Chapter No.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

South Asia

Terminology :

According to geography this region is called: SOUTH ASIA

Historian called this region : Indo-Pak SUB-CONTINENT

In Persian this region is called: HINDUSTAN

In Arabic this region is called: AL-HINDH

In Europe this region is called: INDIA

THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION OF SOUTH ASIA

Thousands of years ago human beings lived together in South Asia. The
civilization of south Asia was one of the oldest civilizations of the world.

They knew about farming, construction of houses and wearing of

ornaments. The valley of Sindh was center of civilization. The signs of this
primitive civilization has been traced. The ruins of two big settlements have
been discovered in the province of Sindh and Punjab.

1- Mohenjo-Daro

2- Harappa
 Indus Valley Civilization

Near about five thousand years ago, the civilization of Mohenjo-Daro and
Harappa was existed with all its colours.

They were super intelligent race. They were aware of good living and
proper planning. The roads and streets were straight and wide like modern
day world. Houses were built in straight lines.

They built underground drainage system, which was one of the most
important and distinguish factor in the world history. Market and food stores
were part of the city.

The invaders from Central Asia came through Khyber Pass and destroyed
the Indus valley civilization. They were Aryans who moved to South Asia and
Europe 3500 years ago in search of food and water. Aryans were better
warriors. They crushed the original inhabitants and occupied the Indus Valley.

Aryans (Hindu civilization)

Aryans invaded south Asia and Europe near about 3500 years ago in search
of food and water. They were lived nomadic life in central Asia and reared
herds of cattle. Gradually they settled in western, northern and eastern part
of south Asia.

A social change occurred in Aryans. They get rid of nomadic life and
started living in towns and villages. Soon they started their own civilization
called Hindu civilization. Aryans were the founder of Hindu religion.

They divided the human civilization of south Asia and introduce the system
of human sacrifices, burning of women alive and other crime against
humanity.

Religion of Hindu Aryan:

In early days the religious beliefs of Aryan were very simple. According to
historians Vedas were reveled on their prophets. This called early Vedic
period. In this period Hindus believed on One God and their ritual and
beliefs were similar to Islam.
 The name of their books are Rig Veda, Sam Veda, Yajur Veda and Athara
Veda. Other books are Bhag-wat-Gita, Ramayana, Mahabharata and Puran
(Purana).

But soon they were altered in their sacred Books and started idol worship.

Concept of God in Hinduism

According to verses (Ashlooks and Manters) of Holy Books of Hindus there
is Supreme God who is One and only one. He has no father nor mother. He has
no image and shadow. No one comparable onto Him. He is creator and
created the universe.

But Aryan were altered in their sacred Books and started idol worship. Now
a days Hindu believed on several thousand minor gods and goddesses.

They believed that the minor gods and goodness are just like associate of
Supreme God.

They worshiped objects like sun, moon, earth, planets, and superficial
things like black mother (Kali Mata) and animals like cow, monkeys, elephant,
snake, etc.

Varuna : the sky god Gau Mata : the cow goddess

Surya: the sun god Hanuman: the monkey god

Marut: the wind god Naag Deuta: the snake god

Agni: the fire god Ganeeh : the elephant god

Indra : the rain god Brahma: the father god

Soom : the moon god Bhadra Kali: mother goddess

Shiva : destroyer god Vishnua: the god of life

Shiri Kirishna: prophet god Shiri Ram: the prophet god

 Concept of Last Prophet (Antem Rashi/ Last Autar)

According to book Kalki Autar written by Pandit ved Parkash a professor of

Sanskrit, there is concept of last prophet in Hindu Holy books.

The last Prophet will born in an Island (probably Island of Arabia). The
name of his father is Vishnu Bhagat (Arabic meaning: Abdullah). His mother
name is Soma-nabh (Arabic meaning: Amna). He use date and olive. God will
teach him through his messenger in a cave.

Other Concepts

Hindus also believes on good deeds (Pun) and sin (Pap), charity (Dan) and
fasting (Baret), rebirth (Avagovan) and end of the world (Kul Jag), Hell (Nerak)
and haven (Suvaregg) etc.

Customs:

Hindu society burnt alive the widow with the dead body of her husband and
this was called “Sati” and some tribe buried alive her daughter.

Human sacrifice were common in the Hindu society. Humans were

sacrificed at altars of the false gods and goddess in every temple on 14 th
night of the lunar month. Humans were also used as food for Dragons/ Snake
gods (Naag Deuta). In every year one man/woman from every village was
thrown into the river/ sea to please the god of water.

Hindu Society:

Caste system

The whole society was divided into four big castes.

1. Brahmans (original Aryans and highest caste)

They were performed religious ceremonies/teaching.

2. Kashatrias (original Aryans and 2nd highest caste)

They were assigned to rule and defend the country)

3. Vaishyas (they were mix race.)

Agriculture, industry, trade and commerce were assigned to them. They

were tax payer class.

4. Shudras ( the native people of south Asia before the Aryan invasion)

They had lowest position in the society. They were treated as slaves and
cheap labour force and served the higher castes.

They were not allowed to live in the cities, wear new cloths, eat fresh food,
get education, carry weapon and go to temple. They lived worst then animals.

If a Shudras tried to get education, his tongue was cutoff and molten lead
was poured into his ear.

They were called untouchable. They were not allowed to touch anything
under the use of Brahmans. They were hanged by the order of the Brahmans
without any reason.
 Buddhism A Religion against the Hinduism.
Gotham Buddha was born in 563 B.C. His original name was Prince
Siddhartha. He was Crown Prince of state of Kapilvastu in northern India. He
was married with Princess Yasodhara.

He was very sensitive person. He was always thinking about idol worship,
caste system of Hindus, Brahmanucracy, death and suffering of humans.

One night he left his palace and kingdom and began wondering in the
forest in quest of truth. At the age of 35, during the fasting under a tree he
received light. Buddha means enlightened person.

After receiving light he started preaching about his religion. He was

against the idol worship and Hindu caste system.

Summary of Buddha preaching

 Do not worship Idols, Images, any kind of living and nonliving things and
superficial things.

 All human beings are equal

 Kind treatment with mankind.

 Not to steal

 Not to tell a lie

 Not to drink Alcohol. Vine or any kind of narcotics.

 Not to use abusive language

 Do not commit a suicide

 To abstain from impurity

Soon his religion was spread in the half of the world from China to Srilanka
and Central Asia, Afghanistan to Japan . Texla (a city 35 km from Islamabad
the capital of Pakistan) was the center of Buddha civilization (Also called the
Ghandhara civilization). Buddhism was the largest religion in the world before
Christ.

The contemporary religions were Judaism in Arabia and Africa and

Zoroastrianism (Zertustism) in Persia.

After 100 years of death of Buddha his followers were declared him god’s
soul and started worshiping him.
 Jainism

Mahavira a son of tribal chief was the founder of Jainism.

Summary of his teaching

 Right faith

 Right knowledge

 Right conduct

 Follow Ahinsa/ahimsa ( means do not kill any human beings, Animals,

Birds, All kinds of fishes, insects and any living creature.)

 They were also called vegetarian. Mostly it was spread in eastern and
southern part of south Asia.

00-8000 BC Pre historic and stone age

8000 BC -1500 BC Indus valley civilization

1500 BC -274 BC Advent of Aryan and Hindu civilization

326 BC Alexander invasion

274 BC- 320 AD Buddha civilization

320 AD - 712 AD Revival of Hinduism

712 AD- 1206 AD Advent of Muslims rule

1206 AD- 1757 AD Muslim civilization

1757 AD – 1857 AD Advent of British

1857 AD – 1947 AD British colonial rule

Post Aryan Kingdoms and dynasties :

326 BC Alexander from Greece invaded western part of south Asia.

322 BC Chandra Gupta Maurya ( Mauryan dynasty \ Hindu dynasty)

[ The famous book “The Arthaśāstra (It is an ancient Indian Sa
on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy)” was wri
Teacher and Prime Minster Kautilya Vishnugupta Chanakya

274 BC Asoka ( First Great Buddha ruler)

236 BC Kushan Kingdom

120 AD Kanishka dynasty (Gandhara civilization)

320 AD Gupta dynasty

(Revival of Hindu religion)

606 AD Harsha
(Revival of Buddhism)

650 AD Rajput principlaties

(Revival of Hindu religion once again)
1-Sindh 2-Punjab 3-Ajmer
 4-Kanauj 5-kashmir 6-Malwa
7-Bengal 8-Gujarat 9-Deccan

712 AD Muhamad Bin Qasim in Sindh

Types of Calendars

1) Solar months and years: we counts solar years according to the birth of
Jesus Christ (Prophet Isa peace be upon him)

BC means before the Jesus Christ.

AD (Anno Domini) means era consider since the birth of Jesus Christ.

2) Lunar months and years : we counts lunar years according to the migration
of Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from Makkah to Madinah
called Hijrah

AH means after Hijrah (migration)

ESTABLISHMENT OF ISLAMIC SOCIETY IN THE SUBCONTINENT

Islam in South Asia

Islam is the religion of peace and humanity. It is not religion of war. Islam
means peace and submission to God’s will to gain peace.

Islam is spread through peaceful preaching and peoples were inspired by the
life and character of early Muslims.

 The Arab traders introduced Islam in the subcontinent.

Arab trade ship went to Indonesia after staying at the seaports of Malabar
Coast in southern part of South Asia. Arabs accepted Islam in 630 AD and a
positive change occurred in their life.

The native people of coastal areas of the subcontinents were impressed by

Muslim Arab traders and their simplicity, honesty, equality, and kindness.

Many of them embrace Islam.

 In this way many Muslim societies were established along the coastal belt
of South Asia between 630 AD and 700 AD.

 In the rest of South Asia Islam was spread by the efforts of Saints and
‘Sufies.’

ARAB TRADE ROUTES IN THE WORLD 600AD

 Impact of Islam
 Reform in faith and religious beliefs.

 Introduction of Oneness of Allah

 Ban on all kinds of inhuman acts and human sacrifices and burning woman alive.

 Equality of mankind.

 Justice and Adl.

  Religious tolerance.

 Development in all sections of life and education.

 Unity of the Sub-continent and Strong defense.

 Efficient Administration and welfare policies.

 Prosperity in the Sub-continent.

 Positive impact on Culture, Language , Literature, Custom ,Tradition, Art,

Architecture, Agriculture, Industry, Construction, means of Communications,
Transportation, etc. of South Asia

Advent of Muslims in South Asia

Conquests of subcontinent

1- Conquest of southwestern subcontinent.

In 712 A.D., Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered southwestern part of the
subcontinent (lower Indus plain/Sindh Province) up to Multan.

Causes of war:

The king of Sri Lanka sent eight ships full of gifts for the emperor of Muslim
empire of Arabia Caliph Walid bin Abdul Malik. These ships were plundered
near Debal by sea pirates. Muslim ambassadors were killed and women and
children on board made captive by the pirates.

Governor of Iraq Hajjaj bin Yousaf demanded compensation and punishment

of pirates from Hindu ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir. But Raja Dahir refused to do
so.

Events:
 When diplomacy failed Hajjaj Bin Yousaf sent Muhammad Bin Qasim with
12,000 army by land route and naval ships by sea route.

Near about 50,000 soldiers were present at Debal for the defense of port city.

Muhammad Bin Qasim reached Debal the port city of Sindh near Karachi in
the autumn of 711 A.D and besieged the city. With the help of Catapult
Muslims bombarded the city by heavy stones.

One of rock hit the Hindu temple in the middle of the city and the city fell to
the Muslims after furious fighting. After the conquest of Debal Muslim Army
marched towards Raja Dahir. Raja Dahir had a powerful army of near about
1,50,000 soldier and several hundred war elephants.

A furious battle was fought along river Indus and Raja Dahir was killed during
battle.

Result:
Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered southwestern part of the subcontinent (lower
Indus plain/Sindh Province) up to Multan. Muhammad Bin Qasim was very kind
with the local population. He freed the local population from the slavery of
Hindu Brahmans. Soon the 90% of the population of Sindh embrace Islam.

2- Conquest of north-western subcontinent.

After 300 years of conquest of Sindh, Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi entered into
subcontinent from northwestern side in 1000 A.D., and annexed the western part
(Indus valley) of South Asia.

In 997 AD Afghanistan was ruled by a Muslim ruler Subuktgin.

At that time Punjab was rule by Raja Jai-Pal a Hindu ruler of Rajput Shahi
dynasty. Lahore was Capital of that kingdom. Raja Jai-Pal was attacked on
Afghanistan but was defeated.

After death of Subuktgin in 998 AD his son Mahmud became sultan in the age
of 27 years.

Raja Jai-Pal once again attacked on Afghanistan. Sultan Mahmud used war
tactics and captured Raja Jai-Pal alive and imposed him heavy fine. Raja Jai-
Pal commit a suicide in his palace at Lahore.

His son Anand-Pal ascend a thrown and with the help of the forces of fourteen
Rajas he attacked on Sultan. By using war tactics Sultan Mahmud Gaznavi
crushed the Allied forces of Hindus.

Sultan Mahmud captured Lahore and Anand-Pal fled away. Sultan appointed
Tri-lochan-Pal as new ruler of Lahore.

After Murder of Tri-lochan-Pal, Sultan started a series of attack on all the

Hindu Rajas who were behind the conspiracy of murder. This is called his
famous seventeen attacks of the Sub-continent.

Sultan ransacked one by one Nagarkot, Kashmir, Methrah, Thane-Swar,

Kanauj, Kalan-Jar and Gawa-Liar.

Conquest of Somnath
 The capture of Somnath (the temple of Shiva) in state of Gujarat the Holiest
place of Hindus was very famous in the History. In 1026 AD. The Sultan
reached at Multan and punished the rebellious governor.

Than he quietly entered into Thar Desert with his army and by pass the
defense lines of Hindu army and suddenly appeared before the gates of
Somnath near the shore of Arabian Sea.

Rajput rulers gathered their forces but were defeated. After a furious battle at
last Sultan entered into temple and broke the Idol of Shiva.

This was the death below the faith of Hindu mythology. In the History Sultan
Mahmud Gaznavi was titled as Idol breaker and he was never defeated in any
battle.

3- Conquest of northern subcontinent.

Sultan Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Ghuri was followed the path of Ghaznavi after
150 years and entered into the northern parts of the subcontinent (Ganges
valley/ Northern India) in 1192 A.D.

Sultan Ghias-ud-din Ghuri was established the Ghuri empire in Afghanistan and
appointed his brother Sultan Muhammad Ghuri as governor of Ghazni.

At that time the Rajput Ruler of Ajmer was Perthvi Roy Chohan . He was strong
opponent of Muslims. Due to his cruelty a Muslim Saint (Khawaja Moenuddin
Chisty) wrote a letter to Sultan Muhammad Ghuri for help. When diplomacy failed
Sultan attacked on Ajmer and a furious battle was fought in the battle field of
Tarain in 1192 AD.

Sultan used war tactics and Perthavi was killed during battle.

In the History this battle is called a decisive battle which end the Hindu
supremacy forever in the sub-continent and paved the way for the
establishment of Muslim kingdom.

4- Conquest of central and eastern subcontinent

After the victory of Tarain, Sultam Muhammad Ghauri marched into the interior
and conquered Sirsuti, Hansi and Ajmer. Sultan Muhammad Ghauri appointed
Qutbuddin Aibak as first Muslim Viceroy of India.

Qutbuddin Aibak conquered Meerut, Delhi and Kol. Sultan once again came in
South Asia and conquered Kanauj. Qutbuddin Aibak started second wave of
conquest and conquered Gwalior, Nehrwala and Kalanjar.

One of his general (Ikhtiar-rud-din Khilji) conquered eastern parts of

subcontinent (Brahmaputra valley/ Bengal).

In 1206 A.D Khokhors of Punjab rebelled against Muslim kingdom for revenge of
Perthavi and Sultan came in South Asia to crush the rebellion.

But when Sultan Muhammad Ghauri was returning home after success he was
martyred in an ambush during night prayer at Dhamyak in the Jhelum District.
 Sultans of Delhi
(1206 A.D. to 1526 A.D.)

Qutab-ud-din-Aibak (1206-1210)
After death of Sultan Muhammad Ghauri the viceroy of India Qutab-ud-din-
Aibak laid the foundation of the Muslim kingdom of South Asia in 1206 A.D.

Qutab-ud-din-Aibak was first Muslim king of South Asia. He was a pious

Muslim and strong ruler. He was tolerant with Hindus. He established Muslim
rule and maintained peace and order in the country.

He change the administrative, social, legal, cultural and educational policies

according to Islam.

He introduced the Islamic architecture and built many Historical buildings

including mosque and moments. He was died at Lahore in 1210 A.D

During slave dynasty (1206 A.D., to 1290 A.D.) Muslim kingdom was
established in the subcontinent.

SULTAN SHAMS-UD-ILTUTMISH (1210-1236)

He was noble person and saint like ruler. He crushed the rebellions and
consolidate the Muslim kingdom of south Asia

He faced the great Mongol dangers and saved the sultanate of Delhi from
destruction through his able and wise diplomacy.

Mongolia is a Central Asian Republic in the north of China and homeland of

great Mongol and Tatar warrior Changes Khan and Halacu Khan.

The Mongol storm was destroyed the half of the world including Northern
China, Russia, Eastern Europe ,Central Asian Muslim states of Khwarazm,
Persia, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan
 Mongol slaughtered more than 6,00,00,000 Muslim man, woman and
children. Mongol built minaret by the suckles of Muslims dead bodies after
conquest of every Muslim city and drink their blood.

Mongol converted the Muslim seat of learning into ruins for example
Samarkand, Bukhara. Khewa, Khwarazm, Tabriz, Mushed, Esfahan, Ray.
Shiraz, Bagdad and Damascus.

Due to strong defense policy of Sultan Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, Sultan

Ghiyas-ud-din Balban , Sultan Ala ud din Khilji , Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq
only South Asia was saved from this horrible and tragic scene.

 Rukn-ud-din Firuz (1236) was next successor

Raziyyat ud din Sultana (1236–1240)

Raziyya-Tud-din Sultana a daughter of Sultan Shams-ud-din Iltutmish was first
Muslim Queen of South Asia. She was brave, just and wise ruler.

She personally led her armies against the rebels. She always kind to her
people and take interest on welfare of people. Her rule was very short and
she was killed during a rebellion.

 Muiz-ud-din Bahram (1240–1242) was next successor

 Ala-ud-din Masud (1242–1246) was next successor

Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (1246–1266)

He was a younger son of Sultan Shams-ud-din Iltutmish and a very Good-
fearing ruler. He was saint on the throne. He led a very simple life, earning his
bread by copying verses from Holy Quran. His wife herself cooked the meals
for the family. There were no servants in his house.

Ghiyas-ud-din Balban was his very able minister and his rule was very
peaceful.

Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1266–1286)

He was served as defense wall against Mongol storm for last 50 years and
always focused on western border. He built fortresses on the frontier and put
a large army. Hence he saved the people of South Asia from Mongol danger.
Personally he was very kind with the people.

5- Conquest of Southern subcontinent

During khilgi dynasty (1290 A.D., to 1320 A.D.) Southern part of subcontinent
(Daccan plateau) were came under the Muslim rule.

 Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290–1296), founder of the Khilji dynasty, defeated
some invading Mongol armies
 Sultan Ala ud din Khilji (1295–1316)
Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji was a strong man and having strong nerve,
intelligent, wise and a psychologist. He always remember in the history of
world especially history of south Asia. His strong measures and
administrative policies made the South Asia a Golden Sparrow and dream
land on surface of the earth.

1- Wave of conquest towards south

Prince Ala-ud-din Khilji conquered Devagiri in 1294 A.D and brought a lot of
wealth which was deposited in Devagiri from last one thousand years.

State of Rajputana was the strong hold of Hindu Rajput Empire in the south.
When Alauddin become Sultan he gave crushing defeat to Rajput kingdom and
conquered state of Gujrat in 1297. Ranthambor was fallen in 1299 and Mewar
, Chitor, Malwa, Mandu, Ujjain and Chanderi were submitted one by one till
1305 A.D . After defeating all Rajput states Sultan marched toward Deccan
states.

He sent his able general Malik kafur who conquered Warangal, Dwarasmudra
and Madura till 1312 A.D and reached Sri Lanka. He returned with huge
amount of war booty including gold, precious stones, elephants and horses.

Now whole of south Asia was submitted to Sultan.

2-

Strong measure against Mongol threat

Alauddin completed the defence policy of Balban and fortified the western
frontier. He kept the army in a good order and able generals were appointed.

He crushed the rebellious governors, land of nobles were confiscated and ban
on their social gathering which resulted internal peace.

3- Well-organized system of espionage

A well-organized department of espionage was established called Percha

Nawais (‫ ) پرچہ نویس‬which the sultan kept himself informed of the actions of his
officials, public, merchant, peasant, traders and Mongols.

4- Governmental control on food crops and subsidy system

 A system was established in which government directly purchase the food
crops from peasants, transported it and stored it in granaries. Payments
were made to peasants on time.

5- Population censes

A censes was held to calculate the requirement of an area and proper

planning.

6- Check and balance

Weights and measures were inspected and defaulters were severely punished

6- Price control system

A price list was prepared government which contained the prices of all things
required for daily use. It was compulsory for every shop keeper to display the
price list. Price magistrates were appointed to regulate the prices in order to
keep them low.

Summary

Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji brought the whole of South Asia Under one
administration from Peshawar to Dacca and Nepal to Sri Lanka.

South Asia was saved from Mongol invasions and internal revolts. Crime was
decreased to none. Peasants took relief from exploitation and their living
condition was improved. Cheap corn was supplied to the market. A common
man could lead a comfortable life, inspite of his low income. No one died from
hunger.

 Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316–1320) was next successor,

Tughlaq Dynasty (1321–1413)

During Tughlaq dynasty (1320 A.D. to 1413 A.D) Muslim rule was established in
southern part of subcontinent.

 Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (1321–1325) was founder of dynasty.

Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351)

Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325–1351) crushed the rebellion in the
southern part of subcontinent and he declared Dulat Abad (Daccan plateau
region) as his capital.

Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was the ablest among the rulers of South Asia.

He was the most learned king that ever sat upon the throne of Delhi. He was a
man of ideas far in advance of his age. He was a scholar, a poet and a great
lover of fine Arts. He was well-versed in Logic, Astronomy, Mathematics,
Philosophy and Calligraphy. He was a pious Muslim and followed the religious
practices of Islam. He was very tolerant with Hindus.

The task of prosperity and conquest were completed till the start of Tuglaq
dynasty, Hence they focus on welfare, development and public works in South
Asia.
New cities, Gardens, Hospitals, School, Universities and Mosque were built
throughout the South Asia.

They organized a system of poor relief called ‘ Diwan-i-Khairat’ and financial

aid was given to the needy.

Sadaat dynasty (1414 A.D., to 1451 A.D),

Lodhi dynasty (1451 A.D., to 1526 A.D ),

 Bahlul Khan Lodhi (1451–1489) was founder of dynasty.

 Sikandar Lodhi (1489–1517) was next successor

During Lodhi dynasty famous Portages sailor Vas-Coday Gama was landed on
seaport of Kali Kat and plundered the city. Portages also attacked on Bengal
but governor of Bengal crushed them and sink their war ships.

 Last Sultan of Delhi Ibrahim Lodhi (1517–1526), defeated by Mughal

king Zaheer-uddin-Babur in the first battle of Paniput in 1526 AD. (who
replaced the Delhi Sultanate with the Mughal Empire and laid the Mughal
Kingdom in South Asia)

Establishment of Mughal Empire

Mughal king Zaheer –uddin-Babur defeated the last Sultan of Delhi
Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 A.D and laid the foundation
of the Mughal Empire in South Asia. When Babur died his son Humayun
succeed him.

Babur's son Humayun succeeded him in 1530, but suffered reversals at the
hands of the Pashtun Sher Shah Suri and lost most of his empire state.

Humayun ran away form scene and crossed the rough terrain of the Makran
(Balochistan) with his wife until their son Akbar was born in the fortress of
Umarkot in Sind.

From 1540 Humayun became ruler in exile, reaching the Persian court of the
Safavid rule in 1554 in Iran while his force still controlled some fortresses and
small regions in western part of South Asia.

Sultan Sher Shah Suri

He was people’s king. Within five years of his tenure he did a lot for the
welfare of people of South Asia. Means of communication and transportation
always plays a significance role in the development of country.

He ordered to construct more than 3500 km long Grand Trunk road (G.T road)
and other highways from Kabul (Afghanistan) to Dacca (Bengal)

Along the highways forts were constructed for protection of caravans and
free hotels were built. After every eight kilometers wells were also dig for
drinking water. A speedy dak /post system was established.
Agricultural and Tax reforms suitable for peasants were introduced.
Economic reforms and strict law and orders were enforced.

However, the Mughals re-established their rule after Humayun’s army

defeated Hemu Baqal during the Second Battle of Panipat in 1554.

Humayun conquered the central part around Delhi, but months later died in an
accident, leaving the realm unsettled and in war.

The era of Emperor Akbar

Akbar was born in 1543 A.D. His family was passing through hard times.

In the state of displacement, Akbar could not get education. His father
‘Humayum’ got back the throne with much difficulty but he could not live long.
Akbar inherited the throne in his tender age in 1556 A. D.

At that time, a large part of Indian population came under the fold of Islam
after impressing from its elevated morality, philosophy, and ideology of life.

To stop this trend Hindu reformation movements were initiated. There were
two major reform movements in south Asia.

 1) ‘Sikh’ movement (Baba Guru Nanak)

 2) ‘Bhagti’ movement (Bhagat Kabir/ Rama Nand/Kabir Da’as)

These Hindu reformist movements on one hand were against cast system or
social division and on the other hand emphasized on making a society based
on teachings of the ‘veds’.

On one side talked of uniting, the religions while on the other side preached
believing in the teachings of ‘Ramchandar’ and ‘Krishan Jee.’

These movements actually were to make an ‘idiot’ of the Indian people so

that they cannot come in the fold of Islam. Some ignorant Muslims became
victims of these propagandists.

In the beginning, Emperor Akbar desired to win the collaboration of the ‘Hindu
Rajputs’. For this purpose, he married a number of ‘Hindu Rajput’ women.

He elevated the ‘Hindu Rajputs’ on high government assignments. The Hindu

ministers prompted Akbar to introduce a new religious faith.

Akbar was greatly impressed by the suggestion. He promulgated his new

religion ‘Din-i-Ilahi’ in 1582 A.D. It was the political conspiracy against Islam.

Emperor Akbar suggested that the follower of ‘Deen-i-Ilahi’ would worship

some days according to Hinduism and some days according to Islam.

The un-educated and ignorant ‘Sufies’ also appreciated Akbar’s policies due
to misinterpretation of the philosophy of ‘Wahdat-ul-Wajud.’

Important characteristics of Akbar’s invented religion

 The some important characteristics of Akbar’s invented religion (Din-i-Ilahi)
are as follows:

 Emperor Akbar declared himself as the shadow of God on earth.

 People bowed to Emperor Akbar and his portrait.

  He ordered for the worship of fire, sun, and moon.

 On Wednesday cow was worshiped.

 Akbar himself worshiped sun four times in day.

 ‘Azan’ (a religious call for the prayers) was forbidden.

 The mosques were converted into warehouses.

 Worship places were constructed, in which non-sense things were red on

rosary in Sanskrit.

 Alcohol, gambling, and interests were declared legal.

 People slept facing feet towards ‘Holy Kaaba’.

 He ordered that no child would be named as Muhammad or Ahmed in

future.

‘Deen-i-Ilahi’ was the product of Akbar’s rotten mind and indeed a revival of
‘Bhagti’ movement. The immediate result was the loss of Muslim political
hegemony in the Indian society.

The follower of this religion also raised the slogan that there is no difference
between ‘Rehman (one of the title of Allah)’ and ‘Ram (name of Hindu god)’ ,

‘Quran (last Holy Book) and ‘Paran (Hindu book)’ and ‘Kaaba (House of Allah)’ and
‘Kashi (city of Hindu temples)’.

They openly expressed that Islam was the religion for the uncivilized people
of Arabia and it would not suitable for civilized and decent world who worship
cow mother.

Muslims were forced to accept the Akbar’s invented religion. A large Muslim
population was killed or sent to prison who refused to accept the Akbar’s
religion.

Impacts of Akbar's policy

 Propagation of Islam was stopped because Muslim scholars were either
Killed or sent into prison and as a result Muslims become a minority in
India.

 A gulf between Muslim nobles and Hindu courts men were widen and they
started conspiracies against each other’s which weekend the empire.

 Appointment of Hindus on high posts resulted end of Mughal empire

because they portray loyalty in front of emperor but actually they helped
Hindu and Sikh robbers, mongers and gangsters for example Shiva Ge
Marhattas.

 With the help of Hindu nobles in the Mughal Empire, Sikh movement and
Marhatta movement become so powerful that they captured all parts of
empire and emperor rule was confined at royal red fort only.

 No doubt religious tolerance and right of non-Muslim minorities are the

basic characteristics of Islam but it should be enforced so wisely that it
would not be injured the future of Muslims.

 Hence, policies of Akbar sow the seeds of downfall of empire which was
harvested by his grandson Aurang Zeb in the shape of rise of Hindu
 Marhattas in south and rise of Sikh in the west who plundered the whole
empire.

Services of Hazrat Mujjadid Alf Sani Sheik Ahmed Sirhindi

Sheik Ahmed Sirhindi was born on 26th June 1564 A.D. in the town of ‘Sarhind’
in East Punjab.

Amongst the people he became famous as ‘Mujjadid- Alf –Sani’ mean’s the
one who reformed the religion after one thousand years.

Reform in the philosophy of ‘tasauwaf’

 Dominating philosophy of his times was called ‘Wahdat-ul-Wajud’ which, in
a way, can be described as in the following:
 

“There is only one ‘Being’ in the universe. Its existence is the same in the
apparent and the hidden; the hidden part is the ‘Noor’ while the apparent part
is represented in the shape of things.”

Everything apparent originates from that hidden part. In this way, the reality
of this whole universe is ‘One’.

It was also believed that every particle of the universe represented the
presence of God and, therefore, the worship of God’s creature amounted to
the worship of God.

 Sometimes, the proponents of this philosophy start saying themselves as

‘gods’ or ‘part of god’.

Wah-da-tul-Sha-hood’.
To reform the philosophy ‘Wah-dat-ul-Wajud’ Hazrat Mujjadid- Alf -Sani gave
the famous idea of the universe ‘Wah-da-tul-Sha-hood’.

It is as follows:

“Creator and creation are separate from each other. All the creation in the
universe is representing the grandeur of the creator. Everything is
manifestation of His creative will” .

“Creator can neither be created and can now be destroyed while ‘He’ can
create the creation and can also destroy them.”

 In this way Hazrat Mujjadid Alf Sani completely cleared the

misinterpretation of the philosophies of ‘Tasauwaf’ till the Day of
Judgment.

POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS SERVICES FOR MUSLIM INDIA

 Hazrat Mujjadid Alf Sani strongly opposed the Akbar’s invented religion
‘Deen-i-Ilahi’.

 He tried to stop the big mischief of creating disbelief by Emperor Akbar

with wisdom.

 He wrote letters to the influential persons in Akbar’s court and advised

them to revert to Islam, and gave answers of doubts of any kind with
convincing argument.

 His letters were compiled and are known as ‘Muktubat-e-Imam Rabbani’.

 He suffered imprisonment but kept on trying to restore the Islamic faiths.

 Akbar’s invented religion ‘Deen-i-Ilahi’ and its impact quickly disappeared

with Emperor Akbar’s death.

 Islam is still alive and it will alive till the Day of Judgment.

 Efforts of Hazrat Mujjadid Alf Sani proved successful and subsequent rulers
of South Asia became the followers of his teachings.

Two Nation Theory:

Hazrat Mujjadid Alf Sani said “To consider Rehman and Ram as one is
stupidity because creator cannot be one with its creation.”

He also said that Hindu and Muslim religion cannot be same like two shores
of the sea which cannot join.

He clearly declared Muslims as separate nation.

He said “If Muslims want to live in India like one nation then they have to quit
paganism”. If they do not do, so then fearfully Islam like other religions before
Islam would defuse in the dust of India. They will have to live separately from
Hindus.

 He said, “If the awareness of separate national identity is not awakened in

Muslims than it is feared that they would be swept away with the flood of
one- nationhood.”

Great Mughals

Nur ud din Muhammad Jahangir (1605–1627)

In 1605 Prince Salim proclaimed him as the ruler on the title of Jahangir.

He was deeply influenced by the charms of his queen Nur Jahan whom he
married 1611 and left the task of administration entirely on her at that times.

It was in about 1600 that the Mughals established contacts with the English.

During his rule British ambassador Tomes Roy come in South Asia and was
got a lot of trade concession by Queen Nur Jahan. In 1616 the English were
permitted to build a factory at Masulipattam a sea port in southern part of
South Asia.

Through bribe, Queen Nur Jahan allowed British to build forts, kept British
army on the soil of South Asia and use their own coinage. Import, export and
other taxes were abolished for British. Jahangir was alcoholic addict and
served as drunken king. Jahangir died in 1627 A.D
 Shihab-ud-din Shah Jahan (1627–1657),
 Prince Khurram was succeed after death of Jahangir on the title of Shah
Jahan

 Shihab-ud-din Shah Jahan (1627–1657), built the Taj Mahal , which is

often regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the World

 Shahjhan was known as engineer king and his period is best known for
construction of Taj Mahal and other great monuments.

 His love for his queen Mumtaz Mahal was immense.

 After her death in 1631, he built the Taj Mahal in memory of her.

 In the years 1631-32 he was involved in wars with the Portuguese.

Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir, (1658–1707)

 Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir, expanded the Mughal Empire to
its greatest extent, ruling over most of South Asia and Afghanistan

In 1657 a war of succession started owing to the illness of Shah Jahan

between Dara, Shah Suja, Aurangzeb, and Murad.

Aurangzeb being the ablest son of Shah Jahan and viceroy of Deccan
succeeded Shah Jahan.

The other sons of Shah Jahan were either alcoholic or incompetent and they
attacked on Deccan one by one and Aurang Zeb Successfully defended him
and defeated them. Aurangzeb ruled from 1658-1707.

He was a very Good-fearing ruler and saint on the throne. He laid a very
simple life, earning his bread by copying verses from Holy Quran. Aurangzeb
was the last great Mughal ruler who took the Mughal Empire to its greatest
glory.

 During his rule South Asia produced 25% GDP of the world and an
estimated state wealth of South Asia was 190 trillion US dolor.

 Aurangzeb possessed an empire that extended from Ghazni to Bengal and

from Kashmir to the Deccan.

 He abolished 80 different kinds of taxes and South Asia become a tax free
state in the world.
 He spent state wealth on education especially woman education. During
his rule the literacy rate among the Muslims were 100%.

 Stipend were given to all Muslim students and boarding logging, food,
clothes were provided by state to the students throughout the country.

 British agent visited during Auranzeb rule wrote that 13000 schools were
found just in a single district Sukkhar far from Delhi.

 He introduced a judicial reforms and a comprehensive book was compiled

on jurisprudence for guidance of judges

 He was very kind with Hindus and he built and repaired many Hindu
temples. But he was against the inhuman acts.

 When he was informed about human sacrifices in some temples than he

took strict action. He helped the poor Hindus.

 He focused on welfare, development and public works in South Asia.

Sikhs revolt during his rule and plundered Punjab. Sikhs slaughter Muslim men
and children. Their treatment with woman was very cruel. Sikh cut the body
parts of Muslim women one by one and Muslim women were died very
painfully within two or three days.

Aurangzeb started a massive movement against the Sikhs . Mughal army

killed Guru Teg Bahadur the 9th guru of Sikhs . Under the 10th Guru Govind
Singh, and after Aurangzeb death in 1707 A.D the Sikhs tried to revenge it
from Muslims.

Aurangzeb faced stiff resistance from the Hindu Marathas under Shivaji in
south.

The policies of Akbar sow the seeds of downfall of empire which was
harvested by his grandson Aurang Zeb. He ruled about 49 years and he spent
most of his time to fight against sikh in the west and Hindu Marhattas in
South. Aurangzeb died in 1707.

Down fall of Mughal empire in South Asia (1707-1857)

 The policies of Akbar sow the seeds of downfall of empire which was
harvested by his grandson Aurang Zeb.

 He ruled about 49 years and he spent most of his time to fight against sikh
in the west and Hindu Marhattas in South.

Weak Mughal Rulers

 Bahadur Shah I (1707–1712)

 Jahandar Shah (1712–1713)

 Farrukh Siyar (1713–1719)

 Rafi ud Darajat (1719)

 Rafi ud Daulah (1719)

 Nikusiyar (1719)

 Muhammad Shah (first rule, 1719–1720)

 Muhammad Ibrahim (1720)

 Muhammad Shah (restored) (1720–1748)

 Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748–1754)

 Alamgir II (1754–1759)

 Shah Jahan III (1760)

 Shah Alam II (1759–1806)

 After Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the empire fell into succession
crisis. Barring Muhammad Shah, none of the Mughal emperors could hold
on to power for a decade.

 Bahadur Shah-I who was the eldest of the three surviving sons of
Aurangzeb succeeded him.

 The vast Mughal Empire, which the biggest of all the empires existing then,
was divided among the three sons.

 Bahadurr Shah I who was known, as Prince Muazzam had to face the
problems from the Marathas, Rajput's , Jatts and the Sikhs. 

 Mughal rule in Delhi continued under a number of weak rulers after death
of Bahadur Shah I in 1712 A.D.

 Most of the empire's territories in India passed to the Marathas, Nawabs,

and Nizams by  1750 A.D

 The great Mughal Empire disintegrated.

 In the 18th century, the Empire suffered the depredations of invaders and
the Mughal rule in Delhi while under Muhammad Shah witnessed the
invasion of Nadir Shah of Persia in 1739 who repeatedly sacked Delhi, the
Mughal capital.

 This invasion provided opportunity to the Hindu Marathas to fill the Gap
and sealed the fate of Muhammad Shah.

 As the Mughal Empire broke down there was rise of Hindu Marhatas power
(from South), Sikhs (in the western part) and arrival of British East India
Company (in the eastern part).

The Hindu Marathas

The Marathas' rise to power was a dramatic turning point that accelerated
the demise of Muslim dominance in India.

Maratha chiefs were originally in the service of Bijapur sultans in the western
Deccan, which was under siege by the Mughals. By 1647, Shiva Ji had
captured two forts and had the complete charge of Pune. Shiva Ji slowly
started capturing all forts in the region.

Shiva Ji used guerilla tactics and military strategies to lead a series of

successful assaults in the 1660’s against Mughal strongholds, including the
major port of Surat. Shiva Ji was arrested by Aurangzeb's General Jai Singh
in 1666. Shiva Ji made a daring escape with the help of Hindu Generals in
Mughals army and regained his lost territory.
By 1673, he had control over most of western Maharashtra. At the time of his
death in 1680, nearly whole of the Deccan belonged to his kingdom. Maratha
kingdom also called the kingdom of professional robbers

The fight against the Mughals ended with the death of Aurangzeb in 1707.

Balance of power shifted towards Marathas. 1718 marked the beginning of

the Maratha influence in Delhi. With the help of Hindu nobles in the Mughal
Empire, Marahtta movement become so powerful that they captured all parts
of empire and Mughal emperor rule was confined at royal red fort of Delhi
only.

Hindu Marathas declared Ram Raj in South Asia and threatened Muslims to
vacate India or drink Gober shake (a mixture of cow manure and milk) and
covert to Shudra caste of Hindus.

Muslim saint HAZRAT SHAH WALI ULLAH was seek help from king of
Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Abdalli.

Hindu Maratha Peshwa Balaji Bajirao was defeated in the Third Battle of
Panipat (1761), which was fought between Hindu Marathas and Muslim forces
of Ahmad Shah Abdalli. Marathas lost the war. This war destroyed Hindu
Marathas.

The Sikhs
Rooted in the bhakti movements that swept across North India during the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Sikh religion appealed to the hard-
working peasants. Guru Nanak Dev born in 1469 was the first Sikh guru.

The Sikh khalsa (army of the pure) under tenth Guru - Guru Gobind Singh rose
up against the Muslim kingdom in Punjab toward the end of Aurangzeb's rule.

Sikhs plundered Punjab and slaughter Muslim men and children. Their
treatment with woman was very cruel. Sikh cut the body parts of Muslim
women slowly and one by one and Muslim women were died very painfully
within two or three days.

Mosque were converted into Horse Stubble, cattle houses and Badshahi
Mosque Lahore was converted into Grand toilet. By the 1770s, Sikh hegemony
extended from the Indus in the west to the Yamuna in the east, from Multan in
the south to Jammu in the north.

But the Sikhs were a loose, disunited, and quarrelsome conglomerate of

twelve kin-groups. Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) became King of Punjab. Ranjit
Singh employed European officers and introduced strict military discipline
into his army before expanding into Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Ladakh.
British signed a peace treaty with him.

The British Empire annexed the Punjab during 1845–49; after the First and
Second Anglo-Sikh Wars.
 SERVICES OF HAZRAT SHAH WALI ULLAH At the time of
the down fall of Mughal Empire
BIOGRAPHY:

 He was born near Delhi in 1703 A.D. He received early education from his
father’s own Madrasah.

 He performed Hajj in 1730 A.D. During his stay in Arabia, he was received
knowledge of Hadith and Quarn.

 He was died in 1762 A.D.

Political condition of Subcontinent:

 It was the time of speedy decline and disintegration of the Mughal Empire.

 Muslim rule was threatened by non-Muslim powers particularly the Hindu

Marhatas (from South), Sikhs (in the western part) and Europeans (in the
eastern part).

 With the help of Hindu nobles in the Mughal empire, Sikh movement and
Marahtta movement become so powerful that they captured all parts of
empire and Mughal emperor rule was confined at royal red fort of Delhi
only.

 Hindu Marathas declared Ram Raj in South Asia and threatened Muslims
to vacate India or drink Gober shake (a mixture of cow manure and milk)
and covert to Shudra caste of Hindus.
 United the Muslim Nobles

 HAZRAT SHAH WALI ULLAH guided the Muslims to unite and fight for their
political supremacy.

 He brought the Muslim nobles together to help the sick and besieged
Mughal Empire.

 He wrote letter to the Muslim ruler of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Abdali to

stop Hindu Marathas.

 Due to efforts of Shah Wali Ullah the united Muslim forces under the
command of Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the 700,000 Hindu Marhatas in
the historic battle of Paniput in 1761 A.D.

 It was saved the Muslim rule for another 90 years.

Teaching & Philosophy as a reformer of Muslim society:

 In his opinion, moral decay was the main cause of downfall of the Muslim
society.

 He denounced superstition and corrupt religious practices in the Muslim

society.

 He forced them to give up un-Islamic customs.

 He advised the Muslims to follow in the footsteps of the Holy Prophet.

 He asked the Muslim rulers to enforce Islamic laws.

 He found the remedy in spiritual uplift by spreading true knowledge of

Quran and Hadith.

 He stressed about the simple life style.

Translation of the Holy Quran

 During Muslim rule Persian was used as official language.

 HAZRAT SHAH WALI ULLAH translated the Holy Quran in Persian

language.

 In this way governmental official can easily understand the guidance

provided by lord of the universe.

 His son translated the Holy Quran in Urdu language.

Idea of welfare state

 He gave an idea of welfare state based upon the economic system as

stated in the Holy Quran and Sunnah of the Prophet.

Founder of revivalist’s movements

He was the founder of revivalist’s movements in different parts of the Sub-

continent i.e., Fraizi Movement in Bengal and Mujahideen movement in
north-western part of South Asia.

Point to remember that he was sent as last saint in South Asia to warn the
Muslims before destruction.
 Names of His famous Books:

 Al-Fauza-Al-Kabir

 ‘Haja-Tul-Baligha’

 Tafhemat-e-Ilahi

 Azala-tul-Akhfa