of our first issue Im all parts of the globe.

YOUNG MEN REPUBLI

&

t
PAGE 16

Type in Our Environment

By Armin Hofmann

The alphabet may be on its way out. The modular system of combining phonetic symbols to make visual sense is becoming too awkward, too slow, too limiting. Film has freed the written word to become as adaptable as speech. This is a challenge for tomorrow's designers.
There is a clash between the classical, calligraphic and historical approach to teaching letterforms and the impatience of today's students. Specific approaches and a contemporary curriculum are recommended. The need for public appreciation of letterforms is also discussed. Design is a rule-guided problemsolving activity. In designing alphabets, first state the objective, then analyze the situation, list requirements and criteria and then sequence the list for action. Rules help define problems, help solve them and make many solutions possible.

Education and Training in Letterforms

By Gunter Gerhard Lange
PAGE 18-

The Rules of the Game

By FHK Henrion
PAGE 20
TEXT FOR THE ABOVE ARTICLES BEGINS ON PAGE 21

VOLUME t. NUMBER 2, 1974 HERB LUBALIN, EDITORIAL & DESIGN DIRECTOR AARON BURNS EDITORIAL DIRECTOR ED RONDTHALER, EDITORIAL DIRECTOR JACK ANSON FINKE, ASSOCIATE EDITOR MARK JOHNSON. ART & PRODUCTION EDITOR JOHN PRENTKI, BUSINESS AND ADVERTISING MANAGER "U&L.C' COPYRIGHT 1974 AND PUBLISHED BY INTERNATIONAL TYPEFACE CORPORATION. 216 EAST 46TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 A JOINTLY OWNED SUBSIDIARY OF PHOTO-LETTERING, INC. AND LUBALIN, BURNS & CO. INC. APPLICATION TO MAIL AT CONTROLLED CIRCULATION RATES IS PENDING AT NEW YORK, NEW YORK BOARD OF DIRECTORS: EDWARD RONDTHALER,CHAIRMAN AARON BURNS. PRESIDENT HERB LUBALIN, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT JOHN PRENTKI, SECRETARY/TREASURER BOB FARBER. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT ED BENGUIAT, VICE PRESIDENT STEPHEN KOPEC, VICE PRESIDENT

Editorial:
As easily surmised from the first issue, LT&lc is a vehicle for presenting ITC's newest typefaces "at work." Some ITC typefaces are introduced for the first time; others are repeated in different sizes and layouts. It is our hope that specifiers and users of typography will thus have an opportunity to see how these new designs look in a greater variety of formats than a type specimen booklet permits. I IC typefaces are becoming more and more popular throughout the world. Their popularity is due both to the artistry of the type-designers who created these faces and to their acceptance by the world typographic arts community. The typographic community, how.- ever, needs to be reminded of the continuing plight of the typeface designer, whose unprotected work is still copied and sold 7against his will and without hi; permission. The World Treaty on Intellectual Properties, held in JUI3,e 1973 in Vienna, has brought us one step closer to the end of this practice of unauthorized copying and its long overdue demise. But until the time when international copyright protection of typeface designs is enacted into law, organizations such as ITC together with the manufacturers on this page, who constitute ITC Subscribers, provide fair compensation to ITC designers for their creative efforts. ITC lists these manufacturers in order to state publicly that theyand only theyare licensed to manufacture and offer ITC typefaces for sale. The ITC license mark on their products is your guarantee that-the designer's work is honored and paid forand that your purchase of these "licensed" products is your assurance that the designer will receive his royalties. Check your supplier to see that he is purchasing ITC typefaces from one of these Subscribers. The Editors
THIS EDITORIAL WAS SET IN TIFFANY

ITC LOOK ALIKES

LICENSED
ADDRESSOGRAPH MULTIGRAPH CORPORATION / VARITYPER DIVISION PI IOTOTITESETI LRS AND PI IOTOLETTERING SYSTEMS ALPHATYPE CORPORATION ALPI IATYPE PHOTOTYPESETTING SYSTEMS AMERICAN TYPE FOUNDERS CO., INC. TYPE DIVISION , ARTYPE, INC. DRY TRANSFER LETTERS H. BERTHOLD AG DIATYPE, DIATRONIC, STAROMAT, STARSETTOGRAPI I, SUPERSTAR DR. BOGER PHOTOSATZ GMBH COPYTYPE CELLO TAI( MFG., INC. DRY TRANSFER LETTERS CHARTPAK DRY TRANSFER LETTERS COMPUGRAPHIC CORPORATION PI IOTO TEXT AND DISPLAY COMPOSITION SYSTEMS DEANS GEOGRAPHICS LTD. DRY TRANSFER LETTERS DYMO BELGIUM N.V. VISUAL SYSTEMS DIVISION FACSIMILE FONTS FILM BANDS FOR, STAROMAT, STARSETTOGRAPH, 2" FILM FONTS FILMOTYPE FILM FONTS HARRIS CORPORATION HARRIS COMPOSITION SYSTEMS DIVISION FOTOTRONIC TXT, FOTOTRONIC 1200, FOTOTRONIC 600 LETRASET INTERNATIONAL LTD. DRY TRANSFER LETTERS MECANORMA DRY TRANSFER LETTERS MERGENTHALER LINOTYPE COMPANY LINOFILM, LINOTRON, VIP MGD GRAPHIC SYSTEMS ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION PRODUCTS DIVISION SM COMPANY-MAGNETIC AUDIO/VIDEO PRODUCTS DIVISION 3M BRAND PROMAT LETTER COMPOSITOR PHOTON, INC. PACESE 1ER, ECONOSE11ER PHOTODIVISION OF CALIFORNIA INC. SPECTRASE I LER 1200T" VISUAL DISPLAY SETTER AND 2" FILM FONTS PRESSURE GRAPHICS.INC. DRY TRANSFER LETTERS PROTYPE, INC. DISPLAY PHOTOTYPESETTING SYSTEMS AND FILM FONTS STAR GRAPHIC SYSTEMS, INC. PHOTOTITESETTLNG MACHINES AND FILM STRIPS D. STEMPEL AG TYPE DIVISION TACTYPE INC. DRY TRANSFER LETTERS TECHNOGRAPHICS / FILM FONTS FILM FONTS AND STUDIO FILM KITS VISI.GRAPHICS DRY TRANSFER LETTERS VISUAL GRAPHICS CORPORATION MANUFACTURER OF PHOTO TYPOSITOR 6 ANDORIGLTYPSFMONT ZIPATONE INC. (FORMERLY PARA-TONG INC. ),. DRY TRANSFER LEVI tRS

Webster's Third international Dict ary defines "piracy" as"any unautl ized appropriation and reproductic of another's production, invention or conception; literary or artistic ti Pictured above Gerry Gersten's. drawing of a newsboy from the front cover of our first issue of "U&Ic:' (Copyright 1973). Below is bald and direct swipe. Why they bothered to rework thl drawing, when a simple photoStat the original would have produced ter results, we don't know. What w( do know is that this is a flagrant example of plagiarismor, to put less politelydownright thefta dition which unfortunately contim. to plague the graphic arts profess If there is a compensating factor tc this dismal activity, its that the origir artist (Gersten) doesn't lose financially from this sort of deviousnes.! Beyond that, some of us actually enjoy the show of recognition bestowed on us by these swipers whc evidently are impressed with the e cellence of our graphics and dubio about their own.

What's New from ITC?

Newtext, Korinna, and Serif Gothic are new from ITC. Only licensed ITC Subscribers are authorized to reproduce, manufacture and offer for sale Newtext, Korinna, and Serif Gothic and all other ITC typefaces shown in this issue. This mark is your guarantee of authenticity.

LICENSED

\I EWITEXT"'
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.

ay Baker's Newtext* is more than a ell designed, strikingly legible typeice. It tops these attributes in a very Iportant way: Newtext is a major )ace saver. Baker's search for a spacelying device has uncovered a winner?rtical economy. Into this winner he 3 s built every design refinement that )uld sharpen its usefulness. The ex3nded shapes give the letters a genous feeling of legibility, and the :onomical vertical set adds more les to the page. For example, a letter rith a 9 point width and legibility "feel" ?ts successfully on an 8 point body. he clarity of ITC Newtext is a valuable sset where photographic reductions ) 4 or even 3 point are required. The ride proportions and reliable serifs ssure readability of incidental ma?rial in packaging where extremely mall sizes are needed. This is achieved rithout loss of graphic ambience.

/TEXT IS PRESENTLY AVAILABLE IN BOOK. REGULAR, REGULAR ITALIC AND DEMI /TEXT LIGHT. LIGHT ITALIC, BOOK ITALIC AND DEMI ITALIC ARE IN PREPARATION .

kBCDEFGHUKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 234567890&abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv vxyz!?$UABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS WWXYZ12,34567890&abcdefghijk rnnopqrstuvwxyz!?$(VABCDEFGHIJK _NINOPQRSTUVVVXYZ1234567890!& ibcdefghijk mnopqrstuvwxyzct$@ AB :DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!1234 i67890abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz$

The vigorous design of Korinna has brought this letter out of obscurity and tosses it directly into the typographic limelight. Rarely has a revival been so perfectly in tune with the contemporary scene. The original drawings for Korinna were executed at H. Berthold AG in 1904, as was the first cutting. ITC recognizes Berthold as the originator, and compensates the foundry for use of the name and general design. Enriching of the flavor and augmenting the letter into a useful series of four weights and an outline is the work of Ed Benguiat, Vic Caruso and the staff of Photo-Lettering, Inc. There is not the slightest doubt that Korinna's second debut will far outshine her first, for here is an enchanting lady who, at seventy, is younger than ever.

1%11%1A

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^ERI FGIC
erif Gothic is an original typeface 9ned by Herb Lubalin and Antonio igna for International Typeface poration. Originally designed in two weights, Regular and Bold, success of these first two weights fired the creation of four additional hts, Light, Extra Bold, Heavy, and k. All six weights are available as text and display typefaces photographic composition as well >r use as dry transfer letters. The tanding features of the ITC Serif )ic series ore their uniquely deed serifs which combine gothic )licity together with traditional an elegance.

BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZCE0E12345678090& DbcdeeffgNkl.qmnopqrssi- tuvwxyzo2cea213?fM6/ABCDE FGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZCE0/02345678090aabcd effghijkKmnopqrssttuvwxyzce0azB6-!?a4%(*).9 9ABCDEEF IHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ12345678090&aabcdeeffghij 1,innopqrssttuvwxyzo213!?040ABCDEEFGHIJKLMNOP 2RSTUVWXYZ012345678090&aabcdeeffghijkiqmnopq vtuvwxyzkoz13!?44%(*)ADCDEEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU 'WXYZ0Al23456788906aabcdeefighijklOmnopqrsst uvwxyzij.)$40ADCDIEEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWX 71254567090Ciabcdefighijklcjmnopqrssttuvwxyz

ASK 26 FAMOUS ILLUSTRATORS EACH TO DESIGN AND ILLUSTRATE ONE LETTER OF THE ROMAN ALPHABET AND WHAT HAVE YOU GOT? A NEW ALPHABET CALLED "SCHIZOPHRENIC OBTUSE:' YOU'VE ALSO GOT AN ART DIRECTOR WHO, FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE HISTORY OF THE GRAPHIC ARTS, HAS SUBMITTED TO GROUP THERAPY WITHOUT PAYING FOR IT...AND IS PRESENTLY SUFFERING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES. THIS AMAZING ARRAY OF LETTERS, WHICH REPRESENTS THE CONGLOMERATE TALENTS OF A GROUP OF ARTISTS WHOSE PERSONALITIES ARE AS DIVERSE AS THE 26 LETTERS THEY'VE ILLUSTRATED, LENDS GRAPHIC TESTIMONY TO AN OBSERVATION MADE IN OUR PREVIOUS ISSUE THAT TYPE FORMS SINK INTO OBSCURITY WHEN COMPARED TO THE HUMAN FORM. THIS ALPHABET WILL BE PUBLISHED IN FULL COLOR, IN BOTH HARD COVER & PAPERBACK, WITH TEXT BY JUDITH VIORST, ONE OF AMERICA'S LEADING HUMOROUS WRITERS, AND DESIGNED BY HERB LUBALIN, WHO, AT THIS POINT IN TIME, IS ONE OF AMERICA'S LEAST HUMOROUS GRAPHIC DESIGNERS.

(A) STAN MACK (B) BARBARA NESSIM (C) SEYMOUR CHWAST (D) DICK HESS (E) CHARLES SLACKMAN (F) WILSON McLEAN (G) MILTON GLASER (H) BOB ALCORN (I) GIL STONE (J) DOUG JOHNSON (K) GERRY GERSTEN (L) JIM McMULLEN (M) MARIE MICHAL

(N) NORMAN GREEN (0) ROY CARRUTHERS (P) FRANCOIS COLOS (Q) ROGER HANE (R) BOB GROSSMAN (S) JIM SPANFELLER (T) SIMMS TABACK (U) MURRAY TINKELMAN (V) HEATHER COOPER (W) CHARLIE WHITE (X) JEROME SNYDER (Y) MARVIN MATTELSON (Z) JAMES GRASHOW

The Story of "0"

(Among Other Characters)

THANKS!
Gentlemen, Last week I glimpsed at an issue of "UGIc:' Bravo! Would it be possible to mail me a copy and to include my name on your mailing list for any future mailings that you plan? A publication of this sort has long been awaited in the art field and I'm sure it will prove invaluable to me in my duties as Art Director. Thank you for your consideration, Al Camasto Arizona State University Dear Mr. Lubalin: That's an enjoyable and even informative first issue you have produced, with a satisfactory helping of meat (such as Burns' pertinent comments on piracy) and some flavorful sauce (the graphics). Ernie Smith's humor slid off into cuteness once or twice, and an extra point of leading might have "uncrowded' a number of paragraphs, but that's the only area of quibbling I believe could be found with the project. You've started a "trade" journal that should be interestingand attractive to many folks outside the world'of typesetting. I'd like to see more of U&Ic. Would you let me know what subscription arrangements you're making? Thank you... and best wishes for the newborn publication! Sincerely, Robert A. Wilson, Jr. Audience Dear Mr. Lubalin: I've just had a chance to take a good look at the first issue of U&Ic, and I was very pleased by what I saw. The fact that you've all put a great deal of work into the publication is obvious, and I wish you all the success possible. Sincerely, Charlie Downs Art Director Public Relation/Advertising Kaiser Aetna Dear Aaron, Ed, Herb: Just a note to say what a wonderful job all you people did on the "U&Ic"! It is absolutely beautiful in content, thought, and design. I wish you and the publication every success. It fills a design and communication void long overdue in our field. Pleasekeep it up! Sincerely, Bob Greenwell NBC Dear International Typeface Corporation, The faculty members at New York City Community College were very impressed with the first publication of "UG-Ic:' We were glad to learn from a telephone conversation that it would be possible to receive several copies for the large typographical design classes at the college. There are close to twenty faculty members in our art and advertising design department and I am enclosing only those faculty members who teach typography and have expressed an interest in the paper. Thank you very much, "U&Ic" will reach hundreds of students. Tom Chibbaro Sid Sasson Bob Holden Bill Sealy Anne Namm Adjunct Lecturer New York City Community College
LETTERS WERE SET IN KORINNA WITH BOLD

U&LC is a clean newspaper. I want to make it perfectly clear that, in spite of my"reputation"as a designer of erotic magazines, this article has no significance as a psycho-analytical exploration of the sexual implications of my involvement with the letter"0." It is meant to document how a designer can make something out of nothing. Zero. "0." I owe (no pun intended) my financial status and my reputation to the"O,"and other assorted characters. It all started 100 years ago when I was 20. (I've picked these good round numbers because they symbolize my preoccupation, not because they indicate my age, now conveniently concealed behind a grey beard.) I was a struggling senior at the Cooper Union, trying to find a graphic direction which would instantly establish me as the world's greatest designer and get me rich quick. A call for entries from the McCandlish outdoor advertising competition came to my attention. I entered the contest, hoping to win a prize along with the ensuing publicity a"winner" deserves. I won first prize in the student category with a poster for Hires Root Beer. The sparkling, persuasively original copy line was: "It's tops." The graphics displayed this headline in the sky with the Hires bottle top situated in the"O"of the word "tops." Get it? (ExhibitA). Evidently, the judges got it. And I got $25.00 plus the enthusiastic handclasp of my graphic design instructor. Spurred on , I decided to become the first designer to not only fill the` 0" with every conceivable round graphic symbol, but to exploit the characteristics of all the letters of the alphabet with the goal to replace them, whenever the occasion arose, with a symbol reflecting the nature of the character. Ultimately, I hoped to create a new graphic language, replacing the roman alphabet, which would eliminate all language barriers and, thus, enhance communications among all the peoples of the world and, thus, create everlasting peace and harmony. So be it. I bided my time waiting for the opportunity to exploit my theory. Nothing significant happened for
THIS ARTICLE WAS SET IN SOUVENIR

seven years, which is a long time back into English ( oh boy!), became between filling"O"s. the basis for a booklet published Then, in 1947,Iwas working on by Sanders Printing Corporation: an ad for CIBA on a product called How To Become Successful, Pyribenzamine Expectorant, for the Though an Art Director relief of cough symptoms, through And Achieve Immortality... Sudler & Hennessey, a well-respectFor a While. ed pharmaceutical ad agency. The This book was specfically written as a public copy, again sparkling and provoca- service to all those students of the graphic arts tive, said "Break up Cough." I set who have an uncontrollable desire to make it the word cough in Franklin Gothic big in a hurry. Its impact on this aspiring group, after 5 Condensed U & LC, and proceeded years of publication, has yet to be recorded. to shove my fist through the type Exhibits AA, BB, CC, DD, EE, etc., will give proof in the area occupied by the you a feeling of the booklet's graphics. "0"in cough, to symbolize the words The text is as follows: "break up." I missed. My intentions Open your eyes. were good but my aim was bad. I Look around. Perceive. broke up the entire word. I tried Observe. again with the same results. Expand your viewpoint. Finally, undismayed by adversity, Above all, recogniie the significance of an I submitted the job as it was. The Rearrange your life to accommodate an "O." client flipped (See Exhibit B). An "0" can be nothing... or something. A few months later I had occa- Or, it can be a bagel. Or one sex symbol or another. sion to exploit the"S." In an ad for the William Merrell An "0" can mean money. A successful career is often built on a sound Co. for a product called Bentyl, an antispasmodic for the treatment of Setfoundation of money. your stomach disorders, I created an"S" Developsights on this valuable commodity. an attractive personality and wealth in the word spasm out of "Slinky," And with wealth, confidence. a wirey kids' toy that has a spasmod- You have won half the battle. There is no better combination than security ic action. (See Exhibit C.) This and confidence to inspire aesthetic achieven approach stimulated the judges So, achieve. at the New York Art Directors Show, the A. I. G. A., and the Type Directors And, with a little luck, glory can be yours. Club to reward me for my efforts. Certificates. At this point, I lost all constraint. Certificates of Merit. I became so obsessed with my gra- Certificates of Distinction. phic alphabet that ! became verbally Certificates of Distinctive Merit. Awards. uncommunicative. Awards of Merit. When my wife asked why Awards of Distinction. I didn't talk to her anymore, all I Awards of Distinctive Merit. could say was"OH?" Medals. Appearing on this page are a few Silver medals of my more notorious efforts over a Bronze medals. Gold medals. span of 20 years which brings us to Gold Cleos. 1967. (See Exhibits D, E, F, G, H, I, J, Gold Andys. K, L, M, N, 0, P, Q, R, S,T, U,V,W,Y, Z. ) Golden T-Squares. Etc. After basking so long in the Yours. glory afforded by the admiration All yours. of my contemporaries, I decided to share the accumulation To own. To cherish. of knowledge which had made me To prize:
the recognized mavin in this field. You might consider it my modest
To encase in plastic. Forever. And with these Kudos fame. Headlines, travel, speeches, friends, worshippers, idolatry. You are a hero. Your name is in lights. You have attained the ultimate success... You are now eligible to become a member of that great AD Club in the sky. And achieve Immortality. For a while.

contribution to society. One day, in Kyoto, Japan, I was addressing 1,500 students. At the end of my speech I was asked to what I attributed my success. I replied," To the'0'." I noticed a lack of enthusiasm for this response which was prompted by a lack of understanding I felt obliged to explain. This explanation, which was recorded in Japanese and translated

BY HERB LUBALIN

1.272.ox.rntire eme, In wooing a woman or a customer na single technique has yet been invented that, to our knowledge, is infallible. And yet the advertising business seems to develop periodic passions for a single font of wisdom. Unfortunately. when all products are dressed alike in a single advertis- ges adckessed alike to allcust ono ing style and their messa fro their individual motto of me-me-nn become indistinguishable in the chorus of rne-toos. We don't believe in this kind of typewasting.To us. the heart of ad is a simple. vital, selling idea. To convey it. our illustration he art. photographytype: our s. DAT or bard.our copy long or short. It takes all types. Call SHUL

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10

THE FAITH OF GRAFFITI DOCUMENTED BY MERVYN KURLANSKY AND JON NAAR WITH TEXT BY NORMAN MAILER
Anyone living in New York City has been bombarded the past few years with the youthcult-inspired phenomenon of graffitithat unique "art form" screaming through space on a unilinear subway line or adorning the sprayed walls of schools, warehouses, and low-income housing developments. To see beauty out of all this urban squalor is an unusual feat. And yet it has been superbly realized in this large new handsomelymounted work, revealing photographs that are in fact paintings in themselvesleffering so imaginative and colorful as to readily support the old adage, "one picture is worth a thousand words." Like all good art, these graffiti speak very much for themselves. That is, for everyone but Norman Mailer. Mailer, with his extraordinary gifts, identifies the letterings with a literary posture worthy of a Miro or Giotto. He takes Claes Oldenburg's classic remark: "You're standing in the station, everything is gray and gloomy and all of a sudden one of those graffiti trains slides in and brightens the place like a big bouquet from Latin America" and lays it at your feet. But there are two sides to this provocative coin. Although a minor media wonder of the decade, the graffiti are not smut but a litany of namesa craft outside the law, an adolescent rebellion that appals one side of the community and stultifies their lives. The other view sees the leffering as stunning calligraphy, a free new artform of the masses. Mailer places himself in the laffer group. With the renditions as scaffolding, he launches into his media e:,,,ay spectacularly. Assuming his familiar fightA stance, he flails about for lofty insights as he faces the question of Art with a very capital A. The graffiti-makers take him back to the first caveman drawings on the walls of Altamira and, as he puts it, "the hand pushes forward into the terror of future punishments from demons filled with fury at human audacity." He speaks with a whole semblage of the young letterers: Cay 161, Junior 161, Japan 1, L'il Flame, Hitler, and Super Kool. The numerals identify the street (Washington Heights and 161st Street), but the names are not their own. According to Mailer, "It is like a logo. Moxie or Sonoco; Tang, Whirlpool, Duz. The kids bear a definable relation to their product." It is not their name but the name. Mailer tries hard to get at the heart of the matter. "What is the meaning to you of the name?" he asks Cay 161. Cay answers forthrightly. 'The name,' says Cay, in a full voice, Delphic in its unexpected resonanceas if the idol of a temple has just chosen to break

into sound'The name,' says Cay, 'is faith of graffiti.'" There jyou have it. Mailer has done homework well. He talks with everyone can collar: Sly, Stay High, Phase 2, Bc Snake, Stitch, and Star Ill. He gives then the benefit of any doubt. And he fairly press conflicting views. He quotes Dr. Frede Wertham: "It is part of the widespread dalism, the mood to destroy, the brutal that is everywhere." And Richard Golds from New York Magazine: "The graffiti m ment is a lot like rock 'n roll in its pre-enl ened phase. To me it announces the genuine teenage street culture since fifties." You pays your nickel and you takes choice. Art or junk? Perhaps it's somethin each. Some of the lettering is surely nott more than a naive and random straw But, as these photographs reveal, a sur ing amount of the work fills the space st latingly and proportionatelymuch alonc lines of a creative art directorits provocc styling fairly screaming to be heard out of depths of the New York jungle: "Hey, loo me, everybody! I'm here!" In point of fact, many of the "drawir would make for eye-catching packaginc some hip enterprising company or ad age eager to draw instant consumer response in all, a remarkable new world of typogr ics, where the writer's vision and exceptic abilities present a case that expands youthful graffiti-makers' efforts, giving tt a far broader canvas than they ever ei aged. In her review in The New York Tin Corinne Robins reports that "The final tograph in the book is of a band of he dozen leather-jacketed boys on the sub. steps, several of them holding up little pie of paper with their signature trademarks them. The children are beautiful. Here they not being caught out, beaten up, or at reprimanded, but rather acknowledged celebrated by the photographer for de originally done for each other's benefit have suddenly, illogically received a approval. It's a sweet photograph an sweet moment of glory." Or, as Norman Mailer would have it: ' haps it is the unheard echo of graffiti, vibration of that profound discomfort it ar es, as if the unheard music of its procic tion and/or its mess, the rapt intent seen of its foliage, is the herald of some oncon apocalypse less and less far away. Gr lingers on our subway door as a moment what may well have been our first ar karma, as if indeed all the lives ever lived sounding now like the bugles of gathe armies across the unseen ridge." Faith!
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THIS ARTICLE WAS SET IN ADVANT GARDE GOTHIC BOOK CONDENSED

JACK ANSON Fll

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12

SOUND SPEL

v u ever considerd th benefits ov a simplified foenetic speling that soundz just liek riten? A speling that children, adults and forin stoodents can lurn qikly, eezily and without laborius memoriezing? A method that u yuurself aulredy Deer Tim: can reed with fair rapidity and sum Meny thanks for yuur coments about Soundspel. I see, eez liek u'r reeding this! If u'd liek however, that I'v faeld to bring out a moest important point. U predict that Soundspel wil obsoleet th millyunz to no more about it, just reed on... ov buuks that ar now in our liebrerryz. Absolootly not;
not for fifty yeerz! And not eeven then. For mor than Soundspel is phoneticjust as English spelling's meant to be, but isn't. Let's suppose that tomorrow you pick up your morning paper and find it printed in soundspel. You discover that fifty yeerz thair'l be plenty ov peepl around hoo can reed boeth waez. Diligent yung stoodents hoo need to refur to oelder buuks wil lurn to reed them just az u lurnd to reed sixteenth senchery buuks in scool yuurself. It wil be no harder for an advanst stoodent to lurn to reed 1974 Ingglish in 1994 than it iz for children begining scool in '74 to lurn to reed and riet our craezy Ingglish az we spel it todae! Just ask yuurself how much u reed. in an ordinerry dae that wuz riten mor than ten yeerz ago. Probably not oever 2%. Seldom do u reed a nuezpaeper, a magazeen, leter, memo or a report that iz oever a fue weeks oeld. Eeven moest buuksinclooding text buuksar fairly nue. U,ov cors, wil be aebl to reed boeth waez for th rest ov yuur lief. In fact, th oenly tiem u'l ever need to riet Soundspel wil be when u riet to yuur grandchildren. So whi not giv th next jeneraeshun a braek and let them lurn to reed th eezy was furst? Sinseerly, Joon 1, 1974 (52.511

Hundreds of years ago English was written phonetically, until the early printers muddled it up, the kings okayed the muddle, the writers accepted it, and the rest of us have struggled along knowing that something was wrong with our spelling, but not knowing how to straighten it out. Soundspel may remind you of your childhood spelling, but don't be fooled it's no "kid-scribbling". On the contrary, it brings together the best ideas that generations of scholars have had for the simplification of our writing. Soundspel is for children, for adults, for foreigners learning English, for everybody. It has a few simple rules, but even without them you can read it pretty well at first sight. No twisted spellings, no unused silent letters. Soundspel is, above all, honest: each word is pronounced exactly as it's written. Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, Hungarian, Finnish, Russian and most other western languages match letters to spoken sounds. We can do it in English too:
Th wether man predicts sum cloudynes todae but th probability ov raen iz

sliet sins th skiez ar expected to begin cleering toniet. Then Saterdae wil be fair and just a bit wormer. This Octoeber wil probably be rememberd for qiet a whiel, in fact it wil hav a distirakshun rairly claemd sins th Valy haz staed sogy for moest ov three weeks. And th printed report wil luuk verry unuezhooal with a string ov figuerz in th precipitaeshun colum. Last Octoeber thair wuz a singgl entry for raen. Tho it seldum caem net on skejool, th raen wuz mor than welcumaul that free lawn wautering plus long raenj benefits. Th best part haz bin th jentl, unstormy carracter: No big windz spred laeerz ov sand befor th drops caem down. Temperatuerz ar beeing verry consistent. Wenzdae had 70-49 and todae auferz 70-48. Windz wil be moestly jentl. Bi th washow about that wintry visitaeshun to uther parts ov th cuntry with sno in Nue York for th furst tiem so urly in 103 yeerz! Pitsberg had fluryz last Mundae, and uther points between heer and th Atlantic hav had a furst snap ov Winter. Thae ar welcum to th hoel thing.

all TV commercials, the magazines delivered to your door, and most of your third class mail are in soundspel too. Billboards and road signs, when replaced, will be in soundspel; also labels, directions, and other public reading matter. Suppose this began tomorrow. It would be a jolt. But how big a jolt would it really be? In the soundspel paragraphs here you may have encountered a dozen words that stumped you briefly. Next time you meet them they'll be as easy as the other 500 words you read without difficulty. Your personal and business letters, memos and reports will not be affected. You'll keep on writing them in oldspell as usual. You might compare a switch to soundspel with the jolt you'd have tomorrow if many of your friends began talking with a strong British accent. It would, by jove, be jolly annoying and a bit sticky at first, but you'd catch on in a jiffy. A quick switch to soundspel would slow down your speed-reading for a while, but you'd know that those few weeks of inconvenience were laying the foundation for a more literate and, hopefully, a more trouble-free Americaand certainly a more communicative world. English is the world's best hope for an international language. Except for China, 30% of the world's literate population already has a working knowledge of English. And we're told that English has replaced Russian as the second language in Chinese schools. Its major international drawback is the way we spell it. By haphazardlyrather than systematicallymaking our 26 letters represent the 42 sounds of English, we have created a Frankenstein of 600 exceptions to the rule of "one letter for one sound' Spelling failure is high on the drop-out list. Our children use more than a year of their early education trying to memorize these 600 exceptionsexceptions that give an unnatural spelling to almost two-thirds of our words! By contrast, children in Italy and Spain learn to write their language without even the aid of a spelling book. Ten years ago the dream of simplification defied fulfillment. But not today. Ten years ago we would have faced the impossible task of changing the writing habits of

every author, journalist, copywriter and typesetter. No longer. Today we can place a transliterating computer between the typesetter's keyboard and the photo printout unit. At the turn of a switch the oldspell input comes out as soundspel typesetting. And the saving in printing bulk will pay for the computers again and again.
We have, at last, the technology.

We hav, at last, th tecnolojy.

Do we have the courage to use it?

Do we hav th curej to uez it?

TH GETIZBERG ADRES...

Forscor and seven yeerz ago our faatherz braut forth on this continent a nue naeshun, conseevd in liberty, and dedicaeted to th propozishun that aul men ar creeaeted eeqal. Now we ar enngaejd in a graet sivil wor, testing whether that naeshun, or eny naeshun so conseevd and so dedicaeted, can long enduer. We ar met on a graet batlfeeld ov that wor. We hav cum to dedicaet a porshun ov that feeld az a fienal rest-

ing-plaes for thoez hoo heer gaev thair lievz that that naeshun miet liv. It iz aultogether fiting and proper that we shuud do this. But in a larjer sens, we canot dedicaetwe canot consecraetwe canot halothis ground. RI braev men, living and ded, hoo strugld heer, hay consecraeted it far abuv our power to ad or detract. Th wurld wil litl noet nor long remember whut we sae heer, but it can never forget whut thae did heer. It iz for us, th living, rather, to be dedicaeted heer to th unfinisht wurk which thae hoo faut heer hav so noebly advanst. It iz rather for us to be heer dedicaeted to th graet task remaening befor usthat from theez onord ded we taek increest devoeshun to that cauz for which thae gaev th last fuul mezhuur ov devoeshun: that we heer hiely rezolv that theez ded shal not hav died in vaen: that this naeshun, under God, shal hav a nue burth ov freedom; and that guvernment ov th peepl, bi th peepl, for th peepl, shal not perrish from th urth.
A. LINCOLN

THE SOUNDSPEL KEV

The complete Soundspel alphabet system is shown here. Children, adults, and foreign students who master this relatively simple system will then be able to write, in Soundspel, anything they can say in English. The Soundspel concept is not novel: it is an adaptation for Englishof the phonetic spelling used daily by millions who write in Spanish, Italian, German, Russian, Swedish, Dutch, Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish and most other western languages. Some day a system like this may free us from the ordeal of memorizing the spelling irregularities that are found in more than 100,000 English words.

la

eer f g h pqr
hear fat got hat pet quit urgent put van

it easily*

a as ae air ar au b ch d e eei er2 n ng nk o oei of oo or ou vt iel

at about* father age fair car auto bed church dip edit system * eat baker

ice

judge

kit cat

1 let

m men

sing

sink

hot atom*

open

oil

ooze

sore

out how " "

ur uu v w wh x
wet when

a rrow merry sorrow hurry

sets

sh shop

t th4 u ue
tin thin this up unit 4 yetY holy Zorle.
5

Pairs of vowels ending in 'e' (ae ee ie oe ue) are pronounced like the first letter of the pair when you say "a, e, i, o, u" in reciting the alphabeta bcd efgh ijklmn opqrstu. Oldspell ...date, wait Soundspel ...daet, waet (ae)

ax exam

Zh azure

Oldspell ...heat, feet Soundspel ...heet, feet

(ee)

Oldspell ...bite, right Soundspel ...biet, net(ie)

Th 'eland wuz atacht to th maenland bi a long strech ov sand. Sloely it wuz

What's Been Done to Make It Easy?

There are millions in America today and civiliezd, furst bi Indianz, hoo caem to fish millions out there in the future for whom the gift of phonetic spelling is the key to a in th sumerz, and then bi whiet men, hoo bright new world. But there are other milbilt manshunz amung th treez and braut lions who already know how to read and thair familyz out from th sity. Th wimen, planting flowerz, discuverd arroehedz. Th write. They, for the most part, oppose change. "Leave good enough alone and reedz wer cleerd until eech hous had a don't rock the boat", they say. "Don't beech. Yaats, moord aufshor, revolvd on thair angcor lien, bras fitingz winking in th make us learn to spell all over again". Even the most utilitarian contractions sunliet. A tomahawk wuz found in th nite, thru, foto, slo, tho, etc.have had graev yard. Elizabeth, Mathue's oeldest ruf going. Readers often regard spelling dauter, marryd Qentin, Ken Richardsun'z change as degrading, not knowing that oeldest sun, and a nue hous wuz bilt at th many linguistic scholars are in the vanverry tip ov th ieland, faesing south. Beguard of those supporting it. But the cauz th hous wuz expoezd to th wind, it public's attitude today is negative. So we wuz qiet cold in th winter. Elizabeth must be sure that every stone has been planted roezez and hung wiker burd caeturned that might reveal one more way to jez from th treez. Qentin raezd goelden reduce, by even a trifle, the impact of retreeverz and wun troefyz, hunted duk, change on present readers. We who see qael, and fezant. Bi th tiem Samueel wuz the advantage of change must make every born, th civiliezing wuz oever. Twenty-for effort to put ourselves in the shoes of the manshunz liend th singgl roed that ran down th midl ov th ieland. Men hierd from millions who do not. Winning converts from those who alth vilej neerbi kept th oek treez and apl ready know how to read English is the treez and elmz and evergreenz proond, th Number One job of soundspel, and the lawn and hejez trimd, th leevz raekt, th only way to win them if indeed it can be windoez polisht. Gardnerz continued to done at all is to make the changeover fiend arroehedz in th soil, sum ov which thae kept, sum ov which thae turnd oever easy. Two hundred million people is a lot of opposition, but if the cause is just and to thair emploierz. Samueel, Qentin and the solution is reasonable victory may not Elizabeth's oenly sun, explord th ieland. be beyond reach. This article is published He bilt model boets, airplaenz, and carz, foloed th fezants and squrelz bak and forth in the hope of winning friends for the acros th lawn, and lisend to "Capten Mid- cause. And prospective friends should be niet" on th raedio. Th strech ov sand con- told what has been done to smooth the way. Knowing what has already been ecting th ieland to th maenland becaem a done, they too may have suggestions public beech. Th neerbi vilej becaem a leading to further improvement. rezort. But in th autum, after th vacaeAll the sounds of spoken English can be shunerz had left and befor th sno had faulen, th ieland luukt much th was it had written with as few as 42 symbols. But if only 42 were used the spelling would look when th Indianz furst caem to fish. Th quite awkward. Soundspel uses 53 elevsand wuz cleen and whiet, th wauter sparkld liek a handful ov goeld coin, and en more than the absolute minimum. th houzez wer verry qieet behiend th treez, These extra symbols are familiar letter combinations so deeply ingrained in our az if no wun livd in them. Siting outsied reading habits that to replace them with wun afternoon, woching a squrel chaes a unfamiliar, tho accurate, combinations waulnut, Samueel smeld th smoek ov th would be offensive to the reader's eye. A next dor naebor'z burning leevz and nue good example is wh which appears again that sumdae he wuud hav to go. Th smoek, th smaul whiet cloud riezing throo and again in our writing. Wh is not one of the 42 basic English sounds because it can th treez, seemd a signal. Hiz muther wuz be broken down into the phonemes h and on th terris, wautering flowerz. Out on th w, in that order. But to write 'hwen', wauter a singgl saelboet slid throo th jentl sunliet. Th squrel lost th waulnut hwich', etc. for words like when, which, where, while, why, what, etc. would be and began chaesing a leef.

Oldspell ...boat, note Soundspel ...boet, noet (oe) Oldspell ...cute, few Soundspel ...cuet, fue (ue)

The vowel-sound in 'good, should' etc. is written 'uu'guud, shuud. (No change in `00' for the sound in 'moon, food, boot, loom, groom,' etc.) The rest of Soundspel is close enough to our present-day English so you're not likely to misread it. u'r not liekly to misreed it. * The Short Vowels (a e i o) in unstressed syllables are often pronounced almost like a short u. (Linguists call this diluted pronunciation `schwa'.) "" To keep certain words looking more familiar, medial and final au and ou may be replaced by aw and ow (as in law, tower' ). 1. To keep words looking more familiar, the finale may be dropped from words ending in ee (we0, he0), ie (alibi 0), oe (go0, noe).

2. er and ur sound alike. Use er in unstressed syllables; use ur in stressed syllables.

3. After the short vowel-sounds a e o u use double rr rather than single r (to prevent confusion with the digraphs ar, er, or, ur).

4. th and x have two pronunciations unvoiced th (thin), and voiced th (this); unvoiced x (ax,6), and voiced x (exam,g-:). 5. y is used not only as a consonant (yet), but
also as a vowel (holy) often replacing unstressed ee or i. Five self-evident abbreviations are used u (you); i (1); th (the); to (to); do (do).

In general it has been possible to make soundspel comfortable for most readers by selecting the digraph or trigraph that is already firmly associated with a particular sound in the reader's mind, eye and ear. There is, however, one selection that is not easily made. It concerns the digraph chosen to represent these two different `oo' sounds: loop...look tool...took food...foot mood...good loom...wood soon... book moon...cook could would should Dr. Godfrey Dewey's thoro research indicates that the 'oo'-sound in 'moon' occurs more frequently than the bo'-sound in 'wood' or 'would'. So soundspel picks the digraph 'oo' for the vowel-sound in `moon' and uses a new digraph curl' for the 'wood-would' sound. At first the combination 'Liu' may seem a bit awkward to English readers because today it is found only in the word 'vacuum'. Fortunately it will occur but once in every 1.35 words only two or three times on an average page. The other soundspel digraphs and trigraphs fall naturally into place and their pronunciation is largely self-evident. That's why anyone who can read English will soon see that he can read soundspel too. That's whi enywun hoo can reed Ingglish wil soon see that he can reed soundspel too.
Spelling Simplification and Phototypesetting...the new road to a quick changeover.

graphically unacceptable unacceptable to the eye. So, to smooth the path of change, we regard wh as a digraph (representing h + w) and make it part of written soundspel. Another good example is `or'. The sound of 'or' could be phonetically written 'aur', but to use such spellings as 'maul', 'aur', `baurn', etc. for words like more, or, born, for, store, sport, resort, implore, etc. would look very awkward. So soundspel accepts 'or' as a digraph and makes it part of the written language. Other concessions to visual familiarity are shown in the panel above. These concessions, of course, put a slight extra burden on students learning to write English particularly on the foreign student. But it's easier for him to master what he'll regard as eleven consistent inconsistencies than to memorize hundreds of irregular irregularities. And the same may be said for our own first graders. It's not unreasonable to require them to yield something for the benefit of adult readers who ate in the driver's seat and can say NO to the whole idea of simplification.

The 400-year history of simplification makes it clear that writers and typesetters not readershave consistently scuttled all serious attempts at spelling reform. The public has never seen more than token samples of simplificationnever enough for readers to pass judgment on it. Some time around 1910 twenty important newspapers agreed to try simplification on a piecemeal basis: 12 words this year, 30 next, 300 the year after, and 1500 or more eventually. It may have been a great idea but it was bad psychology. Nobody wants to change his writing habitsleast of all journalists and typesetters frantically trying to meet deadlines. As for readers, we can't say how much resistance they'd generate because we do not know. If the simplified spelling were comfortable enough so that almost anybody could quickly "catch on", the resistance might fade away rapidly (as it has in England with the recent change to decimal

14

ova

coinage). We'll never know how much resistance we'll get from readers until we try simplification on a large scale, and up to now we've had no good way to try it. If, at the outset, we limit our use of simplification to newly printed material and new public signs, we can completely eliminate the writers' and typesetters' resistance. They need make no change. Why not? Because we can program computers to convert their typewritten oldspell into typeset soundspelat fantastic speeds! Take a look at what is happening today in the phototypesetting revolution. More and more type is being set this way: 1. The author typewrites his manuscript as usual. 2. The typesetter keyboards the manuscript onto punched or magnetic tape. (The holes in the paper tape simply represent letters that have been keyed.) 3. The tape is then converted back into visible letters and projected, a paragraph or two at a time, onto a proofreading screen resembling a TV screen with a typewriter keyboard attached to it. 4. The proofreader reads the copy on the screen. He can type in corrections, additions, etc. As he types, the errors magically vanish from the screen and the corrections take their place. 5. When the proofreader is satisfied the paragraph is correct he presses a button and the letters on the screen are converted into new perforations on a new tape. 6. The new tape is fed into a computerized print-out unit which photocomposes words at the rate of 10 to 10,000 letters per second! 7. Out comes a film positive or paper print that may be developed conventionally and used in offset, gravure or letterpress printing. This is no longer a dream. It is in daily successful operation. It takes very little contemporary imagination to see that the computer behind the typesetter's keyboard could be programmed to read words rather than letters, and that it could transliterate oldspell input into soundspel on the tape. Thus authors and journalists could continue to write in oldspell, but when their words appeared in print they would be in soundspel. And the author could write either "through" or "thru" both would go onto the tape as "throo". The same applies to homophones. Homographs and author's typing errors become a little more difficult. These would show up on the screen IN CAPS in their oldspell form and the proofreader could then type in the correct soundspelling. And all this will be practical long before simplification is accepted. The important thing to remember is that the resistance shown to previous attempts at reform has been writer-resistancenot reader-resistance. We can now detour around the writerresistancethanks to phototypesetting and its energetic computers.
THIS ARTICLE WAS SET IN SOUVENIR

SOCIETY and SIMPLIFICATION

...an opportunity to do a good turn for the future ...

Spelling simplification may be the very best way to attack four problems baffling American society today: juvenile delinquency, crime-in-the-streets, hard core unemployment, and expanding relief rolls. Lurking behind these evils is the failure of many to master our illogical, incongruous spelling. It is the chief cause of student drop-out. Drop-outs, in turn, are the major source of our delinquents, criminals, unemployables and paupers. 10,000,000 students are falling hopelessly behind in their effort to memorize the hundreds of different ways we write our 42 basic sounds. 16,000,000 Americans cannot read a newspaper, and 19,000,000 cannot fill out a job application form. Seriously disabled readers in our prisons outnumber the national average almost 4 to 1. We must stop this need-

less waste of human resource. We must end its astronomical cost in well-being and in money. Spelling reform offers us social benefits equal to the metric system's economic benefits. Many schools are already teaching phonetic systems of writing and reading to first graders before subjecting them to the disharmony of traditional spelling. This is a good foundation for the coming of simplification. The educators now need strong support from the adult population support for a simplified system that adults can accept and use. In this presentation we have tried to sho that simplified speling iz practical now; that adults can reed it without further traening; that thae need lurn no nue rieting habits; that thair persunal rietingindeed aul thair rietingcan continue without chaenj, and that compueterz wil translaet riten oldspell into printed soundspel. Th Grafic Comuenity haz befor it todae

an oportuenity to lift th qolity ov lief in Amerricaand probably in th wurld bi suporting speling reform and puushing it throo to fuulfilment. Heer iz whair th baul can start roeling. And u can plae a verry significant part in this graet moovment. Yuur grafic no-how, yuur inflooens and yuur eforts can do much to get reform started. This mae be yuur was to help build a beter Amerrica this mae be yuur gift to tomorro.
The Typographic Committee for Spelling Simplification, sponsored jointly by Photo-Lettering Inc. and the International Typeface Corporation, has supplied the material for this article and acknowledges its debt to earlier writers on the subject. Much benefit has been derived from their work. The findings of this committee are offered as a public service. Inquiries may be addressed to: Edward Rondthaler, Photo-Lettering Inc., 216 East Forty-fifth Street, New York City 10017.

NOTE An experimental feasibility program demonstrating tape-to-tape computer transliteration of soundspel is presently being conducted by Edward Lias, director of the computer center at Ocean County College in Toms River, New Jersey.

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rendered by Jerome Snyder for his illustration for a short piece further back in this issue entitled "Avant-Garde:' Each and every one of Jerry's bills is a social document. Loaded with humor. Fraught with satire. Endowed with the same care he lavishes on his paid for illustrations. The editors of U&Ic have decided to devote three or four pages in our next issue to honor his bookkeeping accomplishments. If anyone, anywhere, has a Jerome Snyder invoice please send it to Herb Lubalin at 223 East 31st Street, New York, N.Y. 10016. We'll handle it with love.
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Question: Which are the greatest numerals you have ever seen.

6:11
Answer: Stilla numerals. And the'ris kind of great, too.
H.L.

oir

In 1962, Herb Lubalin was asked to redesign The Saturday Evening Post. He said,"What for?"They said, "To restore the interest of the ad agencies and the youth market." Herb's idea was to redesign the magazine back to what it was before it became something else. Once again to make it the great Middle Class American Literary Magazine it used to be. Once again to make

'GOOD OLD SATURDAY EVENING POST

s T. .114TURAIT sTISNING POST

That was a time B. T.L.&L. (Before Tel sion, Life, and Look) and The Saturd( Evening Post was truly a household u Was a time when every Saturday nigh' saw the man of the house coming hor from work with a copy of the Past tu( underneath his arm readyfor Sunday family reading. And what a magazine it was! Foun by Benjamin Franklin way back when, featured stories and articles by the out standing writing talents of the day fic and non-fiction with much text and in dental illustrations. A magazirc to ent( tain, inspire, and help you rise ahcr)e cares of the moment. To make you this to make you laugh, and yes maybe ev( make you cry a little. It was not at all unusual to see such
THE SATURDAY EVENING PO

EASTMAN'S

THE JAI 7117MiYY EVEATING POST

An Illustrated Weekly Magazine Founded Ai DI 1728 by Benj.Franklin
Volume 174, No. 1

THE WORKS OF

NED Platinum

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Five Cent. the Copy ., 11.7 ` l ' .

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The Publisher announces a hnuted De Luxe ed., In Fonte-Two t'otttiv.h. , eh the incom,rable Romance, Illstones, Dramas, Poems, Hera, and Epistles. emNet,t .....,ett..tte including -La Pucelleh the -Philosopth teal Dichonary... and the Laemty hIht. ,., .,

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17
Instead of maintaining the magazine's, own standards of excellence, Post editors rushed to compete with these pictorial upstarts and made the inexpedient change from illustrated fiction and non-fiction to what amounted to little more than a poor man's photographic, public affairs publication. Ostrich-like, they tried to vie with information that was more immediate and visually more stimulating on the television screenresulting in a readership that dwindled down to a sort of "Middle America Geriatric" with little or no appeal to youth. That's when the unhappy editors turned to Herb Lubalinand promptly turned down his suggestion to redesign the magazine back to its original form. They said, "You're out of your mind! This is the 20th Century!" So Herb resignedly redesigned what turned out to be a big 20th Century compromise and an even bigger 20th Century total failure. But people learn by experience. Right? Wrong. In 1968 after a six-year downhill struggle a new management once again (you guessed it) asked Herb Lubalin to redesign The Saturday Evening Post. Herb said, "You're out of your minds. I almost put you out of business in '62. Now you're coming back for a second chance? You'll be defunct in 8 months" Management decided to risk it and were out of business in 8 months. A continuing debate has since raged on who it was exactly who put The Saturday Evening Post out of business. Ad people claimed it had no place in our present society and appealed to the wrong audience. The Post people claimed that the Ad people were responsible because they failed to understand the value and appeal of the magazine's editorial policy. Herb Lubalin said, "Don't fight! It's all my fault because you wouldn't listen to my advice and I stupidly went along with you. It's all my fault. I did it!" Whoever's fault it was, it's nonetheless apparent that you can't keep a bad magazine down. You may not have noticed, but The Saturday Evening Post is out on the newsstands once againstill trying to play all ends against the middle in a last-ditch stand to attract a national readership. But it's still not the same old Post. Only one element remains the marvelous "Alexander Botts"stories by William Hazlett Upson, the latest issue offering the 106th story in a series that began in 1927 Additionally, the movies have stolen a page from the magazine or at least from its titles. In the new Academy Award-winning film, "The Sting," all the varied titles throughout the picture simulate the Post's unique graphic lettering, enhancing the overall quality of the film "more than somewhat" to quote Damon Runyon. yet another legendary contributor to the ,Post. But the rest is more or less a mlange of everything but the kitchen sinka kaleidoscope of overabundance without direction. And you can blame it all on Herb Lubalin. He still thinks the magazine should be redesigned back to the way it looked on July 6, 1901. He still thinks they should put out a magazine that looks like what you see on these pages. He still thinks they should put out a magazine that looks exactly like the good old Saturday Evening Post. What do you think? U&Ic will welcome your opinions.
-

es as Ernest Hemingway Scott Fitz'd, Willa Cather, Paul Gallico, and H.L :kenall in one issuealong with r illustrations by such prominent arts Norman Rockwell, John Falter, Leyendecker, and Robert Charles e. And the editorial concept and foriesign were so distinctive that even dvertising took its place as an inted part of the physical appearance, ening the overall graphic quality rather distracting from it. vas, in short, a wonderful magazineuch a part of the American scene as roverbial hot dog and apple pie. latever happened to us that there is milar market today for writers and il!tors of comparable ability? !II, TV, Life, and Look for one thing.
THE LITLISILIT ...NINO POST e

Senator's MightDs
17:4

General Charles King

16

THE SATURDAY EYENING POST

SPARKLETS
Syphon Bottle, a Capsule of Gas, and you can instantlycarbonate any beverage at home, milk, cold tea, cider, lemonade, etc., at a cost of only 4c. a quart.

A' Child Can Do it

Fill the bottle, insert a capsule in the top, screw down the cap, shake well. Useful always. Indispensable at this season.

EATLET =tag
WHEATLET

SPECIAL OFFER
No .3 $500 R .V:"
Globular Wicker Quart Syphon I book Raspberry Syrup (8 oa.) 4 boxes Quart SPARKLETS I " Strawberry " t Root Sc,, " Sarsaparilla " Ginger Al, e " Vanilla " bade Vichy Tablets Schur" Ch. of Magnesia Tablet. Bicarbonate of Soda .,

*am

=15 .1511

IVIadauu

Make Money at Howe

Everything as perfect as care and All that it money can make it.

Ia Sal sl Makesiselle

costs you in addition is the expressage.

Compact, Light, Portable and Cheap.
OUR BOOKLET, SENT FREE ON APPLICATION, TELLS ALL ABOUT "101 DELICIOUS DRINKS."

190 Vsarn? Faitinfe=

HAREFUr WESSERS

COMPRESSED GAS CAPSULE CO. ;,MEAVSOYNOIEK

THIS ARTICLE WAS SET IN SOUVENIR LIGHT ITALIC WITH BOLD ITALIC

=agiQiir""

18

Something for Everybody from U&lc.

OUR CHANGING LANGUAGE

For all kinds of purposes, the English language has been growing so quickly that MerriamWebster must scurry to keep up with mutants in fields such as sports, computer science, the drug subculture, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, neurosciences, and ecology. Some words, such as"sputnik,' are important as soon as they come into being. The importance of other words doesn't become evident until long after their first use. The first citation for"atomic bomb" we have is 1917, but it wasn't put in a dictionary until 1947.
NOS1311VWN INJVW

Candidates for the next dictionary are being scrutinized by the expertsneologisms such as "logophag" (one who eats one's wordsStewart Alsop's term for Senator George McGovern), "tenuree" (one who is tenured), and "kissee" (one who is kissed) among others. But the game works both ways. Philologian Emmett Murphy's heart leaped up whenpreparing the editionhe beheld the word "introgenous" three times inThomas Huxley's "On the Origin of Species, as when Dr. Huxley traced the horse back to "a minute particle of introgenous matter It was, alas, a typographical error for"nitrogenous:'

"CHAUVINISM"
Everybody knows the phrase "male chauvinist pig:' But there are few who know the derivation. Nicolas Chauvin was a gallant soldier of Napoleon I, wounded in battle and everlastingly devoted to his peerless leader. By his own standards, he was one of the few true patriots remaining in France after his hero's exile, and he was not shy about express ing his continuing high regard for Napoleon. It is ironic that his excessive zeal in behalf of a cause most of his countrymen thought well lost resulted in his becoming an object of ridicule. Perhaps, though, Nicolas Chauvin has the last laugh for, though all those who mocked him are long-forgotten, his name remains in the language of us all the word chauvinism being coined to describe his fanaticism. And it remains ever popular today as the one best word to indicate militant, boastful, and wholly unreasoning devotion to one's country, one's race, or one's gender.

FORNIGRAPHY: A NEW ART FORM COMBINING SEX AND TYPOGRAPHY

RR
RH RH

"AMPERSANIX'THE SIGN & IS CALLED THE AMPERSAND, FROMTHE PHRASE "AND PER SE AND" OR"&"BY ITSELF MEANS"AND:'THE CHARACTER IS BELIEVED TO HAVE ORIGINATEDAS AN ABBREVIATION OF THE LATIN Er MEANING "AND:' PRONUNCIATION? AM-PER-SAND.

"AVANT-GARDE"

MARRIAGE MMIRIAGE

THE END

A literal translation of the French words making up avant-garde would be "before the guard" The English modification of it is vanguard, meaning a group in the leading position in any field. Tbday, the original French phrase is used to designate leaders in political and intellectual fields. In this use it also usually connotes a deviation from the normal pattern, as in the case of avant-garde poetry, avant-garde art, and so on. Itis alsothe name of a popular current typeface, designed by Herb Lubalin.

HERB LUBALIN

1VHOIN312.1VW

I met Roger Excoffon, one of France's leading graphic designers, in London a few months ago. He told me that his design for the French Internal Revenue Service tax form had been selected over many others submitted to the IRS. The reason? Souvenir Light! The French IRS asked him specifically to get in touch with the designer of this face and congratulate him for his contribution to the advancement of communications because of Souvenir's extreme legibility We want to thank the French IRS for their perceptiveness, and the original designer, Morris Fuller Benton and the re-designer, Ed Benguiat for making us (ITC) look so good.
USA/IRS PLEASE TAKE NOTE!
Commune et Departement

19

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"EGGHEAD"
lead was first used by Ower son..Abne of the famed essee Shad stories beloved )y readers of the early days e century e word was revived during 952 Eisenhower-Stevenson Daign. There's no doubt that s often used invidiously and isagingly by commentators [ anti-intellectual stripe. But, gh Stevenson and his assos were lampooned as eggIs, it's hard to believe that mne using the term seriously tioned that so fai- as formal .ation was concerned the leads rated Very high. iring more recent camns, and especially since the !rgate, the word has been used, perhaps because the itry is finally ready to con! that there might be a place lorality and intellect in high !s of our government after all.

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The first recorded appearance in print of the term hot dog was in 1903. The late Henry Mencken as would be expected by anyone familiar with his massive and enormously entertaining tome,"The American Language did some very thorough research on the origins of hot dog. His findings: Although sausages in rolls have been sold in this country for many years, the very first person to heat the roll and add mustard and relish was the famous Harry Stevens, concessionaire at the Polo Grounds and Yankee Stadium. And the coiner of the name hot dog? None other than the late T. A. Dorgan who, signing his work "Tad',' was without doubt the best-known sports cartoonist of the era.

PICA AN ABNORMAL CRAVING FOR CERTAIN UNNATURAL FOODS, AS PICKLES AND ICE CREAM, SOMETIMES OCCURRING IN PREGNANCY, HYSTERIA, AND CHLOROSIS.
SERIF
GOTHIC BOLD. SOUVENIR LIGHT

FEATURETTES WERE SET IN. AVANT GARDE EXTRA LIGHT. AVANT GARDE

GOTHIC DEMI CONDENSED.FRIZ QUADRATA, KORINNA, KORINNA BOLD.

20

This is a favorite of mine typographically as well as conceptually. The typography is hardly flamboyant or inventive and certainly not meant to be. It's meant to be intelligent, logical and clear in a most complex situation; trying to capture in book form 46 hours of continuous CBS News television coverage of the first landing on the moon. Typography attempts to distinguish and separate CBS News 'voices' from astronauts, Houston Center voices' and editorial transitions, etc. It breaks down as follows: In all six typefaces were used throughout this book.

Man on the Moon July20,21

(1) Kobel for displayNote title and cover and frontispiecethe only 'designed' typography. Also used for dayto-day section dividers and storyboard heads. (2) Century ExpandedAppears for editorial transitionsbetween voices or to establish time and locations intelligence. (3) Century Expanded ItalicThese are verbatim CBS News reports as they appeared on the air. So Century Expanded Italic represents CBS News. (4) Century BoldIdentifies CBS News people who are being quoted (in Century Expanded Italic). Also Century Bold used for verbatim 'voices' of the astronauts and the Houston Space Center people or everyone but CBS News. (5) Century Bold ItalicIdentifies all other voices' other than CBS News. (6) Spartan MediumIn 4 pt. typeface captions for the off-the-screen photos of the entire event (treated as a storyboard). Also to identify each frame accurately as to the moment it appeared on the television screen. LOU DORFSMAN, USA

MY BEST WITH LETIEI

This ad was prepared for presentatio purposes only. While designing the al liked the way the pieces fell together so easily. The two-part headline, with its allusic to original sin, had a see-saw quality which allowed either part lo be read 1 Using a compass, Futura Light transfl sheet type, an Art Kane foto and stats. I designed this "poster ad" to be seen across a conference table rather Thai paging through a magazine. I did it in 1969 and on subsequent vie ing I'm sure it's not my best bit of typc raphy. But at the time it satisfied me c a solution and impressed those being presented. GENE FEDERICO, USA Several remarkable things happenec during my work for the Swedish coma "addo-x" Difficult to believe but true, it took only 6 or 7 minutes to be told to design a new trademark and get its visual appearance approved by the c executive. I still recall my saying, "Fa 'addo-x' means four circles sitting on horizontal line culminating in an 'X'" to demonstrate my idea, I sketched il the empty corner of an architects pla lying on the desk in front of me.That it.This historic event took place in the Spring of 1956. LADISLAV SUTNAR, USA

1056:20 72069
by CBS News over the CBS Television Network.

EDT

The historic. voioptest of the noton as reported to the American people

The first critical moment of the day in space was coming up. Collins was alone in the Command Module; and Armstrong and Aldrin were in the Lunar Module preparing for the undocking, the next step toward the moon landing. The separation would take place seconds after the spacecraft came around the near side of the moon. Collins would fire the service propulsion system engine to pull away from the Lunar Module, and Armstrong and Aldrin would be on their own.

Capeom: Hello, Eagle, Houston. We're standing by. Over.

Eagle, Houston. We see you on the steerable. Over. Ceonkitei That volt to Engle is to the Lunar Module. The Command Module's call-word is Colunthin. Our simulation shows a sophistirated maneuver at this fine, cos Alike Collins in the Com land Module takes a good look ,,t the LIII7,11 . Alod ale, checks if oat by atonal observation. He advises the crew ol the bloat. Modide, Armstrong and Aldrin, that they look porn!, arid ad rise,: He ground ref tlint as well. Finally. Eagle answered and the anxious moments were over.

Eagle: Roger. Eagle. Stand by. Caprom: Roger. Eagle. How does it look?
Armstrong's happy voice cut through the 242,000 miles of space to earth: "The Eagle has wings." And Eagle indeed did have wings, as Armstrong pulled the LM away from Mike Collins in the Command Module. Then Collins prepared to ignite Columbia's engine for the final separation maneuver.

Columbia: I think you've got a fine looking fly ing machine there,
Eagle, despite the fart you're upside down.

Eagle: Somebody's upside down. m Columbia: Okay Eagle, one minute to T. You guys take rare.

Dear Friend Burns, At first, it did not seem difficult for me to comply with your wishto select one of my works which I like and to explain why I like it. As Nicholas Jensen prognosticated by his perfect typesetting, in the 15th Century, the modern, photomechanical handling of letters is not limited in respect to space by the traditional laws of handsetting. The monumental typography which had such success in recent years is already being discredited by the fantastic speed of passing time. We are now witnessing the tension between a dynamic scientific technology and the present fashionable line. At this point, we need to come back to the original, sound principles in the use of type. The second wave of Secession is already receding. Back to Bodoni, therefore? Not necessarily. Perhaps I only like it again after all these years. Or perhaps because I have not always been successful with editors in previous years. The task you set me has been a difficult one, my friend. It would have been much easier to simply select ten of my works. OLDRICH HLAVSA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA
THIS ARTICLE WAS SET IN AVANT GARDE DEMI CONDENSED

21

ATYPI COPE* HAGEN

A Proposition for Education in Letterforms and Handwriting
By Wim Crouwel

general. Regular patterns, in the widest Rhythmic scribbling exercises could serve sense, allow the greatest freedom of forms to uncover natural basic patterns. The most and shapes, and at the same time bring a important element in this pattern is the specific point of view which goes like a red angle or the different angles of movements; line through eery form that results from other elements are widths and heights this way of conceiving design. Let crys- which can only be defined at a later stage. tallography serve as an excellent example in Having defined the principal pattern eleNature!..." ments of each individual child, the actual teaching ofwriting can begin. . ." New rules for new methods...

".. . We have to create rules for a new design method; to work in accordance with these rules will lead to results which will fit into a new invisible system, this will not force us into uniformity but will allow the greatest degree of freedom and flexibility. . " "... At the same time letterforms will evolve away from their existing forms, and it will almost cease to be possible to make faithful copies of historical typefaces. (See for example what the Digiset, the Linotron, or any other CRT-machine, which works along the lines of regular patterns, is making of historical types. Take a close look through a magnifying-glass; because the pattern is so small as to be almost invisible to the naked eye, we accept these ill-shaped results!). .." "... So we no longer have to teach finished lettirforms, but instead we have to teach the rules of regular patterns; and we have to open up the fantastic world of pattern systems. .This is the grammar to serve a Ian guage of new forms and shapes . . ." "... almost every teaching method for handwriting starts with a determined pattern, and from the strict limitations of this basis, one has later to develop a personal style ... we have to invert this system. We have first to find the basic pattern which is strictly personal for each individual, so as to explore the existing creativity of the child; personality in handwriting style can then start much earlier and will develop far more harmoniously..." "... Different teaching systems exist today. Systems that use single, double, triple, or more lines along which to write; systems that start off beginners with a flexible pen, a flat pen or a pencil; systems that use preprinted examples, which start with the single letter, or which start with certain lettercombinations; or the most advanced system, which starts with the drawing. But all these systems have one thing in common: the result is to be more or less the same script so as to provide a communication tool. This utility purpose is primary; selfexpression is always secondary. . ." Self-expression is co-primary... "... In my opinion both purposes are equally important; neither should be given preference. Certainly not in this era of typewriters, dictaphones and other tools, which serve the same purposes of communication just as well or even better. . ." Instead of trying to teach every individual child to write in the same style, with the underlying belief that this will later change automatically into a more personal style, we should help the child by the rules of the game and by the natural feeling for the basic patterns. For this we have to discover basic patterns from a study of the child's uncontrolled scribbling in its pre-writing period, and these will provide basic directions towards its natural feeling for rhythm.
4 . .

im Crouwel sees letterforms as a means to personal expression. Excerpts from his observations follow... ... When talking about 'education in letter)rms,' we cannot separate this activity -om other activities in the field of creative ducation. In my view, education in letterirms means helping a human being to find personal form of expression through letn-forms. It dOenot mean learning how to opy existing types... we have discovered ow nonsensical it is to follow any of the umerous 'how-to-do-it' systems." .. the same critical point has been reached most other fields of education. It is no mger possible to talk about 'beauty' or igliness,' or about 'good taste' or 'bad taste' 1 absolute terms. 'Aesthetic' has become a :rm which can be interpreted in many dif'sent ways. Any shape for a utility-object is 3 good as any other shape, as long as it ,rues a certain purpose; as long as it is ecoomically satisfactory in handling So any :tterform is as good as any other letterform iday, provided it serves a certain aim . . ."
.

o longer a basic standard . . .

isic

.. The result is that there is no longer any standard to which we can refer, either )r shape in general, or more specifically for tterforms. Today we are still willing to :cept that certain historic typefaces are .,:rfect examples, mainly because these pes were in accord with the time of their eation, and perfectly expressed that time. ut what typeface today expresses our me? Is it the so-called computer-type with _range dots and thicknesses here and tere? Or is it the neutral easy-to-read sans:rif? Is it the standanlized functional forms handwriting with those ball-point pens hich are forced into the child's fingers?"
-

.. The only way out of this critical stage in :signing and teaching is, in my view, a Ilular approach to the problems. This eans thinking along the lines of cellular ttterns as a basic structure for design in

designed with this in mind. All this public lettering is thus a factor in social life in quite a different sense from ordinary reading and writing and it is a new factor. It has become part of the environment and its problems. It is lettering for these new and various uses, as opposed to the design of text typefaces for books and newspapers upon which I propose to concentrate here...The characters which we write or which we read in "... The complete regular pattern can be used right away without the fear of disturb- books are normally small black marks on white paper. Those which we see dising the natural free movement because this played in advertisements, in shops, on the pattern is itself a record of free muscle streets, on the screen are made up of all reflexes. For these earliest writing exercises, we should not teach basic symbols of sorts of sizes, mostly large, or very large; in the alphabet in a specific traditional form, all sorts of materials, plastic, metal, ceramic, fibreglass, etc., as well as paper; but only basic form-characteristics. These produced by many different sorts of probasic form-characteristics should be shown cesses; and in many cases, with the added in such a way that the child can interpret dimensions of color, artificial illumination them in its own way. A moving picture could serve this purpose, or a series of and movement.... public and display lettering everywhere leaves much to be slides could show the symbol in different desired...one of the things to be done is to existing forms. The idea is not to show a educate public authorities as well as those specific "a," etc.. .." who commission, and those who read, so Wim Crouwel is head of the Total Design that they can discriminate between good Studio in Amsterdam. and bad lettering. We need to show them what good lettering is like, and the ways in which it can enrich instead of defacing our surroundings." How do you think about letters?... Lettering and Society "...We have all been shown what good lettering is like. We have only to look at the By Nicolete Gray best Roman inscriptions to see the most beautiful possible letterforms.... Everything depends on how you think about letters. If you think of them conceptually, as signs which are individualisations of an idea in the mind, which are beautiful in so far as this idea is clear and correct, and its realisation is skilled, then perhaps we need only to maintain this revival. This is a classical way of thinking, and it undoubtedly produced very beautiful and sensitive classical lettering on classical buildings. But we ettering no longer build in the classical style, and can and should be infinitely diverse one has only to look at the Roman letters This was the theme of Nicolete Gray's pre- produced in the forms of perspex boxes now to be seen in many streets, to realise sentation. Mrs. Gray focused on letterforms that Romans are not readily adaptable to for display purposes. The thread of her all uses and materials. The classical idea comments weaves through the following that each letter has one perfect form is one excerpts of her text... which was tied at the Renaissance to the "...lettering is a means of communication stone-cut...monumental letter of the and as such performs a vital social func- Romans. Perhaps if we detach it from this tion. But...reading is a very private affair arbitrary connection it will still work today. It and the written word implies lack of con- can surely be more logically applied to a tact...This written product is received by an sanserif letter based on objective geometindividual, and the criterion of the success rical principles. The result is just one sort of and value of any lettering is, in the final letter applied to all purposes. Is this really resort, its impact upon individuals. I pro- what we want? To a certain extent, we pose therefore, to begin my inquiry on the have it already and can imagine the result. side of the reader:" Surely it would not only become very monotonous but also unfunctional. Far from Here Mrs. Gray reflected on the impact of lettering in the life of different kinds of peo- being more restful, one would be obliged to read everything, instead of being able ple in a variety of everyday situations. She feels that "... For most people lettering is not to recognize the kind of product at a glance by its lettering style. The idea of a only omnipresent in everyday life, but takes a great variety &forms...people are nor- house-style, in itself restful and convenient, would disappear. In a station, how would mally involved in two quite different sorts of directions be differentiated from advertisereading. One is private and voluntary; we choose whether to make notes or write let- ments? And why should the advertiser be deprived of this direct way of catching the ters, whether or not to read a book, what eyes of indifferent readers? And most relebook and for how long. When we are tired vant of all to my mind, why should we of it we close the book and its contents are deprive ourselves of the possibility of makseen no more. But the other greater part of our daily reading is involuntary if not actu- ing our environment gayer and more lively?" ally against our will. Even book jackets and record sleeves are displayed in shops, and The letters as a visual sound...

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ATYP1 COPE* HAGEN 19Th

"...A monetary consideration of the analogy of the spoken word may be illuminating. In ordinary speech we seldom note the quality of a voice: we are more interested in whether what is said is audible and distinct. But we also recognize that words can be shouted to attract attention, or can blare at us and become a menace; or they can be spoken or sung with such art as to give a whole gamut of entertainment from the trivial to the sublime. The possibilities of the art of lettering are parallel. I see letters as a medium by which the designer transmits not just the meaning which the words spell out, but also his attitude to those words. This may be completely impersonal, as in a directional sign, when it should be as clear and simple as possible; or the designer may make his point with a simple visual transferencefat letters to spell the word 'fat '. He may wish to evoke various connotations in advertising scent or cigarettes; or the shape of the letters may be an opening into a world of fantasy as with the nineteenth century fairy story illustrators, or in a different way Saul Steinberg. Lettering may also be used to convey deep persc ,u1 feeling, as by Rudolph Koch, or to jive a sense of the sublime import of what is written, as by medieval artists copying the Gospels." "If letters are thought of as a medium, their physical qualities regain importance. The whole thingcolor, form, dimensionis important and integral and they can all equally be used to fulfill the purpose in hand..." Qualityhow to recognize it... "...If letters are indefinite concepts, which are a medium for diverse purposes, how can we expect individuals or committees to discriminate between good and bad? And most important of all, how are we to train art students to master this medium? For many years.I have been trying to think out and check the criteria by which lettering should be judged. There are various definite factors; fitness for purpose, which includes legibility; fitness for the place and the material and process in question; competence of execution; judgment in details of design and spacing; sensitivity in delineation; feeling for individual letter character; originality. The relative importance of these factors varies with each particular job.... Sensitizing the student.... Finally we come to the vital question of the training of art students in letter-design. To what end should such a training be adapted? Surely to meet the requirements of present-clay society; again the sort of usage I suggested earlier. For calligraphy in the sense of formal pen writing or illuminating, I see little place. Lettering as a personal means of expression is for the specialist; the sort of course which I envisage might lead to this, but it should be primarily directed to commercial usesor rather possibilitiesof lettering. it has been my argument that lettering can and should be infinitely diverse... All Students should know something about the principles and the history of sanserif and roman letters, and be able to use them and to discriminate between good and bad designs, suitable and unsuitable usage. But beyond this, how are they to achieve versatility in this medium which is potentially so rich in scope and opportuniTHIS WAS SET IN AVANT GARDE GOTHIC BOOK

ty? If we expect invention and originality, how can such talent be trained and fostered? Current practice seems to consist in reviving designs from trendy decades of the recent past, which thought it had reintroduced a few good designs, seems a barren and defeatist method." "There are two methods of approach by which the designer can expand his formal lettering vocabulary and find a training which will discipline and enlarge his native invention. One is the application of geometrical principles, the other is the study of the past." "...I am not a revivalist; I do not believe that you should use Roman rustics today, any more than that we should build classical or Gothic buildings. I do however, think that no letter is obsolete which is legible, and that all forms are usable, provided that there is a good reason for their use. As I see the history of lettering, its pattern consists in a series of classical revivals, followed by periods of experiment and invention." Even the great tangled Baroque letters, Pre-Carolingians, art nouveau forms, compressed sansserifs, eighth century Irish capitals or brick and tile Kufic lettering still has its place when appropriately fitted to the design problem involved. ..Or again suppose the problem is linear, a neon sign or a line which grows on the TV Screen; the handwriting of the contemporary student does not easily work up into lively movement, but he can find delightful convolutions in late Roman cursive script and in the books of the early French writing masters. The lettering work of the past is like a great store where the designer can search for forms of letters, ideas, and inspiration--according to his problems and his taste."

1. "Gutenberg brought us lettercasting, page make-up, and left and right justification" 2. "In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the diagonal stress of the broad quill pen determined the shape of both gothic and roman types, especially in the lowercase" as the end of the seventeenth century and particularly in the eighteenth century, punchcutters began to veer away from existing forms at much the same speed as calligraphers made increasing use of pointed pens, and made sharpness and fine lines into their ideal!'

Technical Training for Technicians and Typographers

By Adrian Frutiger

3. "As early

4. "An important influence towards a departure from Renaissance typefaces was exerted by Louis XIV... outlines of the letters for the new typeface were laid down on a grid of forty-eight by forty-eight squares. However these carefully built-up outline drawings had to be transferred to copperplates as engravings, and then cut by hand upon punches by Grandjean ... in so doing he departed to some extent from the originals... it, nevertheless, set the general pattern for typecasters of that time, and the principle of a stronger vertical stress"
5. "The development of calendered paper by Baskerville and Bodoni, and the invention of papier velin in France, made it possible to cut punches with still finer lines and to increase the contrast with vertical strokes. Rounded serifs were gradually abandoned and were replaced by fine horizontal terminals!' 6. "Between 1800 and 1850 punchcutters excelled in virtuosity, competing against the onset of lithographic alphabets some of them highly ornate. These new designs were admirable more for their technical brilliance than for their aesthetic excellence...Following the delicate classic forms of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, attempts were made to alter the thickness and forms of main stems as well as serifs. This led to light and bold, narrow and wide, and partly decorated display faces of the early industrial age: Egyptian, Bold Roman, Clarendon and ultimately to every kind of sanserif Grotesque!'

In conclusion Mrs. Gray says...students must: 1. Learn to draw. 2. Analyse existing alphabets. Here Max Caflisch notes the influence on 3. Think about design problems (including letterforms of such diverse inventions as materials, purpose, and working). Jacquard's punch card controlled loom, photog4. Have a wide vocabulary of letterforms. raphy Braille's abstract alphabet for the blind,
Nicolete Gray is a Professor at Central School of Art and Design, London writing and letterform design.

he norms, there's a good reason for them. That's Adrian Frutiger's position and here ai some of the things he said to support it... "...The strength with which memories ai retained depends upon the strength of of feelings when they were formed, or upon tt number of times they are repeated. The lette of our alphabet are part of the 'images' whic are most deeply rooted within us ...the: images of sign form the fundamental e ments of reading and writing..." Who 'makes' typography today... "...A very clear distinction is made took between two kinds of printed communicatic The first consists of texts composed in small ( medium sizes of type, produced by fast col posing machines, in order to transmit kno\ edge, ideas and information. The types use are increasingly subject to strict rules, whic result in widespread comprehension of ti types. The second category comprises fan( types, whose shapes may assume every ima inable style, right to the very limits of legibili without upsetting the reader who is firmly set] his reading habits. Why is this so? BecauE fewer words are used, their range of meanin is limited, and because these textseven wile they are meant to convey a meaning al viewed more like an illustration, and are see rather than read, that is to say they do not ft. "...About ten years ago the first so-called elE tronic letters appeared. Readers were at fir shocked by their deformed appearance, 1 their illogical and discordant excrescence Nevertheless their use served to accompliE an act of liberation so far as traditional forrr were concerned. The chain was broken; ne forms of writing appeared, freed from the ters of tradition, and this act cleared the stac for creativity; the results can be seen today periodicals and poSters. It is not easy to judc. theirqualy.Yon person in charge of groups of graphic desic ers making typefaces now has to change h teaching programme, so as to take inl account the psychological changes whic have occurred." Typography for continuous texts ... "It is necessary to stress the essential c ference which exists between text types ar display types, because in exactly the same wi there are really two categories of type desk ers; it is hard for one and the same designer I work in both fields." "....One criticism might be made here: tyf designers do not keep up fast enough with tt

intoplayersu

The Interdependence of Technique and Typography

By Max Caflisch

the Morse Code, the Telephone and the wireless, the scanning tube and the CRT transistors, lasers, and of course, hot metal composing machines. He continues this historical review noting the influence of filmsetting systems, OCRs, digitally produced alphabets and the requirement of reading machines. He concludes: "...Radical alterations to the traditional, basic forms of our alphabet are neither desirable nor possible. Newly invented letters, however ingenious, are not likely to become widely accepted. Let us remember what Stanley Morison wrote in his First Principles, 'A type which is to have anything like a present, let alone a future, will be neither very"different" nor very"jolly."The demand that we make of a typeface is not simplicity but legibility This legibility along with familiar letterforms, must be preserved in the future, despite technical developments that may still arise.'" "The automation of manufacture for highspeed setting is a task for the future; the creation of legible and aesthetically satisfying typefaces is the task of the type designer"

he interdependence of technique and typography is traced by Max Caflisch from the medieval scribes through today's reading machines. In sum, he notes:

Max Caflisch is head of the Department

of Arts and Crafts of Kunstgewerbeschule, Zurich. He is also a Professor.

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lopment of new kinds of machines, and :onsulted too late in the day. Thus for Iple the 18-unit system seems to be set to years ahead. Yet one knowsdespite act that typography using the 18-unit sysforms a good basis for qualitythat grow, for a limited investment, it will be ible to produce a typography which will no limitations at all of units affecting is. So it seems paradoxical that a virtue is dy made of necessity, and that the shapes tters which are limited by techniques in !nt use are fixed to form prototypes in the ar's subconscious (for example, types for composition are today cast on 18-units rrespond with the 'standard of reading' of ke of typesetting machine in widespread ... Those responsible for the results ned are no longer only the type designers Iso the filmsetter operators, who hold in hands the possibility of debasing funantal forms, of altering traditional spacing, hanging upright lines to a slope, and of 1g around with the weight of the strokes." refore it is a most important matter that a. artistic training be given to the techns who are in daily control of machines. a Stradivarius costing 100,000 dollars make beautiful music on its own." .training type designers... might say that hardly any problems arise ining type designers to make text type ... .training operators ...

Type in Our Environment

By Armin Hofmann

integrate them. The alphabet has become eager to co-operate, and is fully capable of assuming new co-ordinating roles. The media are beginning to overlap and combine and even to swallow each other up, so as to arise anew. "The coming generation of designers will have to take on the task of constructing openended, superior communication systems in which type may have its part to play, but which will be quite unlike anything we know today." Armin Hofmann is head of Graphic Design Department of the School of Design, Basel.

Knowledge and awareness of type and letterforms for other professional groups... ...If we wish to emphasize the importance of letterforms as our most significant means of communication... then other professional groups must be made acquainted with the many styles and varieties of letterforms already in existence... such as architects, industrial designers, communication experts, journalists, television technicians, specialists in the role of newspapers, publishers, booksellers, and librarians "Letterforms must also be presented to the public in more attractive guise if they are to arouse greater interest..." "The aim is to popularise letterforms amongst all age groups and social strata. To gain support for this view, it would be advisable to include a study of letterforms in the curricula of all introductory courses offered by schools whose main concerns are form and color." Here Dr. Lange referred to the influence of Johannes Itten and noted that... "The success of his educational theories was in no small measure due to the fact that he was prepared to adapt his theories in the light of practical experience." Noting the shrinking job market for type designers Dr. Lange sees... "The main task of all these groups is at present the creation of subtle adaptations of existing types, in conformity with the requirements of particular composition techniques, mechanical systems, or raw materials. This is not a creative task..." "Despite these limitations there are other possibilities. Anyone possessing a good grounding in the theory and practice of type design, coupled with skills in typography, photography or design will not lack employment. Hence the basic idea behind such a revised educational program should be to provide students with a creative model within the general framework of type design. Its aim would be to cultivate a sense of form, color and proportion in the individual student, which would bring about a general raising of standard of formal perception." He suggests a basic course with the following subjects required... "Precision drawing, study of contrasts, optical illusions, theory of colors, studies of materials and textures, introduction to manual graphic techniques, and principles of photography." For courses in type design he would include... "Practice in writing and drawing typefaces, bookhand typefaces, sanserifs, Modern serifs, Egyptian serifs, English copperplate writing styles, study of the form of earlier romans and italics, type widthspast and present, legibility, hand-cut types, phonetic typefaces, semantic characters, electronic reproduction and recording of type, modification of letterforms arising from reproeducational techniques, letterforms for headlines, non-representational uses of letterforms, letterforrns in mobile advertising, letterforms in architecture and space, letterforms as educational aids, and significance of letterforms in the context of total design." "These headings are merely intended as keywords and can be developed. They contain the basis of a training course for specialists in the field of type design. Investigations into legibility and psychological effects of letterforms should complement these courses. For the writing down of letterforms only serves to elucidate
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fter appropriate bows to the crucial role played by moveable type in the development of our culture, Armin Hofmann suggests that the alphabetical system may have outgrown its usefulness. He compares writing to speech. In writing one must learn to string together fragments to make words, phrases, ideas. This is becoming too awkward, too slow, too limiting... "A brief comparison between the written word and our other traditional means of communication, namely speech, clearly establishes that the latter is in a better position to cope with the deterioration of meaning, form and practice. Due to its more flexible structure, it can adapt more speedily and is in general able to react more decisively to the challenges of our time. Speech is less formal, less determinate, less definite, less tied to technology than writing; it is not so firmly fixed in time and is a more highly articulated, efficient means of expression; it is more discriminating and controllable, it is more easily corrected than the written word... "Naturally it is not a question of spoken language serving as a pattern for written language, nor vice versa of written language serving as a pattern for speech. But if we compare both communication systems, we come across some interesting factors relating to quality, speed and differences in perceptual processes; and we pick up hints about the direction which future methods of communication might possibly take. "Moveable letters secured a new freedom of movement from the time their material forms ceased to be restricted to wood, metal or synthetics. Far too little importance has been given to this fact, for otherwise we would have realised immediately that filmsetting dispenses with those functions which were the backbone of the original invention: individual parts are no longer interchanged, nor do they run only in one direction; they are no longer restricted to the previous limited range of sizes, no longer chained to type-carriers, no longer limited to specific dimensions... "The written word has moved closer to spoken language, to gesture and can now be compared more readily with representational images. Technical developments point to the possibility of disseminating messages that are more precise and more colorful. "The alphabet is now less dependent upon any one system. It has reached a stage where it can be used in conjunction with other communication methods and systems. It can be used to assist in getting across complicated subject matter, it can assimilate complementary elements from systems alien to itself and
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Education and Training in Letterforms

By Gunter Gerhard Lange

ypographic educationfor whom?... "... Professional groups concerned with education in letterforms as part of vocational training schemes are: poster designers, manufacturers of signboards, graphic designers, advertising agents, typographers, book designers, engravers, stonemasons, teachers in the fields of type design, composition,and printing." "These groups usually develop an interest in fundamental problems of letterforms while studying calligraphy and drawing. At present the emphasis is on classical inscriptions, calligraphy and historical examples of letterforms." "Instruction in the field of type design is bound to have a subjective bias, since it is dependent on the teacher's personality. He chooses the examples which will provide his students with their standards of workmanship. Tuition is backward looking, at best conservative in content, and buoyed up by exercises in calligraphy and expressive writing. Occasional practice in alphabet design allows the students to study the difference between static and dynamic concepts of letterforms "Today's students do not possess the patience required to work on page after page of calligraphic exercises. They totally reject the concept of lessons in writing as a form of disciplinary exercise.. ," "...By now it should have become quite clear that education in letterforms is in need of radical reform. We must begin our inquiries into this subject with the question: How, and for what purpose? ... The narrow view of education in letterforms as a question simply of calligraphic exercise must be abandoned...writing is not only the preserve of experts." "...To ensure that knowledge imparted to students is up to date, a short compendium of the principal works of international importance in our field would be of value. A committee, responsible for compiling such a study should be set up under the auspices of A.TYP.I."

training of operators for filmsetting lines poses quite different and far more trtant problems. We might go back to the ufacturer and ask to what extent he is )nsible for training the user of a filmsetter numerous capacities. Or ought we to it to schools, with their limited and often fated means, to make it their concern to :rye quality in composition? Might not the ling of a new method of composition be e the responsibility (including with the tion of quality) of both industrialists and ationalists? ..." ling automatic reading... matic machines will be subservient to s needs, and tomorrow they will be able to not only the most beautiful alphabets, tut deforming them, but they will also be :o read all our handwriting. n recognize any letter I receive from a i in any part of the world by his handwritHandwriting is an aspect of personality an expression of character...when one iders automatic reading, the same quesIways comes up: how can a machine ever 3nize the many different kinds of handig for such purposes as sorting mail? We only assert that we see considerable ress in this field..." does not mean that a great deal more t not be said on the question of how to handwriting properly. But I would like to this topic to qualified specialists, and I ly wish to say that it no longer means to us cquisition of a 'fine hand' but rather the ing out of fundamental structures which De internationally applicable, and which I help different peoples throughout the I with different tongues to understand one ter." n Frutiger is a Type Designer, running his audio for typography and letterform design, her with his associate Bruno Pfaffh in Paris.
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As TYP s I
THE ASSOCIATION TYPOGRAPHIQUE INTERNATIONALE MORAL CODE OF THE ASSOCIATION TYPOGRAPHIQUE INTERNATIONALE

their distinctive features. Type designers of the old school have no place in our future; we ask a great deal more of contemporary type designers. It is in this spirit that education in letterforms ought to be reformed."

The Association Typographique Internationale, Logotypesanother story... founded in 1957, owes its existence to the vision "The rule of the alphabet game is that and energy of Charles Peignot. the President of twenty-six signs must all relate to each other A.TYP.I.from1957 to1967. Need forsuch an organibecame obvious to him through his experiin any combination. But with logotypes, zationas a type-founder, machine manufacturer, ence consisting of three or four letters, these artist, editor, film-maker and businessman. His Dr. Gunter Gerhard Lange is Art Director, rules are changed as there are only three or skillful direction of the 'Association has gained H. Berthold AG, Berlin. four signs which have to relate to each other universal respect for A.TYP.I. The Association was founded with the convicand no longer twenty-six. Through this the typographic cannot change of the rules we can arrive at a dif- tion thatproper protection artsnew typeadvance without for designs, ferent letterformin fact a letterform which and without efforts toward better typography. The Rules of the Game It was realized that a matter of fundamental does not only belong to an existing alphabet as in the case of Mobil but a sequence of five importance was to create first, a moral climate By FHK Henrion legal conditions, new letters, in this case of a known typeface; but and next, designed to suit in which new types could be old and typothrough the very simple device of having graphical techniques. It was also realized that blue letters with a red '0' or black letters with artists should be stimulated to create new type an outline '0' becomes a familiar and legally designs, and that the relationship between the manufacturers of type faces (in the form of printregisterable word feature, i.e., logotype." ing type matrices or film alphabets) and the type "In corporate design, in packaging, in initials designers could be improved. It was also acfor a well-known international company, the cepted thatto promote bettertypography was a challenging and important task. design of logotypes has become very imSince its foundation, A.TYP.I. has attempted to portant. In fact in many ways it has become obtain effective international protection for new more important than the design of symbols, type designs. Copying type designs is not a new problem, but in a type-founder who because every symbol must have a word ref- decided to copy the pasttypefounder's design another has become erence so that if you have a symbol you need was put to considerable expense in equipaxiomatic of late to refer to design a word in addition.. :' ping himself with the required founts of type, and could only complete them after months of as a problem-solving activity, no matter Conclusion... work. Today, a new type design can be cheaply whether it is industrial design, and can be ready for "These are just indications how letter design copied by photography, film negatives or letter communication design, or any other sale within a few days as in logotypes and display lettering can enrich transfersheets, in which form they are so lig ht that kind of design and I believe our environment on the lines indicated and they can be flown across the world to every whatever design we practice we must advocated by Nicolete Gray. I can only very country which does not restrict them by tariff. recognize the rules of the game If those concerned with the progress of the warmly endorse what she has said that the within which we play. not now to the challenge is enormous and our environment typographic arts do the give thoughtuse of film, increasing These rules apply of course equally in the capable of great improvements with the full implications of generations may condemn them for failareas of designing display letters and alpha- contributions of professional designers who future face up to their responsibilities, and espeing to bets. If we do equate design with problem- can apply themselves to whatever problems cially for failing to obtain effective international those solving the proper sequence of action is: they find; be it one of pure information or ad- protection for new type designs. It is as if works concerned with the protection of musical vertising, or of illuminated signs. Whatever had failed to obtain adequate protection before 1.State the objective to be achieved. we do, we either impoverish or enrich our the widespread use of gramophone records, 2. Analyse the situation. 3. Make a list of requirements and criteria. environment, and we can only do a proper radio, talking pictures, television, and tape recording. 4. Put the list of these requirements into a job if we are aware of the rules of the game, The aims of the Association as contained in what the criteria are; if we set the appropri- article II of the Statutes of the Association are as priority order and you define the rules of ate criteria to establish the particular rules of follows: the game. Its aim is to bring together, co-ordinate the the gaMe we can achieve our objectives in In spelling out these rules F.H.K. Henrion the most imaginative and the most appro- ideas and give effect to the wishes of all those whose profession has to do with the art of typogalso noted that... priate manner." raphy, namely: "...Rules of the game however determine FHK Henrion Is head of designers and typographers the varying emphasis of these criteria in any Henrion Design Associates, London. type-founders and manufacturers of composing rticular case, the priority of each over the machines (for metal or film). Oi. ' and therefore by establishing them we printing houses, and adyertising firms, associaEndings, beginnings and continuums tions, and professional bodies (also any individare 'Ale step further towards understanding .. All good things should come to a uals, companies, groups or clubs interested in particular problems." typography) beginning. And so it was with the Mr. Henrion accepted Adrian Frutiger's ...who declare their intention of giving moral 16th International Congress of support to the aims of the Association, and who thesis that letters of the alphabet are images are ready to make a united effort to proMote well anchored in our memory and that there the A.TYP.I. When it closed in good typography, to extend a critical knowlare two kinds of lettering: text for pure infor- Copenhagen lost August it gave edge of the subject, and to uphold principles in mation and display lettering "which can be birth to a Working Seminar to be respect of legal rights. shown in all imaginable type variations and "To promote a procedure of arbitration for dealing with typographical matters. imaginative evolutions and deformations." held in November, 1974, in (lase!, His comments focused on the latter, which Switzerland. The theme will be "To ensure world-wide contact and cooperation between organizations and bodies with similar he recognizes can become "almost illegible The Teaching of Letterforms, Signs, aims. without however impairing the process of and Symbole The organizational "To create an international center for documenreading." The virtue of the rules is not simply tary information on typographical matters. that they help state and solve problems but committee includes Aaron Burns, "To set up for its members an information center that in spite of their requirements and limita- Nicolete Gray, Andre Gurtler to co-ordinatetheiractivities, so as to avoid losses tions they make many solutions possible. (Chairman), Ernest Hoch, Alfred which might arise if one member works in ignoAfter showing some examples of different Hoffman, Walter Jungkind, Christian rance of what is being done by others. approaches to one problem he notes... "To offer its services to members for the protection Mengelt, Niklaus Morgenthaler, of their interests. "...These are all examples of typical design Ralph Prins, Karl Schneider and "To act as arbitrator in any dispute which might problems where the aim to be achieved is arise amongst its members, or to refer them to a very clearly stated, certain limitations im- Michael Twyman. For more details third party outside the Association. and up-to-date information please posed, but the ways and means to achieve exhibitions, these aims within these limitations are left contact Andre Gurtler at Allgemeine "Finally, to organize various activities,etc., which publications, films, conferences, completely free so that they can be, as we Gewerbeschule School of Design, might develop a critical knowledge of typography amongst the public' have shown here, greatly varied...Any deVogelsangstrasse 15, CH-4000 sign problem can be solved and the result One of the first actions of the Association was to establish a moral code as a guide to its members measured by comparing a number of solu- Basel, Switzerland. in recognizing rights in type designs . tions as twits appropriateness."
-

Whereas one of the aims of the Association T), graphique Internationale as given in artic of the Statutes is "To fight by all means in its power against authorized copying; and to insist on the obr once of industrial properly laws and copy legislation, and to uphold among its mem the principles of professional ethics expre: in its moral code:' Members of the Association Typographi Internationale agree to honour the folio\ Moral Code, provided it does not conflict National or International law. (1) In accordance with the terms or the Vie Agreement for the Protection of Type Faces their International Deposit, members undersl typefaces to mean sets of designs of: (a) letters and alphabets as such with their cessories such as accents and punctuE marks (b) numerals and other figurative signs suc conventional signs, symbols and scientific (c) ornaments such as borders, fleurons vignettes which are intended to provide means for c posing texts by any graphic technique. term "typefaces" does not include iypefE of a form dictated by purely technical req ments. (2) Members consider it to be incompatible their professional ethics to make a reproduc of another member's typeface, whether id cal or slightly modified, irrespective of medium, technique, form or size used, ui the owner of the typeface has given his w agreement on terms granting a license. (3) If, after a minimum period of fifteen yec thetypeface first being offered for sale, the a refuses to grant a licence, members may sider themselves free to manufacture a sit typeface, and to offer it for sale under anE name, where the typeface is not protecte , suchmeantrdk erty rights, copyrights, laws against unfair c petition, or private agreements. (4) If the adaptation for contemporary use typeface entails a high degree of artistic skill ingenuity, members of A.TYP.I. consider it as b new, and will respecf the design according (5) Typographical layouts enjoy the same tection as typefaces. Members understand a typographical layc be an artistic creation made for selecting disposing typefaces, illustrations etc. for a cific purpose. (6) All typefaces and layouts will be consid to be new upon their first appearance untE board of experts nominated by the Boar ,Directors of A.TYP.I. rules to the contrary. (7) When licences are granted, member: recommended to specify precisely what are granted, and the purposes to which may be applied. Provisions should cover sible alterations and additions to a typefac which a licence is granted.

(8) If a dispute arises between members of A over the interpretation of the terms of this l Code, members ought not to resort to law be trying to settle the dispute between themsE Forthis purpose an arbitration committee cc set up within A.TYP.I. Only if parties to a disput to agree before an arbitration committee sh a lawsuit be started. The arbitration committee of A.TYPI.Is also petent to establish the fact that a copy has t made of a typeface by a non-member of A
U & lc is pleased to announce that it has just learned the result of The World Treaty on Intellectual Properties in June, 1973, in Vienna (as mentioned in the edito this issue of U&Ic) the United States Copyright Office' rently reviewing its position on the registration for cop protection of typeface designs and letterforms. We i stand that industry hearings may be held during the o months in Washington. This may well be the most sign opportunity of this century for American artists engal the field of letterform designs to achieve the same t legal recognition and protection for their work that is co today to composers, writers and other artists.

THIS ARTICLE WAS SET IN FRIZ QUADRATA WITH SERIF GOTHIC

THIS ARTICLE WAS SET IN AVANT GARDE BOOK WITH BOLD CONDENSED

ROGER HANE. JANUARY 3. 1939JUNE 17. 1974

.It is with numb disbelief that we write these inadequate words to underline our frustration and outrage over the senseless wasting of Roger Hane. The young boy who did this unconscionable thing is a miserable product of our times. He wielded the weapon, but the climate in which we live set the stage for the attack. So the kid has his bicycle and Roger Hane is dead. Roger was quiet, thoughtful, unassuming. An illustrator of high artistry, respected by his peers as being among the very best He was presently to receive the New York Artists Guild's "Artist of the Year" award in the field of media. It will be presented posthumously. Ironically, his last piece of work was done for this newspaperthe letter "Q" He delivered it to us on the moming of the day his life was so callously ended. Each of the other twenty-five illustrators who contributed to the alphabet seen on these pages joins with the editors of U&lc in this small and anguished gesture which expresses the deep pain and bewilderment that this monstrous killing so bitterly evokes. Roger Hane will be much missed. He leaves a legacy of beautiful illustrations and the memory of a superior human being. A void that can never be filled.

t6

AU fibCc Dd Ff Gg Hit

Kk LI Mm tin Oo Pp
MIRLISHED BY THE INTHiNAFPNAL TYPEFACE CORPORA] ION, VOLUME ONE. NUMBER TWO. 1974

UPPER AND LOWER CASE. THE INTERNAI IONAI..I(N IHNAL OF TYPO(IRAPHICS

To Contributors: Our first issue of

U&lc was a big success, But we have no intention of resting on our laurels. Like all newborn babies, were having growing pains-- and are glad of it. In this second issue we have tried to elim inate the negative and accentuate the positive, as should be evident in the reading. And we expect our third is sue to take us another step further. Who knows? Maybe one day we'll be come perfect. U&lc is in business for good, a pub lication unique in the field of typo graphics. A virtual communications revolution presenting vital ideas for a new world -- an allencompassing newspaper designed to reach the young of all ages. Though published in New York, U8z1c doesn't want to limit its scope to a single area. There are lots of things we don't know and lots of things going on all over we don't know about. In short, we need your help. Whether you're a designer or art director, a typographeror illustrator, a cartoonist or photographer, a writer or technician, a housewife, your help is needed. If you think you have something of interest that would add stature to the kind of editorial material U&lc is attempting to publish. we invite you to send it in to us. Oureditorial board will take an appreciative look at it and, if it deserves to be published, we will publish it. To Advertisers: U&lc is edited, designed, and published with tender

loving care and con- long way but we've still got a long siderable financial way to go. Perfection is our ultimate investment. We feel goal. But accomplishing this is a twothat a graphics jour- way street. We need support, editonal of this caliber is rial and financial. You can be good indispensable to the for us and we can be good for you. communication field. The advertising, as may be seen in Already achieving this issue, has been encouraging. The the largest circulation interest, extraordinary. But we still of any publication in need you. And, maybe, you need us. History has a way of repeating itits field, U&lc is one-of-a-kind reaching buyers, users, and specifiers of print- self in new ways to new generations ing, typography, plates, film, paper, and new markets. If you see a place and related products and services. As for yourself in our future, please let well as blanketing key segments of us know and we'll get you the full inthe mushrooming international youth formation on rates and specifications. market, it is unique in its coverage of Write Aaron Burns, International the rapidly growing "in-house" type- Typeface Corporation, 216 East 45th setting/printing operation and of the Street, New York City 10017. Or; if broad spectrum of hard-to-find pro- you can't wait and must place an ad spective buyers of your products immediately, call U&lc collect at and/or services. (212) 371-0699. In just two issues we've come a
THIS ARTICLE WAS SET IN SOUVENIR LIGHT WITH BOLD ITALIC

If you would like to start your own personal collection of colorful ITC specimen booklets,you can begin now by returning the order form printed belowaccompanied by your check or money order. (No booklets will be sent unless the order is accompanied by your check or money order or by an official purchase order signed by an appropriate purchasing agent for your company. Personal purchase orders will not be accepted and invoices will not be sent to individuals who order booklets and ask to be billed separately.) Each issue of U&lc will introduce new ITC typefaces for use in text and display. Handsomely designed and colorful type specimen booklets will be prepared for each new typeface. These booklets will be the foundation of your future library of ITC typefaces. Start your collection of them now.

ii I^ Ii VNY

SOUVENIR

cgy Avant Garde Gothic pant Garde Gothic Cond. Friz Quadrata Korinna" Newtext* Serif Gothic Souvenir Tiffany ITC Typeface Catalog SPECIAL-Entire collection

Unit Price

Total

International lypeface Corporation

216 East 45th Street New York, N.Y. 10017 (212) 371- 0699

75C 75C 75C 76C 75C 75C 75C 750 $1.50 $6 00

Total Order

Name

Company

Title

Street Address

New York residents add State Sales Tax

ITC TWEEACE COLLECTION rgE,Nlory,a, typEfACE COPE, 21E EAST 45TH 51 NEW VON NEN PORK 10017

Add Postage Remittance enclosed

.50

City

State

Zip Code

To be mailed as soon as completed

Country

28

Since

Helvetica

from ITC and

Mergenthaler

a surprising number of new (and some old) faces have appeared on Mergenthaler V-I-P ai. d Linofilm Systems some of them called Helvetica.

Avant Garde GothicHerb Lubalin, Tom Carnese; Friz QuadrataErnst Friz /VGC; Serif GothicHerb Lubalin, Antonio DeSpigna; KorinnaH. Berthold AG; Souvenir, Tiffany, Avant Garde Gothic CondensedEd Benguiat.

Helvetica Light Roman

Helvetica Light Italic Helvetica Roman

Avant Garce Gothic Ex Lt Roman

Avant Garde Gothic Book Roman

Avant Garde Gothic Med Rom

Avant Garde Gothic Demi-Bold Avant Garde Gothic Bold Rom

Helvetica Italic
Helvetica Bold Roman Helvetica Bold Italic Helvetica Bold Roman No. 2 Helvetica Black Roman Helvetica Black Italic

Avant Garde Gothic Book Cond Roman Avant Garde Gothic Med Cond Roman Avant Garde Gothic Demi Cond Roman
Avant Garde Gothic Bold Cond Roman

Helvetica Black Roman No. 2 Helvetica Light Condensed Roman

Helvetica Light Condensed Italic Helvetica Condensed Roman

Friz Quadrata Roman Friz Quadrata Bold Roman Korinna Roman

Helvetica Condensed Italic

Helvetica Bold Condensed Roman

Korinna Bold Roman

Korinna Extra Bold Roman Korinna Heavy Roman
Serif Gothic Light Roman

Helvetica Bold Condensed Italic

Helvetica Black Condensed Roman

Helvetica Black Condensed Italic Ho woUca 'Sok CDR)A

HekoeTtipa 'EXXnviKel HEAcocrupa 'EAAritaKei Kupra 1-lekoe -ritpa Maiipa 'EanviK6 renBervika PyccKai lenBermica llonymipHasi PyccKasI

Serif Gothic Roman

Serif Gothic Bold Roman Serif Gothic Extra Bold Roman

Serif Gothic Heavy Roman Serif Gothic Black Roman

Souvenir Light Roman

Helvetica Compressed Helvetica Extra Compressed Helvetica Ultra Compressed

Souvenir Light Italic

Souvenir Medium Roman

Souvenir Medium Italic
Souvenir Demi - Bold Roman Souvenir Demi Bold Italic Souvenir Bold Roman Souvenir Bold Italic
-

Tiffany Light Roman

For a specimen showing these faces and many more, developed by us, and licensed from others, the complete 18 unit library as set on V-I-P, contact Typographic Development, Mergenthaler Linotype Company, PO Box 82, Plainview, New York 11803; Tele: (516) 694-1300, ext. 213, 214 or 385.

wall chart

Tiffany Medium Roman Tiffany Demi Roman

Tiffany Heavy Roman

Mergenthaler

from Stempel through

Mergenthaler

and from

Mergenthaler

29

AldusHermann Zapf; BemboStanley Morison /the Monotype Corporation; CandidaJ. Erbar / Ludwig & Mayer; FuturaPaul Renner /Bauer; SabonJan Tschichold; SyntaxHans Eduard Mayer; Iridium, UniversAdrian Frutiger.

Auriga, CRT Gothic, Olympian, Snell RoundhandMatthew Carter; AstersFrancesco Simoncini; CloisterMorris Fuller Benton /ATF; JansonNicholas Kis; OrionHermann Zapf; PilgrimEric Gill.

Aldus Roman Aldus Italic Bembo Roman Bembo Italic Bembo Bold Roman
Candida Roman

Aster Roman Aster Italic Aster Bold Roman Auriga Roman Auriga Italic Auriga Bold Roman Clarendon Light Roman Clarendon Roman Clarendon Bold Roman
Cloister Roman
Cloister Italic
Cloister Bold Roman

Candida Italic

Candida Bold Roman

Futura Light Roman Futura Book Roman Futura Heavy Roman

Futura Bold Roman

Iridium Roman Iridium Italic Iridium Bold Roman Sabon Roman Sabon Italic Sabon Bold Roman
Syntax Roman

CRT Gothic Light Roman CRT Gothic Medium Roman

CRT Gothic Bold Roman

CRT Gothic Black Roman

Goudy Old Style Roman

Goudy Old Style Italic

Goudy Bold Roman Goudy Extra Bold Roman

Janson Roman Janson Italic
Olympian Roman Olympian Italic

Syntax Italic

Syntax Bold Roman

Univers 45 Light Roman

Univers 46 Light Italic

Univers 55 Roman Univers 56 Italic

Olympian Bold Roman

Orion Roman Orion Italic Pilgrim Roman Pilgrim Italic
filed .wouraklia,x,ot

Univers

65 Bold Roman

Univers 66 Bold Italic

Univers 75 Black Roman

Univers 76 Black Italic Univers 47 Light Cond. Roman Univers 57 Condensed Roman Univers 58 Cond. Italic

Univers 67 Bold Cond. Rom.

30

Our Photo Typositor will never win a contest for its good looks. But thousands of art and design people, including scores of "big names:' rely on it for all their headlines because it has another kind of beauty. Its typefaces. There are now more than 1400 display faces in the Photo Typositor library. And three new ones being added every week. Novelty faces. Classic faces. Elegant and rugged faces. The very latest "in" faces. !Faces to capture the mood and personality of any headline. All available on convenient and inexpensive film fonts. All designed to give you almost unlimited creative flexibility, because the Photo Typositor can set 2800 variations in size, slant, and proportion from a single font! The Photo Typositor will also give you sharper, cleaner images than any other system. Automatically in broad daylight, without

plumbing. A unique display system lets you view every letter, word and space for superior typesetting quality Other ingenious features let you interlock, overlap, bounce or stagger characters, so your headlines always look exactly the way you want them to. The Photo Typositor. Beautiful. Just Published: "The World-Famous Photo Typositoe Alphabet Library." Complete alphabets of Visual Graphics' current typeface collection. An indispensable reference guide and working tool for designers, art directors, students and other type specifiers. 270 pages, 8-1/2 x 11:' perfect-bound paperback edition. To order, send coupon and check for $12.50 for a single copy (2-5 copies $11.25 each ). Please add any applicable sales tax, plus 50 cents per book, for postage and handling.

VISUAL GRAPHICS CORPORATION

1400 Northeast 125th St., N. Miami, Fla. 33161.

u Please contact me to arrange for a demonstration of the Photo Typositor. u Please send me more information. u Send copies of your new typeface catalog. Enclosed is $ (Please include any applicable
sales tax, plus 50 cents per copy for postage and handling.)

Name Position Company Address City State Zip

L_

_J
VG150

meeting phototypesetting needs on a systems basis

from simple to sophisticated

ototypesetting, to use an appropriate rtaphor, has many faces. It can be mentary. It can be complex. And w, wherever along the spectrum your needs fall, VariTyper is ready to .pond on a total systems basis. No longer do you have to shop from )plier to supplier for key pieces of edware, only to wind up having to ve the interface problems yourself. VariTyper Qualified? s. we're the phototypesetting sup?.r: with all of these ingredients of e systems capability: We have long-time heritage in graphic arts, combining in-depth knowledge of typography and optics, with today's advanced electronic technology. We have a tradition as solvers of customer problems, not just sellers of machines. We have a broad array of advanced-design hardware to perform all key functions in modern phototypesetting. We have the largest local sales, training and service network in phototypesetting. We have the corporate resources and stability to assure you that we'll be around when you need us in the years ahead.

Exactly What Are We Ready To Do? At your invitation, we'll bring in our PTS specialists, examine your operations, evaluate your present equipment, and then recommend the optimum phototypesetting system for your needs (with an eye to future growth). The analysis and proposal are free. All we expect is your sincere interest in optimizing your typesetting operations. Do You Have To Start All Over? No. The system we propose will take full advantage of your present hardware that is compatible with a modern phototypesetting system. It will be integrated into the proposed new system along with the most appropriate VariTyper equipment. What About VariTyper Hardware? Along with our unending R&D activity, today we offer a broad array of reliable, high-performance equipment for every facet of the phototypesetting function: Heart of our system is the new AM 748 Phototypesetter, with its builtin minicomputer and Storanethe industry's most versatile and advanced software package. The 748 produces type in a range of 17 sizes from 5 to 72 pt., with any four text sizes and any four display sizes on line at one time.

We have a full lineseven basic unitsof the famous Electro/Set keyboards. Ask any Electro/Set owner how great they are. Check out Electro/Set 450the latest addition to the Electro/Set seriesthe industry's first low-cost, automated tape correction terminal. Meet Scan/Seto, a low-priced OCR system that uses an IBM Selectric typewriter to cut input costs and improve system flexibility. See Edit/Setour full screen video editing terminal will outperform any competitive model we've seen in complex editing functions. We've just announced Amtrol our AM-developed minicomputer an integral part of our phototypesetting equipment including the 748, Edit/Set and the Scan/ Set system.

So What is "Spectrum" Again? Spectrum is our name for our capability to employ all of our resourcesexperience, hardware, sales and application help, operator training, and back-up serviceto put, and keep in place, an optimum PTS system for your operations. You can use Spectrum no matter what the size and type of your operation, or the character of your phototypesetting needs. How Do We Get Started? VariTyper PTS specialists are ready now to put the Spectrum concept to work for you. Call your local VariTyper office today. Or for a free copy of our Spectrum brochure, write VariTyper, 11 Mt. Pleasant Avenue, E. Hanover, N. J. 07936.

Advancing the state of the graphic art

ADDRESSOGRAPH MULTIGRAPH
VARITYPER DIVISION

A concert violinist is just a fiddler if he isn't playing the right violin.

And an art director or designer may come off looking like an ordinary layout man if the type he buys is set on the wrong machine. Fiddles have their place. For example, they're great for square dances. And a typesetting machine designed for newspapers or throwaway publications may be perfect for that purpose. But when you're playing Carnegie Hall, you'd better find yourself a Strad. Here's our Stradivarius: AlphaSette, by Alphatype. AlphaSette incorporates exclusive features that enable it to set type of unmatched precision and sharpness. AlphaSette is also the world's most versatile phototypesetting system, with more than 2,000 typefaces available to you on short notice in many cases, overnight! (And our fonts are priced low enough so that you needn't be reluctant to order the typefaces that interest you.) When you consider quality typography, consider AlphaSette by Alphatype. Because when you're getting ready for your next concert, you don't want to fiddle with less than the best while Romeor a clientburns. P.S.: Drop us a note for complimentary brochures featuring some of our recent ITC typeface releases. We'll also put your name on our mailing list, so you'll be among the first to learn of future offerings from Alphatype.

alphatype corporation
7500 McCormick Boulevard Skokie, Illinois 60076/312-675-7210
This ad was composed on the AlphaSette System

33

`Wlerry. pes Chicago-One tithe largest selections of cHotclIfetal faces in the cWidWest.c Phorie 467-7117
and "Photo

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Avant Garde Extra Light 28 p

TRAUTE\SILIERNA I LI I TRYCKERI ARO I\GAL\DA E\ OVIcl Irdutensiliorna i ofttryckeri Oro ingalunca en oviK - ic faktor, fc trefnacons, orcningons och okonomiens uppratth011ance och COCK Or cot icKc sOl Ian som sorgligc oriaronhcfor gore grund of detofOrstOnd moo hvilkof <aster, formbrOcon c regalor tillverKcs och fOrsOljca <cstor som Oro dOligt hopkc
Avant Garde Book 18 p Sent Gothic Bold 24 p

TRAUTENSILIERNA I ETT TRYCKERI Trautensilierna I ett tryckeri aro in g en oviktig faktor, for trefnadens, ord och ekonomiens uppratthollande, o dock Or det icke sonar) som sorgliga erfarenheter goras p6 grund of det z .. . . olorstand med hvilket kaster, formb och regaler tillverkas och forsOljas i Kaster som aro daligt hopkomna o af otillrack torn tra, a ligt samsnar ka TRAUTENSILIERNA I ETT TRYCKERI ARO INGALU nog officinen extra kostnader i repo Trautensilierna i ett tryckeri aro ingalunda e Kasten bar vara of kvistfritt och torrt oviktig faktor, for trefnadens, ordningens, 0 tra, kannas Witt, och bottnen bar icke ekonomiens uppraffhallande, och dock err det icke salon som sorgliga erfarenheter g vara limmad men daremot val fast pd grund af det oforstand med hvilket kast med skrufvar saval rundt kanterna
Avant Garde Demibold 18 p

TRAUTENSILIERNA I El I TRYCKERI ARO INGAL Trautensilierna i ett tryckeri dro ingalOnda en o faktor, for trefnadens, ordningens och ekonom upprdtthallande, och dock Or det icke sdllan som sorgliga erfarenhetergoras p6 grund af d ofOrstand med hvilket kaster, formbrdden och regaler tillverkas och forsdljas. Kaster som dro daligt hopkomna och af otillrdckligt torrt trd, as snart nog officinen extra kostnader i reparation Kasten ID& vara af kvistfritt och torrt trd, kdnnas Idtt, och bottnen bor icke vara limmad men der vdl fdstad med skrufvar serval rundt kanterna s

TRAUTENSILIERNA I ETT TRYCKERI ARO INGALU Trautensilierna i ett tryckeri Oro ingalunda en ov faktor, for trefnadens, ordningens och ekonom uppratthallande, och dock Or det icke salon so sorgliga erfarenheter g - ra pa grund of det of med hvilket s e_n_oc i TRAUTENSILIERNA I ETT TRY och farsaljas.kaster, form% rrao och regaler till Kaster som O ddal hopkomna go Trautensilierna i ett tryckeri aro ing och n acliligt torrt trb, ct'isamkig a snort lroce i x ofs c re parationer. Wattsten bar vara Kasten ch k faktor, for trefnadens, or etra ko titi af.. I och font rO t .cf3.6 sn(D d och bottnen 1 t t en och eko nomiens u ppratthallande , o er'cs ie vaoar limmad men ddremot kiru r mad dock fv serval e rpdt kanterna som den gr ru o d et icke sallan som sorgliga med midtbalken sa avytt t ai med n csikoruf i krys erfa of .. renheter goras pa grund af det m a fe tlan t clien. Fram4? kee med r e n el t afa rt a rstand med hvilket kaster, form aretrOsIag, sasom bjark eller rOcdblali a o rs heist for f strefn adens skull fernissadt, det kern de) a och regaler tillverkas och forsaljas vid eventuellt behov aftvarras. Bottenmellonlag Kaster som aro daligt hopkomna o bar vara of godt tjocktpopper, som icke upplO
Korinna 24 p
,

formbraden och regaler tillverkas och fork! Kaster som aro ddligt hopkomna och af otil torrt tra, asamka snarl nog officinen extra k i reparationer. Kasten bar vara af kvislfritt o torrt tral kannas Iatt, och bottnen bar icke v

Serif Gothic 18 p

Typografen AB, Pyromidvagen 7, Box 1164, 171 23 Solno 1, Tel 08-27 27 60. Typografen AB, Stora Tradgordsgotan 3 B, Box 6104, 200 11 Malmd, Tel 040-11 26 50, 11 2660. Ty/pho/grofen ads, Solvgade 10, 1307 Kobenhavn K, Tel 01-151134. Norske Typografen o.s, Karl Johonsgote 25, Postboks 59 Sentrum, Oslo 1, Tlf. (02) 33 00 19, 33 20 01. Oy Suomen Typogrofi, idakdrinkatu 4 C, Helsinki 15, Puh. 13695.
iy Light 24 P

35

RAUTENSILIERNA I ETT TRYCKERI ARO INGALUNDA EN rautensilierna i ett tryckeri aro ingalunda en oviktig faktor, for trefn rdningens och ekonomiens uppratthallande, och dock ar det icke sail sorgliga erfarenheter goras pa grund af det othrstand med hvilket aster, formbraden och regaler tillverkas och forsaljas. Kaster som ar aligt hopkomna och af otillrackligt torrt tea, asamka snart nog offici ctra kostnader i reparationer. Kasten bor vara of kvistfritt och torrt t annas latt, och bottnen bor icke vara limmad men darem.ot val fasta
my Medium 24 p Souvenir Medium 20 p

'RAUTENSILIERNA I ETT TR 'rautensilierna i ett tryckeri aro valunda en oviktig faktor, for tre rdningens och ekonomins upprat allande, och dock ar det icke sail om sorgliga erfarenheter goras p f det oforstand med hvilket kast )rmbraden och regaler tillverkas ich forsaljas. Kaster som aro dal' Lopkomna och af otillrackligt ton rd, asamka snart nog officinen ex
fany Heavy 18 p

TRAUTENSILIERNA I ETT TRYCKERI Trautensilierna i ett tryckeri aro ingalunda e oviktig faktor, for trefnadens, ordningens och ekonomiens uppratthallande, och dock ar de icke sallan som sorgliga erfarenheter goras pa grund af det ofOrstand med hvilket kaster formbraden och regaler tillverkas och forsalj Kaster som aro daligt hopkomna och af otill tout tra, asamka snart nog officinen extra ko i reparationer. Kasten bar vara af kvistfritt oc tout tra, kannas latt, och bottnen bor icke va
Souvenir Demibold 16 p

TRAUTENSILIERNA I ETT TRYCKERI ARO IN

Trautensilierna i ett tryckeri aro ingalunda en ovi faktor, for trefnadens, ordningens och ekonomie uppratthallande, och dock ar det icke sallan som sorgliga erfarenheter goras pa grund af det oforst med hvilket kaster, formbraden och regaler tillve och forsaljas. Kaster som aro dfiligt hopkomna o af otillrakligt torrt tra, asamka snart nog officine extra kostnader i reparationer. Kasten bor vara af kvistfritt och tout tra, kannas lam och bottnen b icke vara limmad men daremot val fastad med sk saval rundt kanterna som den grofre midtbalken

iautensllierna i ett tryckeri aro ing :n oviktlig faktor, for trefnadens, ord och ekonoinins uppratthallande, och lock ar det icke sallan som sorgliga e ,rfarenheter goras pa grund af det o ned hvilket kaster, formbraden och r egaler tillverkas och forsaljas. Kast
)uvenir Light 28p

AtAUTENSILIERNA I ETT TRYCKE

FRAUTENSILIERNA I ETT TRYCKERI ARO INGALUNDA E

Frauterisilierrla i ett tryckeri aro ingalunda en oviktig faktor, for trefna )rdningens och ekonomiens uppratthallande, och dock ar det icke s ;orn sorgliga erfarenheter goras pa grund af det oforstand- med hvilk caster, formbraden och regaler tillverkas och forsaljas. Kaster som aro ialigt hopkomna. och af otillrackligt tout tra, asamka snart nog officin extra kostnader i reparationer. Kasten bor vara af kvistfritt och tout IT

...All the supplies I need, it's worth the trip.

Paul Rand, Graphic Designer

...As a manufacturer, I've been all over the world. Few stores equal this one. J. B. Adams, President: Winsor & Newton

...Startlingly innovativedesigned for the professional.

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...Incredible selection of frame moldings in a posh, yet private atmosphere. Roy Carruthers, Illustrator

A.I.Friedman Inc.
Quality Art & Drafting Materials Custom Picture Framing (212) 245-6600
Come see for yourself. Just completed, two newly modernized stores: 25 West 45th Street 37 West 53rd Street New York City

PHOTOYI

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PHOTOVISION OF CALIFO A INC SALES & MA TING SUB !DIARY OF LETTERGRAPHICS I RNATIONA INC

The New Name for Quality Phototypesetting Products, Equipment &lots' of Service!
"We've added a new name to our family and we are going to offer you better prices, a larger font selection, a discount club, FREE phone orders, a new business offer, low cost setting equipment and photo supplies and So Much Service we re sure you'll soon only think of PhotoVision for all your headline needs:'

We'll FinanceYou... in ;forting Your Own -1eadline Business.

he ideal offer for the individual or firm wishing to art or expand a business. For less than the cost add one $3. per hour employee to your staff e will set you up in a full service headline business ith: 1. Our complete phototype library; 2. Spec Doks, layout aids and a planned promotion proPam; 3. Management and studio training with a rofessional backup staff to assist you. Successfully iarket tested for 3 full years, we feel this package the most attractive business offer ever presented the typographic industry.

ANNOUNCING THE NEW

a1111
THE PROFESSIONAL VISUAL PHOTO DISPLAY SETTER You can buy three of 'ours' for the price of only one of 'theirs'
or even end up with yours free. Yet 'ours' does everything 'theirs' does combined including an extended range of enlarging, reducing, bouncing, italicizing and interlocking lines. It is completely `visual' see each letter as it is exposed in a large 7"x18" area on paper or film. Sets up in a 2'x3' area. Super sharp, direct image no reflectors or plastic cells to impair quality. Manufactured in California and guaranteed heavy-duty construction. Plus we pay for any service calls! The 'professional' setter for the phototypographer, yet ideally priced for the agency or art studio that wants to set or 'visually' test their own headlines. Call or write for your nearest showroom and ask how you can own your setter FREE!

Largest 2" Film Font Library & Selection.

We presently are the only firm licensing all styles produced byITC,TDI, John N. Schaedler, etc., and are continually adding our own and other licensed styles from worldwide sources. This makes our font library one of the world's largest. If you would like to see a selection list of over 4,000 styles, please ask for our...

Free Typeface Comparitor Catalog.

Because of the confusion over typeface names in our industry (many styles carry different names because the 'original' named style was pirated and/ or 'contact copied' and a 'safe' new name added) we have compiled this comprehensive list of style names from worldwide sources. As a service to our customers we will be happy to advise you on such matters as: what is the 'original' name, what other names it is also known by, sources of proprietory styles and other sources of style availability. This is just one of many 'extra' services we offer our customers.

2" Film Font Discount Saves You 10 to 40%.

Jpon becoming a member of our Discount Club ou are entitled to a 10 to 40% saving on all your ant purchases! Spectra Setter owners are autonatic members, which can mean $100's in savings D you. Plus, as a member you also get discounts >n supplies and are entitled to our special ...

Up to 50% Savings
s+,s part of our 'extra' service to our members, 6 o 12 special font styles will be offered each month it savings up to 50%. Only Club members can take advantage of this offer.

Free Phone Orders & Overnite Delivery.

We'll pay for your phone call when ordering from anywhere in the country. (Dial direct and we'll add a credit on your invoice.) Order fonts by noon 3 p.m. EST (or even 4 p.m. 7 p.m. EST if it's 'on the shelf') and we'll get them out Air/Special or U.P. Air ( specify) that same afternoon! Brochures and full details are available on any of the above items by calling or writing

You can be listed in all our National Ads.

Jut) members are also eligible to be listed in our ull page national ads. These are run periodically o show new styles. You are listed as 'where to buy' ypesetting. Another 'extra' to our customers.
:

Automatic Processors
Our Technographics 'Dry to Dry' Automatic Film Processors are offered in 3 distinct models from our 14" 'Technomatic' (designed for film and paper printout from any phototypesetting unit such as AlphaSette, VIP, Photon, etc.) to our 20" 'Challenger: the all-purpose graphic arts line and halftone processor. Units use any type film, paper and chemistry, and are priced from only $4,650, completely installed.

Phototype Supplies.
Ne offer a full range of paper, film, chemistry and color cell materials for your setters and camera.

P.O. Box 552-T 8540 W. Washington Boulevard, Culver City, California 90230 (213) 870-4828

PHOT SION

"Phototypesetting products developed by the people who design and set typeevery day:"

MARVIN KOMN/EL PRODUCTIONS, INC MU 2.3498

19 WEST 44TH STREET NEW YORK, N.Y. 10036

Korinna
innovate (in'a-vat ), v.i.[1NNOVATED (-id),

Serif Gothic

Souvenir
Souvenir
OCANSEdff

Korinna Serif Gothic Souvenir Korinna Serif-Gothic Souvenir

Korinna

methods, devices, etc.; make changes; bring in innovations. v.t. [Rare], to bring in as an innovation. innovation On'a-va'shari), n. [LL. innovatio], 1. the act or process of innovating. 2. something newly introduced; new method, custom, device, etc.; change in the way of doing things. 3. The middle name of located at 221 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003; Phone: 777-3900. innovative (in'a-Va-tiv), adj. causing, or characterized IN innovation. First name of Innovative Communications, Inc., of which TGI is a subsidiary.

L. innovatus, pp. of innovare, to renew; in-, in + novare, to alter, make new < nouus, new], to introduce new
INNOVATING], [<

Korinna Korinna

Serif Gothic
Serif Gothic

TGI (TypoGraphic Innovations, Inc.)

Korinna eoNc Souvenir Korinna natEEE Saliq egehk

Serif Gothic

Swan*

Look at all these different versions of Korinna, Serif Gothic and Souvenirs...from lights thru extra bolds...outlines... outlines with drop shadows...solids with shadow outlines... and most of them come with a complete compliment of swashes. Here at MKP we have kept pace with ITC, adding all their beautifully designed and proportioned faces just as soon as they are released. We have them in display and, where applicable, in text. Above we have shown you what additions we have made to three of these standards. Designers can let their imaginations run wild with all of these versions and with MKP's twenty years of experience in photo-typography, we can execute their designs with a taste and finesse second to none. Just as soon as ITC releases a new style, you can look to MKP as the place that will have it...the place to have all your composition set. Drop us a note and we will send you a mind-boggling catalog of styles.

39
41. ,t7,11%

Helvetica has wt become more polyvalent. Thelielvetica Semibold IVTodified* is now available. Exclusivity of the firni Dr. BOger Photosatz GmbH. 1r elvetica
"si

lhe

*Lizenz: Haas' sche SchrifIgtef3erel AG + Dr Boger Photosatz GmbH

He nudvelca eNettica el eti a Helvetica Helvetica

Helveticd Helvrti cr

Dr. Bdger Photosatz GmbH D2 Wedel Rissenerstralle 94 Telephon (04103)6021

Other exclusive series foreseen for 1974:

The exclusive typefaces of the frrn Dr Boger Photosatz GmbH. are kept by the folowiig firms in west germany ,se Plea mail coupon to: Dr. Boger Photosatz GmbH D2 Wedel, Rissenerstra8e 94 1 Berlin 62 (Schonberg) HauptstraBe 9 6 Frankfurt a.M.1 Hanauer LandstraBe 135/137 Furst Dusseldorf 4 DOsseldorf 1 Bilker Allee 217

VVe are always riterested n new photo-typesettrig typefaces hformation free d chage, please 0 Aciess/Departrier

2 Hamburg 26 Normannenweg 18

Alfred Utesch
Axel Rung

8 MUnchen 80 Lucile - Grahn - StraBe 41

40

For the people who make ideas happen

aron c
happens to make:

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DRY TRANSFER LETTERING

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type styles to choose from. A unique transfer sheet that will not dry out ... guarantees sharp transfer for as long as 10 years. Completely redesigned carrier sheet averaging 30% more letters than other systems.

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Over 300 self-adhesive shading film patterns. A complete package of screen tints, graduated tints, perspective line, architectural, geological and newspaper tints. Zipatone adhesive allows easy application ... even on large areas, yet is completely heat resistant.

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142 of the cleanest, most vibrant colors are available in both matte or gloss finish. These transparent acetate sheets have a low surface tack adhesive that's easy to position ... and reposition ... yet bond strongly and are heat-resistant after burnishing.

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There's a complete selection of colors, patterns, point sizes and border tapes featuring a Zipline exclusive ...ENCAPSULATION. This protective coating prevents the tape's adhesive edge from collecting dirt. The result ... longer shelf life, cleaner artwork and less negative opaquing.

1
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Dry Transfer Lettering u Color Overlays 0 NEW Zipatone catalog u Shading Sheets u Zipaline Tapes
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FREE ... New Zipatone catalog. Complete product line, fully illustrated.

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41

We work with

Lr alive typ

of tomorrow, today!

One of our most recent efforts with tomorrow's "creative types" involved students from the Washington University School of Fine Arts. We asked them to redesign the alphabet ... and wow! Their designs were so creative and so innovative that they won a gold medal for design excellence. And we were proud to play a part in producing the "new alphabet" packet.

That's what it's all about at Nationalcreative typesetting and attention to detail give art directors and designers extra freedom and capability in creative communications. We have innovative types for "creative types." If you'd like to have a copy of the award winning "new alphabet," drop a line to Victor Clavenna and he'll speed one your way.

Some of the mos relevant characte in NewYor hang ou here

When the need is creative the type is National.

National Typographers Inc. 914 Pine Street St. Louis, Missouri 63101 314 241-8297

Take, for instance, the comma, hal sister to the period. Or again, thei cousins, the colon and semi-colon How shall we dispose of the hyphen the quotation mark or apostrophe . "Give them their very own place in the sun. Nourish their hungry egos plead those of more gentle persuasion. "Hang them, hang them all, demand the hard liners. Here, a Baumwell, we daily (and most e pertly) reconcile the warring point of view. Fearlessly and without favo be it with Korinna, Souvenir, Seri Gothic, Friz Quadrata, Avant Gard Olivette, or any of the faces you se in U&lc (along with many more) we staunchly, albeit carefully, march down both sides of the road, arm-i arm with a host of ha GRIM py designers. Care t OF join the ranks? Start b AVAIVIBIE asking (on your lette &ICES head, please) for ou expanded Catalog o Available Faces.

LUBALIN, DELPIRE ET CIE HAS MOVED TO ITS NEW HEADQUARTERS AT 92 RUE BONAPARTE, 75006 PARIS CALL US AT 326-99-15

MJ B4U1V1WELL 461 81H AVENUE NEW YU NY 1300 K (212) 868-0515

Mi

42

For the best looking in town.

The fact that our names look and sound alike is coincidental. The fact that LSC and ITC share a common interest, a love of letterforms, is what U&lc is all about. We .are happy and proud to contribute our talents to making this one of the most interesting journals of the graphic arts.

UBALIN,NTITH, 223 E313TRET W TOW Y :10016 (9N 9.2636

43
The Sensitive Photography of Caroline Kennedy Hunter S. Thompson: The Counter-Culture's Gonzo Journalist Down by the RiversideA report on folk

singer Pete Seeger's successful one-man crusade to,clean up the Hudson. This Crumb Is No Milktoast A portrait of the hip world's courageous, outrageous, inimitable cartoonist Robert Crumb.

Howard Hughes' Plan to Mine the Ocean Floor Arthur Miller's Next Sit-Down StrikeProtest plans of the Committee to End Pay Toilets in America. As

will

CRAZY GINZBILI
Ralph Ginzburg, that brandied fruitcake of a publisher, is at it again. First he devilishly exposed the intimate parts of Fanny Hill and Lady Chatterley to a blushing America while those erotic classics were still banned. Then he bought himself a $2-million lawsuit by daring to question Barry Goldwater's psychological fitness to finger the nuclear trigger when Goldwater was running for President in 1964. Next, with his muckraking magazine Fact, he risked the wrath of the mighty by attacking Detroit (for building cars that were uncrashworthy; this was before Ralph Nader), drug manufacturers (for selling cyclamates which had been proven to cause chromosome damage), and the tobacco industry (for attempting to hide the tragic link between cigarettes and cancer; this was before the Surgeon-General's report). Still on the rampage, he brashly waved a red flag in the face of prudes and bigots by running a photographic study of a nude interracial couple in his elegant quarterly Eros (this bit of lunacy won him numerous graphic-art awards and 8 months in prison). In no way "rehabilitated," he turned to the field of consumerism and set it on its ear with his hugely successful, greed-gratifying newsletter Moneysworth, in which he published such bawdy, and useful, articles as "A Consumer's Guide to Prostitution." Now at the peak of his madness, Ginzburg is about to come out with the wildest, most enticing, exasperating, you-can't-livewithout-it publication of his career: Avant-Garde Weekly. This dynamite weekly tabloid newspaper will completely demolish all preconceptions of what a weekly paper should be. It will be as irrepressible, ingenious, sensual and thoroughly madas Ginzburg himself. Drawing upon the talents of the most brilliant artists, writers, photographers, and journalists of our day (see list below), he will produce a weekly of incredible power that prints high-compression news, pantsdown profiles, mind-searing photographs, no-bull editorials, turn-'em-over-in-theirgraves obituaries, system-beating consumer tips, last-laugh political cartoons, kiss-ofdeath reviews of cinema, books and theatre, hash-pipe fiction and poetry, and tear-itout-and-frame-it illustrations. Avant-Garde Weekly is going to be one of those things you've got to see just to be able to say you've seen it. Just look at this list of the kinds of far-out articles and features Avant-Garde will print:
-

Pot BustThe discovery by Boston surgeons M.S. Aliapoulis and John Harmon

you can see, reading . Avant-Garde be like being plugged in every week to a fantastic intergalactic brain that gluts the information- and pleasure-centers of your mind. Avant-Garde boasts the most formidable list of contributors ever gathered by a weekly periodical. Among them are: Andy Warhol, Peter Max, Norman Mailer, Dick Gregory, Charles Schulz, Allen Ginsberg, Lily Tomlin, Roald Dahl, Dan Greenburg, Melvin Belli, Kurt Vonnegut, William Styron, Gloria Steinem, Jerry Rubin, Joyce Carol Oates, Isaac Asimov, Kenneth Tynan, Cleveland Amory, Richard Avedon, Herb Gold, William Burroughs, James Baldwin, Alexander Calder, Isaac Bashevis Singer, William Bradford Huie, Cornell Capa, Salvador Dali, and Muhammad Ali. In format, Avant-Garde is a nonpareil. Its dramatic layout, innovative typography, and lush color will take your breath away. Under the inspired art direction of Herb Lubalin, one of the world's foremost designers of publications, Avant-Garde will raise 4. he tabloid newspaper to a new art form. Avant-Garde is available by subscription only. The cost of six months (26 issues) is ONLY $5! This is A MERE FRACTION of what you pay nowadays for most weekly periodicals. What's more, if you order right now, you become a Charter Subscriber. This means that: You'll always be able to buy AvantGarde at lowest available rates; You'll be entitled to buy gift subscriptions at the same low rate; and, Your subscription will start with Volume I, Number 1. This is not to be taken
lightly since first issues of Crazy Ginzburg's other publications now sell for as much as $200 EACH!

that heavy use of marijuana may cause gynecomastia development of female breasts in men. Nixon's Freudian Slips An hilarious collection.

The Zeppelin Will Rise AgainFuel-wise, it is one of the most efficient conveyances ever devised. High Public OfficeA report on the shocking drinking habits of leading Congressmen. "Crime Doesn't Pay" Clifford Irving's million dollar debt is no hoax. The Spirited New Sale of Ouija Boards No-Fault Divorce Pre Mortem-28 celebrities (including Fed-

To enter your Charter Subscription, simply fill out the coupon below and mail it with $5 to: Avant-Garde, 251 W. 57th St., New York, N.Y. 10019. Get your check in the mail today. Avant-Garde Weekly is going to cause the greatest cultural cataclysm since the advent of the Beatles.

Gerald Ford's Devotion to the Teachings of Mao Tse-TungBased on actual quotes. The U.S.'s Plan to Grow Opium Is Cancer Contagious? Startling new facts. Coming: Psychiatric Screening for Presidents Bella Abzug's Crazy New $2 Bill Inflation-Proof Bonds: Another Bright Idea from George McGovern Psychic Castration : Vasectomy's Aftermath The Inevitability of Hydrogen as the World's Chief Fuel A Day for a LayFirst publication of W.H.

erico Fellini, Art Buchwald, Woody Allen, and Gore Vidal ) write their own obituaries.

The 10,000 M.P.H. Train The

-

Rand Corporation has the whole thing figified out except what to do if a cow gets on the track.

Now, a Right to Suicide . Two Generations of Brubecks Contraceptive Foods

251 W. 57TH ST., NEW YOR K, N.Y. 10019

AVANT-GARDE, 251 WEST 57TH STREET, NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10019 I enclose $5 for a six-month (26 issue) Charter Subscription to Avant-Garde. I understand that I am paying A MERE FRACTION of the going rate for such a dynamite weekly, and that my subscription will begin with Volume I, Number 1. SPECIAL CUT-RATE BONUS OFFER: Check this box 0, enclose $9 and you'll get TWELVE months (52 issues) of Avant-Garde PLUS a copy of the historic
Ralph Ginzburg collector's item portfolio "Picasso's Erotic Engravings"!
NAME ADDRESS STATE ZIP
9Wimil

Auden's long suppressed erotic masterpiece.

-

Kennedy vs. Nader: A Preview of the '76 Democratic Convention Carly Simon, James Taylor, and Baby Sarah: A Family Album The Book that Terrifies the CIA "The Way We Were": Drawings by John LennonOf himself and Yoko Ono. The Personal Political Convictions of Chancellor, Reasoner, and Cronkite California's Coed Monastery Uncle Sam at 200-42 notables (including
Otto Preminger, Dr. Albert Sabin, Cleveland Amory, Paul Krassner, and Marshall McLuhan) offer suggestions for celebrating America's forthcoming bicentennial.

I L

CITY

SDAVANT-GARDE MCMI_XXIV. "AVANT-GARDE" IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK.

Golda Meir's Recipe for Gefilte Fish

."1t7e1.
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4,1111 t

trIVIt 3! tit r # * Irtf? t# * .

t #t

44

The Shadow . . The Great Time Fighter

Chartpak Shadow Lettering saves time and money. This ready-to-use product instantly adds color and dimension to all types of artwork. Use it to produce "finished" layouts, signs, package mock-ups, comps; plus 35mm slides, television animations, and camera cards. Shadow Lettering is available in six popular drop shadow font styles and one outline face. Each style can be obtained in five opaque colors - red, light blue, green, yellow and white - and a choice of three sizes - 60, 72, and 96 point. Save time, ask your art dealer for Chartpak Shadow Lettering today.

chartpak
A Division of Avery Products Corporation Leeds, Massachusetts 4i1
N.. ,O

e4.

The two-step way to expand your creativity in photo-lettering with

film Font,

At long last you now can produce multiple-line headlines with type heights up' to 5 inches. If that isn't big enough you can project a 6 foot image on the wall! Fotostar combined with ITC licensed Facsimile Fonts make a truly creative package. Send for information on the Facsimile Fonts creative package.

GF
No. 33

Facsimile Fonts & Fototype

3600
I-.'

Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90010

(213) 381-1812

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216 EAST 45 ST- XYC 10017. 212/MU2- 2345 9360

I ED BENGUIAT

DOES\I VATTER -OW ITS

AT CO \TS S -OW T

How we do itthe machines and methods we useis our business. How it comes out is yours. At TGC we've spent our entire business career discovering new ways to set type faster, for less money, and with better quality. To do this we've introduced a lot of revolutionary hardware. But we don't kid ourselves that you care one iota whether we've set your copy with a space-age phototypesetting system or with our toes. All you care is how it looks on the paper. And we wouldn't have it any

other way. That's the only basis on which we ask you to work with us. If you're already a TGC client, you're going to be receiving our new 174-page VIP Type Specimen Catalogue. If you're not a TGC client, give us one jobany size, any priceand we'll throw in the VIP Catalogue free. Our Programmed Typography folder and Spacing Guide booklet are also yours free for the asking. So call us the first chance you get. We know you'll like what you see.

TypoGraphics Communications, Inc.

305 East 46th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017

Name

Position

Gentlemen: Please send me my FREE copies of the following TGC materials: u Programmed Typography Folder u TGC's ABC's Spacing Guides Booklet u TGC's VIP Typeface Catalog. (My typesetting order which is required to receive this catalog is attached)

Company

Street Address

City

State

ljpoG ruphics Cothmunications, 111 C. 3o5 East 40Street, Navlbrk,N:Yroo/7

(212) 688-2445

Zip Code

47

If you use type,you'll want to use

If you want the newest dry transfer product on the market, with clear, sharp edges, on a carrier sheet that won't buckle, with unlimited shelf life - you'll want Geotype. More and more interest in Geotype is being shown by typographers as an extension of their type services. The wide range of typefaces available in Geotype is compatible with those offered by typographers. Type sizes range from 6 to 288 points and our fonting

arrangement and point sizes are based on North American standards. Geotype sheets are 28% larger and therefore cost less than our major dry transfer competitor. We'd like to show you how easy Geotype is to use. Just fill in the coupon or drop us a line today for complete information and a free sample. Geotype is now made both in Canada and the United States. With Geotype you'll waste not, want not.

Deans Geographics Ltd.

Manufacturers of Geotype, Geocolor. Geotone. Geosign and Geotape. USA Box 489. Richfield. Utah 84701 CANADA Head Office 1110 Seymour Street. Vancouver. B C. V6B 3N3 (604) 685-8236 Central Marketing Division 23 Railside Road. Don Mills. Ontario M3A 182 (4t6) 447-8568 I'd like more information on Geotype
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NAME COMPANY

ADDRESS STATE PHONE

ZIP

Mail to: U & lc Mailing Department 216 E. 45th Street New York, N.Y. 10017 Gentlemen: I want to receive (or continue to receive) future complimentary copies of U & lc.
SIGNATURE

If you enjoyed this copy of U&lc and would like to receive future complimentary copies, please complete and mail us this coupon.
)

NAME

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