Mole and Atomic Model

MOLE CONCEPT
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
ULTIMATE PARTICLE WHICH CANNOT BE FURTHER SUBDIVIDED
JOHN DALTON considered that “ all matter was composed of small particles called atoms. ”
Dalton’s Atomic Theory : based on law of conservation of mass and law of
definite proportions .
Given in 1808
Various postulates ( or assumption) of Dalton’s Atomic Theory of matter are-
1. All the matter is made up of very small particles called “ atoms”.
2. Atoms cannot be divided.
3. Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed ( indestructible)
4. Atoms are of various kinds. There are as many kinds of atoms as are elements.
5. All the atoms of a given element are identical in every respect, having the same
mass, size and chemical properties.
6. Atoms of different elements differ in mass, size and chemical properties.
7. Atoms of two or more elements join together during chemical combination to
form molecule of compounds.
8. No. and kind of atoms in a given compound is fixed.
Fundamental Particle :
Atom has many types of particles i.e.. electron, proton, neutron, positron,
antiproton, neutrino, meson, antineutrino, etc.
Main fundamental particles are electron, proton, neutron.

ELECTRON
Discovered by cathode ray experiment by J.J. Thomson in 1887.
Charge of electron (-1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs or -4.803 x 1010 esu) was

determined by Mullikan in his oil drop experiment.
Actual mass 9.1 x 10-28 g determined by J.J. Thomson
Specific charge (e/m ratio ) of elctrons was determined by Thomson as 1.76 x

108 coulomb/g.
Specific charge of electron decreases with increase in its velocity because

increase in velocity increases the mass of electron
Density of e- is 2.17 x 1017g/cc
Mass of 1 mole of electrons is nearly 0.55 mg
Charge of 1 mole of electrons is 96500 coulombs or 1 Faraday

Mass of electron is 1/1837 times that of proton
Proton
Discovered by anode ray experiment
Anode rays also called as canal rays or positive rays were discovered by E.
Goldstein in 1896.
Mass of proton is found to be 1.672 x 10-24 g or 1.672 x 10-27 Kg or 1.00782 amu
Charge of proton is + 1.602 x 10-19 coulombs
Specific charge of proton is 9.58 x 104 coulombs/g
However, the specific charge of the anode rays is not constant but changes with
the gas in the tube. It is max. when gas present in discharge tube is hydrogen
Mass of 1 mole of protons is nearly 1.007 g
Charge of 1 mole of protons is 96500 coulombs
Vol of a proton is is nearly 1.5 x 10-38 cm3
Proton is ionised hydrogen atom
Neutron
 Discovered by James Chadwick in1932
 Reason for late discovery was its neutral nature
 Slightly heavier than proton (0.18%)
 Mass = 1.675 x 10-24 g or 1.675 x 10-27 kg or 1.00866 amu
 Density = 1.5 x 1014 g/cc
 Specific charge = 0
 Mass of 1 mole of neutrons = 1.008 g
 Heaviest elementary particle in atom
 Least stable.
 Isolated neutron disintegrates into electron, proton, and neutrino
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
ATOMIC NO.
• Represented by Z
• No. of protons present in nucleus
• Also known as Nuclear charge
• For neutral atom : No. of proton = No. of electron
• For charged atom : no. of e- = Z- (charge on atom)
MASS NUMBER
• Represented by capital A
• Sum of neutrons and protons
• Also known as no. of nucleons
• A = no. of protons + no. of neutrons
• It is always a whole no.
Atom of an element represented by ZXA

X= symbol of element
Z= At. No. = no. of protons= no. of e- ( if atom is neutral)
A= Mass no. = no of neutron + no. of protons(At. No.)
Mass no. and Atomic weight
Eg. 6C12
P+ = 6 weight of proton = 6 x 1.00750
N0 = 6 weight of proton = 6 x 1.00850
e- = 6 weight of electron = 6 x 0.000549
weight of carbon atom = 12.011 amu

Mass no. of C atom = 12 (p+ and n)
Note: Mass no. of atom is always a whole no. but At. Weight
may be in decimal.
Isotopes
• Atoms of a given element which have the same at.no. but differ in their
mass no.
Eg. 6C12 , 6C13 , 6C14
1H , 1H , 1H
1 2 3
Note : Isotopes have same nuclear charge but differ in no. of neutrons in
nucleus
ISOBARS
• Atoms with same mass no. but different atomic no.
Eg. 6C14 , 7N14

18Ar 40 , Ca40
20
14Si 30 , P30
15
ISODIAPHERS
Atoms of different element which have the same difference of no. of neutrons
and protons.
ISOESTERS
Molecules which have same no. of atoms and electrons
Thomson atomic model
• proposed by William Thomson in the year 1900.
• This model explained the description of an inner structure of the atom
theoretically. It was strongly supported by Sir Joseph Thomson, who had
discovered the electron earlier.
• During cathode ray tube experiment, a negatively charged particle was
discovered by J.J. Thomson. This experiment took place in the year 1897.
Cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube. The negative particle was called an
electron.
• Thomson assumed that an electron is two thousand times lighter than a
proton and believed that an atom is made up of thousands of electrons. He
considered atoms surrounded by a cloud having positive as well as negative
charges. The demonstration of the ionization of air by X-ray was also done by
him together with Rutherford. They were the first to demonstrate it.
Thomson’s model of an atom is similar to a plum pudding.
Postulates of Thomson’s atomic model
Postulate 1: An atom consists of a positively charged sphere with electrons
embedded in it
Postulate 2: An atom as a whole is electrically neutral because the negative and
positive charges are equal in magnitude
Thomson atomic model is compared to watermelon. Where he considered:
Watermelon seeds as negatively charged particles
The red part of the watermelon as positively charged
Limitations of Thomson’s atomic model
failed to explain the stability of an atom because his model of
atom failed to explain how a positive charge holds the negatively
charged electrons in an atom. Therefore, This theory also failed
to account for the position of the nucleus in an atom
failed to explain the scattering of alpha particles by thin metal
foils
No experimental evidence in its support
Although Thomson’s model was not an accurate model to
account for the atomic structure, it proved to be the base for the
development of other atomic models.
RUTHERFORD’S α-SCATTERING EXPERIMENT
Rutherford observed that-
• Most of the α-particle (nearly 99.9%) went straight without suffering any
deflection.
• A few of them got deflected through small angles.
• A very few α-particles (about one in 20,000) did not pass through the foil at
all but suffered large deflection (more than 90˚) or even come back in the
direction from which they have come i.e. a deflection of 180˚.
Following conclusions were drawn from the above observations-
1. Since few of α-particles were deflected back from their original path through
moderate angles; it was concluded that the whole of the +ve charge is
concentrated and the space occupied by this positive charge is very small in
the atom.
Whenever α-particle come closer to this point , they suffer a force of repulsion
and deviate from their path.
The positively charged heavy mass which occupies only a small volume in an
atom is called nucleus. Its supposed to be present at the centre of the atom.
2. Since most of the α-particle went straight through the metal foil undeflected,
it means that there must be very large empty space within the atoms.
3. A very few α-particle suffered strong deflections or even returned on their
path indicating that the nucleus is right and α-particles coil due to direct collision
with the heavy positively charged mass.
4.The relation between number of deflected particle and deflection angle θ is
µ [θ increases,µ decreases]
Where µ = deflected particles θ = deflection angle
As atomic number increases, the number of proton increases which increases the
repulsion and so deflection angle θ increases.
Applications of Rutherford Model
On the basis of scattering experiments , Rutherford proposed the model of an
atom, which is a known as nuclear atomic model. According to this model-
1. An atom consist of a heavy positively charged nucleus where all the protons
are present.
2. The volume of the nucleus is very small and is only a minute fraction of the
total volume of the atom.
= 10-8 = 105 rn
10-13
Thus the radius of the atom is 105 times the radius of the nucleus .
The radius of a nucleus is proportional to the cube root of the no. of nucleons
within it.
R 1/3 R= R A1/3 cm
o
where Ro = 1.33 x 1013 , A = mass no. (p+n) , R = radius of nucleus
3. There is an empty space around the nucleus called extra nuclear
part where electrons are present. The no. of electrons in an atom is
always equal to no. of protons present in the nucleus. As the
nuclear part is responsible for the mass of the atom, the extra
nuclear part is responsible for its volume. The vol. of the atom is
about 1015 times the vol. of nucleus.
4. Electrons revolve round the nucleus in closed orbits with high
speeds and the electrostatic force of attraction between electrons
and nucleus is balanced by centrifugal force acting on electrons
Model similar to solar system, where the nucleus represent the sun
and revolving electrons as planets and so also known as Rutherford
planetary model of atom.
Drawbacks-
1. Could not explain the stability of atom. According to Maxwell electron loses
its energy continuously in the form of electromagnetic radiations. As a
result of this, the electron should loss energy at every turn and move closer
and closer to nucleus following a spiral path. The ultimate result will be that
it will fall into the nucleus , thereby making the atom unstable.
2. If the electrons loss energy continuously , the observed spectrum should be
continuous but the actual observed spectrum consists of well defined lines of
definite frequencies. Hence, the loss of energy by electron is not continuous in
an atom.
3. Was not able to explain the arrangement of electrons and their energies.
Q. Rutherford ‘s α- scattering
experiment proved that atom has-
1. Electrons
2. Neutrons
3. Nucleus
4. Orbitals
Bohr’s Atomic Model
Model was based on quantum theory of radiation and Classical laws of physics
Applicable only for single electron species like H, He+, Li2+ etc.
Based on particle nature of electron
Postulates-
1. Atom has a nucleus where all protons and neutrons are present.
The size of nucleus is very small and it is present at the centre of the atom
2. Negatively charged electron revolve around the nucleus in the same way as the
planets revolve around the sun.
The path of electron is circular.
The attraction force (coulombic or electrostatic force) between nucleus and electron is
equal to the centrifugal force on electron.
ie. attraction force towards nucleus = centrifugal force away from nucleus
3. Electron can revolve only in those orbits in which angular momentum (mvr) of electron
is integral multiple of h/2π
Angular momentum can take values such as h/2π , 2h/2π , 3 h/2π , 4 h/2π …….but can’t
have fractional values such as 1.5 h/2π , 1.2h/2π , 0.5 h/2π , 1.6 h/2π ,……
4. The orbits in which electron can revolve are known as stationary orbits because in these
orbits energy of electron is always constant.
5. Each stationary orbit is associated with definite amount of energy therefore these orbits
are also called as energy levels and are numbered as 1,2,3, 4, 5,….or K, L, M, N, O,…. from
the nucleus outwards.
6. The emission or absorption of energy in the form of photon can only occur when
electron jumps from one stationary state to another & it is
ΔE = E higher – E lower = Energy of a quantum = h 
Energy is absorbed when electron jumps from inner to outer orbit and is emitted when
electron moves from outer to inner orbit.

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MOLE CONCEPT

Main fundamental particles are electron, proton, neutron.

Charge of electron (-1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs or -4.803 x 1010 esu) was

Actual mass 9.1 x 10-28 g determined by J.J. Thomson

Specific charge (e/m ratio ) of elctrons was determined by Thomson as 1.76 x

Specific charge of electron decreases with increase in its velocity because

Mass of 1 mole of electrons is nearly 0.55 mg

Charge of 1 mole of electrons is 96500 coulombs or 1 Faraday

Atom of an element represented by ZXA

weight of carbon atom = 12.011 amu

Eg. 6C14 , 7N14

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