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Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater rather than allowing it to run off. It has been used for thousands of years in countries like India to provide water for households. Installations can be designed at different scales from individual homes to communities and institutions. Rainwater is typically collected from roofs and other surfaces and stored in tanks, cisterns, or used to recharge groundwater. Its uses include water for domestic use, irrigation, livestock, and replenishing groundwater. The technology is available but needs to be adapted for more effective use, especially in urban settings.

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Sayali
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71 views

Assignment 1

Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater rather than allowing it to run off. It has been used for thousands of years in countries like India to provide water for households. Installations can be designed at different scales from individual homes to communities and institutions. Rainwater is typically collected from roofs and other surfaces and stored in tanks, cisterns, or used to recharge groundwater. Its uses include water for domestic use, irrigation, livestock, and replenishing groundwater. The technology is available but needs to be adapted for more effective use, especially in urban settings.

Uploaded by

Sayali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 1

Introduction:
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than
allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and
redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), aquifer, or a
reservoir with percolation, so that it seeps down and restores the ground
water. Dew and fog can also be collected with nets or other tools. Rainwater
harvesting differs from stormwater harvesting as the runoff is typically
collected from roofs and other surfaces for storage and subsequent reuse. Its
uses include watering gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with proper
treatment, and domestic heating. The harvested water can also be
committed to longer-term storage or groundwater recharge.

Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply


of water for households, having been used in India and other countries for
many thousands of years. Installations can be designed for different scales
including households, neighbourhoods and communities and can also be
designed to serve institutions such as schools, hospitals and other public
facilities

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Stormwater harvesting is different from rainwater harvesting since the runoff
from roofs and other surfaces is often collected for storage and later
utilisation. It may be used for irrigation, home usage with correct handling,
watering gardens and cattle, and domestic heating. A groundwater
recharge or longer-term storage project may be undertaken using the
gathered water.

One of the earliest and most straightforward ways to provide water for homes
on your own is through rainwater collection, which has been used for
thousands of years in India and other nations. Installations can be made to
serve institutions like schools, hospitals, and other public facilities as well as
scales as diverse as families, neighbourhoods, and communities.

Application:
Domestic Use-
Water for cattle, home usage, drinking, minor irrigation projects, and
groundwater replenishment are all provided through rooftop rainwater
gathering.

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Agricultural Use-
In regards to urban agriculture, rainwater harvesting in urban areas reduces
the impact of runoff and flooding. The combination of urban ‘green’ rooftops
with rainwater catchments have been found to reduce building
temperatures by more than 1.3 degrees Celsius. Rainwater harvesting in
conjunction with urban agriculture would be a viable way to help meet the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for cleaner and sustainable
cities, health and wellbeing, and food and water security (Sustainable
Development Goal). The technology is available, however, it needs to be
remodelled in order to use water more efficiently, especially in an urban
setting.

The technology is there, but it has to be modified to use water more


effectively, particularly in urban settings. Kenya has already been using
rainwater collection successfully for irrigation, laundry, and toilets. Kenya has
made the control of its agriculture business a top priority since since the
creation of the nation's 2016 Water Act.

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Industrial Use-
Frankfurt Airport has the biggest rainwater harvesting system in Germany. The
system helps save approximately 1 million cubic meters of water per year. The
cost of the system was 1.5 million dm (US$63,000) in 1993. This system collects
water from the roofs of the new terminal which has an area of 26,800 square
meters. The water is collected in the basement of the airport in six tanks with
a storage capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used for toilet
flushing, watering plants and cleaning the air conditioning system.

Rainwater harvesting tank requirements:


Minimum 20 litres per square metre of roof area and a minimum of 10 litres
per square metre of paved open space must be stored as rainwater (surface
tank or underground sump) and used to replenish the ground (RCC precast
ring well).

The minimum depth of the open well/recharge well should be three metres,
and its minimum diameter should be 0.9 metres without fillings (aggregates,
jelly, sand etc.). Rainwater can be utilised to refresh the earth or stored in a

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tank or sump. To get the required capacity of "X" litres, the two may be
combined.
(X = Roof area in square metres times 20 plus paved open area times 10)
The open well has to be at least 3 feet in diameter and 10 feet deep. It
is not recommended to undertake groundwater recharge in areas with high
groundwater levels or when hard rock strata are present at shallow depths. To
store the collected rainwater, a surface tank or a shallow sump might be
constructed.
A live bore well shouldn't be permitted to receive rainwater straight
from the roof without first passing through a filter. The bore well's neighbouring
open well might receive the filtered rainfall.
In case of a failed or very low yielding bore well, a portion of overflow
can be allowed from the tank/sump that collects filtered rainwater from the
roof.

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Storm Water and Waste Water:
In daily life, the terms rainwater and stormwater are frequently used
interchangeably. However, there is a little distinction between the two.
Rainwater may be collected and put into a storage tank and is cleaner than
runoff. And precipitation that hits the ground is referred to as stormwater.

Wastewater is the water that is produced after freshwater, raw water, drinking
water, or salt water has been intentionally used in a number of applications or
processes. "Used water from any combination of household, industrial,
commercial, or agricultural activity, surface runoff / storm water, and any
sewer input or sewer infiltration" is another definition of wastewater.

Storm Water runoff calculation:


The storm water quantity is determined by the rational formula.

Q=CiA/360

Where’

Q= quantity of storm-water in m³/sc.

C = coefficient of runoff

i = intensity of rainfall in mm/hour.

A = drainage area in hectares.

Daniyal Jaweed
09

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