Media and Information Literacy

1 Evolution of Traditional to New Media

Module 002 Evolution of Traditional to New

Media

In this week’s lesson, students are expected to learn more about the media,
particularly its history, and how the continuously evolving forms of
traditional and new media are changing the society throughout the years.
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
1. Identify traditional media and new media and their relationships
2. Editorialize the roles and functions of media in a democratic society
3. Search the latest theory on information and media

From Traditional to New Media

Long before the media became a huge part of society’s development, people
have already found ways to communicate. Despite the lack of electricity and
technology in the ancient times civilizations were able to share information,
which in turn helped in the continuous evolution of the human knowledge
today.

Prehistoric Age
Back when there were no newspapers, radio and television around, people
found ways to tell a story. Humans shared information by talking and making
sounds, and it developed into something later on. The prehistoric age of
media basically consisted of records created by our ancestors, long even
before writing was even invented. They have made use of stone tools to craft
– and thus leave a record of their lives back in the old days.
The first traditional communication tools came in the form of art – the music
and poetry spoken, the images and scriptures which our ancestors had
written to pass relevant knowledge to the future generation. The simple
talking and symbols evolved into something more complex in order to meet
the needs of the society.
The Egyptians, for instance, were among the first to use symbols as a form of
written communication. There was also the cuneiform used by the
Sumerians, which they used not just to jot down important details, but also to
write relevant literature, among them the famous Epic of Gilgamesh. Later
on, ancient civilizations used written communication in order to make the
trade more convenient. This is what the Phoenicians became well-known for;
a society that survives through trade, they formed the alphabet which was
adopted by the Greeks, who further developed it by adding vowels. The

Course Module
 spread of news was mainly by mouth; not everyone was able to read or write,
hence there were heralds who announce relevant events. In the Philippines,
the umalokohan or town crier served as the messenger to the people, making
them aware of new laws or policies implemented by the datu.
Rome and China began to develop their own forms of written news. Rome’s
written news came in the form of acta, their daily handwritten new sheets,
which were posted by the Roman Forum to inform people of subjects such as
political events, trials, scandals, military campaigns and executions. China, on
the other hand, have the tipao, which were government-produced new sheets
circulated among officials during the Han dynasty.

Media and literacy further evolved as technology had improved. Back in the
Medieval Age, books and other reading materials were written by hand,
hence there were limited number of literary materials which were mainly
accessible to the clergy and the nobles.
The German metallurgist Johannes Gutenberg was known for creating an
important milestone in the history of printing: the movable metal type, a
relevant invention that helped in the development of mass communication.
While printing has been a known technology in eastern Asia since the ancient
times, it was around mid-1440s in Europe that the mass production of words
became possible for the first time. By 1500s, there were around 40,000 books
published all over Europe. This revolutionary invention made it possible for
more people to learn.
Industrial Age
The Industrial Age was said to have begun around 18 th century in Great
Britain. It was a period that was characterized mainly by the revolutionized
way of mass production, as hand tools were gradually replaced by power
driven machines like the steam engine. During this period, there was a
remarkable shift from agriculture and handcraft to machine and machine
manufacturing.
From transportation (steam locomotive, steamship, and automobiles) to
machines utilizing new sources of energy (coal, steam engine, electricity,
petroleum, and combustion engine), the Industrial Age was a brilliant age for
numerous inventions which changed people’s lives.
Media further developed in the 1800s with Thomas Edison’s invention of the
phonograph, and it was also during this period that William Dickinson
devised motion picture camera.
In 1836, Samuel F.B. Morse along with Joseph Henry and Alfred Vail further
advanced the way people communicate with the invention of an electrical
telegraph system that enabled people to send messages from distant places.
 Media and Information Literacy
3 Evolution of Traditional to New Media

The Morse Code was remarkable as it can transmit messages by

means of onoff tones which can be understood by a skilled listener.
Around this time books, newspapers and magazines became relevant in the
spread of information. Education became mass-based, hence there were
more literate people than in the past ages. This, of course, paved the way to
further development in technology, media and information.

Electronic Age
When humans have further advanced in terms of technology, it was
inevitable that the media had to keep up. In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi
transmitted the first radio waves. By 1901 he was able to perfect a radio
system which transmitted the Morse Code system across the Atlantic Ocean.
Communication was expedited in 1876, when the Scottish-born American
scientist named Alexander Graham Bell was granted the first official patent
for the telephone. This invention further revolutionized the spread of
information.
The era of television began in 1927, when the use of the first electronic
television designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth was successfully
demonstrated. It became an important medium of information and
entertainment ever since.

Information (New Media) Age

New media started out its development in the year 1969, as internet was first
created to aid the U.S. military in disseminating information. During this
period communication has become cheaper and better, thus making
information faster and more widespread than ever before. In 1998, the
telephone evolved into something more portable, that is, the cellular phone.
But it did not take long until the internet grew into one of the most important
platforms for digital media today, an essential pathway which helped spread
information through millions of people every day. With computers and the
internet, we are able to do more than just access information; we are able to
include it in our daily lives, from online shopping, conducting business
transactions, even for entertainment.
Social networking sites (SNS) also occurred during this period. Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram, and other websites allow people all over the world to
communicate and interact with each other online, creating friends and other
forms of connection via internet.
In the age of New Media, people continuously disseminate information in all
parts of the world, making life faster, better, and more efficient than ever.
And despite all these things, the mass media still continues to evolve.

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History of Media in the Philippines
The Philippines also had its own history when it comes to media and
information. In the pre-colonial times the Filipinos already have a writing
system (baybayin) which they use to communicate, particularly on basic
things such as documents and receipts for transactions.
When the Spanish arrived and colonized the country, they also brought with
them the technology for printing used in Europe – which led to the Doctrina
Cristiana, which was reportedly published in the 17 th century (Viduya, 2010).
The first newspaper in the Philippines was the Succesos Felices which was
published by Tomas Pinpin in 1637.
But perhaps one of the most influential media in Philippine History was the
newspaper, particularly the La Solidaridad which was written in Spanish and
published in Spain. A pre-revolutionary newspaper, it was supported by
Filipino intellectuals, the landed natives, and even some Spaniards who
sympathized with the Filipino cause for independence. Among the writers for
La Solidaridad were Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena (also La Solidaridad’s
first editor), Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce.
Today, media continues to develop, becoming broader and deeper. With the
help of technology, media can distribute information, be it local or
international event.

Traditional and New Media

Traditional media refers to the forms of mass communication that people
utilized before the advent of new media. They came in various forms which
most of us wouldn’t have realized. Traditional media includes the following:
• Newspapers
• Magazines
• Television
• Radio
• Books

One form of traditional media is the folk media. These forms of

communication helped spread the culture form one generation to another,
thus including them among the forms of traditional media. These include folk
music and dances, symbols, art, among other things.
New media, on the other hand, has the same purpose as traditional media: it
was created to inform the people, to pass on knowledge into the audience.
But the new media is different – it uses technology to spread information
through more interactive means. They also provide two-way communication
and easier to access. The spread of new media relies on the power of the
internet and the computer. Websites, social media, digital videos – these are
some of the new media platforms of today.
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5 Evolution of Traditional to New Media

The Function of Media in the Society

Media plays a relevant role in the development of the society. The foundation
of our society’s progress relied on humans’ abilities and understanding, and
these depended on how well knowledge was distributed among them. With
various forms of media, people gain access to information, which in turn
helps them gain the knowledge and skills they need. This leads to more
individuals capable of changing the society, either for better or for worse.
The role of media in our society varies; it depends on how people used them.
We use media to learn. We use media to know the current events in real-time.
We use media as basis of our opinions and decisions in life. In the Philippines,
the media has greatly influenced our society. The La Solidaridad, along with
other publications that occurred at the time of Filipino revolution during the
Spanish colonization period in the country, helped in raising the awareness
of Filipinos, who were suffering from the cruelty of Spanish authority.
Today, the mass media upholds its duty as the Fourth Estate, especially in a
democratic country such as the Philippines. This is due to the idea that its
power is co-equal to the other three branches of the government. Media,
particularly the mass media consisting of today’s journalists, serves as the
nation’s watchdogs, keeping an eye out for the relevant events which can
influence people’s lives. It is an undeniable force to check corruption that is
happening in the government; it can announce information about the
presidential candidates, a factor essential to the voters in the upcoming
election. Media can provide information which can change people’s opinion
on various matters.

Learning Theories on Information and Media Literacy

Throughout the years, there have been studies on information and media.
These theories became relevant in understanding the media literacy of
individuals, as well as in studying behavioral patterns which may have been
related to media. Understanding these theories will require knowledge on
how former researchers and academics have dealt with them.
There are three theoretical perspectives on information literacy today. The
Phenomenographic perspective is basically directed on the variation of
people’s experiences of a certain phenomena, in this case information
literacy. Learning is viewed more than just the teacher passing information
to the student; it is as an activity that aims to construct meaning.
The Socio-cultural perspective has a different focus – it dedicates itself on
communication in social practices. A notable figure behind this is the Russian
behaviorist named Lev Vygotsky, whose writings helped people understand
the significance of using cultural tools in learning. This perspective places its
focus on the relationship between individuals and various forms of collective
practices.

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 Lastly, the Discourse Analysis Perspective focuses on how people in
practice perform specific information tasks. Its aim is to understand
information literacy through information practices.

Glossary
Morse Code: a method used for transmitting text information in the form of light clicks or
on-off tones, invented by Samuel Morse.
Phonograph: a device created by Thomas Edison in 1877, for the purpose of the
mechanical recording as well as reproduction of sound.
Tomas Pinpin: said to be the “Prince of Filipino Printers”, as well as the “Father of
Filipino Printing”, he was credited for printing the first Tagalog dictionary and the first
newspaper in the Philippines, among other things.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals
Viduya, Filemon; 2010; Basic Journalism Handbook, 1 st Edition; Manila; Booklore
Published Corporation

Online Supplementary Reading Materials

Communication through Time; http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/oldest-formshuman-
communication; Date accessed: June 3, 2017
Journalism and Mass Communication; http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c04/e633-
02-04.pdf; Date accessed: June 3, 2017
What is New Media?; http://online.seu.edu/what-is-new-media/; Date accessed: June 3,
2017
The Three Theoretical Perspectives on Information Literacy;
http://etjanst.hb.se/bhs/ith/2-11/llosst.pdf; Date accessed: June 4, 2017
Online Instructional Videos
Chapter 2: Evolution of Traditional to New Media; https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=tGQzRVVKyQ; Date accessed: June 10, 2017