RSW 1. Arc 077
RSW 1. Arc 077
RSW 1. Arc 077
com/topic/architecture)
employed to fulfill both practical and expressive requirements, and thus it serves
they cannot be separated, and the relative weight given to each can vary widely.
natural world and to other societies, the structures they produce reveal much about
structures are (1) the suitability of the work to use by human beings in general and
the adaptability of it to particular human activities, (2) the stability and permanence
through its form. All these conditions must be met in architecture. The second is a
constant, while the first and third vary in relative importance according to the
Use
The types of architecture are established not by architects but by society, according
to the needs of its different institutions. Society sets the goals and assigns to the
architect the job of finding the means of achieving them. This section of the article
designs to particular uses and to the general physical needs of human beings.
Architectural types
Economic law prevents architects from emulating their fellow artists in producing
works for which the demand is nonexistent or only potential. So the types of
architecture depend upon social formations and may be classified according to the
role of the patron in the community. The types that will be discussed here—
Domestic architecture is produced for the social unit: the individual, family, or clan
and their dependents, human and animal. It provides shelter and security for the
basic physical functions of life and at times also for commercial, industrial, or
agricultural activities that involve the family unit rather than the community. The
food, eat, and perhaps work; a place that has some light and is protected from the
weather. A single room with sturdy walls and roof, a door, a window, and a hearth
“Vernacular” architecture
In much of the world today, even where institutions have been in a continuous
process of change, dwelling types of ancient or prehistoric origin are in use. In the
industrialized United States, for instance, barns are being built according to a
design employed in Europe in the 1st millennium BCE. The forces that produce
inactive in the home and farm. The lives of average people may be unaltered by the
Economic pressure is the major factor that causes average individuals to restrict
their demands to a level far below that which the technology of their time is
capable of maintaining. Frequently they build new structures with old techniques
distinct functions, and these may come to be regarded as necessities. The same
function.
Expression
The nature of expression varies with the character of culture in different places and
national units; different expressions within each of these boundaries are produced
by the particular style of regions, towns, groups, architects, or craftsmen. The life
span of styles may be long (ancient Egyptian, over 3,000 years) or short (Baroque,
less than 200 years) according to the changeability of cultural patterns. The
principal forces in the creation of a style are tradition, the experience of earlier
culture and the architect. These forces operate to produce an evolution within every
style and ultimately to generate new styles that tend to supplant their predecessors.
are content and form. Since content can be communicated only through form, the
two are organically united, but here they will be discussed separately in order to
distinguish the specific and concrete meaning (content) from the abstract
Theory of architecture
The term theory of architecture was originally simply the accepted translation of
architectural education, but it has come to signify the total basis for judging the
those who have written or spoken on the topic in the past. Before 1750
knowledge that could be acquired only by academic study increased to the point
historical study that can reflect accurately the spirit of each age and in this respect
is similar to the history of philosophy itself. Some architectural treatises were
intended to publicize novel concepts rather than to state widely accepted ideals.
The analysis of surviving buildings provides guidance that requires great caution,
since, apart from the impossibility of determining whether or not any particular
such analyses will usually depend on preliminary evaluations of merit and will be
useless unless the extent to which the function, the structure, and the
architecture seldom make qualitative distinctions and generally imply that all
surviving antique and medieval buildings were good, if not absolutely perfect.
Nevertheless, the study of the history of architectural philosophy, like that of the
history of general philosophy, not only teaches what past generations thought but
can help individuals decide how they themselves should act and judge. For those
generally agreed that great stimulus can be found in studying historical evidence
and in speculating on the ideals and achievements of those who created this
evidence.
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structure, light, shadow, and materials while dealing with human spatial and shelter
affordable, practical, and creative while taking into account practical factors like
elements of math, physics, art, technology, social sciences, politics, and history. It
Outdoor and Indoor work: An architect must work both inside and outside. He
needs to monitor the advancement of new techniques and materials and assess their
capabilities. It is derived from the Greek words anthropos (human) and metron
Human dimensions and capacities are crucial in deciding the proportions and
building designs should adapt to the human body rather than the other way around.
appropriate, with adequate ceiling height, doorways and passageways, and so on. It
critical to consider the end user's individual purpose and expectations. Attempts to
use conventional dimensions may not reflect the underlying need for space.
Specific needs may exist for the elderly, children, those with mobility difficulties,
wheelchair users, and others. When designing stairs, lifts, ramps, and other
Environment.
Anthropometry may also have an impact on the amount of space required for
furniture and fixtures. A bathroom, for example, must have enough space to
and so on.