Lesson 1: GEOGRAPHY I.

PHYSICAL Others:
• Studies the physical features,
INTRODUCTION natural features and changes Urban, Agricultural, Population and
of the Earth. Environmental
Geography is the
systematic study of all spatial • Mountains rivers, tectonic
GEOGRAPHY IN ANCIENT TIMES
plates, oceans, volcanoes,
patterns of all phenomena or near
natural resources. Thales of Miletus – applied geometry
Earth’s surface.
Climatology – the study of the world to measuring land
Geography is interaction and their relationship to man’s
between people and environment. activities Anaximander – made a world map
based on sailors’ information.
Word coined (2200 years ago) by Biogeography – the study of the Thought earth may be a cylinder
Erasthothenes physical environment and its
• Geo = Earth relationship to the plants and animal Hecateus – produced first
• Graphia/graphien = Writing life. geography book

The first Greek to calculate the Geomorphology – the study of the Aristotle – proved Erathosthenes
circumference of the Earth (with origin and classification of the belief Earth was spherical.
remarkable 1/2% accuracy). landforms of the Earth.
Strabo – in a 17-volume work called
The first Greek to calculate the tilt of Mathematical Geography – the Geography described the known
the Earth’s axis (also with study of the measurement of the world.
remarkable accuracy. sized and shaped of the earth as a
member of the solar system. Ptolemy 150 AD
He may also have accurately • Wrote an 8 volume Guide to
calculated the distance from the II. HUMAN/CULTURAL Geography
Earth to sun and invented leap day. GEOGRAPHY • Suggested precise methods for
using a coordinate system with
Figured earth was divided into 5 • Studies the interaction between parallels of latitudes and
climatic regions. people and the natural features meridians of longitude.
of the Earth. • Included the ff. standard on all
TWO MAIN BRANCHES OF
• Farming, cities, culture, maps, scale, conventional signs
GEOGRAPHY migration, patterns, habitat, with legends and the practice
Human or political boundaries.
Physical of orienting maps so that north is
Cultural
• Study of people and their at the top, east to the right of
Cultural
Biogeography communities, cultures, the map.
Developmental
Climatology economies and interaction with
Economic
Coastal Europeans made very little
Environmental
Medical the environment by noticing
Geomorphology
Historical their relations with and across advances were made from 330 AD
Political to 1450 AD.
Glaciology space and place.
Population
Hydrology
Demography Muslim scholars continued the study
Oceanography Cultural Geography – study of the
Transportation
Paleogeography earth in relation to the cultural Al Idrisi prepared a world map with
Urban
Physical Human or activities of man, that is his mode of new knowledge in about 1150.
Cultural living and achievements as they are
Rocks and Population Ibn-Bautista wrote Rihiah (Journeys)
influenced by the physical
Minerals Settlements describing the Muslim World.
environment.
Landform Economic
Soils activities China also a center of discovery
Economic Geography – study of the
Animals Transportation while Europe was in the Dark Ages.
Plants Recreational earth in relation to the productive
Water activities activities of man. The earth is the Zheng He, an explorer, wrote of his
Atmosphere Religions main source of wealth, such as journeys in the mid 1400’s As far as
Water bodies Political systems forests, mines, soils, waters and
Environment Social traditions
Kenya today and west coast of USA.
Climate and Human
fisheries.
Weather migrations
End of the Dark Ages Europeans
Agricultural Social Geography – study of the became interested in the world –
systems earth in relation to the social Marco Polo’s exaggerations.
Urban systems activities of man Europeans started to voyages to
explore the world in search of great
Political Geography – the study of
wealth.
the earth in relation to the political
activities of man
Age of Explorations Lesson 2: THEORIES mutual gravitational attraction
between them.
Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) Earth is part of the solar • The third star pass close to the
was one of the first to draw a world system. Although it is the most companion star of the sun
map that is relatively accurate. studied planet, it cannot be which resulted in the ejection of
Voyages + Technology + Improved completely understood in isolation. gaseous matter from the latter
cartography = more interest in The chemistry of meteorites and Sun in the form of filament which
geography. provide constraints on the ultimately separated from it.
composition of the bulk of the Earth.
Alexander Von Humboldt – urged MODERN THEORIES
geographers to adopt methods of EARLY THEORIES
scientific inquiry. Big Bang Theory
Nebular Hypothesis
Study of nature and social process (Kant and Laplace) • This is the story of biparental origin
are fundamentally same. Humboldt • A huge mass of swirling cold gas of the solar system.
Park in Chicago is named for and dust (nebula) in an area in • Hubble’s findings about the
Alexander. Milky Way Galaxy, this cloud of expansion of the universe have a
gas and dust began to very interesting implication.
Carl Ritter worked with Humboldt, condense or pull together • If the motion of the Galaxies is
argued that geographers should under the force of its own traced back in time, it implies that
apply natural science laws to gravity. they were once all in the same
humans to understand the • As a result nebula conserved place.
relationship between people and angular momentum of the • This scenario – of a universe that
environment. material dawn the center, it ‘exploded’ out of extremely tiny,
spanning anticlockwise dense and hot initial state –
(counter clockwise), due to this became known as
the material around the center “big bang theory”
of the condensing nebula • In the 1920s, George Lemaitre and
flattened out into disc like Aleksandr Friedmann proposed
shape. early vision of this theory.
• The center of the nebula • In the 1940s, George Gamow and
continued to contract due to other cosmologist modified it.
gravity. Eventually, pressure and A terrestrial world is born…
temperature in this mass 1. Let’s stick together
became high enough that Mineral and metal dust
nuclear fusion started and particles throughout the
central mass become a star, the molecular cloud collide and
Sun. clump together, forming larger
rocky particles.
Planetesimal Hypothesis 2. Running with the crowd
(Chamberlin-Moulton 1905) As trillion of these particles
• This is the story of biparental rotate around the developing
origin of the solar system. star, they’re constantly
• According to this hypothesis, colliding, forming bigger
the origin of the planets has asteroid – like pieces through
been severe tidal eruptions and accretion.
disruption of sun’s mass. 3. Forming a planetesimal
• According to this total mass of When a rocky chunk grows to
planets is only small friction about 1 km across, its
(1//700) of the mass of the gravitational pull is able to
whole solar system, but they attract other pieces, speeding
carry nearly 98% of its energy of up the accretion process.
resolution 4. Graduating to a protoplanet
Intense heat melts the rocky
Russell’s binary star hypothesis
material. During melting,
• This is the story of biparental elements like iron and nickel
origin of the solar system. concentrate at the center of
• In the beginning the planets the planet, giving it distinct
were closer together and the layers.
satellites owe their birth to the
 EARTH until it formed into a solid sphere Hydrosphere
• Third planet in the solar system pulled into orbit around the sun • Waters on the earth’s surface
• Only astronomical object and began to cooldown). • Includes the oceans, rivers,
known to accommodate life lakes, streams, groundwater,
• Looks like a small blue and white Proterozoic Period water vapor and even puddles
marble (the air, water, ice and • Free oxygen began to build up • Greek word hydor – water and
rocks) • This increased oxygen created sphaira – sphere
conditions that would now
Earth’s beginning: allow most of the existing life to Cryosphere
The Origin of Life survive and thus made way for • Frozen water part of the Earth
• Earth is the only planet we know the more oxygen-dependent system
of that can support life. life forms. • Includes snow, glaciers and sea
• Home to billions of plants and ice
Middle Period • Greek cryos “cold”, “frost”,
animals and also humans.
• Earth’s surface began to cool “ice” and sphaira – sphere
• There are many theories but
and stabilize, creating the solid
most have the same general
surface with its rocky terrain.
perspective of how things came
to be the way they are.
• Clouds formed as the earth EARTH’S LAYERS
began to cool, producing
• Earth began to form over 4.6 Crust – outermost surface. It is
enormous volumes of rainwater
billion years ago from the same relatively light and brittle. Most
that formed the oceans.
cloud of gas (mostly hydrogen earthquakes occur within the crust.
and helium) and interstellar dust Archean Period
of the solar system and even our • First life began to appear and Mantle – relatively flexible so it flows
galaxy. the world’s landmasses began instead of fracturing
• The solar system was created to form.
from gas clouds and dust that Outer core – fluid layer that contains
• Earth’s initial life forms were
remained from the sun’s iron. When it flows it generates the
bacteria, which could survive in
formation same 6-7 billion years Earth’s magnetic field.
the highly toxic atmosphere
ago. This material contained that existed during this time. Inner core – solid innermost layer of
only about .2% of the solar the earth.
system’s mass with the sun
holding the rest. EARTH AS A SYSTEM
• As our solar system began to
come together, the sun formed Atmosphere
within a cloud of dust and gas • Envelope of gases surrounding
that continued to shrink it upon the earth.
itself by its own gravitational • Extends up from the earth
forces. This caused it to undergo surface for several hundred
the fusion process and give off kilometers.
light, remaining clouds of gas • Lowest part is home to clouds
and dust that surrounded the and weather.
sun began to form into smaller
lumps which eventually formed Biosphere
into the planets we know today. • Layers of the planet earth were
• A large number of small objects, life exists and also non living
called planetesimals began to organisms.
form around the sun early in the • From Greek (bios – life, sphaira –
formation of the solar system. sphere)
These objects were the building
blocks for the planet that exist Geosphere
today. • Uppermost layers of the solid
earth
Hadean Period • Includes all minerals, rocks,
• The earth formed under so molten rock, sediments, and
much heat and pressure that it soils (although there are
formed as a molten planet important living components to
earth was bombarded soils as well)
continuously by the remnants of • Geo means Earth and sphaira –
the dust and debris (like sphere
asteroids, meteors, and comets
 Lesson 3.1: GLOBES AND (North, West, East, and South) as a Lesson 3.2: GLOBES AND
guide.
MAPS MAPS
In any kinds of maps, you
To learn about the Earth, will also scales (approximation of PARTS OF A MAP
two tools you can use are globes the actual distance). Title
and maps. The title explains the subject of the
Political Map – maps that show map and gives you an idea of what
A globe is a model of the countries, states, cities and capitals information the map conveys.
planet Earth as if seeing it from outer are known as political maps.
space. A globe is round and shows Compass Rose
continents and oceans. Therese are Physical Map – shows features of the The compass rose shows you
seven continents of Earth and four Earth such as mountains, rivers, directions on a map.
oceans. oceans and forests. • Cardinal directions are north,
• Indian, Pacific, Artic,
Other types of Maps:
south, east and west.
Antarctic • Intermediate directions are
northeast, northwest, southwest
• Asia, Europe, Antarctica, Historical Maps – significant events
and southeast.
North America, South
Road Maps – highways and railways • You can remember the order of
America, Australia, Africa
the directions with the saying…
Climate Maps – weather / climate
“Starting at the top and going
A map is a model of the around clockwise”.
Natural Resource Maps – goes with
Earth shown on a flat surface. Maps
economic
are useful you can carry them with Labels
you. Land Use Maps – agricultural, Labels are words or phrases that
• Scale – the map scale is residential, commercial explain features on the map.
used to show the
relationship of distance Population Density Maps –
Legend/Key
shown on the map to real population in a one place.
A legend or key lists and explains the
distance on the Earth. symbols and use of color on the
Economic Maps – products and
services map.
Using the Map Key:

• The legend or map key will tell TYPES OF MAPS

you what those symbols mean.
• The map key might tell you that There are three major types of maps:
a dot stands for a city. • Physical
• The key might also indicate that • Political
a black line represents a state • Thematic/Climate
border.
• It might show you how to Within each type of map there are
identify a river with a blue line. hundreds of map that can be
Common Map Legends: produced.
• State border (thin line)
Physical Map:
• International border (thick
• Shows physical landforms and
line)
bodies of water (natural
• State capital (dotted)
features that were around
• National capital (star)
before humans.
• It show physical borders
WHY ARE THERE DIFFERENT
(borders defined by a physical
MAPS?
feature); Rio Grande River,
Different cartographers
between USA and Mexico
(map-makers) use different map
• Mountain ranges
projections (the manner you
• Rivers
present a map).
• Lakes
Another reason for this
difference is that maps can be Political Map
created to represent different • Show governmental boundaries
features of the same places. of countries, states, and
counties, the location of major
In any kinds of maps, you
will see the 4 primary directions
 cities, and they usually include • Moving West after PM – less 1 o 15 degrees (west) = 11
significant bodies of water. day (lost) am
• Moving East after PM – add 1
Thematic Map day (gain) Time Zones
• Emphasize a particular theme North and South – seasons, climates • IDL and PM
or topic about an area. Location
• There are numerous kinds of Latitude lines are imaginary lines on
the earth’s surface. They run east • Latitude
thematic of maps. • Longitude
and west around the globe and tell
you your distance north or south of - If you combined latitude
Road Map and longitude, grid system.
• Shows major and minor the Equator. ( ---- )
highways and roads. Longitude Lines
• Points west of the prime If you write the Coordinates (grid
meridian are numbered from 0 system), the basis is the latitude. If
GLOBE you write number in coordinates,
degree to 180 degrees west
• Model of the earth start with north or south.
longitude (W)
• Gives an accurate picture of
• points east of the prime ___ N degree, ___ E degree
the earth’s surface
meridian are numbered from 0
• Shows the location of places on
degree to 1080 degrees (E). or
the smaller scale.
-coordinates
• Oblique sphere, rotating ___ S degree, ___ W degree
-grid system
counter clockwise
-( | ) Combination of entire grid system,
• 29% of the Earth’s surface is
land, 71% of Earth’s surface is (‘) minute, (“) second
covered by water.
• Large-land mases are called
continents. Evolution of the Globe
- North America Based on recorded history, the most
-South America probable earliest globe was
-Antarctica constructed by the Greek
-Africa, Europe philosopher Crates of Mallus.
-Asia-
International Date Line
-Australia.
• Is an imaginary line on Earth’s
• Large water bodies are called
surface defining the boundary
oceans:
between one day and the next.
-Indian
• Is located halfway around the
-Pacific
world from the prime meridian
-Atlantic
(0 degree longitude) or about
-Artic
180 degrees east (or west) of G
• reenwich, London, UK, the
Features of the Earth
reference point of time zones.
Axis an imaginary line running • Used to accommodate needs
through the center of the earth and of varied countries in the Pacific
dividing it into two equal parts is Ocean.
called the Equator. • To belong at the same timeline
/ time zone.
The area north of the equator is • Kiribati, Samoa, Tonga, Tokelau
called the Northern Hemisphere. at the Eastern Hemisphere.
The area south of the equator is
called Southern Hemisphere. Time Zones
• The world rotates (spins) counter
Equator – latitudinal – 0 degree
clockwise 360 degrees in 24
Prime Meridian – longitudinal – 0 hours.
degree • There is a 1 hour time difference
• The purpose of the Prime for every 15 degrees of
Meridian is it divides into two: longitude.
east and the west. • The world has 24 time zones,
each 15 degrees.
Time elements – North, South, East o 0 degrees = 12 noon
West o 15 degree (east) = 1 pm