DEFINITION CHEMISTRY FORM 4 KSSM

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTON TO CHEMISTRY

Chemistry Chemistry is a field of science that studies the structures, properties, compositions
and interactions between matters.
Scientific method Scientific method is a systematic method used by scientists or researchers to solve
problems related to science.
CHAPTER 2 : MATER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Matter Matter is something that has mass and occupies space
Melting Melting is the process where a solid changes to its liquid state at a certain
temperature and pressure when heat is applied to the solid.
Melting point Melting point is the constant temperature when a substance changes from solid state
to become liquid at a specific pressure.
Boiling Boiling is the process where a liquid changes to its gaseous state at a certain
temperature and pressure when heat is applied to it.
Boiling point Constant temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas at a
particular pressure.
Freezing point Freezing point is the constant temperature when a substance changes from liquid
state to become solid at a specific pressure.
Proton number The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Nucleon number The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
Electron Negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.
Electron arrangement The electron arrangement shows the nucleus and electron arrangement of an atom.
Atomic structure The atomic structure shows the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and
electron arrangement of an atom.
Valence shell The outermost shell filled with electrons is the valence shell.
Valence electrons Electrons in the valence shell are known as valence electrons.
Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons.
Natural abundance Natural abundance is the percentage of isotopes present in a natural sample of
element.
CHAPTER 3 : THE MOLE CONCEPT, CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION
Relative atomic mass, The average mass of an atom of the element compared to 1/12 of the mass of one
RAM carbon-12 atom.
Relative molecular The relative molecular mass, RMM of a molecule is the average mass of the
mass, RMM molecule compared to 1/12 of the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
Relative formula mass, The relative mass of an ionic substance is called the relative formula mass, RFM
RFM
Avogadro constant, NA The number of particles contained in one mole of substance, that is 6.02 × 10 23 mol–1.

Mole The mole, with the symbol mol , is the SI unit of amount of substance.
One mole of substance contains 6.02214076 × 1023 elementary entities of the
substance.
Molar mass Molar mass is the mass of one mole of substance.
Molar volume Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mol of a gas.
The molar volume of any gas depends on the condition, that is 22.4 dm 3 mol–1 at STP
or 24 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions.
Chemical formula Chemical formula is a representation of a chemical substance using alphabets to
represent the atoms and subscript numbers to show the number of each type of atoms
found in the elementary entities of the substance.
Empirical formula The empirical formula is the chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of the
number of atoms of each element in a compound.
Molecular formula The molecular formula is the chemical formula that shows the actual number of
atoms of each element found in a molecule of a compound.
Chemical equation A way of writing that describes a chemical reaction in the form of words or
chemical formula.
CHAPTER 4 : THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
Periods The horizontal rows in the Periodic Table of Elements are called Periods.
Groups The vertical columns in the Periodic Table of Elements are called Groups.
CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICAL BOND
Chemical bond Chemical bond means a bond formed between atoms that transfer or share electrons
to form a compound.
Ionic bond Ionic bond is formed by the transfer of electrons between a metal atom and a non-
metal atom.
Covalent bonds Covalent bonds are formed when non-metal atoms share their electrons to achieve a
stable duplet or octet electron arrangement.
Lewis structure Lewis structure only shows the valence electrons of the atoms involved.
Diagram that shows the bonds between atoms in a molecule and the electron lone
pairs in a molecule.
Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds are attraction forces between hydrogen atom, H that has bonded
with an atom of high electronegativity, such as nitrogen, N, oxygen, O or fluorine, F
with nitrogen, N, oxygen, O or fluorine, F in another molecule.
Dative bond Dative bond or coordinate bond is a type of covalent bond where the electron pair
that is shared comes from one atom only.
Metallic bond. Electrostatic attraction force between the sea of electrons and the positively-charged
metal ions form the metallic bond.
Sea of electrons All delocalised valence electrons can move freely between the metal structure and
form a sea of electrons.
Delocalised electron Delocalised electron means electron that moves freely and is not owned by any atom
nor ion.
Lattice structure Lattice structure is the orderly arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules of a
compound in a solid crystal.
CHAPTER 6 : ACID, BASE AND SALT
Acid Chemical substances ionise in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+.
Basicity of acids Basicity of acids refers to the number of hydrogen ions, H+ that can be produced by
an acid molecule that ionises in water.
Monoprotic acid Monoprotic acid because it can produce one hydrogen ion, H+ per acid molecule.
Diprotic acid Diprotic acid because it can produce two hydrogen ion, H + per acid molecule.
Triprotic acid Triprotic acid because it can produce three hydrogen ion, H + per acid molecule.
Base Base is a substance that reacts with acids to produce salt and water only.
Alkali Chemical substances that ionise in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH –.
pH pH is a logarithmic measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous
solution.
pH scale pH scale which ranges from 0 to 14 is used to show the acidity and alkalinity of an
aqueous solution.
Strong acid A strong acid is an acid that ionises completely in water to produce a high
concentration of hydrogen ions, H+.
Weak acid A weak acid is an acid that ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of
hydrogen ions, H+.
Strong alkali A strong alkali is an alkali that ionises completely in water to produce a high
concentration of hydroxide ions, OH–.
Weak alkali A weak alkali is an alkali that ionises partially in water to produce a low
concentration of hydroxide ions, OH–.
Concentration Concentration of a solution is a measurement that shows the quantity of solute
dissolved in a unit volume of solution, normally in 1 dm 3 solution.
Concentration in unit g dm–3, is the mass of solute found in 1 dm3 solution.
Molarity. Concentration in unit mol dm–3, is the number of moles of solute found in 1 dm3
solution.
Standard solution Standard solution is a solution with known concentration.
Dilution method. Tis method involves adding water to a concentrated standard solution, or known as
stock solution, to produce a more diluted solution.
Neutralisation Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and an alkali (base) to produce salt and
water only.
Titration method Titration method is a quantitative analysis method to determine the volume of acid
needed to completely neutralise a given volume of alkali and vice versa.
End point The point in the titration at which the acid-base indicator changes colour is known as
the end point.
Salt Salt is an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H+ from the acid is
replaced with the metal ion or the ammonium ion, NH4+.
Soluble salts Soluble salts are salts that dissolve in water at room temperature.
Non-soluble salts Non-soluble salts are salts that do not dissolve at room temperature.
(insoluble salts)
Recrystallisation Recrystallisation is the method used to purify soluble salt.
Double decomposition Double decomposition reaction, the ions in both aqueous solutions exchange with
reaction each other to form a new aqueous solution and a precipitate.
Qualitative analysis of a Qualitative analysis of a salt is a technique used to identify the cation and anion
salt present in a salt by analysing its physical and chemical properties.
CHAPTER 7 : RATE OF REACTION
The rate of reaction The rate of reaction is the changes in the quantity of the reactant per unit time or the
changes in the quantity of product per unit time.
The average rate of The average rate of reaction is the average value for the rate of reaction that occurs in
reaction a particular time interval.
The instantaneous rate The instantaneous rate of reaction is the rate of reaction at a particular point of time.
of reaction
Catalysts Catalysts are chemical substances that alter the rate of chemical reactions without
undergoing any chemical changes at the end of the reaction.
Effective collisions To produce effective collisions, the reactant particles must have energy equal to or
more than the activation energy and collide in the correct orientation.
Ineffective collision Collision between particles with energy less than the activation energy or in the
wrong orientation.
Activation energy Reactant particles need to acquire the minimum energy known as activation energy
so as to break the bonds in the reactant particles and form new bonds in the products.
Exothermic reactions Reactions that release heat energy to the surroundings are called exothermic
reactions.
Endothermic reactions Reactions that absorb heat energy from the surroundings are called endothermic
reactions.
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
Alloy An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements where the main element is a metal.
Ceramic A ceramic is a solid made up of inorganic and non-metallic substances.
Composite material A composite material is a material made from combining two or more non-
homogeneous substances, that is matrix substance and strengthening substance.