Stages of Fetal Growth and Development

3-4 days travel of zygote – mitotic cell division begins

*Pre-embryonic Stage
a. Zygote- fertilized ovum. Lifespan of zygote – from fertilization to 2 months
b. Morula – mulberry-like ball with 16 – 50 cells, 4 days free floating & multiplication
c. Blastocyst – enlarging cells that forms a cavity that later becomes the embryo. Blastocyst – covering of blastocyst that later becomes placenta & trophoblast
d. Implantation/ Nidation- occurs after fertilization 7 – 10 days.

Fetus- 2 months to birth.

placenta previa – implantation at low side of uterus
Signs of implantation:
1. slight pain
2. slight vaginal spotting
- if with fertilization – corpus luteum continues to function & become source of estrogen & progesterone while placenta is not developed.
3 processes of Implantation
1. Apposition-act of bringing together
2. Adhesion-act of being adhered or united
3. Invasion-act or instance of invading or entering as enemy.
Dicidua – thickened endometrium ( Latin – falling off)
* Basalis (base) part of endometrium located under fetus where placenta is delivered
* Capsularies – encapsulate the fetus
* Vera – remaining portion of endometrium.

Chorionic Villi- 10 – 11th day, finger life projections

3 vessels=
A – unoxygenated blood
V – O2 blood
A – unoxygenated blood
Wharton’s jelly – protects cord
Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) – removal of tissue sample from the fetal portion of the developing placenta for genetic screening. Done early in
pregnancy. Common complication fetal limb defect. Ex missing digits/toes.

E. Cytotrophoblast – inner layer or langhans layer – protects fetus against syphilis 24 wks/6 months – life span of langhans layer increase. Before 24 weeks
critical, might get infected syphilis

F. Synsitiotrophoblast – synsitial layer – responsible production of hormone

1. Amnion – inner most layer

a. Umbilical Cord- FUNIS, whitish grey, 15 – 55cm, 20 – 21”. Short cord: abruptio placenta or inverted uterus.
Long cord:cord coil or cord prolapse
b. Amniotic Fluid – bag of H2O, clear, odor mousy/musty, with crystallized forming pattern, slightly alkaline.
*Function of Amniotic Fluid:
1. cushions fetus against sudden blows or trauma
2. facilitates musculo-skeletal development
3. maintains temp
4. prevent cord compression
5. help in delivery process
****normal amount of amniotic fluid – 500 to 1000cc
polyhydramnios, hydramnios- GIT malformation TEF/TEA, increased amt of fluid
oligohydramnios- decrease amt of fluid – kidney disease

Diagnostic Tests for Amniotic Fluid

A. Amniocentesis empty bladder before performing the procedure.

Purpose – obtain a sample of amniotic fluid by inserting a needle through the abdomen into the amniotic sac; fluid is tested for:
1. Genetic screening- maternal serum alpha feto-protein test (MSAFP) – 1st trimester
2. Determination of fetal maturity primarily by evaluating factors indicative of lung maturity – 3 rd trimester
Testing time – 36 weeks
decreased MSAFP= down syndrome
increase MSAFP = spina bifida or open neural tube defect
*Common complication of amniocentesis – infection
*Dangerous complications – spontaneous abortion
3rd trimester- pre term labor
Important factor to consider for amniocentesis- needle insertion site
Aspiration of yellowish amniotic fluid – jaundice baby
Greenish – meconium

A. Amnioscopy – direct visualization or exam to an intact fetal membrane.

B. Fern Test- determine if amniotic fluid has ruptured or not (blue paper turns green/grey - + ruptured amniotic fluid)
C. Nitrazine Paper Test – diff amniotic fluid & urine.
Paper turns yellow- urine. Paper turns blue green/gray-(+) rupture of amn fluid.

1. Chorion – where placenta is developed

Lecithin Sphingomyelin L/S

Ratio- 2:1 signifies fetal lung maturity not capable for RDS

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 Shake test – amniotic + saline & shake
Foam test
Phosphatiglyceroli: PG+ definitive test to determine fetal lung maturity

a.Placenta – (Secundines) Greek – pancake, combination of chorionic villi + deciduas basalis. Size: 500g or ½ kg
-1 inch thick & 8” diameter
Functions of Placenta:

1. Respiratory System – beginning of lung function after birth of baby. Simple diffusion

2. GIT – transport center, glucose transport is facilitated, diffusion more rapid from higher to lower. If mom hypoglycemic, fetus hypoglycemic

3. Excretory System- artery - carries waste products. Liver of mom detoxifies fetus.

4. Circulating system – achieved by selective osmosis

5. Endocrine System – produces hormones

 Human Chorionic Gonadrophin – maintains corpus luteum alive.

 Human placental Lactogen or sommamommamotropin Hormone – for mammary gland development. Has a diabetogenic effect –
serves as insulin antagonist
 Relaxin Hormone- causes softening joints & bones
 estrogen
 progestin

6. It serves as a protective barrier against some microorganisms – HIV,HBV

Fetal Stage “ Fetal Growth and Development”

Entire pregnancy days – 266 – 280 days 37 – 42 weeks

Differentiation of Primary Germ layers

* Endoderm
1st week endoderm – primary germ layer
Thyroid – for basal metabolism
Parathyroid - for calcium
Thymus – development of immunity
Liver – lining of upper RT & GIT

* Mesoderm – development of heart, musculoskeletal system, kidneys and repro organ

* Ectoderm – development of brain, skin and senses, hair, nails, mucus membrane or anus & mouth
First trimester:
1st month - Brain & heart development
GIT& resp Tract – remains as single tube
1. Fetal heart tone begins – heart is the oldest part of the body
2. CNS develops – dizziness of mom due to hypoglycemic effect
Food of brain – glucose complex CHO – pregnant womans food (potato)

Second Month
1. All vital organs formed, placenta developed
2. Corpus luteum – source of estrogen & progesterone of infant – life span – end of 2nd month
3. Sex organ formed
4. Meconium is formed

Third Month
1. Kidneys functional
2. Buds of milk teeth appear
3. Fetal heart tone heard – Doppler – 10 – 12 weeks
4. Sex is distinguishable

Second Trimester: FOCUS – length of fetus

Fourth Month
1. lanugo begins to appear
2. fetal heart tone heard fetoscope, 18 – 20 weeks
3. buds of permanent teeth appear

Fifth Month
1. lanugo covers body
2. actively swallows amniotic fluid
3. 19 – 25 cm fetus,
4. Quickening- 1st fetal movement. 18- 20 weeks primi, 16- 18 wks – multi
5. fetal heart tone heard with or without instrument

Sixth Month
1. eyelids open
2. wrinkled skin

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 3. vernix caseosa present

Third trimester: Period of most rapid growth. FOCUS: weight of fetus

Seventh Month – development of surfactant – lecithin

Eighth Month
1. lanugo begin to disappear
2. sub Q fats deposit
3. Nails extend to fingers

Ninth Month
1. lanugo & vernix caseosa completely disappear
2. Amniotic fluid decreases

Tenth Month – bone ossification of fetal skull

Terratogens- any drug, virus or irradiation, the exposure to such may cause damage to the fetus

A. Drugs:
Streptomycin – anti TB & or Quinine (anti malaria) – damage to 8th cranial nerve – poor hearing & deafness
Tetracycline – staining tooth enamel, inhibit growth of long bone
Vitamin K – hemolysis (destroy of RBC), hyperbilirubenia or jaundice
Iodides – enlargement of thyroid or goiter
Thalidomides – Amelia or pocomelia, absence of extremities

Steroids – cleft lip or palate

Lithium – congenital malformation
B. Alcohol – lowered weight (vasoconstriction on mom), fetal alcohol withdrawal syndrome char by microcephaly
C. Smoking – low birth rate
D. Caffeine – low birth rate
E. Cocaine – low birth rate, abruption placenta

TORCH (Terratogenic) Infections – viruses

CHARACTERISTICS: group of infections caused by organisms that can cross the placenta or ascend through birth canal and adversely affect fetal growth and
development. These infections are often characterized by vague, influenza like findings, rashes and lesions, enlarged lymph nodes, and jaundice (hepatic
involvement). In some chases the infection may go unnoticed in the pregnant woman yet have devastating effects on the fetus. TORCH: Toxoplasmosis, Other,
Rubella, Cytomegalo virus, Herpes simples virus.

T – toxoplasmosis – mom takes care of cats. Feces of cat go to raw vegetables or meat
O – others. Hepa A or infectious heap – oral/ fecal (hand washing)
Hepa B, HIV – blood & body fluids
Syphilis
R – rubella – German measles – congenital heart disease (1st month) normal rubella titer 1:10
<1:10 – less immunity to rubella, after delivery, mom will be given rubella vaccine. Don’t get pregnant for 3 months. Vaccine is terratogenic
C – cytomegalo virus
H – herpes simplex virus

II. Physiological Adaptation of the Mother to Pregnancy

A. Systemic Changes
1. Cardiovascular System – increase blood volume of mom (plasma blood) 30 – 50% = 1500 cc of blood
- easy fatigability, increase heart workload, slight hypertrophy of ventricles, epistaxis – due to hyperemia of
nasal membrane palpitation,

Physiologic Anemia – pseudo anemia of pregnant women

Normal Values
Hct 32 – 42%
Hgb 10.5 – 14g/dL

Criteria
1st and 3rd trimester.- pathologic anemia if lower
HCT should not be 33%, Hgb should not be < 11g/dL

2nd trimester – Hct should not <32%

Hgb Shdn't < 10.5% pathologic anemia if lower

Pathogenic Anemia
- iron deficiency anemiais the most common hematological disorder. It affects toughly 20% of pregnant women.

- Assessment reveals:
 Pallor, constipation
 Slowed capillary refill
 Concave fingernails (late sign of progressive anemia) due to chronic physio hypoxia

Nursing Care:
 Nutritional instruction – kangkong, liver due to ferridin content, green leafy vegetable-alugbati,saluyot, malunggay, horseradish, ampalaya

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  Parenteral Iron ( Imferon) – severe anemia, give IM, Z tract- if improperly administered, hematoma.
 Oral Iron supplements (ferrous sulfate 0.3 g. 3 times a day) empty stomach 1 hr before meals or 2 hrs after, black stool, constipation
 Monitor for hemorrhage

Alert:
 Iron from red meats is better absorbed iron form other sources
 Iron is better absorbed when taken with foods high in Vit C such as orange juice
 Higher iron intake is recommended since circulating blood volume is increased and heme is required from production of RBCs

Edema – lower extremities due venous return is constricted due to large belly, elevate legs above hip level.

Varicosities – pressure of uterus

- use support stockings, avoid wearing knee high socks
- use elastic bandage – lower to upper
-
Vulbar varicosities- painful, pressure on gravid uterus, to relieve- position – side lying with pillow under hips or modified knee chest position

Thrombophlebitis – presence of thrombus at inflamed blood vessel

- pregnant mom hyperfibrinogenemia
- increase fibrinogen
- increase clotting factor
- thrombus formation candidate

outstanding sign – (+) Homan's sign – pain on cuff during dorsiflexion

milk leg – skinny white legs due to stretching of skin caused by inflammation or phlagmasia albadolens

Mgt:
1.) Bed rest
2.) Never massage
3.) Assess + Homan sign once only might dislodge thrombus
4.) Give anticoagulant to prevent additional clotting (thrombolytics will dilute)
5.) Monitor APTT antidote for Heparin toxicity, protamine sulfate
6.) Avoid aspirin! Might aggravate bleeding.

2. Respiratory system – common problem SOB due to enlarged uterus & increase O2 demand
Position- lateral expansion of lungs or side lying position.

3. Gastrointestinal – 1st trimester change

 Morning Sickness – nausea & vomiting due to increase HCG. Eat dry crackers or dry CHO diet 30 minutes before arising bed. Nausea afternoon - small
freq feeding. Vomiting in preg – emesisgravida.
Metabolic alkalosis, F&E imbalance – primary med mgt – replace fluids.
Monitor I&O

constipation – progesterone resp for constipation. Increase fluid intake, increase fiber diet
- fruits – papaya, pineapple, mango, watermelon, cantaloupe, apple with skin, suha.
Except guava – has pectin that’s constipating – veg – petchy, malungay.
- exercise
-mineral oil – excretion of fat soluble vitamins
* Flatulence – avoid gas forming food – cabbage

* Heartburn – or pyrosis – reflux of stomach content to esophagus

- small frequent feeding, avoid 3 full meals, avoid fatty & spicy food, sips of milk, proper body mechanical

increase salivation – ptyalsim – mgt mouthwash

*Hemorrhoids – pressure of gravid uterus. Mgt; hot sitz bath for comfort

4. Urinary System – frequency during 1st& 3rd trimester lateral expansion of lungs or side lying pos – mgt for nocturia
Acetyace test – albumin in urine
Benedicts test – sugar in urine

5. Musculoskeletal

Lordosis – pride of pregnancy

Waddling Gait – awkward walking due to relaxation – causes softening of joints & bones
Prone to accidental falls – wear low heeled shoes
Leg Cramps – causes: prolonged standing, over fatigue, Ca & phosphorous imbalance(#1 cause while pregnant), chills, oversex, pressure of gravid uterus (labor
cramps) at lumbo sacral nerve plexus
Mgt: Increase Ca diet-milk(Inc Ca & Inc phosphorus)-1pint/day or 3-4 servings/day. Cheese, yogurt, head of fish, Dilis, sardines with bones, brocolli, seafood-
tahong (mussels), lobster, crab.
Vit D for increased Ca absorption
dorsiflexion

B. Local Changes

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 Local change: Vagina:
V – Chadwick’s sign – blue violet discoloration of vagina
C – Goodel's sign – change of consistency of cervix
I – Hegar's – change of consistency of isthmus (lower uterine segment)

LEUKORRHEA – whitish gray, mousy odor discharge

ESTROGEN – hormone, resp for leucorrhea
OPERCULUM – mucus plug to seal out bacteria.
PROGESTERONE – hormone responsible for operculum
PREGNANT – acidic to alkaline change to protect bacterial growth (vaginitis)

Problems Related to the Change of Vaginal Environment:

a. Vaginitits – trichomonas vaginalis due to alkaline environment of vagina of pregnant mom
Flagellated protozoa – wants alkaline

S&Sx:
Greenish cream colored frothy irritatingly itchy with foul smelling odor with vaginal edema
Mgt:
FLAGYL – (metronidazole – antiprotozoa). Carcinogenic drug so don’t give at 1st trimester
1. treat dad also to prevent reinfection
2. no alcohol – has antibuse effect
VAGINAL DOUCHE – IQ H2O : 1 tbsp white vinegar

b. Moniliasis or candidiasis due to candida albecans, fungal infection.

Color – white cheese like patches adheres to walls of vagina.

Signs & Symptoms:

Management – antifungal – Nistatin, genshan violet, cotrimaxole, canesten
Gonorrhea -Thick purulent discharge
Vaginal warts- condifoma acuminata due to papilloma virus
Mgt: cauterization

2. Abdominal Changes – striae gravidarium (stretch marks) due enlarging uterus-destruction of sub Q tissue – avoid scratching, use coconut oil, umbilicus is
protruding

3. Skin Changes – brown pigmentation nose chin, cheeks – chloasma melasma due to increased melanocytes.
Brown pinkish line- linea nigra- symphisis pubis to umbilicus

4. Breast Changes – increase hormones, color of areola & nipple

pre colostrums present by 6 weeks, colostrums at 3rd trimester

Breast self exam- 7 days after mens –– supine with pillow at back
quadrant B – upper outer – common site of cancer

Test to determine breast cancer:

1. mammography – 35 to 49 yrs once every 1 to 2 yrs
50 yrs and above – 1 x a yr

6. Ovaries – rested during pregnancy

7. Signs & symptoms of Pregnancy

A. Presumptive – s/s felt and observed by the mother but does not confirm positive diagnosis of pregnancy . Subjective
B. Probable – signs observed by the members of health team. Objective
C. Positive Signs – undeniable signs confirmed by the use of instrument.

Ballotment sign of myoma

* + HCG – sign of H mole
- trans vaginal ultrasound. Empty bladder
- ultrasound – full bladder

placental grading – rating/grade

o – immature
1 – slightly mature
2 – moderately mature
3 – placental maturity
What is deposited in placenta which signify maturity - there is calcium
Presumptive Probable Positive
Breast changes Goodel's- change of consistency of cervix Ultrasound evidence (sonogram)
Urinary freq Chadwick’s- blue violet discoloration of vagina full bladder
Fatigue Hegar's- change of consistency of isthmus
Amenorrhea Elevated BBT – due to increased progesterone Fetal heart tone
Morning sickness Positive HCG or (+)preg test Fetal movement
Enlarged uterus Fetal outline
Ballottement – bouncing of fetus when lower uterine is tapped sharply Fetal parts palpable
Cloasma Enlarged abdomen
Linea negra Braxton Hicks contractions – painless irregular contractions
Increased skin pigmentation

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Striae gravidarium
Quickening

III. Psychological Adaptation to Pregnancy (Emotional response of mom –Reva Rubin theory)
First Trimester: No tanginal signs & sx, surprise, ambivalence, denial – sign of maladaptation to pregnancy. Developmental task is to accept biological facts of
pregnancy
Focus: bodily changes of preg, nutrition

Second Trimester – tangible S&Sx. mom identifies fetus as a separate entity – due to presence of quickening, fantasy. Developmental task – accept growing
fetus as baby to be nurtured.
Health teaching: growth & development of fetus.

Third Trimester: - mom has personal identification on appearance of baby

Development task: prepare of birth & parenting of child. HT: responsible parenthood ‘baby’s Layette” – best time to do shopping.
Most common fear – let mom listen to FHT to allay fear
Lamaze classes

VII. Pre-Natal Visit:

1. Frequency of Visit: 1st 7 months – 1x a month
8 – 9 months – 2 x a month
10 – once a week
post term 2 x a week
2. Personal data – name, age (high risk < 18 &>35 yrs old) record to determine high risk – HBMR. Home base mom’s record. Sex ( pseudocyesis or false
pregnancy on men & women)
Couvade syndrome – dad experiences what mom goes through – lihi)
Address, civil status, religion, culture & beliefs with respect, non judgmental
Occupation – financial condition or occupational hazards, education background – level knowledge

3. Diagnosis of Pregnancy
1.) urine exam to detect HCG at 40 – 100th day. 60 – 70 day peak HCG. 6 weeks after LMP- best to get urine exam.
2.) Elisa test – test for preg detects beta subunit of HCG as early as 7 – 10days
3.) Home preg kit – do it yourself
4. Baseline Data: V/S esp. BP, monitor wt. (increase wt – 1st sign preeclampsia)

Weight Monitoring
First Trimester: Normal Weight gain 1.5 – 3 lbs (.5 – 1lb/month)
Second trimester: normal weight gain 10 – 12 lbs (4 lbs/month) (1 lb/wk)
Third trimester: normal weight gain 10 – 12 lbs (4 lbs/ month) ( 1lb/wk)
Minimum wt gain – 20 – 25 lbs
Optimal wt gain – 25 – 35 lbs

5. Obstetrical Data:
nullipara – no pregnancy
a. Gravida- # of pregnancy
b. Para - # of viable pregnancy
Viability – the ability of the fetus to live outside the uterus at the earliest possible gestational age.
age of viability - 20 – 24 wks
Term -37 – 42 wks,
Preterm -20 – 37 weeks
abortion <20 weeks
Sample Cases:
1 – abortion GTPAL
1 – 2nd mo 2 0 01 0
G–2
P–0

1 – 40th AOG GT P A L
1 – 36th AOG 612 2 4
2 – misc
1 – twins 35 AOG
1 – 4th month G6 P3

1 – 39th week
1 – miscarriage GP GTPAL
1 – stillbirth 33 AOG (considered as para) 4 2 4 11 1 1
1 – preg 3rd wk

1 – 33 P
1 41st L
1 – abort A
1 – still 39 GP GTPAL
1 triplet 32 6 4 6 2 2 15
1 4th mon
c. Important Estimates:

1. Nagele’s Rule – use to determine expected date of delivery

6
 Get LMP -3+ 7 +1 Apr-Dec LMP – Jan Feb Mar
M D Y +9 +7 no year

LMP Jan 25, 04

+9 +7
10 / 32 / 04
- 1
add 1 month to month
11/31/04 EDD

2. McDonald’s Rule – to determine age of gestation IN WEEKS

FUNDIC HT X 7/8=AOG in WK

Fundic Ht X 7 = AOG in weeks

8
Fr sypmhisis pubis to fundus 24 X 7 =21 wks
8
3. Bartholomew’s Rule – to determine age of gestation by proper location of fundus at abdominal cavity.

3 months – above sym pub

5 months – level of umbilicus
9 months – below zyphoid
10 months – level of 8 months due to lightening

4. Haases rule – to determine length of the fetus in cm.

Formula: 1st ½ of preg , square @ month
2nd ½ of preg, x @ month by 5
3mos x 3 = 9cm
4 mos x 4 = 16 cm 10 x 5 = 50 cm 1st ½ of preg
5 x 5 = 25 cm

6 x 5 = 30 cm
7 x 5 = 35 cm 2nd ½ of preg
8 x 5 = 40 cm
9 x 5 = 45 cm

d. tetanus immunizations – prevents tetanus neonatum

-mom with complete 3 doses DPT young age considered as TT1 & 2. Begin TT3

TT1 – any time during pregnancy

TT2 – 4 wks after TT1 – 3 yrs protection
TT3 – 6 months after TT2 – 5 yrs protection
TT4 – 1 yr after TT3 – 10 yrs protection
TT5 – yr after TT4 – lifetime protection

5. Physical Examination:
A. Examine teeth: sign of infection
Danger signs of Pregnancy
C - chills/ fever - infection
Cerebral disturbances ( headache – preeclampsia)

A – abdominal pain ( epigastric pain – aura of impending convulsions

B – boardlike abdomen – abruption placenta

Increase BP – HPN
Blurred vision – preeclampsia
Bleeding – 1st trimester, abortion, ectopic pre/2nd – H mole, incompetent cervix
3rd – placental anomalies

S – sudden gush of fluid – PROM (premature rupture of membrane) prone to inf.

E – edema to upper ext. (preeclampsia)

6. Pelvic Examination – internal exam

1. empty bladder
2. universal precaution
EXT OS of cervix – site for getting specimen
Site for cervical cancer

Pap Smear – cervical cancer

- composed of squamous columnar tissue

Result:
Class I - normal
Class IIA – acytology but no evidence of malignancy
B – suggestive of infl.
Class III – cytology suggestive of malignancy

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Class IV – cytology strongly suggestive of malignancy
Class V – cytology conclusive of malignancy

Stages of Cervical Cancer

Stage 0 – carcinoma insitu
1 – cancer confined to cervix
2 - cancer extends to vagina
3 – pelvis metastasis
4 – affection to bladder & rectum

7. Leopold’s Maneuver
Purpose: is done to determine the attitude, fetal presentation lie, presenting part, degree of descent, an estimate of the size, and number of fetuses,
position, fetal back & fetal heart tone
- use palm! Warm palm.

Prep mom:
1. Empty bladder
2. Position of mom-supine with knee flex (dorsal recumbent – to relax abdominal muscles)
Procedure:
1st maneuver: place patient in supine position with knees slightly flexed; put towel under head and right hip; with both hands palpate upper abdomen and
fundus. Assess size, shape, movement and firmness of the part to determine presentation

2nd Maneuver: with both hands moving down, identify the back of the fetus ( to hear fetal heart sound) where the bell of the stethoscope is placed to determine
FHT. Get V/S(before 2nd maneuver) PR to diff fundic soufflé (FHR) & uterine soufflé.
Uterine soufflé – maternal H rate

3rd Maneuver: using the right hand, grasp the symphis pubis part using thumb and fingers.
To determine degree of engagement.

Assess whether the presenting part is engaged in the pelvis )Alert : if the head is engaged it will not be movable).

4th Maneuver: the Examiner changes the position by facing the patient’s feet. With two hands, assess the descent of the presenting part by locating the cephalic
prominence or brow. To determine attitude – relationship of fetus to 1 another.

When the brow is on the same side as the back, the head is extended. When the brow is on the same side as the small parts, the head will be flexed and vertex
presenting.

Attitude – relationship of fetus to a part – or degree of flexion

Full flexion – when the chin touches the chest
8.Assessment of Fetal Well-Being-
A. Daily Fetal Movement Counting (DFMC) –begin 27 weeks
Mom- begin after meal - breakfast

a. Cardiff count to 10 method – one method currently available

(1) Begin at the same time each day (usually in the morning, after breakfast) and count each fetal movement, noting how long it takes to count 10 fetal
movements (FMs)
(2) Expected findings – 10 movements in 1 hour or less
3) Warning signs
a.) more then 1 hour to reach 10 movements
b.) less then 10 movements in 12 hours(non-reactive- fetal distress)
c.) longer time to reach 10 FMs than on previous days
d.) movement are becoming weaker, less vigorous
Movement alarm signals - < 3 FMs in 12 hours
4.) warning signs should be reported to healthcare provider immediately; often require further testing. Examples: nonstress test (NST), biographical profile (BPP)

B. Nonstress test – to determine the response of the fetal heart rate to activity
Indication – pregnancies at risk for placental insufficiency
Postmaturity
a.) pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), diabetes
b.) warning signs noted during DFMC
c.) maternal history of smoking, inadequate nutrition

Procedure:
Done within 30 minutes wherein the mother is in semi-fowler’s position (w/ fetal monitor); external monitor is applied to document fetal activity; mother
activates the “mark button” on the electronic monitor when she feels fetal movement.

Attach external noninvasive fetal monitors

1. tocotransducer over fundus to detect uterine contractions and fetal movements (FMs)
2. ultrasound transducer over abdominal site where most distinct fetal heart sounds are detected
3. monitor until at least 2 FMs are detected in 20 minutes
 if no FM after 40 minutes provide woman with a light snack or gently stimulate fetus through abdomen
 if no FM after 1 hour further testing may be indicated, such as a CST

Result:
Noncreative
Nonstress

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Not Good
Reactive
Responsive is
Real Good

Interpretation of results
i. reactive result
1. Baseline FHR between 120 and 160 beats per minute
2. At least two accelerations of the FHR of at least 15 beats per minute, lasting at least 15 seconds in a 10 to 20 minute period as a result of
FM
3. Good variability – normal irregularity of cardiac rhythm representing a balanced interaction between the parasympathetic (decreases
FHR) and sympathetic (increase FHR) nervous system; noted as an uneven line on the rhythm strip.
4. result indicates a healthy fetus with an intact nervous system

ii. Nonreactive result

1. Stated criteria for a reactive result are not met
2. Could be indicative of a compromised fetus.
Requires further evaluation with another NST, biophysical profile, (BPP) or contraction stress test (CST)

9. Health teachings
a. Nutrition – do nutritional assessment – daily food intake
High risk moms:
1. Pregnant teenagers – low compliance to heath regimen.
2. Extremes in wt – underweight, over wt – candidate for HPN, DM
3. Low socio – economic status
4. Vegetarian mom – decrease CHON – needs Vit B12 – cyanocobalamin – formation of folic acid – needed for cell DNA & RBC formation. (Decrease folic
acid – spina bifida/open neural tube defect)
How many Kcal CHO x4,CHON x4, fats x 9

Recommended Nutrient Requirement that increases During Pregnancy

Nutrients Requirements Food Source
Calories 300 calories/day above the prepregnancy Caloric increase should reflect
Essential to supply energy for daily requirement to maintain ideal body - Foods of high nutrient value such as protein,
- increased metabolic rate weight and meet energy requirement to complex carbohydrates (whole grains, vegetables,
- utilization of nutrients activity level fruits)
- protein sparing so it can be used for - Begin increase in second trimester - Variety of foods representing foods sources for the
- Growth of fetus - Use weight – gain pattern as an nutrients requiring during pregnancy
- Development of structures required for indication of adequacy of calorie intake. - No more than 30% fat
pregnancy including placenta, amniotic fluid, - Failure to meet caloric requirements
and tissue growth. can lead to ketosis as fat and protein
are used for energy; ketosis has been
associated with fetal damage.

Protein 60 mg/day or an increase of 10% above daily Protein increase should reflect
Essential for: requirements for age group - Lean meat, poultry, fish
- Fetal tissue growth - Eggs, cheese, milk
- Maternal tissue growth including uterus and Adolescents have a higher protein - Dried beans, lentils, nuts
breasts requirement than mature women since - Whole grains
- Development of essential pregnancy adolescents must supply protein for their * vegetarians must take note of the amino acid content
structures own growth as well as protein t meet the of CHON foods consumed to ensure ingestion of
- Formation of red blood cells and plasma pregnancy requirement sufficient quantities of all amino acids
proteins
* Inadequate protein intake has been associated
with onset of pregnancy induces hypertension
(PIH)
Calcium-Phosphorous Calcium increases of Calcium increases should reflect:
Essential for - 1200 mg/day representing an increase - dairy products : milk, yogurt, ice cream, cheese,
- Growth and development of fetal of 50% above prepregnancy daily egg yolk
skeleton and tooth buds requirement. - whole grains, tofu
- Maintenance of mineralization of - 1600 mg/day is recommended for the - green leafy vegetables
maternal bones and teeth adolescent. 10 mcg/day of vitamin D is - canned salmon & sardines w/ bones
- Current research is : required since it enhances absorption of - Ca fortified foods such as orange juice
Demonstrating an association between adequate both calcium and phosphorous - Vitamin D sources: fortified milk, margarine, egg
calcium intake and the prevention of pregnancy yolk, butter, liver, seafood
induce hypertension

Iron 30 mg/day representing a doubling of the Iron increases should reflect

Essential for pregnant daily requirement - liver, red meat, fish, poultry, eggs
- Expansion of blood volume and red blood - Begin supplementation at 30- mg/day in - enriched, whole grain cereals and breads
cells formation second trimester, since diet alone is - dark green leafy vegetables, legumes
- Establishment of fetal iron stores for first few unable to meet pregnancy requirement - nuts, dried fruits
months of life - 60 – 120 mg/day along with copper and - vitamin C sources: citrus fruits & juices,
zinc supplementation for women who strawberries, cantaloupe, broccoli or
have low hemoglobin values prior to cabbage, potatoes
pregnancy or who have iron deficiency - iron from food sources is more readily

9
 anemia. absorbed when served with foods high in vit
- 70 mg/day of vitamin C which enhances C
iron absorption
- inadequate iron intake results in
maternal effects – anemia depletion of
iron stores, decreased energy and
appetite, cardiac stress especially labor
and birth
- fetal effects decreased availability of
oxygen thereby affecting fetal growth
* iron deficiency anemia is the most
common nutritional disorder of pregnancy.
Zinc 15mcg/day representing an increase of 3 Zinc increases should reflect
Essential for mg/day over prepreganant daily - liver, meats
* the formation of enzymes requirements. - shell fish
* maybe important in the prevention of congenital - eggs, milk, cheese
malformation of the fetus. - whole grains, legumes, nuts
Folic Acid, Folacin, Folate 400 mcg/day representing an increase of Increases should reflect
Essential for more then 2 times the daily prepregnant - liver, kidney, lean beef, veal
- formation of red blood cells and requirement. 300mcg/day supplement for - dark green leafy vegetables, broccoli,
prevention of anemia women with low folate levels or dietary legumes.
- DNA synthesis and cell formation; may deficiency - Whole grains, peanuts
play a role in the prevention of neutral 4 servings of grains/day
tube defects (spina bifida), abortion,
abruption placenta
Additional Requirements Increased requirements of pregnancy can easily be met
Minerals with a balanced diet that meets the requirement for
- iodine 175 mcg/day calories and includes food sources high in the other
- Magnesium 320 mg/day nutrients needed during pregnancy.
- Selenium 65 mcg/day
Vitamins Vit stored in body. Taking it not needed – fat soluble
E 10 mg/day vitamins. Hard to excrete.
Thiamine 1.5 mg/day
Riborlavin 1.6 mg/day
Pyridoxine ( B6) 2.2 mg/day
B12 2.2 mg day
Niacin 17 mg/day

2.Sexual Activity
a.) should be done in moderation
b.) should be done in private place
c.) mom placed in comfy pos, sidelying or mom on top
d.) avoided 6 weeks prior to EDD
e.) avoid blowing or air during cunnilingus
f.) changes in sexual desire of mom during preg- air embolism
Changes in sexual desire:
a.) 1st tri – decrease desire – due to bodily changes
b.) 2nd trimester – increased desire due to increase estrogen that enhances lubrication
c.) 3rd trimester – decreased desire

Contraindication in sex:
1. vaginal spotting
1st trimester – threatened abortion
2nd trimester– placenta previa
2. incompetent cervix
3. preterm labor
4. premature rupture of membrane

3. Exercise – to strengthen muscles used during delivery process

- principles of exercise
1.) Done in moderation. 2.) Must be individualized
Walking – best exercise

Squatting – strengthen muscles of perineum. Increase circulation to perineum. Squat – feet flat on floor

Tailor Sitting – 1 leg in front of other leg ( Indian seat)

Raise buttocks 1st before head to prevent postural hypotension – dizziness when changing position

- shoulder circling exercise- strengthen chest muscles

- pelvic rocking/pelvic tilt- exercise – relieves low back pain & maintain good posture
- * arch back – standing or kneeling. Four extremities on floor

Kegel Exercise – strengthen pulococcygeal muscles

- as if hold urine, release 10x or muscle contraction

10
Abdominal Exercise – strengthens muscles of abdominal – done as if blowing candle

4. Childbirth Preparation:
Overall goal: to prepare parents physically and psychologically while promoting wellness behavior that can be used by parents and family thus, helping them
achieved a satisfying and enjoying childbirth experience.

a. Psychophysical
1. Bradley Method – Dr. Robert Bradley – advocated active participation of husband at delivery process. Based on imitation of nature.

Features:
1.) darkened rm
2.) quiet environment
3.) relaxation tech
4.) closed eye & appearance of sleep

2. Grantly Dick Read Method – fear leads to tension while tension leads to pain

b. Psychosexual
1. Kitzinger method – preg, labor & birth & care of newborn is an impt turning pt in woman’s life cycle
- flow with contraction than struggle with contraction

c. Psychoprophylaxis – prevention of pain

1. Lamaze: Dr. Ferdinand Lamaze
req. disciple, conditioning & concentration. Husband is coach
Features:
1. Conscious relaxation
2. Cleansing breathe – inhale nose, exhale mouth
3. Effleurage – gentle circular massage over abdominal to relieve pain
4. imaging – sensate focus

5. Different Methods of delivery:

1.) birthing chair – bed convertible to chair – semifowlers
2.) birthing bed – dorsal recumbent pos
3.) squatting – relives low back pain during labor pain
4.) leboyers – warm, quiet, dark, comfy room. After delivery, baby gets warm bath.
5.) Birth under H20 – bathtub – labor & delivery – warm water, soft music.

IX. Intrapartal Notes – inside ER

A. Admitting the laboring Mother:
Personal Data: name, age, address, etc
Baseline Data: v/s esppecially BP, weight
Obstetrical Data: gravida # preg, para- viable preg, – 22 – 24 wks
Physical Exams,Pelvic Exams

B. Basic knowledge in Intrapartum.

b. 1 Theories of the Onset of Labor

1.) uterine stretch theory ( any hallow organ stretched, will always contract & expel its content) – contraction action
2.) oxytocin theory – post pit gland releases oxytocin. Hypothalamus produces oxytocin
3.) prostaglandin theory – stimulation of arachidonic acid – prostaglandin- contraction
4.) progesterone theory – before labor, decrease progesterone will stimulate contractions & labor
5.) theory of aging placenta – life span of placenta 42 wks. At 36 wks degenerates (leading to contraction – onset labor).

b.2. The 4 P’s of labor

1. Passenger
a. Fetal head – is the largest presenting part – common presenting part – ¼ of its length.
Bones – 6 bones S – sphenoid F – frontal - sinciput
E – ethmoid O – occuputal - occiput
T – temporal P – parietal 2 x
Measurement fetal head:
1. transverse diameter – 9.25cm
- biparietal – largest transverse
- bitemporal 8 cm
2. bimastoid 7cm smallest transverse

Sutures – intermembranous spaces that allow molding.

1.) sagittal suture – connects 2 parietal bones ( sagitna)
2.) coronal suture – connect parietal & frontal bone (crown)
3.) lambdoidal suture – connects occipital & parietal bone

Moldings: the overlapping of the sutures of the skull to permit passage of the head to the pelvis

Fontanels:
1.) Anterior fontanel – bregma, diamond shape, 3 x 4 cm,( > 5 cm – hydrocephalus), 12 – 18 months after birth- close
2.) Posterior fontanel or lambda – triangular shape, 1 x 1 cm. Closes – 2 – 3 months.

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 4.) Anteroposterior diameter -
suboccipitobregmatic 9.5 cm, complete flexion, smallest AP
occipitofrontal 12cm partial flexion
occipitomental – 13.5 cm hyper extension submentobragmatic-face presentation

2. Passageway
Mom 1.) < 4’9” tall
2.) < 18 years old
3.) Underwent pelvic dislocation
Pelvis
4 main pelvic types
1. Gynecoid – round, wide, deeper most suitable (normal female pelvis) for pregnancy
2. Android – heart shape “male pelvis”- anterior part pointed, posterior part shallow
3. Anthropoid – oval, ape like pelvis, oval shape, AP diameter wider transverse narrow
4. Platypelloid – flat AP diameter – narrow, transverse – wider

b. Pelvis
2 hip bones – 2 innominate bones
3 Parts of 2 Innominate Bones
Ileum – lateral side of hips
- iliac crest – flaring superior border forming prominence of hips
Ischium – inferior portion
- ischial tuberosity where we sit – landmark to get external measurement of pelvis
Pubes – ant portion – symphisis pubis junction between 2 pubis
1 sacrum – post portion – sacral prominence – landmark to get internal measurement of pelvis
1 coccyx – 5 small bones compresses during vaginal delivery

Important Measurements

1. Diagonal Conjugate – measure between sacral promontory and inferior margin of the symphysis pubis.
Measurement: 11.5 cm - 12.5 cm basis in getting true conjugate. (DC – 11.5 cm=true conjugate)

2. True conjugate/conjugate vera – measure between the anterior surface of the sacral promontory and superior margin of the symphysis pubis.
Measurement: 11.0 cm

3. Obstetrical conjugate – smallest AP diameter. Pelvis at 10 cm or more.

Tuberoischi Diameter – transverse diameter of the pelvic outlet. Ischial tuberosity – approximated with use of fist – 8 cm & above.

3. Power –supplied by the fundus of the uterus, are implemented by uterine contractions, a process that causes cervical dilation and then expulsion of the
fetus from the uterus
the force acting to expel the fetus and placenta – myometrium – powers of labor
a. Involuntary Contractions
b. Voluntary bearing down efforts
c. Characteristics: wave like
d. Timing: frequency, duration, intensity
4. Psyche/Person – psychological stress when the mother is fighting the labor experience
a. Cultural Interpretation
b. Preparation
c. Past Experience
d. Support System

Pre-eminent Signs of Labor

S&Sx:
- shooting pain radiating to the legs
- urinary freq.
1. Lightening – setting of presenting part into pelvic brim - 2 weeks prior to EDD
* Engagement- setting of presenting part into pelvic inlet
2. Braxton Hicks Contractions – painless irregular contractions
3. Increase Activity of the Mother- nesting instinct. Save energy, will be used for delivery. Increase epinephrine
4. Ripening of the Cervix – butter soft
5. decreased body wt – 1.5 – 3 lbs
6. Bloody Show – pinkish vaginal discharge – blood & leukorrhea
7. Rupture of Membranes – rupture of water. Check FHT

Premature Rupture of Membrane ( PROM) - do IE to check for cord prolapse

Contraction drop in intensity even though very painful
Contraction drop in frequently
Uterus tense and/or contracting between contractions
Abdominal palpations

Nursing Care;
Administer Analgesics (Morphine)
Attempt manual rotation for ROP or LOP – most common malposition
Bear down with contractions
Adequate hydration – prepare for CS

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 Sedation as ordered
Cesarean delivery may be required, especially if fetal distress is noted

Cord Prolapse – a complication when the umbilical cord falls or is washed through the cervix into the vagina.

Danger signs:
PROM
Presenting part has not yet engaged
Fetal distress
Protruding cord form vagina

Nursing care:
1. Cover cord with sterile gauze with saline to prevent drying of cord so cord will remain slippery & prevent cord compression causing cerebral palsy.
2. Slip cord away from presenting part
3. Count pulsation of cord for FHT
4. Prep mom for CS

Positioning – trendelenberg or knee chest position

Emotional support
Prepare for Cesarean Section

Difference Between True Labor and False Labor

False Labor True Labor
Irregular contractions Contractions are regular
No increase in intensity Increased intensity
Pain – confined to abdomen Pain – begins lower back radiates to abdomen
Pain – relived by walking Pain – intensified by walking
No cervical changes Cervical effacement & dilatation * major sx
of true labor.
Duration of Labor
Primipara – 14 hrs & not more than 20 hrs
Multipara – 8 hrs & not > 14 hrs

Effacement – softening & thinning of cervix. Use % in unit of measurement

Dilation – widening of cervix. Unit used is cm.

Nursing Interventions in Each Stage of Labor

2 segments of the uterus

1. upper uterine - fundus
2. lower uterine – isthmus

1. First Stage: onset of true contractions to full dilation and effacement of cervix.
Latent Phase:
Assessment: Dilations: 0 – 3 cm mom – excited, apprehensive, can communicate
Frequency: every 5 – 10 min
Intensity mild
Nursing Care:
1. Encourage walking - shorten 1st stage of labor
2. Encourage to void q 2 – 3 hrs – full bladder inhibit contractions
3. Breathing – chest breathing

Active Phase:
Assessment: Dilations 4 -8 cm Intensity: moderate Mom- fears losing control of self
Frequency q 3-5 min lasting for 30 – 60 seconds

Nursing Care:
M – edications – have meds ready
A – ssessment include: vital signs, cervical dilation and effacement, fetal monitor, etc.
D – dry lips – oral care (ointment)
dry linens
B – abdominal breathing

Transitional Phase: intensity: strong Mom – mood changes with hyperesthesia

Assessment: Dilations 8 – 10 cm
Frequency q 2-3 min contractions
Durations 45 – 90 seconds

Hyperesthesia – increase sensitivity to touch, pain all over

Health Teaching : teach: sacral pressure on lower back to inhibit transmission of pain
keep informed of progress
controlled chest breathing
Nursing Care:
T – ires
I – nform of progress
R – estless support her breathing technique
E – ncourage and praise

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 D – iscomfort

Pelvic Exams
Effacement
Dilation
a. Station – landmark used: ischial spine
- 1 station = presenting part 1cm above ischial spine if (-) floating
- 2 station = presenting part 2 cm above ischial spine if (-) floating
0 station = level at ischial spine – engagement
+ 1 station = below 1 cm ischial spine
+3 to +5 = crowning – occurs at 2nd stage of labor

b. Presentation/lie – the relationship of the long axis (spine) of the fetus to the long axis of the mother
-spine of mom and spine of fetus
Two types:
b.1. Longitudinal Lie ( Parallel)
cephalic - Vertex – complete flexion
Face
Brow Poor Flexion
Chin
Breech - Complete Breech – thigh breast on abdomen, breast lie on thigh
Incomplete Breech – thigh rest on abdominal
Frank – legs extend to head
Footling – single, double
Kneeling

b.2. Transverse Lie (Perpendicular) or Perpendicular lie. Shoulder presentation.

c. Position – relationship of the fatal presenting part to specific quadrant of the mother’s pelvis.

Variety:
Occipito – LOA left occipito ant (most common and favorable position)– side of maternal pelvis
LOP – left occipito posterior
LOP – most common mal position, most painful
ROP – squatting pos on mom
ROT
ROA

Breech- use sacrum LSA – left sacro anterior

- put stet above umbilicus LST, LSP, RSA, RST, RSP
Shoulder/acromniodorso
LADA, LADT, LADP, RADA

Chin / Mento
LMA, LMT, LMP, RMP, RMA, RMT, RMP

Monitoring the Contractions and Fetal heart Tone

Spread fingers lightly over fundus – to monitor contractions

Parts of contractions:
Increment or crescendo – beginning of contractions until it increases
Acme or apex – height of contraction
Decrement or decrescendo – from height of contractions until it decreases
Duration – beginning of contractions to end of same contraction
Interval – end of 1 contraction to beginning of next contraction
Frequency – beginning of 1 contraction to beginning of next contraction
Intensity - strength of contraction

Contraction – vasoconstriction
Increase BP, decrease FHT
Best time to get BP & FHT just after a contraction or midway of contractions

Placental reserve – 60 sec o2 for fetus during contractions

Duration of contractions shouldn’t >60 sec
Notify MD

Mom has headache – check BP, if same BP, let mom rest. If BP increase , notify MD -preeclampsia
Health teachings
1.) Ok to shower
2.)NPO – GIT stops function during labor if with food- will cause aspiration
3.)Enema administer during labor
a.)To cleanse bowel
b.)Prevent infection
c.)Sims position/side lying
12 – 18 inch – ht enema tubing

Check FHT after adm enema

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Normal FHT= 120-160

Signs of fetal distress-

1.) <120 &>160
2.) mecomium stain amnion fluid
3.) fetal thrushing – hyperactive fetus due to lack O2

2. Second Stage: fetal stage, complete dilation and effacement to birth.

7 – 8 multi – bring to delivery room

10cm primi – bring to delivery room
Lithotomy pos – put legs same time up
Bulging of perineum – sure to come out
Breathing – panting ( teach mom)
Assist doc in doing episiotomy- to prevent laceration, widen vaginal canal, shorten 2nd stage of labor.
Episiotomy – median – less bleeding, less pain easy to repair, fast to heal, possible to reach rectum ( urethroanal fistula)
Mediolateral – more bleeding & pain, hard to repair, slow to heal
-use local or pudendal anesthesia.

Ironing the perineum – to prevent laceration

Modified Ritgens maneuver – place towel at perineum
1.)To prevent laceration
2.) Will facilitate complete flexion & extension. (Support head & remove secretion, check cord if coiled. Pull shoulder down & up. Check time, identification of
baby.

Mechanisms of labor
1. Engagement -
2. Descent
3. Flexion
4. Internal Rotation
5. Extension
6. External rotation
7. Expulsion

Three parts of Pelvis – 1. Inlet – AP diameter narrow, transverse diameter wider

2. Cavity
Two Major Divisions of Pelvis
1. True pelvis – below the pelvic inlet
2. False pelvis – above the pelvic inlet; supports uterus during pregnancy

Linea Terminales diagonal imaginary line from the sacrum to the symphysis pubis that divides the false and true pelvis.
Nursing Care:
To prevent puerperal sepsis - < 48 hours only – vaginal pack

Bolus of Ptocin can lead to hypotension.

3. Third Stage: birth to expulsion of Placenta -placental stage placenta has 15 – 28 cotyledons
Placenta delivered from 3-10 minutes
Signs of placental separation
1. Fundus rises – becomes firm & globular “ Calkins sign”
2. Lengthening of the cord
3. Sudden gush of blood

Types of placental delivery

Shultz “shiny” – begins to separate from center to edges presenting the fetal side shiny
Dunkan “dirty” – begin to separate form edges to center presenting natural side – beefy red or dirty

Slowly pull cord and wind to clamp – BRANDT ANDREWS MANEUVER

Hurrying of placental delivery will lead to inversion of uterus.

Nsg care for placenta:

4. Check completeness of placenta.
5. Check fundus (if relaxed, massage uterus)
6. Check bp
7. Administer methergine IM (Methylergonovine Maleate) “Ergotrate derivatives
8. Monitor hpn (or give oxytocin IV)
9. Check perineum for lacerations
10. Assist MD for episiorapy
11. Flat on bed
12. Chills-due dehydration. Blanket, give clear liquid-tea, ginger ale, clear gelatin. Let mom sleep to regain energy.

4. Fourth Stage: the first 1-2 hours after delivery of placenta – recovery stage. Monitor v/s q 15 for 1 hr. 2nd hr q 30 minutes.
Check placement of fundus at level of umbilicus.

If fundus above umbilicus, deviation of fundus

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 1.) Empty bladder to prevent uterine atony
2.) Check lochia
a. Maternal Observations – body system stabilizes
b. Placement of the Fundus
c. Lochia
d. Perineum –
R - edness
E- dema
E - cchemosis
D – ischarges
A – approximation of blood loss. Count pad & saturation

Fully soaked pad : 30 – 40 cc weigh pad. 1 gram=1cc

e. Bonding – interaction between mother and newborn – rooming in types

1.) Straight rooming in baby: 24hrs with mom.
2.) Partial rooming in: baby in morning , at night nursery

Complications of Labor
Dystocia – difficult labor related to:
Mechanical factor – due to uterine inertia – sluggishness of contraction
1.) hypertonic or primary uterine inertia
- intense excessive contractions resulting to ineffective pushing
- MD administer sedative valium,/diazepam – muscle relaxant
2.) hypotonic – secondary uterine inertia- slow irregular contraction resulting to ineffective pushing. Give oxytocin.

Prolonged labor – normal length of labor in primi 14 – 20 hrs

Multi 10 -14 hrs
> 14 hrs in multi &> 20 hrs in primi
- maternal effect – exhaustion. Fetal effect – fetal distress, caput succedaneum or cephal hematoma
- nsg care: monitor contractions and FHR

Precipitate Labor - labor of < 3 hrs. extensive lacerations, profuse bleeding, hypovolemic shock if with bleeding.
Earliest sign: tachycardia & restlessness
Late sign: hypotension
Outstanding Nursing dx: fluid volume deficit
Post of mom – modified trendelenberg
IV – fast drip due fluid volume def

Signs of Hypovolemic Shock:

Hypotension
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Cold clammy skin

Inversion of the uterus – situation uterus is inside out.

MD will push uterus back inside or not hysterectomy.

Factors leading to inversion of uterus

1.) short cord
2.) hurrying of placental delivery
3.) ineffective fundal pressure
Uterine Rupture
Causes: 1.)
1.)Previous classical CS
2.)Large baby
3.) Improper use of oxytocin (IV drip)
Sx:
a.) sudden pain
b.) profuse bleeding
c.) hypovolemic shock
d.) TAHBSO
Physiologic retraction ring
- Boundary bet upper/lower uterine segment
BANDL’S pathologic ring – suprapubic depression
a.) sign of impending uterine rupture

Amniotic Fluid Embolism or placental embolism – amniotic fluid or fragments of placenta enters natural circulation resulting to embolism
Sx:
dyspnea, chest pain & frothy sputum
prepare: suctioning
end stage: DIC disseminated intravascular coagopathy- bleeding to all portions of the body – eyes, nose, etc.

Trial Labor – measurement of head & pelvis falls on borderline. Mom given 6 hrs of labor
Multi: 8 – 14, primi 14 – 20

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Preterm Labor – labor after 20 – 37 weeks) ( abortion <20 weeks)
Sx:
1. premature contractions q 10 min
2. effacement of 60 – 80%
3. dilation 2-3 cm

Home Mgt:
1. complete bed rest
2. avoid sex
3. empty bladder
4. drink 3 -4 glasses of water – full bladder inhibits contractions
5. consult MD if symptoms persist

Hosp:
1. If cervix is closed 2 – 3 cm, dilation saved by administer Tocolytic agents- halts preterm contractions.YUTOPAR- Yutopar Hcl)
150mg incorporated 500cc Dextrose piggyback.
Monitor: FHT > 180 bpm
Maternal BP - <90/60
Crackles – notify MD – pulmo edema – administer oral yutopar 30 minutes before d/c IV
Tocolytic (Phil)
Terbuthaline (Bricanyl or Brethine) – sustained tachycardia
Antidote – propranolol or inderal - beta-blocker

If cervix is open – MD – steroid dextamethzone (betamethazone) to facilitate surfactant maturation preventing RDS

Preterm-cut cord ASAP to prevent jaundice or hyperbilirubenia.

X. Postpartal Period 5th stage of labor

after 24hrs :Normal increase WBC up to 30,000 cumm

Puerperium – covers 1st 6 wks post partum

Involution – return of repro organ to its non pregnant state.
Hyperfibrinogenia
- prone to thrombus formation
- early ambulation

Principles underlying puerperium

1. To return to Normal and Facilitate healing

A. Physiologic Changes
a.1. Systemic Changes

1. Cardiovascular System
- the first few minutes after delivery is the most critical period in mothers because the increased in plasma volume return to its normal state and thus adding to
the workload of the heart. This is critical especially to gravidocardiac mothers.

2. Genital tract
a. Cervix – cervical opening
b. Vaginal and Pelvic Floor
c. Uterus – return to normal 6 – 8 wks. Fundus goes down 1 finger breath/day until 10 th day – no longer palpable due behind symphisis pubis
3 days after post partum: sub involuted uterus – delayed healing uterus with big clots of blood- a medium for bacterial growth- (puerperal sepsis)- D&C
after, birth pain:
1. position prone
2. cold compress – to prevent bleeding
3. mefenamic acid

d. Lochia-bld, wbc, deciduas, microorganism. Nsd & Cs with lochia.

1. Ruba – red 1st 3 days present, musty/mousy, moderate amt
2. Serosa – pink to brown 4 – 9th day, limited amt
3. Alba – créme white 10 – 21 days very decreased amt
dysuria
- urine collection
- alternate warm & cold compress
- stimulate bladder

3. Urinary tract: Bladder – freq in urination after delivery- urinary retention with overflow
4. Colon: Constipation – due NPO, fear of bearing down
5. Perineal area – painful – episiotomy site – sims pos, cold compress for immediate pain after 24 hrs, hot sitz bath, not compress
sex- when perineum has healed

II. Provide Emotional Support – Reva Rubia

Psychological Responses:
a. Taking in phase – dependent phase (1st three days) mom – passive, cant make decisions, activity is to tell child birth experiences.
Nursing Care: - proper hygiene
b. Taking hold phase – dependent to independent phase (4 to 7 days). Mom is active, can make decisions
HT:
1.) Care of newborn

17
 2.) Insert family planting method
common post partum blues/ baby blues present 4 – 5 days 50-80% moms – overwhelming feeling of depression characterized by crying, despondence-
inability to sleep & lack of appetite. – let mom cry – therapeutic.

c. Letting go – interdependent phase – 7 days & above. Mom - redefines new roles may extend until child grows.

III. Prevent complications

1. Hemorrhage – bleeding of > 500cc

CS – 600 – 800 cc normal
NSD 500 cc

I. Early postpartum hemorrhage– bleeding within 1st 24 hrs. Baggy or relaxed uterus & profuse bleeding – uterine atony. Complications:
hypovolemic shock.
Mgt:
1.) massage uterus until contracted
2.) cold compress
3.) modified trendelenberg
4.) IV fast drip/ oxytocin IV drip

1st degree laceration – affects vaginal skin & mucus membrane.

2nd degree – 1st degree + muscles of vagina
3rd degree – 2nd degree + external sphincter of rectum
4th degree – 3rd degree + mucus membrane of rectum

Breast feeding – post pit gland will release oxytocin so uterus will contract.
Well contracted uterus + bleeding = laceration
- assess perineum for laceration
- degree of laceration
- mgt episiorapy

DIC – Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy. Hypofibrinogen- failure to coagulate.

- bleeding to any part of body
- hysterectomy if with abruption placenta
mgt: BT- cryoprecipitate or fresh frozen plasma

II. Late Postpartum hemorrhage – bleeding after 24 hrs – retained placental fragments
Mgt: D&C or manual extraction of fragments & massaging of uterus. D&C except placenta increta, percreta,

Acreta – attached placenta to myometrium.

Increta – deeper attachment of placenta to myometrium hysterectomy
Percreta – invasion of placenta to perimetrium

Hematoma – bluish or purple discoloration of SQ tissue of vagina or perineum.

- too much manipulation
- large baby
- pudendal anesthesia
Mgt:
1.) cold compress every 30 minutes with rest period of 30 minutes for 24 hrs
2.) shave
3.) incision on site, scraping & suturing

Infection- sources of infection

1.)endogenous – from within body
2.) exogenous – from outside
1.) anaerobic streptococci – most common - from members health team
2.) unhealthy sexual practices
General signs of inflammation:
1. Inflammation – calor (heat), rubor (red), dolor (pain) tumor(swelling)
2. purulent discharges
3. fever

Gen mgt:
1.) supportive care – CBR, hydration, TSB, cold compress, paracetamol, VITC, culture & sensitivity – for antibiotic

prolonged use of antibiotic lead to fungal infection

inflammation of perineum – see general signs of inflammation
2 to 3 stitches dislocated with purulent discharge
Mgt:
Removal of sutures & drainage, saline, between & resulting.
Endometriosis – inflammation of endometrial lining
Sx:
Abdominal tenderness, pos.
Fowlers – to facilitate drainage & localize infection oxytocin & antibiotic

IV. Motivate the use of Family Planning

1.) determine one’s own beliefs 1st

18
 2.) never advice a permanent method of planning
3.) method of choice is an individuals choice.

Natural Method – the only method accepted by the Catholic Church

Billings / Cervical mucus– test spinnbarkeit & ferning (estrogen)
- clear, watery, stretchable, elastic – long spinnbarkeit
Basal Body Temperature 13th day temp goes down before ovulation – no sex
- get before arising in bed

LAM – lactation amenorrheal method – hormone that inhibits ovulation is prolactin.

breast feeding- menstruation will come out 4 – 6 months
bottle fed 2 – 3 months
disadvantage of lam – might get pregnant

Symptothermal – combination of BBT & cervical. Best method

Social Method – 1.) coitus interuptus/ withdrawal - least effective method

2. coitus reservatus – sex without ejaculation –
3. coitus interfemora – “ipit”
4. calendar method

OVULATION –count minus 14 days before next mens (14 days before next mens)

Origoknause formula –
- monitor cycle for 1 year
- -get short test & longest cycle from Jan – Dec
- shortest – 18
- longest – 11

June 26 Dec 33
- 18 -11
8 - 22 unsafe days

21 day pill- start 5th day of mens

28day pill- start 1st day of mens
missed 1 pill – take 2 next day

Physiologic Method-

Pills – combined oral contraceptives prevent ovulation by inhibiting the anterior pituitary gland production of FSH and LH which are essential for the maturation
and rupture of a follicle. 99.9% effective. Waiting time to become pregnant- 3 months. Consult OB-6mos.

Alerts on Oral Contraceptive:

-in case a mother who is taking an oral contraceptive for almost long time plans to have a baby, she would wait for at least 3 months before attempting to
conceive to provide time for the estrogen and progesterone levels to return to normal.
- if a new oral contraceptive is prescribed the mother should continue taking the previously prescribed contraceptive and begin taking the new one on the first
day of the next menses.
- discontinue oral contraceptive if there is signs of severe headache as this is an indication of hypertension associated with increase incidence of CVA and
subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Signs of hypertension
Immediate Discontinuation
A – abdominal pain
C – chest pain
H - headache
E – eye problems
S – severe leg cramps
If mom HPN – stop pills STAT!
Adverse effect: breakthrough bleeding
Contraindicated:
1.) chain smoker
2.) extreme obesity
3.) HPN
4.) DM
5.) Thrombophlebitis or problems in clotting factors

- if forgotten for one day, immediately take the forgotten tablet plus the tablet scheduled that day. If forgotten for two consecutive days, or more days,
use another method for the rest of the cycle and the start again.

DMPA – depoproveda – has progesterone inhibits LH – inhibits ovulation

Depomedroxy progesterone acetate – IM q 3 months
- never massage injected site, it will shorten duration

Norplant – has 6 match sticks – like capsules implanted subdermally containing progesterone.
- 5 yrs – disadvantage if keloid skin
- as soon as removed – can become pregnant

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Mechanism and Chemical Barriers

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

Action: prevents implantation – affects motility of sperm & ovum
- right time to insert is after delivery or during menstruation

primary indication for use of IUD

- parity or # of children, if 1 kid only don’t use IUD

HT:
1.) Check for string daily
2.) Monthly checkup
3.) Regular pap smear
Alerts;
- prevents implantation
- most common complications: excessive menstrual flow and expulsion of the device (common problem)
- others:
P eriod late (pregnancy suspected)
Abnormal spotting or bleeding
A bdominal pain or pain with intercourse
I nfection (abnormal vaginal discharge)
N ot feeling well, fever, chills
S trings lost, shorter or longer
Uterine inflammation, uterine perforation, ectopic pregnancy
Condom – latex inserted to erected penis or lubricated vagina
Adv; gives highest protection against STD – female condom

Alerts:
Disadvantage:
- it lessen sexual satisfaction
- it gives higher protection in the prevention of STDs

Diaphragm – rubberized dome shaped material inserted to cervix preventing sperm to get to the uterus. REVERSABLE

Ht:
1.) proper hygiene
2.) check for holes before use
3.) must stay in place 6 – 8 hrs after sex
4.) must be refitted especially if without wt change 15 lbs
5.) spermicide – chem. Barrier ex. Foam (most effective), jellies, creams
S/effect: Toxic shock syndrome

Alerts: Should be kept in place for about 6 – 8 hours

Cervical Cap – most durable than diaphragm no need to apply spermicide

C/I: abnormal pap smear

Foams, Jellies, Creams

Surgical Method – BTL , Bilateral Tubal Ligation – can be reversed 20% chance. HT: avoid lifting heavy objects
Vasectomy – cut vas deferense.
HT: >30 ejaculations before safe sex
O – zero sperm count, safe

XI. High Risk Pregnancy

1. Hemorrhagic Disorders

General Management
1.) CBR
2.) Avoid sex
3.) Assess for bleeding (per pad 30 – 40cc) (wt – 1gm =1cc)
4.) Ultrasound to determine integrity of sac
5.) Signs of Hypovolemic shock
6.) Save discharges – for histopathology – to determine if product of conception has been expelled or not

First Trimester Bleeding – abortion or eptopic

A. Abortions – termination of pregnancy before age of viability (before 20 weeks)
Spontaneous Abortion- miscarriage
Cause: 1.) chromosomal alterations
2.) blighted ovum
3.) plasma germ defect

Classifications:

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 a. Threatened – pregnancy is jeopardized by bleeding and cramping but the cervix is closed
b. Inevitable – moderate bleeding, cramping, tissue protrudes form the cervix (Cervical dilation)
Types:
1.) Complete – all products of conception are expelled. No mgt just emotional support!
2.) Incomplete – Placental and membranes retained. Mgt: D&C
Incompetent cervix – abortion
McDonalds procedure – temporary circlage on cervix
S/E; infection. During delivery, circlage is removed. NSD
Sheridan – permanent surgery cervix. CS

c. Habitual – 3 or more consecutive pregnancies result in abortion usually related to incompetent cervix. Present 2nd trimester
d. Missed – fetus dies; product of conception remain in uterus 4 weeks or longer; signs of pregnancy cease. (-) preg test, scanty dark brown bleeding
Mgt: induced labor with oxytocin or vacuum extraction

5.) Induced Abortion – therapeutic abortion to save life of mom. Double effect choose between lesser evil.

C. Ectopic Pregnancy – occurs when gestation is located outside the uterine cavity. common site: tubal or ampular
Dangerous site - interstitial
Unruptured Tubal rupture
- missed period - sudden , sharp, severe pain. Unilateral radiating to shoulder.
- abdominal pain within 3 -5 weeks of missed period (maybe shoulder pain (indicative of intraperitoneal bleeding that extends to
generalized or one sided) diaphragm and phrenic nerve)
- scant, dark brown, vaginal bleeding + Cullen’s Sign – bluish tinged umbilicus – signifies intra peritoneal bleeding
syncope (fainting)
Nursing care: Mgt:
Vital signs Surgery depending on side
Administer IV fluids Ovary: oophrectomy
Monitor for vaginal bleeding Uterus : hysterectomy
Monitor I & O

Second trimester bleeding

C. Hydatidiform Mole “bunch or grapes” or gestational trophoblastic disease. – with fertilization. Progressive degeneration of chorionic villi. Recurs.
- gestational anomaly of the placenta consisting of a bunch of clear vesicles. This neoplasm is formed form the selling of the chronic villi and lost nucleus of the
fertilized egg. The nucleus of the sperm duplicates, producing a diploid number 46 XX, it grows & enlarges the uterus vary rapidly.
Use: methotrexate to prevent choriocarcinoma
Assessment:
Early signs - vesicles passed thru the vagina
Hyperemesis gravidarium increase HCG
Fundal height
Vaginal bleeding( scant or profuse)
Early in pregnancy
High levels of HCG
Preeclampsia at about 12 weeks
Late signs hypertension before 20th week
Vesicles look like a “ snowstorm” on sonogram
Anemia
Abdominal cramping
Serious complications hyperthyroidism
Pulmonary embolus
Nursing care:
Prepare D&C
Do not give oxytoxic drugs
Teachings:
a. Return for pelvic exams as scheduled for one year to monitoring HCG and assess for enlarged uterus and rising titer could indicative of
choriocarcinoma
b. Avoid pregnancy for at least one year
Third Trimester Bleeding “Placenta Anomalies”

D. Placenta Previa – it occurs when the placenta is improperly implanted in the lower uterine segment, sometimes covering the cervical os. Abnormal
lower implantation of placenta.
- candidate for CS
Sx: frank
Bright red
Painless bleeding
Dx:
Ultrasound
Avoid: sex, IE, enema – may lead to sudden fetal blood loss
Double set up: delivery room may be converted to OR

Assessment:
Engagement (usually has not occurred)
Fetal distress
Presentation ( usually abnormal)
Surgeon – in charge of sign consent, RN as witness
- MD explain to patient

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 complication: sudden fetal blood loss

Nursing Care
NPO
Bed rest
Prepare to induce labor if cervix is ripe
Administer IV

E. Abruptio Placenta – it is the premature separation of the placenta form the implantation site. It usually occurs after the twentieth week of
pregnancy.
Outstanding Sx: dark red, painful bleeding, board like or rigid uterus.

Assessment:
Concealed bleeding (retroplacental)
Couvelaire uterus (caused by bleeding into the myometrium)-inability of uterus to contract due to hemorrhage.
Severe abdominal pain
Dropping coagulation factor (a potential for DIC)
Complications:
Sudden fetal blood loss
-placenta previa & vasa previa
Nursing Care:
Infuse IV, prepare to administer blood
Type and crossmatch
Monitor FHR
Insert Foley
Measure blood loss; count pads
Report s/sx of DIC
Monitor v/s for shock
Strict I&O
F. Placenta succenturiata – 1 or 2 more lobes connected to the placenta by a blood vessel may lead to retained placental fragments if vessel is cut.
G. Placenta Circumvalata – fetal side of placenta covered by chorion
H. Placenta Marginata – fold side of chorion reaches just to the edge of placenta
I. Battledore Placenta – cord inserted marginally rather then centrally
J. Placenta Bipartita – placenta divides into 2 lobes
K. Vilamentous Insertion of cord- cord divides into small vessels before it enters the placenta
L. Vasa Previa – velamentous insertion of cord has implanted in cervical OS

2. Hypertensive Disorders

I. Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)- HPN after 24 wks of pregnancy, solved 6 weeks post partum.

1.) Gestational hypertension - HPN without edema & protenuria H without EP

2.) Pre-eclampsia – HPN with edema & protenuria or albuminuria HE P/A
3.) HELLP syndrome – hemolysis with elevated liver enzymes & low platelet count

II. Transissional Hypertension – HPN between 20 – 24 weeks

III. Chronic or pre-existing Hypertension –HPN before 20 weeks not solved 6 weeks post partum.
Three types of pre-eclampsia
1.) Mild preeclampsia – earliest sign of preeclampsia
a.) increase wt due to edema
b.) BP 140/90
c.) protenuria +1 - +2

2.) Severe preeclampsia

Signs present: cerebral and visual disturbances, epigastric pain due to liver edema and oliguria usually indicates an impending convulsion. BP 160/110 ,
protenuria +3 - +4

3.) Eclampsia – with seizure! Increase BUN – glomerular damage. Provide safety.

Cause of preeclampsia
1.) idiopathic or unknown common in primi due to 1st exposure to chorionic villi
2.) common in multiple pre (twins) increase exposure to chorionic villi
3.) common to mom with low socioeconomic status due to decrease intake of CHON

Nursing care:
P – romote bed rest to decrease O2 demand, facilitate, sodium excretion, water immersion will cause to urinate.
P- prevent convulsions by nursing measures or seizure precaution
1.) dimly lit room . quiet calm environment
2.) minimal handling – planning procedure
3.) avoid jarring bed

P- prepare the following at bedside

- tongue depressor
- turning to side done AFTER seizure! Observe only! for safely.

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 E – ensure high protein intake ( 1g/kg/day)
- Na – in moderation

A – anti-hypertensive drug Hydralazine ( Apresoline)

C – convulsion, prevent – Mg So4 – CNS depressant
E – valuate physical parameters for Magnesium sulfate
Magnesium SO4 Toxicity:
1. BP decrease
2. Urine output decrease
3. Resp < 12
4. Patella reflex absent – 1st sigh Mg SO4 toxicity. antidote – Ca gluconate

3.Diabetes Mellitus - absence of insufficient insulin (Islet of Langerhans of pancreas)

Function: of insulin – facilitates transport of glucose to cell
Dx: 1 hr 50gr glucose tolerance test GTT
Normal glucose – 80 – 120 mg/dl < 80 – hypoclycemic
( euglycemia) > 120 - hyperglycemia

3 degrees GTT of > 130 mg/dL

maternal effect DM
1.) Hypo or hyperglycemia – 1st trimester hypo, 2nd – 3rd trim – hyperglycemic
2.) Frequent infection- moniliasis
3.) Polyhydramnios
4.) Dystocia-difficult birth due to abnormalities in fetus or mom.
5.) Insulin requirement, decrease in insulin by 33% in 1st tri; 50% increase insulin at 2nd – 3rd trimester.
Post partum decrease 25% due placenta out.

Fetal effect
1.) hyper & hypoglycemia
2.) macrosomia – large gestational age – baby delivered > 400g or 4kg
3.) preterm birth to prevent stillbirth

Newborn Effect : DM
1.) hyperinsulinism
2.) hypoglycemia
normal glucose in newborn 45 – 55 mg/dL
hypoglycemic < 40 mg/dL
Heel stick test – get blood at heel
Sx:
Hypoglycemia high pitch shrill cry tremors, administer dextrose
3.) hypocalcemia - < 7mg%
Sx:
Calcemia tetany
Trousseau sign
Give calcium gluconate if decrease calcium

Recommendation
Therapeutic abortion
If push through with pregnancy
1.) antibiotic therapy- to prevent sub acute bacterial endocarditis
2.) anticoagulant – heparin doesn’t cross placenta

Class I & II- good progress for vaginal delivery

Class III & IV- poor prognosis, for vaginal delivery, not CS!
NOT lithotomy! High semi-fowlers during delivery. No valsalva maneuver
Regional anesthesia!
Low forcep delivery due to inability to push. It will shorten 2nd stage of labor.

Heart disease
Moms with RHD at childhood
Class I – no limit to physical activity
Class II – slight limitation of activity. Ordinary activity causes fatigue & discomfort.

Recommendation of class I & II

1.) sleep 10 hrs a day
2.) rest 30 minutes & after meal

Class III - moderate limitation of physical activity. Ordinary activity causes discomfort
Recommendation:
1.) early hospitalization by 7 months

Class IV. marked limitation of physical activity. Even at rest there is fatigue & discomfort.
Recommendation: Therapeutic abortion

XII. Intrapartal complications

1. Cesarean Delivery Indications:
a. Multiple gestation

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 b. Diabetes
c. Active herpes II
d. Severe toxemia
e. Placenta previa
f. Abruptio placenta
g. Prolapse of the cord
h. CPD primary indication
i. Breech presentation
j. Transverse lie

Procedure:
a. classical – vertical insertion. Once classical always classical
b. Low segment – bikini line type – aesthetic use

VBAC – vaginal birth after CS

INFERTILITY - inability to achieve pregnancy. Within a year of attempting it
- Manageable
STERILITY - irreversible
Impotency – inability to have an erection

2 types of infertility
1.) primary – no pregnancy at all
2.) Secondary – 1st pregnancy, no more next preg
test male 1st
- more practical & less complicated
- need: sperm only
- sterile bottle container ( not plastic has chem.)
- Sims Huhner test – or post coital test. Procedure: sex 2 hours before test
mom – remains supine 15 min after ejaculation
Normal: cervical mucus must be stretchable 8 – 10 cm with 15 – 20 sperm. If >15 – low sperm count
Best criteria- sperm motility for impotency
Factors: low sperm count
1.) occupation- truck driver
2.) chain smoker
administer: clomid ( chomephine citrate) to induce spermatogenesis
Mgt: GIFT= Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer for low sperm count
Implant sperm in ampula

1.) Mom: anovulation – no ovulation. Due to increase prolactin – hyperprolactinemia

Administer; parlodel ( Bromocryptice Mesylate)
Action; antihyper prolactineuria
Give mom clomid: action: to induce oogenesis or ovulation
S/E: multiple pregnancy

2.) Tubal Occlusion – tubal blockage – Hx of PID that has scarred tubes
- use of IUD
- appendicitis (burst) & scarring
= dx: hysterosalphingography – used to determine tubal patency with use of radiopaque material
Mgt: IVF – invitrofertilization (test tube baby)
England 1st test tube baby

To shorten 2nd stage of labor!

1.) fundal pressure
2.) episiotomy
3.) forcep delivery

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