M.Sc. Forensic Science New Syllabus Direction
M.Sc. Forensic Science New Syllabus Direction
M.Sc. Forensic Science New Syllabus Direction
NAGPUR UNIVERSITY,
NAGPUR
SEMESTERS I to IV
2016-2017 onwards
RASHTRASANT TUKADOJI MAHARAJ NAGPUR UNIVERSITY, NAGPUR
DIRECTION NO 53 OF 2016
DIRECTION GOVERNING THE EXAMINATION LEADING TO THE
DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FORENSIC SCIENCE
(CREDIT BASED SEMESTER PATTERN)
(FACULTY OF SCIENCE)
(Issued under Section 14(8) of the Maharashtra Universities Act, 1994)
Whereas, the Maharashtra Universities Act No. 1994 has come into force with effect
from 22nd July, 1994, and further amended by Maharashtra Universities (Amendment and
Continuance) Act, 2003, hereinafter referred as ‘Act’ has come into force from 8th August
2003,
AND
Whereas, the Higher & Technical Education Department, Government Resolution No.
NGC-2011/ (20/11) M. Shi-4 dated 22nd July 2011, issued the order to start M.Sc. Forensic
Science (Two years Post Graduate Degree Course) from the academic session 2014-15,
AND
Whereas, the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, vide letter no: D. O. No. F.
1-2/2008 (XI Plan) dated 31st January 2008, regarding new initiatives under the XI Plan-
Academic reforms in the University has suggested for improving quality of higher education
and to initiate the Academic Reforms at the earliest,
AND
Whereas, the respective Ad-hoc Special Task Committee in Forensic Science, in its
meeting held on 23-02-2016 vide item No. 1 have approved the syllabi and Scheme of
Examination for M.Sc. Forensic Science and recommended for starting of the credit based
semester pattern in the Faculty of Science from the academic session 2016-2017,
AND
WHEREAS, the Dean, Faculty of Science has consented to the syllabi and the
scheme of examination for the award of M.Sc. Degree in Forensic Science,
AND
Whereas, the Dean, Faculty of Science has consented to the draft direction and the
scheme of examination for the award of M.Sc. Forensic Science degree in Science on behalf
of Faculty of Science.
AND
Whereas, the Academic Council in its meeting held on 8/6/2016 vide item No. 100,
has considered, accepted and recommended to Management Council, for M.Sc. Forensic
Science degree in Science along with draft direction and other details.
AND
Whereas, the Management Council in its meeting held on 14/6/2016 vide item No.
100-A, has considered, accepted the draft direction and other details.
AND
Whereas, the new draft direction and scheme of examination as per semester pattern is
to be implemented from the Academic Session 2016-17 for M.Sc. Forensic Science degree
course which is to be regulated by this direction and as such there is no existence and framing
of an Ordinance for the above examination is a time consuming process.
AND
Whereas, the respective Special task force of Studies in Forensic Science, in its
meeting held on 23-02-2016 vide item No. 1 have approved the syllabi and Scheme of
Examination for M.Sc. Forensic Science and recommended for starting of the choice based
credit system semester pattern in the Faculty of Science from the academic session 2016-
2017,
AND
Whereas, the framing of an ordinance as required under provision of the Act is a time
consuming process.
2. The direction shall come into force from the date of its issue by Hon’ble Vice Chancellor
and shall remain in force till the relevant ordinance comes into being in accordance with the
provisions of the Act.
i. The following shall be the examinations leading to Degree of Master of Science in Forensic
Science:
a. M.Sc. Semester-I Examination
b. M.Sc. Semester-II Examination
c. M.Sc. Semester-III Examination
d. M.Sc. Semester-IV Examination
ii. The period of Academic Session shall be such as may be notified by the University.
4. Conduct of Examination:
The examinations specified in preceding section 3 leading to M. Sc. Forensic Science (
Semesters I-IV) shall be held twice a year at such places and on such dates as may be
decided by the University.
The main examination of Semesters I, III shall be held in winter whereas the examination of
Semesters II & IV shall be held in summer. The supplementary examination of Semesters I &
III shall be held in summer whereas the supplementary examination of Semesters II & IV
shall be held in winter.
5. Eligibility Criteria:
Subject to their compliance with the provisions of this direction and of other ordinances in
force from time to time, the following applicant candidates shall be eligible for the admission
to Master of Science in Forensic Science and examinations thereof,
I. 18 seats shall be reserved for the students holding a B.Sc. Forensic Science
degree from Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
II. One Seat shall be reserved for the candidate holding B.Sc. Forensic Science
degree from University of Maharashtra state other than RTM Nagpur University,
Nagpur.
III. One Seat shall be reserved for the candidate holding B.Sc. Forensic Science
degree from University other than Maharashtra state and RTM Nagpur
University, Nagpur.
IV. If any seat remains vacant from criteria II, then it will be allotted to candidate
belonging to criteria I.
V. Similarly, if seat in criteria III remains vacant, it will be allotted to candidate
belonging to criteria II.
VI. If the candidate is not available from both the criteria II and III, then seat will be
allotted to criteria I.
B. Candidates shall have passed any one of the above examinations from Rashtrasant
Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University or any other statutory University of India or
abroad, recognized by the UGC or any other concerned apex regulatory authority/
body of India.
6. a) M.Sc. Semester-I Examination
Students who have fulfilled the eligibility criteria as mentioned in Section 5 and have
been admitted to this course in Semester I.
(Note: Subject to the Rules of ATKT as mentioned in para 7 (D) of this direction)
Grades Ten point scale, Passing with Minimum grade ‘E’, or ‘D’ or ‘C’ or ‘B’ or ‘A’ or ‘O’
in 10 point scale.
“Pass” means minimum grade ‘E’ or above in 10 point scale
“Fail” means grade ‘F’ in 10 point scale
Minimum marks for passing theory and practical examination:
The learner should secure 40% marks in theory, 40% marks in practical of each paper and
40% marks in seminar separately for every semester.
(B) Performance grading:
The Grade Grade Point CGPA Final Grade Equivalent
PERFORMAN Average (Out Class/
CE GRADING of 10) Division
of a student
shall be based
on the TEN
point ranking
system as
under: Score
Marks in %
100 to 85 O: Outstanding 10 9.00 to 10.00 O First Class
(Outstanding)
84 to 75 A: Very Good 09 8.00 to 8.99 A First Class
(Excellent)
74 to 65 B: Good 08 7.00 to 7.99 B First Class
(Distinction)
64 to 55 C: Average 07 6.00 to 6.99 C First Class
54 to 45 D: Satisfactory 06 5.00 to 5.99 D Second Class
44 to 40 E: Pass 05 4.00 to 4.99 E Pass Class
Below 40 F(Fail/ 00 or Fail Below 4.00 F FAIL
Unsatisfactory)
The performance grading shall be based on the aggregate performance and Semester End
Examination.
(C) Carry forward of marks, in case, student fails in one or more subjects/courses:
i) The passing heads for practical examination and theory examination will be separate. The
candidate, who will pass in any either (practical examination or theory) case, his/her marks
will be carry forward.
ii) A student who FAILS shall reappear for the concerned examinations.
(D) The ATKT rules for admission for the M.Sc. Forensic Science Course (Theory and
Practical and Seminar as separate passing head) shall be as given in the following table:
Admission to Semester Candidate should have passed Candidate should have passed at
in all the subjects of the least two third of the passing
following examination of heads of the following
R.T.M. Nagpur University examinations
Semester I As provided in the para 5 of --------
the direction
Semester II -------- --------
Semester III -------- Semester I and II taken together
Semester IV -------- Semester I, II and III taken
together
8. Fee Structure:
I. Tution Fee: The tution fee for the said course will be decided by the State Government for
the Government Institutions whereas the fees will decided by the University for the affiliated
colleges.
II. Examination Fee: The examination fee for the said course will be decided by the
University.
10. (a) Without prejudice to other provisions of Ordinance no. 6 relating to the examination
in general, provisions of Para 5, 8, 9, 10, 26, 31 and 32 of the said ordinance shall apply to
every student admitted to this course.
(b) The students admitted to this course shall be governed by general Ordinances/Directions
of the University which are applicable to all the regular or ex-students. These ordinances
include complete as well as relevant provision of Ordinance No. 2, 6, 7-A, 9,10, 19, 109,
Ordinance No. 30 of 2006 (amended Ordinance No. 4 of 2006), Direction 9 of 2008,
Direction No.5 of 2004 wherever applicable accordingly And Direction/Ordinance of ATKT
as well as reassessment/ provisional admission as issued from time to time.
11. The number of papers and maximum marks assigned to each paper and minimum
marks/grade, an examinee must obtain in order to pass the examination shall be as prescribed
in appendix 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 appended with this direction.
12. The examinee at each of the examination shall have option of not being declared
successful at the examination in case he/she does not secure a minimum of grade equivalent
to 55% marks at the examination. This option will have to be exercised every time the
application is submitted to any of the examinations. Once this option is exercised, the option
shall be binding on the examinee and it shall not be evoked in under any circumstances.
13. The classification of the examinee successful at the semester and examinations and at the
end of final semester examination shall be as per the rules and regulations of credit based
semester pattern as prescribed in appendix, appended with this direction.
14. The provisions of direction no. 3 of 2007 for the award of grace marks for passing an
examination, securing higher grade in subject(s) as updated from time to time shall apply to
the examination under this direction.
15. The names of the successful examinee passing the examination as a whole in the
minimum prescribed period and obtaining prescribed number of places securing the grades
equivalent to first and second division shall be arranged in order of merit as provided in
ordinance 6 relating to examination in general.
16. No candidate shall be admitted to an examination under this direction, if he/she has
already passed the same examination of this university or of any other university.
17. Examinee successful at the final examination shall on payment of the prescribed fees, will
be entitled for the award of the degree in the prescribed form signed by the Vice Chancellor.
18. This course is based on credit based semester pattern and therefore, it will be also
regulated by guidelines and regulation given in appendices which are part of this direction.
Sd/-
Nagpur: ( Dr. S.P. Kane )
Dated :30.6.2016 Vice-Chancellor
Appendix I: Semester I
Scheme of Teaching and Examination under credit based semester pattern for M. Sc.
Forensic Science Course
(Hrs/Week)
Max. Marks Minimum
Semester
Duration (Hrs)
Passing
Credits
Total Marks
S. No.
Practical
Marks
Theory
Total
Th Pr
External
Internal
Marks
Marks
MFS-101:Paper I
1 I 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Criminology
MFS-102: Paper II
I Advanced Forensic
2 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Science
MFS-103 Paper III
I Forensic Biology and
3 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Serology
MFS-104: Paper IV
I Forensic Chemistry and
4 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Toxicology
MFS-105: Paper V
I Forensic Physics and
5 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Ballistics
MFS-106: Paper VI
I Digital and Cyber
6 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Forensics
I MFS-107: Paper VI I
7 Forensic and Correctional 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Psychology I
MFS-108: Paper VIII
I Communication Skills and
8 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Scientific Report Writing
I
I MFS-109
9 4.5 4.5 2 3-8* 40 10 50 20
Practical-I
I MFS-110
10 4.5 4.5 2 3-8* 40 10 50 20
Practical-II
I MFS-111
11 4.5 4.5 2 3-8* 40 10 50 20
Practical-III
I MFS-112
12 4.5 4.5 2 3-8* 40 10 50 20
Practical-IV
I MFS: 113
13 2 2 1 25 25 10
SEMINAR
Note: Th = Theory; Pr = Practical/lab, * = If required, for two days. Applicable to all semesters (I-IV)
Appendix I: Semester II
Scheme of Teaching and Examination under credit based semester pattern for M. Sc. Forensic Science
Course
Duration (Hrs)
Passing
Credits
Total Marks
S. No.
Practical
Marks
Theory
Total
Th Pr
External
Internal
Marks
Marks
MFS-201:Paper IX
1 II 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Criminology
MFS-202: Paper X
II Advanced Forensic
2 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Science
MFS-203 Paper XI
II Forensic Biology and
3 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Serology
MFS-204: Paper XII
II Forensic Chemistry and
4 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Toxicology
MFS-205: Paper XIII
II Forensic Physics and
5 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Ballistics
MFS-206: Paper XIV
II Digital and Cyber
6 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Forensics
II MFS-207: Paper XV
7 Forensic and Correctional 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Psychology I
MFS-208: Paper XVI
II Communication Skills and
8 3 3 2 3 50 50 20
Scientific Report Writing
I
II MFS-209
9 4.5 4.5 2 3-8* 40 10 50 20
Practical-V
II MFS-210
10 4.5 4.5 2 3-8* 40 10 50 20
Practical-VI
II MFS-211
11 4.5 4.5 2 3-8* 40 10 50 20
Practical-VII
II MFS-212
12 4.5 4.5 2 3-8* 40 10 50 20
Practical-VIII
II MFS: 213
13 2 2 1 25 25 10
SEMINAR
Note: Th = Theory; Pr = Practical/lab, * = If required, for two days. Applicable to all semesters (I-IV)
Appendix I: Semester III
Scheme of Teaching and Examination under credit based semester pattern for M. Sc. Forensic Science
Course
(Hrs/Week)
Max. Marks Minimum
Semester
Duration (Hrs)
Passing
Credits
Total Marks
S. No.
Practical
Theory Marks
Total
Th Pr
External
Internal
Marks
Marks
MFS-301: Paper XVII
Instrumentation, Quality
1 III 4 4 4 3 100 100 40
Management, Research
Methodology and Statistics
MFS-302 : Paper XVIII
(Special I)
Questioned Document
Analysis/ Each
Each Each Each
2 III Advanced Forensic 3 50 = 100
4=8 2=4 20
Toxicology/ 100
Forensic Serology
Operating System
andWeb Security
MFS-303: Paper XIX
(Special II)
Advanced Fingerprint
Development methods/
Each
Advanced Forensic Each Each Each
3 III 3 50 = 100
Chemistry/ 4=8 2=4 20
100
Forensic Biology
Advanced Computer
Network and Network
Security
MFS-304: (Any Two)
Practical IX
Each Each Each Each Each Each
4 III Practical X 200
10 = 20 4=8 3-8* 80 20 40
Practical XI
Practical XII
MFS-306
6 III 4 4 4 3 80 20 100 40
Foundation Course
Note: Candidate should select six theory papers and two practicals as per the following
scheme:
1. MFS 301 is compulsory.
2. There are following four Specializations.
i. Specialization I: Questioned Documents & Fingerprint
ii. Specialization II: Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology
iii. Specialization III: Forensic Biology & Serology
iv. Specialization-IV: Cyber Security and Cyber Forensic.
3. Candidate should select any two specializations out of four as above mentioned and
corresponding two theory papers from group of Special I and two theory papers from
group of Special II
4. Candidate should select any two practical related to specializations.
5. Candidate should choose any Foundation course – I (other than his/ her main subject
for postgraduation) as per Appendix – 9 of Direction 10 of 2015.
Appendix I: Semester IV
Scheme of Teaching and Examination under credit based semester pattern for M. Sc. Forensic Science
Course
Duration (Hrs)
Semester
Passing
Credits
Total Marks
Paper
S. No.
Practical
Marks
Theory
Total
Th Pr
External
Internal
Marks
Marks
*MFS-401: Paper XX
Instrumentation, Quality
1 IV 4 4 4 3 100 100 40
Management, Research
Methodology and Statistics
MFS-402 Paper XXI
(Special Paper I)
Forgery and Its
Forensic Detection
Advanced Forensic
Toxicology
2 IV 4 4 2 3 50 50 20
Forensic Anthropology,
Odontology and
Forensic Pathology
Cyber Security, Cyber
Forensic Mobile and
Cyber Forensics
MFS-403 Paper XXII
(Special Paper II)
Automated Fingerprint
Identification System
Advanced Forensic
3 IV 4 4 2 3 50 50 20
Chemistry
DNA Fingerprint and
Interpretation
Ethical Hacking and
Recovery Forensic
MFS-404 Paper
XXIII(Special Paper III)
Forensic Linguistics
Forensic Pharmacology
4 IV 4 4 2 3 50 50 20
Microbial Forensics
andBioinformatics
Digital Image
processing
MFS-405 Paper
XXIV(Special Paper IV)
Forensic Photography
Forensic Analysis of
5 IV 4 4 2 3 50 50 20
Drugs
Wildlife and
Environmental Forensic
Biometrics
MFS-406
Practical :XIII
6 IV Practical :XIV 12 12 4 3-8* 80 20 100 40
Practical :XV
Practical :XVI
8 IV MFS-408: SEMINAR 2 2 1 25 25 10
MFS-409
9 IV 4 4 4 3 80 20 100 40
Foundation Course
Note: Candidate should select six theory papers, one practical and one project as per
the following scheme:
1. MFS 401 is compulsory.
2. Candidate has to select relevant Foundation course – II (as opted in Semester – II).
1. In each semester student will have to give seminar on any topic relevant to the
syllabus encompassing the recent trends and development in that field. The topic of
the seminar will be decided at the beginning of each semester in consultation with the
supervising teachers. The student has to deliver the seminar which will be followed by
discussion. The seminar will be open to all the teachers of the department, invitees,
and students.
2. The student will have to carry out the research based project work in lieu of practical
in the fourth semester in the department or depending on the availability of
placement; he/she will be attached to any of the national/regional/private research
institute/organization. The student in consultation with supervisor will finalize the
topic of the project work at the beginning of the third semester.
3. Each theory paper is supposed to cover minimum 45 clock hours (15 clock hours per
unit) of teaching and 360 clock hours in semesters I and II for all the eight papers.
Whereas 60 clock hours (15 clock hours per unit) of teaching and 360 clock hours in
semesters III and IV for all the five papers and the foundation course.
Every student is required to carry out Experimental / Field Based Project Work (this is in
lieu of practical II of semester IV) on a related research topic of the subject /course. It must
be an original work and must indicate some degree of experimental work. On the basis of this
work, student must submit the Project Report (typed and properly bound) in two copies at
least one month prior to commencement of the final Practical/lab Examination of Semester
IV. The project report shall comprise of Introduction, Material and Methods, Results,
Discussion, Summary, Conclusions and, References along with the declaration by the
candidate that the work is original and not submitted to any University or Organization for
award of the degree and certified by the supervisor and forwarded through Head/Course-
coordinator/Director of the Department/Centre or the Principal of the College
The supervisors for the Experimental Project Work shall be expert from the relevant subject.
OR
OR
The topic for the project work will be assigned to the student by supervisor at the beginning
of third semester. The topic will be forwarded to the controller of examination by the head of
the department. The Project Work will carry total 100 marks out of which weightage of 80
marks will be evaluated by both external and internal examiner in the respective Department /
Center / Affiliated College. The examiners will evaluate the Experimental Project Work
taking into account the 1) Coverage of subject matter, 2) Arrangement and presentation, 3)
References and 4) Critical application and original experimental contribution of the
candidate.
--------------------------
Seminar
The student will have to deliver seminar on any topic relevant to the syllabus with emphasis
in the recent trends in that field. The topic of the seminar will be decided at the beginning of
the each semester in consultation with the supervisory teacher. Head of the Department will
distribute the students among the faculty members. The student has to deliver the seminar
which will be followed by discussion. The seminar will be open to all the teachers of the
department, invitees and students. The students should submit the seminar report typed and
properly bound in two copies to the head of the department. The report shall be evaluated by
the concerned supervisor and head of the department. The average marks shall be considered
for the final result. The marks of the seminar shall be forwarded to the university within due
period through Head of the Department. The record of the seminar should be preserved till
the declaration of the final result.
Appendix-IV
3. Three questions will be on three units with internal choice (One question on each unit).
4. Fourth and Fifth questions will be compulsory with questions from each of the three units
having equal weightage and there will be no internal choice.
8. Minimum passing marks in each head (theory, practical & internal assessment, seminar)
will be 40%.
3. Four questions will be on four units with internal choice (One question on each unit).
4. Fifth question will be compulsory with questions from each of the four units having equal
weight age and there will be no internal choice.
5. Maximum marks of each paper will be 100 for Compulsory paper, 50 marks for four
theory papers each (Two special papers from Group Special I and Two special papers from
Group Special II) and 80 external and 20 internal for foundation course .
9. Minimum passing marks in each head (theory, practical & internal assessment, seminar)
will be 40%.
B) Grade Point Average (GPA) and Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA)
1. On clearing a paper, based on the cumulative score (out of 100) in that paper, a student will
be given Grade Point Average (GPA) (Maximum of 10, and minimum of 4) for that paper
on the following basis.
A: Very Good: Excellent analysis of the topic (75 to 84% and above)
Accurate knowledge of the primary material, acquaintance with seminal publications, logical
development of ideas, neat and systematic organization of content, effective and clear
expression;
2. On clearing all the papers in a semester, a student will be allotted a Semester Grade Point
Average (SGPA) for that particular semester. As the pattern given above does not have
differential weighs for papers, the SGPA of a student for a particular semester will be the
average of the GPA’s for all the papers.
3. A student will be allotted a Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) after clearing all
the four semesters. Again as there is no differential weight system for semesters, the CGPA
of a student will be the average of the four SGPA’s of that student.
The CGPA can be converted to the usual / conventional divisions in the following way.
a. A student failed to score minimum 40% marks in each head of passing and in aggregate
shall be given F grade.
b. Student with F grade in a course would be granted credit for that course but not the grade
for that course.
c. Grade points earned in each paper shall be calculated as – Grade points obtained (vide
above table) x Credits for the paper.
d. The formula for GPA will be based on Weighted Average. The final GPA will not be
printed unless a student passes courses equivalent to minimum 100 Credits.
4. While declaring the result, the existing relevant ordinances are applicable. For verification
and revaluation existing rules will be applicable.
5. The candidate may take all the examinations as per the provisions of ATKT
simultaneously but his result of final semester shall not be declared unless he is declared
successful at lower examinations.
6. If an examinee failed to pass the post graduate programme within five successive years (for
four semesters degree) and within six successive years (for six semesters degree) from the
date of his / her first admission to particular post graduate programme he/ she shall be
declared as “Not Fit for the Course (NFC)” and he/ she will not be allowed to appear further
for any previous examination of the course.
7. The computation of Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA) and Cumulative Grade Point
Average (CGPA) of an examinee shall be given below:
a. The marks will be given in all examinations which will include the college assessment
marks, and the total marks for each Theory/ Practical shall be converted into Grades as per
above table. SGPA shall be calculated based on Grade Points corresponding to Grade as
given in above table and the credits allotted to respective Theory / Practical shown in the
scheme for respective semester.
b. SGPA shall be computed for every semester and CGPA shall be computed only in IV
semester (for four semester degree) and VI semester (for sixth semester degree).
The CGPA of IV / VI semester shall be calculated based on SGPA of all four semesters / six
semesters as per following computation:
C1 x G1 + C2 x G2 + ............. + Cn Gn
SGPA =
C1 + C2 + .......... + Cn
CGPA =
(SGPA) III = SGPA of III Semester; (Cr) III = Total Credits for III Semester;
This is to certify that this Practical Record contains the bonafide record of Practical Work of
Shri/Kumari/Shrimati…………………………………… of Semester ……… during the
academic year……….. The candidate has satisfactorily completed the work prescribed by
………………….……… University for the subject…………………………
Place:……………
Unit I:
Criminology: Advanced study of Crime, Criminal, Criminal Action and Criminal Behaviour,
Schools of Criminology, Theories of Criminology (Differential Association theory, Self concept
and containment theory, Labeling theory, Barrier theory, etc.), Punitive Aspects (Theories of
punishment), Probation & Parole, Correctional Institutions.
Unit II:
Crime Typologies: Types of Crime (White collar, Blue collar, Black Collar, Organised,
Terrorism, etc.) Offences: Criminal Offences, Nature and types, Juvenile Delinquency- Factors
responsible. Juvenile Justice Act, Role of Correctional Institutions, Child Abuse- Physical Abuse,
Emotional Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Child Neglect, Crime against Women, Crime against Elderly,
Youth and Crime. Alcoholism and Drug Addiction.
Unit III:
Sociology: Sociological contentions about the Causes of Crime (Correlates of crime)- Social,
Cultural, Economic, Psychological, Geographical, Immigration etc. The theory of social and
environmental determinism, “born-criminals”, “criminoids”, etc.
Victimology: Victim, Science of Victimology, Role of Victim in Crime, Victim-Offender
relationship, Types of Victims, Effects on the victim post-crime (the feeling of insecurity, mental
harassment, feeling victimized throughout life, quest for justice), Justice system to the aid of the
Victim, relief and compensatory aids, therapies, etc.
SEMESTER-I
MFS-102: Paper II- Advanced Forensic Science
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Crime Scene Investigation: Types of Crime Scenes (Indoor, Outdoor, Mobile, Water), Various
Crime Scenes (Homicide, Suicide, Murder, Accidental, HBT, Hit and Run, Hanging, Drowning,
Shooting etc.). Various types of Evidences (Physical, Biological, Chemical). Various Crime
Scene Search methods. Locating, Collection & Preservation of various evidences. Crime Scene
Documentation (Sketching, Photography, Videography and Notes-taking). Crime Scene
Management: Securing the crime scene, Avoiding contamination &
cross contamination, Duties of various officers/experts on the crime scene, Evidence recovery
log, Chain of Custody, Forwarding & Authorization letters and documentation. Report writing
and Evidence Evaluation, Mobile FSL- Role & Functioning.
Unit II:
Unit III:
SEMESTER-I
MFS-103: Paper III- Forensic Biology & Serology
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I: Body Fluids: Composition, formation and function. Collection and preservation of
biological fluids. Types and distribution of body fluids (semen, synovial fluid, gastrointestinal
secretions tears, milk, faeces, saliva, aqueous humour, Vaginal fluid, epithelial cells, etc.)
Unit II: Blood and its variants: Blood composition , Blood group antigens the classification of
blood cell antigens, Blood transfusions and the immune, disease diagnosis based on blood
examination, Transfusion reactions: Immune-mediated, Transfusion reactions: Non-immune,
Haemolytic disease of the new-born(HDN), significance of maternal antibodies, Coombs test,
Background information, Basic biochemistry, Molecular information, Forensic significance of
ABO blood group , Hh blood group, Rh blood group, Kell blood group, Duffy blood group, Kidd
blood group, Diego blood group, MNS blood group, etc.
Unit III: Biological & Serological Evidences
Nature & Type of Biological evidences (Both animal & plant origin), Hairs. Differences between
animal and human hair, Forensic examination of different types of hair.
Histopathology of various tissues. Various body fluids (Blood, Semen, Saliva, Urine, milk, etc.)
their composition & Forensic Importance, origin, grouping, etc.
Different botanical evidences of forensic significance; Leaves, seeds, pollens, Paper and Paper
Pulp identification, Microscopic and biochemical examination of pulp material etc. Diatoms:
Isolation of diatoms from various body organs, long bones and their forensic significance in
drowning cases.
Introduction to DNA profiling, extraction/isolation of DNA from stains, tissues, hair, nails,
buccal swabs, blood, semen and other samples. FTA cards for isolation of DNA. DNA typing
systems – length polymorphisms, short tandem repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms.
SEMESTER-I
MFS 104: Paper IV- Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Introduction, types of cases/exhibits, preliminary screening, presumptive test (colour and spot
test), inorganic analysis, micro-chemical methods of analysis, Examination procedures involving
standard methods and instrumental techniques, analysis of beverages: alcoholic and nonalcoholic,
country made liquor, illicit liquor and medicinal preparations containing alcohol and drugs as
constituents, drugs of abuse: introduction, classification of drugs of abuse, drugs of abuse in
sports, narcotics drugs and psychotropic substances, designers drugs and their forensic
examination, Drugs and Cosmetic Act, Excise Act, NDPS Act.
Unit II:
Unit III:
Techniques used in toxicology. Extraction, Isolation and clean-up procedures from biological
samples: using conventional as well as modern techniques such as solid phase micro-extraction
techniques, separation of poisons and drugs using chromatographic and electrophoretic
techniques, identification and estimation of poisons and drugs using chromatographic and
Spectrophotometric and other instrumental methods, significance of analytical studies with
respect to Forensic examination
SEMESTER-I
MFS-105: Paper V- Forensic Physics and Ballistics
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Fibers: Types of fibres– (Natural, Artificial), forensic aspects of fibre examination – fluorescent,
optical properties, refractive index, birefringence, dye analysis etc. Identification and comparison
of man-made and natural fibre.
Paints: Types of paints- (Household, Automotive, etc.), Binders and their composition, layers,
macroscopic and microscopic examination, pigment distribution, micro-chemical analysis-
solubility test, pyrolysis chromatographic techniques, TLC, colorimetry, IR spectroscopy and X-
ray diffraction, elemental analysis, interpretation of paint evidence. Matching of layers, obtaining
physical fit, Side-by-side comparison, Evaluation of uniqueness. Case Studies (Burglary, Hit and
Run, Accidents, etc.)
Unit II:
Soil: Formation and types of soil, composition and colour of soil, particle size distribution,
turbidity test, microscopic examination, density gradient analysis, ignition loss, elemental
analysis, interpretation of soil evidence, Discussion on important case studies of glass & soil.
Geo-forensics as an important tool in Forensic Investigations.
Glass: Types of glass and their composition, Forensic examination of glass fractures under
different conditions, determination of direction of impact: cone – fracture, rib marks, hackle
marks, backward fragmentation, colour and fluorescence, physical matching, density comparison,
physical measurements, refractive index by refractometer, elemental analysis, interpretation of
glass evidence. 3-R rule, Sequence of shot determination.
Unit III:
Other Physical Evidences- Forensic Examination of cables, cut wires, locks, keys, real and
imitation, jewellery, Ropes, ligature, tungsten filaments, seals (postal, metallic), fuse, fuse wire,
stone, brick, debris, construction materials, iron rods, cloth pieces, knot examination, duplicate
labels-container identification. Principles & Techniques: specific gravity, density, refractive
index, microscopic examination, physical matching, mechanical fit, elemental analysis, etc.
SEMESTER-I
MFS-106: Paper VI- Digital & Cyber Forensics
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Recent amendments in IT Act, internet & web technologies, web hosting and development,
attributes in cyberspace and legal framework of cyberspace, hacking, virus, obscenity,
pornography, programme manipulation, Copyright, Patent, software piracy, intellectual property
rights, trademark, domain disputes, and computer security, etc., Encryption and Decryption
methods. Search and seizures of evidence. Investigation of cyber crimes and tools for analysis.
Unit II:
Unit III:
SEMESTER-I
MFS-107: Paper VII- Forensic & Correctional Psychology
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Forensic Psychology: Historical perspective, scenario in India, functions and role of forensic
psychologist. Assesment ans Evaluation in Forensic Psychology: Forensic Assessment, Tests used in
Forensic Psychology Assessment: Intelligence Tests, Achievement and Aptitude Tests, Personality
Tests, MMPI Test, Rorschach Test, Thematic Apperception Test, Neuropsychological tests, Mens rea,
diminished capacity, competency evaluation, Forensic Behavioral Analysis, Forensic Psychologists as
an Expert.
Unit II:
Psychopathology & Abnormal Behaviour, Theories of Offending, Gender & Crime, Ethnicity &
Crime. Effect of Media. Terrorism & the related psychological aspects. Psychometric Assessment
tools used in Forensic Psychology, Nature of Crime (Organized, Disorganized, Planned,
Spontaneous), Crime Scene Analysis, Psychological Autopsy, Stages and Types of Offender
Profiling. Behavioural Analysis, Serial Killers, Signature, Modus Operandi. Portrait Parley.
Psycholoical profiling of juvenile offenders.
Unit III:
SEMESTER-I
MFS-108: Paper VIII- Communication Skills & Scientific Report Writing
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Unit II:
Unit III:
MFS-113: Seminar-I
2 h /week Marks: 25
Seminar of 30 minutes duration will be a part of internal assessment for 20 marks (1 credit).
Seminar should be delivered by the student under the guidance of concerned teacher on the topic
allotted by the teacher. The topic will be related to the syllabus. Marks will be allotted by a group
of teachers
SEMESTER-II
MFS-201:Paper IX- Criminology
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Law, Courts and Police- Definition, Scope and Important Sections of I.P.C, Cr.P.C, and I.E.A,
Criminal Justice System in India-structural and functional process. Prosecution: Structure and
Authority, Framing of Charges, Collection of Evidence and witnesses, Courts: Structure and
types- Criminal courts, Juvenile Courts, Family Courts, ‘Lok Adalat’ and Human Right Courts.
Role of Police in Crime Investigation, Accountability of Police to Law, People and Society,
Interrogation & Interviewing of the criminals; methods used by the police in getting information
from the criminal; the ethical issues related to the same. Custodial Death, Police and Human
Rights.
Unit II:
Legal Aspects: Bailable and Non-bailable offenses, Dying Declaration, dying deposition,
Summon, Warrants, Sub-poena, perjury, Cognizable and non-cognizable offenses, FIR,
Complaint, Inquest, Inquiry, Search and Seizure, Types of Witnesses (eye witness, hear-say
witness, Hostile witness, etc.), leading question, medical certificate, medicolegal report, etc.
Punishments- Theories, capital punishments, Imprisonment, Monetary Punishment.
Unit III:
Evidences: Definition, types (testimonial and real evidence) (oral & circumstantial),
admissibility of scientific evidence and importance of physical evidences, Collection,
preservation, packing and forwarding of different types of evidences (Fingerprint, hair, fibre,
glass, soil, Questioned documents, impression evidences, etc.) to the FSL. Interpretation of
Reports, Presentation in the court, Common witness, Expert witness, Expert Testimony: The role
of the expert-witness; acceptance of evidence in the court; mental disorder and acceptance of
evidence in court; child witness in the court, Examination-in-chief, Direct examination and cross
– examination by prosecution and defense.
SEMESTER-II
MFS-202: Paper X- Advanced Forensic Science
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Unit II:
Tool marks: Nature, Location, Types of tool marks: compression marks, striated marks,
combination of compression and striated marks, repeated marks, class characteristics and
individual characteristics, tracing and lifting of marks, Photographic examination of tool marks
and cut marks on clothes and walls etc. Development, Lifting, Evaluation, Analysis and
comparison (mechanical fit, chemical and stereomicroscopic) with reference/control sample(s),
Forensic Significance.
Erased Marks & Serial Number Restoration: Method of making- cast, punch, engrave;
methods of obliteration, method of restoration- etching (different chemicals for different
surfaces), magnetic, electrolytic etc., restoration of marks on wood, leather, polymer etc.
recording of restored marks.
Unit III:
Lip Prints: Nature, Location, Types, Classification, Development, Lifting, Evaluation, Analysis,
Minutiae Identification and comparison with reference/control sample(s), Forensic Significance.
Ear Prints: Nature, Location, Types, Classification, Development, Lifting, Evaluation, Analysis
and comparison with reference/control sample(s), Forensic Significance.
Bite Marks: Nature, Location, Types, Classification, Development, Lifting, Evaluation, Analysis
and comparison with reference/control sample(s), Forensic Significance. Rugoscopy.
SEMESTER-II
MFS-203: Paper XI- Forensic Biology & Serology
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
SEMESTER-II
MFS-204: Paper XII- Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Arson: Fire, chemistry and physics of fire behaviour, elements of life cycle of fire, types of fire,
Room fire sequence, direction of fire, incendiary devices, fire extinguishers, Analysis of
fire/arson crime scene, establishing the origin of fire, patterns and surface effects of char,
Accidental fire causes, crime scene investigation & management of evidences on a fire/arson
crime scene.
Unit II:
Unit III:
Other Chemical Evidences: Adulterants in food and food products, cement, petroleum products,
pharmaceutical products, medicines, beverages.
SEMESTER-II
MFS-205: Paper XIII - Forensic Physics and Ballistics
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Forensic Ballistics-I :Ballistics- Definition, Types, Internal, External & Terminal Ballistics.
History, background and Introduction of firearms; their classification, characteristics and their
parts. Ammunition, types of ammunition, various components of ammunitions. Firing
mechanism, smooth bore and rifling characteristics, identification of origin, improvised / country-
made / imitative firearm and their constructional features.
Unit II:
Forensic Ballistics-II: Principles and practice of identification of firearms, ammunition and their
components, different types of marks produced during firing process on cartridge-firing pin
marks, breech face marks, chamber marks, extractor and ejector marks and on bullet-
number/direction of lands and grooves, striation marks on lands and grooves, identification of
various parts of firearms, techniques for obtaining test material from various types of weapons
and their linkage with fired ammunition, class and individual characteristics, and GSR
distribution. IBIS.
Unit III:
Wound Ballistics- understanding the nature, types and formation of wounds/injuries due to
projectiles in shooting and bomb blast cases, determination of range of fire- burning, scorching,
blackening, tattooing and metal fouling, shots dispersion, Injuries by shotgun, revlolver, pistol,
rifles, etc., Wounding power of bullets, Interpretation of medicolegal report. Ricochet, yawing,
cavity formation inside the body (temporary & permanent). Differences in Entry and Exit
Wounds, etc. Contact wounds, Near contact wound, close range, abrasion collar.
SEMESTER-II
MFS-206: Paper XIV - Digital & Cyber Forensics
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit II: Open source tools for digital forensics and Registry Forensic- Open source, Open
source examination platform, preparing the examination system, using LINUX and Windows as
host, Study of Sleuth Kit: Installing Sleuth Kit, Sleuth Kit tools (Volume layer tools, File system
Layer tools, Data unit Layer tools, Metadata Layer Tools) Registry Analysis, Understanding
Windows Registry and Registry Structure.
SEMESTER-II
MFS-207: Paper XV - Forensic & Correctional Psychology
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Unit II:
Polygraph/Lie Detector Test: Objectives, theoretical basis, stages of examination (Pre-test, In-
test, post-test), Questioning techniques, Stim test, Limitations, Admissibility in the court of law,
NHRC guidelines, case studies, etc.
Brain Fingerprinting/Brain-Mapping: Principle, Importance, History, process, brain waves
(P300, delta, theta, gamma, alpha), reliability, case studies, admissibility, etc..
Narco-analysis: Principle, History, drugs used, procedure, reliability, admissibility, limitations,
Indian scenario, case studies, etc.
Unit III:
Legal & Correctional Aspects: The mentally ill in court, Competency to stand trial Mental
Health Act, 1987: (Object, Relevant Definitions, Central & State authority, Reception Orders,
Human Rights of Mentally ill persons, Penalties & Case-Studies), Indian Penal Code, 1860 :
Relevant general exceptions. Rehabilitation & Correctional Treatment of Offender(s) / Victim(s),
Techniques, Strategies and Types of Treatments.
SEMESTER-II
MFS-208: Paper XVI - Communication Skills & Scientific Report Writing
Marks: 50 Lecture: 3 hrs/week
Unit I:
Unit II:
Research, Report Writing & Presentation: Key elements- Objective, Introduction, design or
rationale of work, Guidelines for design of experiments, material and methods, designing
biological experiments, compilation and documentation of data. Drawing Conclusions. Patents.
Format of research paper and report writing, Procedure of Reference Citation; Significance of
writing research papers and review articles; Major Scientific publishers; Impact factor and
citation index;
Unit III:
Ethics and scientific conduct, Ethics in human and animal studies, governing agencies and
bodies; Intellectual Property right and Plagiarism; Effective presentation of research findings,
Filing of patent- procedure and documentation, etc.
Four Case studies on the topic related with Forensic Science and Curriculum: Case study
submission and Presentation
MFS-213: Seminar-II
2 h /week Marks: 25
Seminar of 30 minutes duration will be a part of internal assessment for 20 marks (1 credit).
Seminar should be delivered by the student under the guidance of concerned teacher on the topic
allotted by the teacher. The topic will be related to the syllabus. Marks will be allotted by a group
of teachers.
Suggested Reading:
1. Bevel, T., Gardner, M. R., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with an Introduction to Crime Scene
Reconstruction, Third Edition.
2. Bevel, T., Gardner, M. R., Practical Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstruction
3. Lee, C. H., Palmbach, T., Miller, T. M., Henry Lee's Crime Scene Handbook
4. Moenssens : Finger Prints Techniques, 1975, Chitton Book Co., Philadelphia, New York.
5. Mehta, M. K. : Identification of Thumb Impression & Cross Examination of Finger Prints,
1980 N. M. Tripathi (P) Ltd. Bombay.
6. Bridges : Practical Finger Printing, 1942, Funk and Washalls Co. New York.
7. Holt : Genetics of Dermal Ridges.
8. William J. Bodziak (1989) Footwear Impression Evidence Elsevier Science Publishing Co.
New York, 1989.
9. James, S.H and Nordby, J.J.. (2003) Forensic Science : An introduction to scientific and
investigative techniques CRC Press, USA.
10. Saferstien : Forensic Science, Handbook, Vol. I, II & III, Prentice Hall Inc. USA.
22 | P a g e
11. Kirk : Criminal Investigation, 1953, Interscience Publisher Inc. New York.
12. Cummins & Midlo : Finger Prints, Palms and Soles, 1943, The Blakiston office London.
13. O’Hara & Osterburg : Introduction to Criminalistics, 1949, The MacMillan Co., 1964.
14. Saferstein : Forensic Science Handbook, Vol I, II & III, Prentice Hall Inc. USA.
15. Sharma B. R. : Footprints, Tracks and Trials. 1980. Central Law Agency. Allahabad.
16. C.G.G. Aitken and D.A Stoney; The use of statistics in Forensic Science, Ellis Horwood
Limited, England 1991.
17. Nanda, B.B. and Tewari, R.K. (2001) : Forensic Science in India : A vision for the twenty
first century Select Publisher, New Delhi.
18. Cherril, F.R.: The Finger Prints. System at Scotland Yard, 1954; Her Majestuy’s office,
London.
19. Saferstein : Criminalistics, 1976, Prentice Hall Inc., USA.
20. Deforest, Gansellen & Lee : Introduction to Criminalistics.
21. Sharma, B.R. : Forensic Science in Criminal Investigaion and Trials, Central Law Agency,
Allahabad, 1974.
22. Wentworth & Wilder : Personal Identification, 1948. R. G. Badger. Boston.
23. Lundquest & Curry : Forensic Science, Vol I to IV, 1963, Charls C. Thomas, Illinosis, USA.
24. Visweswara Rao. K: Biostatistics, A Manual of Statistical Methods for Use in Health,
Nutrition & Anthropology.
25. Sokal, R.R & Rolf, F.J: Biometery, Principles & Practices of Statistics in Biological Research
26. Rao, C. R Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometric Research.
53. Krishnamurthy, R., Introduction to Forensic Science in Crime Investigation, 2011, Selective
& Scientific Books, New Delhi.
54. Constitution of India.
55. Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
56. Indian Penal Code, 1860.
2. Krishnamurthy, R., Introduction to Forensic Science in Crime Investigation, 2011, Selective &
Scientific Books, New Delhi.
3. Clark, E.G.C.; Isolation and Identification of Drugs, Vol. I and Vol. II, Academic Press,
(1986).
4. Sunshine I; Year book of Toxicology, CRC Press Series, USA (1989 – 93).
5. Michael J. Deverlanko etal: Hand Book of Toxicology CRC Press, USA (1995)
6. Prakash M. etal; Methods in Toxicology Anmol Publication, New Delhi (1998)
7. Parikh C.K; Text Book of Medical Jurisprudence Forensic Medicines and Toxicology. CBS
Pub. New Delhi (1999)
8. Balraj S. Parmar etal; Pesticide Formulation, CBS Publishers, New Delhi (2004)
9. Reiss C etal; Advance in Molecular Toxicology, Utrecht,Netherlands (1998)
10. Morgan B.J.T; Statistics in Toxicology, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1996)
11. Jorg Rombke etal; Applied & Ecotoxicology Lewis publishers NY (1995)
12. Shayne C.Gad etal; Acute Toxicology Testing Academic Press California USA (1998)
13. Chadha PV; Hand Book of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jaypee Brothers New Delhi
(2004) Semester-II FS-10832
14. Turner Paul; Recent Advances in Pharmacology & Toxicology, Churchill Livingstone,
Elenburgh (1989)
15. Modi, Jaisingh P; Textbook of Medical jurisprudence & Toxicology, M.M. Tripathi Pub.
(2001)
16. Cravey R.H, Baselt, R.C; Introduction to Forensic Toxicology, Biochemical Pub. Davis C A
(1981)
17. Working Procedure Manual - Toxicology, BPR&D Publication (2000)
18. Ballantyne B; General and Applied Toxicology Vol-1-3 2nd Ed., Macmillan, NY (2000)
19. Gossel T.A; Principles of Clinical Toxicology 3rd Ed., Roven, NY (1994)
20. Grossel S S; Handbook of Highly Toxic Materials handling and Management, Marcel Dekker
NY (1995)
21. Niesink RJM; Toxicology- Principles and Applications, CRC Press (1996).
Practical References:
1. Practical Organic chemistry; J.B. COHEN
2. Spot test in Organic chemistry; Feigl
3. Handbook of Organic Analysis; Clark H.T.
4. Practical Organic chemistry; Vogel
5. Identification of Organic; G.G. Neave, Heilbran
6. Quantitative inorganic analysis; vogel
7. The Merck index; Stetchar & others
8. Organic Electronic spectral data; Vol.-I; Mortiman Kamlet
9. Organic Electronic spectral data; Vol.-III; Mortiman Kamlet
10. Inorganic Semi micro qualitative analysis; Griffin & Plunky
11. Food Adulteration & we; V.C.Sane
12Peerson’s Chem. Analysis of food; H.Egan, Kirk
13. Vogel’s Book of Macro & Semi micro qualitative inorganic Analysis; G.Svehla
14. Explosive (4th Rev.Ed); J.Kohler, Redolf)
15. Clerk’s Analysis of Drugs & Poisons VOL.-I & II; Clerke
16. Handbook of Laboratory Safety; A.Keith. Furr.
17. Development & Validation of Analytical Methods; Christopher, M.Riley, Thomas W
18. Petroleum solvents & Their functions & Handling; Esso Standard Estern inc.
19. Scientific protocols for fire investigation; John J. Lentini
20. Tech.Handbook of Oil Fat & waxes; Weston
21.Steroid analysis by HPLC; Marie P. Kautsky
22. TLC VOL.-II; Jork, Funk & Others
23. Medical Jurisprudence; J. P. Modi
4. Krishnamurthy, R., Introduction to Forensic Science in Crime Investigation, 2011, Selective &
Scientific Books, New Delhi.
5. Barry A J Fisher,Techniques of Crime scene investigation
6. Kausalendra Kumar, Forensic ballistics in Criminal Justice
7. A J R Cormack, The world encyclopaedia of modern guns
8. Staut H James; John J Nordby, Forensic Science: An introduction to scientific and
investigative techniques
9. Tom Warlow, Firearm, the law, and Forensic Balllistics
10. High school Physics/projectile motion-Wikibooks, open books for an open
world.en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_school_Physics/projectile_motiontrajectory
11. Trajectory-wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/trajectory
12. Trjectories: hyperphysics.phy.astr.gsu.eud/hbase/traj.html
13. J A Siegel, Pekka J Saukko et al. ; Encyclopaedia of Forensic Science Vol.1.
14. Laboratory Procedural manual , Physics Section, DFSL, Mumbai.
15. Laboratory Procedural Manual, Forensic Ballistics, DFS, New Delhi.
16. Dr.M.S.Rao etal Crime Scene Management(A Forensic Approach)
17. Forensic Science in Crime investigation by Dr. (Mrs) Rukmani Krishnamurthy Selective and
Scientific Books Publishers and distributors.
18. Footwear Impressions Evidence Detectio, Recovery, and Examination Second Edition by
William J. Bodziak CRC Press.
19. Brian J Heard, Handbook of Fire arm and ballistics.
20. B R Sharma, Fire arms in criminal investigation and trials
21. Kausalendra Kumar, Forensic ballistics in Criminal Justice
22. S N Gaur et al., Fire Arms, Forensic Ballistics, Forensic Chemistry and Criminal
Jurisprudence.
23. Norman R Dalrymple et al, The Encyclopaedia of Criminalistics Analysis.
24. J A Siegel, Pekka J Saukko et al. ; Encyclopaedia of Forensic Science Vol.1.
25. Tire Imprint Evidence by Peter McDonald CRC Press
26. Staut H James; John J Nordby, Forensic Science: An introduction to scientific and
investigative techniques
27. Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) operating Manual.
28. Dr.M.S.Rao etal Crime Scene Management(A Forensic Approach)
12. Krishnamurthy, R., Introduction to Forensic Science in Crime Investigation, 2011, Selective
& Scientific Books, New Delhi.
13. ‘Forensic Psychology’ by Graham Towel& David Crighton
14. Serial Crime, Theoretical & Practical issues in Behavioural Profiling, Petherick, Woodworth
Publication.
15. ‘Introduction to Forensic Psychology’, by Bruce Arrigo.
16. Diagnostic & Statistical Manual-IV TR, American Psychological Association
17. DSM-IV Mental Disorders Diagnostics, Etiology and Treatment, by Michaen, Allan.
18. ‘Psychological Testing’ by Anne Anastasi, Susana Urbina, Seventh Edition.
19. ‘Psychological Testing’ by Robert J. Gregory, Fourth Edition.
20. ‘Mental Health Act’ 1987.
21. ‘Juvenile Justice Act’ 2000.
Unit I: Microscopy
Basic principles, working, mechanism, uses & Forensic Applications of Simple and Compound
microscope, Comparison microscope, Phase contrast Microscope, Stereoscopic microscope,
Polarizing microscope, Fluorescent Microscopy, Infra red Microscopy, Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) & Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
SEMESTER III
Specialization I: Questioned Documents & Fingerprint
MFS-302: Paper XVIII- (Special Paper I: Questioned Documents Analysis)
Hrs./week-4 Marks-50
Unit II: Ink analysis: Historical development- Dating of fountain pen ink, ballpoint and Non ball
point ink, Ink analysis and forensic document examination, coordination with handwriting
comparison and latent print processing, Ink chemistry- recognition of ink source, chemical
composition of Ink. Preliminary method of analysis- Introduction, Pen line microscopy, Ink
colour assessment, microscopic specular reflectance, Video spectral analysis, Laser induced
fluorescence, Infrared luminescence. Forensic comparison and identification of writing ink by
TLC. Instrumental analysis of Ink, Ink dating- aging process, first date of production method, Ink
tag method, relative age comparison method, determination of age of ink by statistical analysis of
densitometry data,
Unit II:. Advanced Methods: Radioactive technique, Biological technique, reflected ultraviolet
Imaging system, X-ray fluorescence, Chemical imaging. Challenging surface: Thermal Surface-
Solvent treatment, amino acid/Protein reagent, Fuming method. Metallic reagent- Gun bleaching
method, Oxidation reduction method, Electrochemical/corrosion method, Fuming method.
Glows- Deposition and development latent print on glows. Adhesive tape-Tape separation
method, processing the adhesive and non adhesive side of tape. Skin- Iodine silver plate transfer,
Electronography, Powder method, Cyno-acrylate fuming, Iodine-Napthoflavone, Direct lifting
method.
Unit III: Chemistry & Reaction Mechanisms: Amino acid reagent, Ninhydrin-Chemistry and
reaction Mechanism, Forensic application. Metal salt enhancement, Ninhydrin analogous, first
analogous, aryl, alkyl and alkoxy analogous, 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-One and 1,2-Indanedione,
miscellaneous amino acid reagent-p-Dimethylaminocinamaldehyde, NBD chloride, Dansyal
chloride, o-Phthalaldehyde, Fluorescamine, Genipin. Cyanoacrylate fuming, health and safety
precaution, Cyanoacrylate pretreatment, atmospheric and vacuum CA fuming, Chemistry of CA
dye stains- Ardrox, basic yellow 40, MBD, Rhodamine 6G, MRM 10, RAY, thenoyl europium
chelate, gentian violet, sudan black. Iodine fuming, Iodine fixation, Operational uses- vapor
method, dusting method, Solution method, miscellaneous fuming method-Osmium/ruthenium
Tetroxide, soot method, Disulfur dinitrite, etc.
Unit IV: Metal Deposition Methods: Silver nitrate, Physical developer- Chemistry and
mechanism, Sequencing, regent reliability test, bleach toning, potassium iodide toning, other
toning process. Single Metal Deposition, Multi-metal deposition- I, II, III, IV, fluorescent and
vacuum metal deposition-reaction mechanism, conventional gold zinc process, sequencing. Lipid
Reagent: Sudan black, chemistry and mechanism of Oil red O, nile red, Europian chelate, etc.
Nanoparticles in Fingerprinting.
MFS-304: Practical IX (Special: Questioned Documents & Fingerprint)
10 Hrs./week- Marks-100
Semester III
Specialization II: Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology
MFS-302: Paper XVIII (Special Paper I- Advanced Forensic Toxicology-I)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit I: Poisons: Classification and Types of Poisons: Metallic, Inorganic, Organic, Volatile,
Animal, Plant, Insecticides, Pesticides, etc. their nature, Use, Administration, Fatal dose, fatal
period, Symptoms, some common Antidotes Post-mortem findings, Collection and preservation
of viscera and other samples.
Unit II: Isolation and different methods of extraction : Different methods of extraction for
poisons from viscera: Solvent extraction, distillation /steam distillation, micro diffusion,
dialysis, dry ashing, wet digestion, modified star-otto method, ammonium sulphate method,
residue levels, toxic levels and therapeutic levels, fatal levels of commonly encountered poisons
in blood, urine and tissues. Extraction of poisons from blood, urine, stomach washes and vomits,
food material and toxicological analysis of decomposed materials. Interpretation of toxicological
finding and preparation of reports, limitation of method and trouble shooting in toxicological
analysis, disposal of analysis samples, some interesting and their importance in view of specific
approach in examination.
Unit III: Volatile Poisons: Nature, use, administrations, symptoms, post-mortem findings, fatal
dose, fatal period, isolation, detection, qualitative and quantitative estimation of: Acetone, Ether,
Oxalic Acid, Phenols, Camphor, Chloral Hydrate, Chloroform, Acetaldehyde Methyl alcohol,
ethyl alcohol, illicit liquor, country-made liquor, etc. Analysis by color tests, chromatographic
techniques (TLC, FTIR, NMR, GC, GC-MS, etc.)
Unit IV: Metallic and Non-metallic Poisons: Nature, use, administrations, symptoms, post-
mortem findings, fatal dose, fatal period, isolation, detection, qualitative and quantitative
estimation of metallic poisons including: Lead, Copper, Mercury, Arsenic, Barium, Selenium,
Magnesium, Aluminium etc. Non-metallic poisons including: chlroine, bromine, iodine,
phosphorus etc. Nature, use, administrations, symptoms, post-mortem findings, fatal dose, fatal
period, isolation, detection, qualitative and quantitative estimation. Analysis by color tests, AAS,
FTIR etc.
Unit I: Arson and Fire: Chemistry of fire, difference between Arson and Fire, Material and
Chemicals use in initiating fire and arson. Direction of fire, origin of fire, Pattern followed by
Fire, Fire triangle, Examination of scene of fire/arson recognition and collection of evidence,
packing, labeling and forwarding of exhibits, methods of extraction from exhibit- direct
extraction, distillation and micro diffusion methods, analysis of arson exhibits by instrumentation
techniques. Methods of Investigating an Arson Scene.
Unit IV: Cement: Cement, Concrete and Mortar: Chemical compositions Portland cement, and
other type of cements and building materials. Methods of sampling of cements, mortar and
concrete Common adulterant of cement and their detection. Methods of analysis- Physical
analysis- microscopic examination, Ignition tests, Sieve test, Density Gradient test Chemical
analysis of cement, mortar and concrete, Instrumental analysis of by TGA, DTA, ICP, AAS and
XRD, etc.. Case Studies like Structural Failures, etc.
Unit I
Blood and blood stains– Physical examination, presumptive test( TMB, Kastle-Meyer Test,
Luminol) Confirmatory Tests( Takayama, Teichmann, spectrophotometric).Examination of
Menstrual blood & its stains-Physical & Microscopic examination, Identification by Fibrin
Degradation product. Identification of other body fluids and their stains. Semen and seminal
stains-Physical Examination, Presumtive test(Acid Phosphatase Test) ,Confirmatory test
(microscopic examination) Gram staining, cross-over electrophoresis.Examination of vaginal
fluid & stains of vaginal secretions-Physical examination, SAP/VAP electrophoresis, Lugol’s
stain.Examination of saliva & saliva stains-starMFS-iodine test,salivary haemagglutinin
test,radial diffusion test for amylase. Examination of vomit-test for mucus,test for free
HCL(Gunzberg’s test),endothelial cells.Examination of urine stains-Physical stains, odour test
,urea nitrate crystal test, creatinine test.
Unit II
Types and distribution of body fluids, urine formation, composition, properties, abnormal
constituents and clinical significance, Beta HCG; CSF, lymph, amniotic fluid, sweat,
composition, formation and function; semen, synovial fluid, gastrointestinal secretions
composition, formation and function; tears, milk, faeces; saliva, aqueous humour, Vaginal fluid,
epithelial cells, etc. their analysis and forensic significance.
Unit III:
Unit IV:
Unit I: Hair & Fiber Examination: Sampling, hair examination-temporary mount, scale
casting, nail polish /cellulose acetate method, permanent mount, cross-sectioning, micrometry,
sex determination from hair root sheath. General characteristics of human hair,
morphological characteristics of hair for racial determination. Characteristics of hair from
different sites. Animal and human hair-general differences. Fibre examination-microscopic,
temporary mount, Maceration of plant fibres, cross-sectioning, physical methods (twist on drying,
floatation method, burning test). Cotton, Akmund, coir, wool, silk, jute, sisal, abaca rayon silk,
wool, asbestos, nylon. Fabrics & cordage- sample handling, analysis, fabric examination, cordage
examination
Unit II: Forensic Botany: Introduction, types, location, collection evaluation and forensic
significance of fungi and plants in forensic science, wood and pollen grains, Methods of
identification and comparison, various types of planktons and diatoms and their forensic
importance; Limnology, Diatoms types and morphology, methods of isolation from different
tissues. Study and identification of pollen grains, Identification of starch grains, powder and
stains of spices etc.; Paper and Paper Pulp identification, Microscopic and biochemical
examination of pulp material. Study of Various types of Poisonous Plants. Identification of wood-
physical properties, colour, fluorescence, hardness, weight, odour, lustre, texture, anatomical
features, pore/vessel distribution, size and arrangement, pore numbers, pore arrangements,
inclusions, colored deposits, etc.
Unit III: Other Biological Evidences: Identification of Food stuffs & their stains: Plants used as
food, animals used as food. Examination of plant foods (starch, herbs, spices & flavorings, fruits,
vegetables). Examination of animal foods( meat & fish) – microscopic and macroscopic
examination, chemical examination, muscles, skin, hairs, scales, bones &
cartilage.Histopathological examination of tissues. Examination of faecal matter & faecal stains-
Physical appearance, microscopic examination, urobilinogen test.
Examination of stomach contents- microscopic examination
Unit IV: Forensic Entomology: General Classification (Diptera, etc.), Insects of forensic
importance, collection of entomological evidence during legal investigations; collection of :
meteorological data, specimens before body removal, ground-crawling arthropods on and around
the body, entomological samples from the body, entomological samples during autopsy,
specimens from buried remains, from enclosed structures & aquatic habitats. Laboratory rearing
of insects of forensic significance: Larval rearing, rearing containers, monitoring growth, larval
dispersal in laboratory, adult emergence, rearing aquatic insects, unique species requirements,
rearing beetles in the laboratory, factors that influence insect succession on carrion: Attraction to
the remains, geographical differences in succession, effects of season, effects of sun exposure,
urban versus rural scenarios, bodies found inside buildings, effects of burial, bodies in water,
bodies in vehicles, bodies in enclosed spaces, hanged bodies, burnt remains, wrapped remains,
Role of aquatic insects in forensic investigations, estimating the postmortem interval, soil
environment and forensic entomology, entomo-toxicology, molecular methods for forensic
entomology
Semester III
Specialization IV: Digital & Cyber Forensics
MFS 302: Paper- XVIII (Special Paper I- Operating System and Web Security)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit IV: Secure Website Design: Architecture and Design Issues for Web Applications,
Deployment Considerations Input Validation, Authentication, Authorization, Configuration
Management, Sensitive Data, Session Management, Cryptography, Parameter Manipulation,
Exception Management, Auditing and Logging, Design Guidelines Summary Sql and command
injection: Forms and validity, Technical implementation, Incorrectly filtered escape characters,
Incorrect type handling, Blind SQL injection, Conditional responses, Mitigation, Parameterized
statements, Enforcement at the coding level, Escaping, Pattern check, Database permissions,
Examples, Sql injection Commands. Securing web application XACS.
Semester III
MFS 303: Paper- XIX (Paper II- Advanced Computer Networks & Network Security)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit-II:
OSI, TCP/IP, IP, Addressing, CIDR, DHCP, IPV6, TCP, ARP, RARP, ICMP, VPN, VLAN,
DNS, RIP, Wireless, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth, SIP, VOIP, CTI, ATM: Addressing
Signaling & Routing - Header Structure - ATM Adaptation layer -Management control.
Internetworking with ATM: LAN - IP over ATM - Multiprotocol over ATM - Frame Relay over
ATM.
MFS-305: Seminar-III
2 h /week Marks: 25
Unit I:
Unit II:
Spectrophotometery: Ultra violet and visible spectrophotometry: Types of sources and stability,
wavelength selection, filters-cells and sampling devices, detectors, resolution, qualitative and
quantitative methods for detection, Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrophotometry,
Atomic absorption spectrometry, Atomic emission spectrometer, X-ray spectroscopy, Infrared
spectrophotometry, Mass spectrophotometer. Uses & Forensic Applications.
Unit III:
Unit IV:
Quality Management: Quality Management System: Quality, Total Quality, Quality assurance,
Quality control, Quality Planning, Quality Audit: Internal and External Audit, Relevant
Accreditation & Certification, NABL, ISO, IEC, BIS, etc. General requirements for the
competence of testing and calibration laboratories. Lab manuals, laboratory reports,
laboratory records, Storage and Retrieval. Laboratory security, Personnel and Training,
Organizational & document control, subcontracting of tests and calibrations control of Non
conforming testing- corrective and preventive actions. Technical Requirements: - Test and
calibration methods and their validation, measurements, standards and reference material,
traceability, sampling. Bio-Safety.
SEMESTER- IV
SPECIALIZATION I: QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS & FINGERPRINTS
MFS-402: Paper XXI (Special Paper-I: Forgery and Its Forensic Detection)
Hrs./week-4 Marks-50
Unit I:
Types of forgery, attributes of assisted hand signatures, disguise, discriminators of device, flag of
forgery and characters of genuineness, indicators of illiteracy, sign of senility, symbol of
sinistrality, gender discrimination. Scope of questioned document examination. Anachronistic
features and their importance, detection and decipherment of alterations and erasures including
additions, over writings, obliterations, examination of carbon copies and carbonless copies.
Unit II:
Unit III:
Corporate frauds, forensic accounting and auditing, Use of computers in document examination,
automated Signature verification system, determination of age of documents- relative and
absolute age of documents, case studies. Examination of security documents including currency
notes, Revenue stamps, travel documents - passports, visas, air - tickets, identity cards, lottery
tickets, driving license, Bills, educational and financial documents, etc. different types of security
features and their examination including watermarks, wire marks, security fibre/threads,
Ghost/imitated marks/ security printing, optical variable inks, holograms and all other security
features.
Unit IV:
Types and working of Photostat machine, fax machine, printers, scanners. Identification &
linkage of Photocopies and photocopier, typewriter, fax machine, scanner, Desktop printing
including image processing device, their role in counterfeit currency and certificate etc.
Holographic mark and their examination, Examination of credit, debit and other plastic cards,
examination of photocopies, scanned documents, Fax copies etc., and case studies. Numismatic
forgery- Introduction, tool, equipments and other resource, method of forgery- alteration, tooling,
embossing, application and plating, Casting: Rubber mold model, wax model from mold, Burn
out wax, treatment of casting, Creating dye- Cutting by hand, plating,
casting and hubbing. Explosive impact copying preparation of detail report with reasons and
illustrative charts, uses of standard terminology.
SEMESTER- IV
MFS-403: Paper XXII (Special Paper II: Automated Fingerprint Identification System)
Hrs./week-4 Marks-50
Unit-I
Fingerprints and AFIS, History of automated identification system: Early print, single database,
growth and development of AFIS system, Transmission standard, ANSI standard, compression
standard. NCIC classification system, Henry and American classification system, working of
AFIS- Database, processing ten print, latent print processing, latent search. Types of AFIS
searches: Ten print to Ten print search, Latent to ten print search, Latent to latent search. AFIS
report: Ten print report and latent print report.
Unit-II:-
Unit-III:-.
Unit-IV:-
The Expert Fingerprint Witness: Definition of expert, Qualification, Knowledge- History and
classification of fingerprint, latent print procedure. Evidence examination, pretrial conference
with prosecuting attorney and defense attorney. Courtroom methodology: Direct examination,
Swearing In, assuming the witness stand, courtroom communication, credentials, response to the
jury, courtroom courtesy. Verbal and non verbal Court presentation.
SEMESTER- IV
MFS-404: Paper XXIII (Special Paper III: Forensic Linguistics)
Marks: 50 Lecture: 4 hrs/week
Unit I:
Words used for conveying Meaning – symbols – place of Morphology in Forensic linguistics –
Morphological analysis of Forensic Materials – identification.
Language use in Threatening letters – anonymous letters – Suicide notes – language of SMS –
Email threatening – identification – Discourse structure.
The relationship found between Forensic linguistics and Psycholinguistics – human cognitive
system on language processing – use of psychological factors on forensic linguistics.
Voice production theory – vocal anatomy, Speech signal processing and pattern recognition –
basic factors of sound in speech, acoustic characteristics of speech signal, Fourier analysis,
frequency and time domain representation of speech signal, analogue to digital signal and
conversion, Fast Fourier transform, quantization, digitization and speech enhancement, analysis
of audio-video signal for authenticity, Introduction to the techniques of pattern recognition and
comparison
SEMESTER- IV
MFS-405: Paper XXIV (Special Paper IV-Forensic Photography)
Marks: 50 Lecture: 4 hrs/week
History and Development of Photography. Basic principles and techniques of Black & White and
colour photography, Photography in indoor and outdoor scene of crime; aerial photography,
Aperture and focus adjustment. Significance of Photography in Forensic Science. Photo prints:
Developing techniques and methods of photography, Different kinds of developers and fixers,
modern developments in photography, linkage of cameras and film negatives.
Unit III:
Unit IV:
Dissertation will be compulsory to all students. Students will carry out dissertation work
individually or in the group of not more than three students. Concerned department shall provide
all required infrastructure to carry out dissertation work. The format for dissertation report will be
similar to the research thesis style; incorporating chapters on Introduction, Review of Literature,
Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion and References/Bibliography. The dissertation
will be submitted in a type written and bound form. Copy of each dissertation will be submitted
to the respective department and the centre will store it permanently. Project work on forensically
significant and need based problems in the area of Questioned Document, Handwriting analysis
and Fingerprint examination etc.
SEMESTER IV
Specialization II: Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology
MFS-402: Paper XXI (Special Paper I-Advanced Forensic Toxicology)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit I :
Food Poisons: Introduction, Food poisoning due to chemical, bacterial and fungal, Sign and
symptoms of food poisoning, collection and preservation of evidence material, extraction and
isolation, from food material, Biological material, detection and identification by colour test and
instrumental techniques.
Food Adulteration: Food Adulteration Act, Various adulterants in household and food products,
their detection
Plant Poisons: Classification and types (Dhatura, Abrus precatorious, Nerium oleander,
Calotropis gigantia, Gloriosa superba, Ergot, Mushroom etc.) of Plant Poisons: Nature,
extraction from viscera, blood, vomit etc. Fatal dose, fatal period, signs and symptoms, post
mortem findings, detection (preliminary and confirmatory tests) and medico legal significance.
Animal Poisons: Classification and types (neurotoxin, myotoxin, cantharides, vasculotoxin,
spider, snakes, scorpion, etc.) of Animal Poisons : Nature, extraction from viscera, blood, vomit
etc. Fatal dose, fatal period, signs and symptoms, post mortem findings, detection (preliminary
and confirmatory tests) and medico legal significance.
Unit IV: Narcotics and Psychotropic substances: Classification and types of Narcotics
(cannabis, cocaine, opium etc.) and Psycotropic Substances (stimulants, hallucinogens,
depressants, sedatives etc): Nature, extraction from viscera, blood, vomit etc. Fatal dose, fatal
period, signs and symptoms, post mortem findings, medico legal significance and detection
(preliminary and confirmatory tests). Drugs and Cosmetic Act, NDPS Act, Control Substance
Act.
SEMESTER IV
Specialization: Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology
MFS-403: Paper XXII (Special Paper II-Advanced Forensic Chemistry)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit I:
Dyes: Different type of dyes, role of dyes in crime investigation, food colours (edible and non-
edible dyes), dyes used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical. Chemical analysis and instrumental
methods of analysis of dyes. Analysis of trace evidence: cosmetics, dyes, Trap related evidence
materials, fibers, oils, fats, greases, industrial dusts, chemicals and plant material.
Pigments: Introductions, white pigments, Manufacturing process and properties of blue pigment,
red pigment, green pigment, yellow pigment
Unit II:
Illicit Drugs: Illicit drug types, search of clandestine laboratory, precursors and their analysis,
estimation of morphine in opium and heroin in smack, analysis of drugs in biological samples and
their importance: Hair, urine, blood, viscera, methods of extraction of drugs/consultation of
drugs, limitations of chemical analysis of drugs, report writing and interpretation of drugs.
Unit III: Fertilizers, Pesticides and Other Chemicals: Introduction to fertilizer, different type
of fertilizers and classification, substandard and sub-standard adulterated fertilizers, common
adulterants. Chemical and instrumental methods of analysis of fertilizers. Quantitative and
qualitative forensic analysis of organic and inorganic Industrial products, chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, insecticides, metallic and non metallic products, consumer items such as gold, silver,
tobacco, tea, sugars, salts, acids and alkalis etc.
Unit IV: Analysis of Beverages & Prohibited Substances: Introduction of alcohol (ethyl
alcohol, methyl alcohol) and illicit liquor, Extraction methods of alcohol(Distillation), Proof
spirit, absorption, metabolism, de-toxification and excretion of alcohol, Analysis of alcohol by
color tests, TLC, GC, GC-MS, Consequences of drunken driving, breath analysis by Breath
Analyzer, Detection of alcohol in blood and urine, Alcohol and prohibition.
Analysis of Beverages: Analysis of alcoholic beverages as per BIS and PFA Act, Detection and
Determination of ethanol, furfural, organic acids, aldehydes, chloral hydrate, methanol and
ethylene glycol in liquors by colour tests, TLC, GC and GC-MS methods and Case Studies.
SEMESTER- IV
MFS-404: Paper XXIII (Special Paper III: Forensic Pharmacology)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit II: Pharmacodynamics-I Sites and mechanisms of action of drugs; Receptor classification,
Drug-receptor interactions and signal transduction mechanisms. Dose-effect relationships;
agonists, partial agonists and antagonists. Factors that modify drug actions; side effects, overdose,
idyosincratic and allergic reactions; teratogenesis and foetal toxicity. Variability of drug effects:
factors depending on the drug, on the patient, on the treatment schedule. Drug interactions.
Unit III : Pharmacokinetics: The movement of drug molecules across cell membranes, the
blood-brain barrier and the placental filter. Routes of administration and drug adsorption. Binding
to plasma proteins. Drug distribution, metabolism and elimination. Drug bioavailability and half-
life. Pharmacokinetic parameters evaluation. Time course of drug plasma concentrations after
single and repeated administrations.
Unit IV: Pharmacognosy: Definition and aim of Pharmacognosy; definition and classification of
plant drug; factors affecting the activity: natural, endogenous, exogenous and preparation-
dependent. Plant drug: conditions of preservation, analysis, identification, quality control,
distinctive characters, endogenous active substances, therapeutic strategies, toxic effects. Signs
and symptoms of addiction, the identification of addict, interpreting drug findings.
SEMESTER- IV
MFS-405: Paper XXIV (Special Paper IV: Forensic Analysis of Drugs)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit – I:
Unit II: Classification of Drugs, commonly encountered for analysis: Narcotic drugs,
depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, designer drugs, club drugs, drugs of sports and precursors.
Field test, colour test, micro crystal test, thin layer chromatography. Performance Enhancing
Drugs in sports.
Unit III:
Analysis of Narcotic & Psychotropic drugs: Opium (alkaloids, morphine, heroin and opioids),
Cannabis and its derivatives (Bhang, ganja, hashish (Charas) and Cocaine, Depressants:
Barbiturates, methaqulone, benzodiazepines Stimulants: Methaquinolines, amphetamines and
related derivatives, Hallucinogens: LSD, Mushroom and Cactile, etc.
Unit IV: Detection of common adulterants and determination of percentage purity in seized
samples, detection identification, quantitation of drugs in pharmaceutical products. Analysis of
illicit drugs and search of clandestine laboratory, precursors and their analysis. Estimation of
morphine in opium and heroin in smack. Analysis of drugs in biological samples and their
importance: Hair, urine, blood, viscera, methods of extraction of drugs/consultation of drugs.
Limitation of chemical analysis of drugs. Report writing and interpretation of drugs. Court
testimony in NDPS Act cases. Case studies and ground for acquittal and grant of bail.
MFS 406: Practical XIV (Special: Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology)
Hrs/week-12 Marks-100
Description
This course covers the application of analytical chemistry within the field of forensic science.
Students learn the fundamental principles behind the analyses of chemical and physical evidence
for drugs, combustion and arson, colorants, documents, and fibres. Qualitative analysis is
presented by examining the chemical details of presumptive testing from a mechanistic approach.
An analytical chemistry perspective is used to explain modern laboratory instrumentation and
proper statistical treatment of collected data for quantitative analysis. An overview of chemical
toxicology is covered with an emphasis on understanding biochemical pathways and
pharmacokinetics.
Objectives
SEMESTER IV
Specialization III: Forensic Biology & Serology
MFS-402: Paper XXI (Special Paper-I Forensic Anthropology, Odontology and Forensic
Pathology)
Hrs. /Week-4 Marks: 50
Unit III: Forensic Odontology : Definition and Scope of Forensic Odontology, Types of
dentition, Basic structure of human teeth, types of teeth & their morphology, and determination of
age from teeth using various methods, dental anomalies and their role in Personal Identification.
Bite marks: Types & forensic importance. Collection and preservation of samples, analysis of
Bite marks, presentation of bite mark evidences in court of law. Role of Forensic Odontology in
mass disaster victim identification. Dental Charting. Comparison of Ante-mortem and post-
mortem dental records.
Unit IV: Thanatology & Forensic Pathology: Introduction of Forensic pathology &
thanatology. Cause, manner, characteristics and signs of death, Natural and unnatural death,
changes after death, Personal Identity of the Dead. Identification & Examination of
Decomposed/Mutilated Bodies & Fragmentary Remains. Medico-legal Aspects of Death. Deaths
by poisoning, Signs and symptoms of poisoning- Acute & Chronic, Asphyxial Deaths (Hanging,
Strangulation, Throttling, Suffocation, Drowning, Bansdola). Identification of possible causes of
death. Medico-legal Aspects. Sexual Offences (Perversions, Natural, Unnatural). Abortion,
Infanticide. Traffic Accident Death (Vehicular, Railway, Aircraft)., Impotence and Sterility,
Artificial insemination, test-tube baby, surrogate motherhood, Virginity, Criminal Abortion
Medico-legal aspects of female feticide, legitimacy, medico-legal aspect of sterilization, Sexual
Offences- Natural & Unnatural (buccal coitus, sodomy, tribadism, bestiality, etc.), Report Writing
and Interpretation, etc.
SEMESTER- IV
MFS-403: Paper XXII (Special Paper II-DNA Fingerprinting and Interpretation
Hrs. /Week-4 Marks: 50
Unit I: DNA Fingerprinting: Possible sources for DNA, collection, transportation and
preservation of various forensic samples for DNA profiling. DNA extraction techniques for
different forensic samples (early techniques, solid phase extraction, differential extraction, chelex
extraction, automated techniques, commercial extraction kits), RNA extraction from different
forensic samples. Determining quality and Quantity of DNA and RNA, Gel elution technique.
DNA Amplification: Types of PCR: Nested PCR, Touchdown PCR, Gradient
PCR, Hot-starts PCR, Quantitative PCR, multiplex PCR. DNA quantification by Slot- blot assay,
Pico-green micro-titer plate assay, AluQuant human DNA quantification system, endpoint PCR,
PCR inhibitors & solutions, Contamination Issues, etc.
Unit II: Advanced techniques in DNA profiling: Uni-parentally inherited genetic markers in
ethnic and geographical origin detection, DNA Profiling Kits (Easy DNA, Pro-filer, etc.) DNA
fingerprinting of degraded samples, Slot-blot assay for quantification of DNA, DNA-DNA
Hybridization, next generation sequencing, Nano-particle technology in PCR, Drug- DNA
interactions, SNP microarray for supplementary paternity testing. Genetic analysis of
chromosome X (pentaplex/heptaplex PCR assay), multicopy Y-STR analysis, mitochondrial
DNA analysis, DNA multi-reverse parental analysis, cytochrome b analysis, eDNA Personal
Effects and DNA analysis(sources and problems)
Unit III: DNA Fingerprinting Applications: Case studies in disputed paternity cases, child
swapping, missing person’s identity, civil immigration, veterinary, wild life and agriculture cases
;Legal perspectives – legal standards for admissibility of DNA profiling – procedural & ethical
concerns, status of development of DNA profiling in India & abroad; Limitations of DNA
profiling; Population databases of DNA markers –STRs, Mini STRs, SNPs. Uses of STR Typing,
New & future technologies: Microarrays technology, Synthetic DNA, analysis of Degraded
DNA, Low Copy Number DNA, MALDI-ToF, Mass Spectrometry
Unit IV: Forensic DNA evidence interpretation: Interpretation of DNA typing results:
Complicating Factors (Multiple contributors, degradation, and extraneous substances), System-
specific Interpretational Issues (RFLP, PCR systems). Assessing strength of evidence:
Determination of Genetic Concordance, Evaluation of Results, Frequency Estimate Calculations,
Population Substructure, Likelihood Ratios, and Uniqueness of DNA Profile. Admissibility
standards: Frye, Daubert, and the Federal Rules of Evidence, Landmark cases, The State of
Debate. Prosecutor’s fallacy, defendant’s fallacy. Ethics of DNA analysis and Post conviction
DNA analysis.
SEMESTER- IV
MFS-404: Paper XXIII (Special Paper III: Microbial Forensics and Bioinformatics)
Hrs/week-04 Marks-50
Unit II: Microbes of Forensic Importance: Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella
tularensis, Brucella spp., Burkholderia Pseudomallei, Clostridium botulinum, Listeria
monocytogenes and their morphological & biochemical studies.DNA of microbes in soil for
crime detection. Fungi of forensic importance: Opportunistic mycoses, Chytridiomycota
zygomycota, Aspergillus fumigates, Microsporidum, Pneumocytosis jiroveci, Asp.flavus &
Candida sp, epidemiology, Antifungal agents. Food borne – shigella, salmonella. Etc.
Forensic Aspects of Biological Toxins. Microbial Forensic Analysis of Trace and Unculturable
Specimens. Etc.
Unit IV: Bioinformatics & its Applications : Public domain databases for nucleic acid and
protein sequences (EMBL, Gene Bank), database for protein structure (PDB) , Bioinformatics
methods for microbial detection and forensic diagnostic design (1): Whole genome analysis,
DNA analyses for repeats (Direct and inverted); palindromes, open reading frames, annotations
of genes, identification of gene. Overview of comparative genomics, Computational methods,
homology algorithms (BLAST, FASTA) for proteins and nucleic acids, Oligonucleotide probe
synthesis, artificial gene synthesis, primer and probe designing , CODIS and NDIS, phylogenetic
analysis
SEMESTER- IV
MFS-405: Paper XXIV (Special Paper IV: Wildlife and Environmental Forensics)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit I:
Wildlife Forensic: Protected and endangered species of animals and plants; Sanctuaries and their
importance; Relevant provision of wild life and environmental act; Types of wildlife crimes,
different methods of killing and poaching of wildlife animals; Enforcement of wildlife protection
policy, Wild animals as pharmacopeias, Wildlife artifacts(Bones, skin, fur,
hair, nails, blood, feather, etc.), Trade in wild animals, elephant-, Indian rhino, wild cat,
poisonous snakes for venom and skin, crocodiles, salamanders, deer, birds (feathers Macau
parakeets, whales, sharks, spectacle bear, Himalayan antelopes. Recovering evidence at poaching
scenes, Locating the burial: Anomalies on the surface international trade in reptile skins,
Challenges to species identification of reptile skin products, species and products represented in
the reptile skin trade, reptile scale morphology basics and current limitations, Identifying features
of major reptile groups. Wildlife (Protection) Act-1972
Unit III:
Unit IV
Environmental Legislation: central and state boards for the prevention and control of
environmental pollution, powers and functions of pollution control boards, penalties and
procedure, duties and responsibilities of citizens for environmental protection. The Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974. Prevention and Control of Air Pollution Act
1981, Forest Conservation Act 1981, Environment (protection) Act 1986, Hazardous waste
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1989, Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules, 1998. Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation, public awareness, and
public interest litigations (PILs) and its role in control of environmental pollution in India.
Dissertation will be compulsory to all students. Students will carry out dissertation work
individually or in the group of not more than three students. Concerned department shall provide
all required infrastructure to carry out dissertation work. The format for dissertation report will be
similar to the research thesis style; incorporating chapters on Introduction, Review of Literature,
Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion and References/Bibliography. The dissertation
will be submitted in a type written and bound form. Copy of each dissertation will be submitted
to the respective department and the centre will store it permanently. Project work on forensically
significant and need based problems in the area(s) of Forensic Biology, Serology, Anthropology,
Entomology, etc.
SEMESTER IV
Specialization IV: Cyber Security and Cyber Forensic
MFS-402: Paper XXI (Special Paper I- Mobile & Cyber Forensics)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit II: Live Forensic : live response, volatile memory analysis, volatility, PTFinder, the impact
on investigated system, memory image analysis, recovering cached and internet artifacts , internet
browsing artifacts, volatile data acquisition, volatile forensic method, runtime disk explorer,
logical acquisition, memory dump analyzer, crash dump analyzer, cryptanalysis, MAC times,
metadata issues, analyzing file time stamps.
Unit III: Image Forensic: Detecting traces of re-sampling, more images are spliced together,
detect high quality and consistent image forgeries, detect geometric transformations such as
scaling, rotation or skewing re-sampling and interpolation. Detecting near–duplicated image
regions, common type of digital image forgery, copy–move forgery, Noise inconsistencies
analysis to conceal traces of tampering altered image regions. Application of cyclostationarity
analysis to image forensics, (cyslostationary signals) exhibit periodicity in their statistics. Find
the traces of geometric transformation shows promising results. Double JPEG compression, CFA
analysis, quantization tables analysis, etc.
Unit IV: Network & Anti-Computer Forensics: Ethernet analysis, Network interface card
analysis, wireless forensic , attackers footprints , firewall logs, IDS/IPS, web proxies, traffic
captures, DHCP log examination, sniffing traffic , analyzing proxy cache, tools like tcpdumps,
Snort, ngrep, tcpxtract, and wireshark. Email tracker pro, analyzing index.dat, input debugging,
controlled flooding, ICMP traceback, packet marking techniques, honeypots and honeynets,
source path isolation engine (SPIE). Anti-Computer Forensic: Definition, Sub-categories,
Purpose and goals, Data hiding, Encryption, Steganography, Other forms of data hiding, Artifact
wiping, Disk cleaning utilities, File wiping utilities, Disk degaussing / destruction techniques,
Trail obfuscation, Attacks against computer forensics Physical, Effectiveness of anti-forensics
SEMESTER IV
MFS-403: Paper XXII (Special Paper II- Ethical Hacking & Recovery Forensic)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit II: System Hacking and prevention, DoS Attacks and prevention, Session Hijacking and
prevention, Hacking Web server and prevention, Hacking Web Application and prevention, SQL
Injection and prevention, Social Engineering and prevention, Recognize the range of surveillance
techniques and countermeasures. Investigate a range of security issues relating to operating
systems, PC systems, threats vulnerabilities and security mechanisms.
Unit III: Recovery Forensic : Understanding the storage mechanism of devices like CD, DVD,
USB, flash card, Harddisk, floppy disk etc, Data deletion concept, Breadth of Recovery software,
limitations of recovery software, partition recovery(NTFS, FAT), recover data from CD, DVD,
recover lost partition, Gpart recover data when sector 0 is damaged, data recovery form
corrupted/formatted/repartitioned/deleted hard drive, backup of master boot record, restoration of
firmware, Carving, recovering data from damaged storage devices.
Unit IV: Winhex: recovering digital evidence using winhex, creation and study of event logs in
winhex, analysis of physical view and logical view, Disk cloning, disk imaging, RAM editor,
Analyzing files, Analyzing files, wiping unused space, editing data structure, splitting files,
viewing and manipulating files, hiding data and discovering hidden data, API, Cyber forensic
application of Winhex.
SEMESTER- IV
MFS-404: Paper XXIII (Special Paper III- Digital Image Processing)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit I: Digital Image Processing: Fundamental Steps in Image Processing, Elements of Digital
Image Processing, Digital Image Fundamentals, Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain,
Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain, Image Restoration. Image Compression:
Fundamentals, Redundancies, Image compression models, Error free compression, Lossy
compression, Image compression standards. Morphological Image Processing, Image
Segmentation: Introduction to Dilation, Erosion, Opening, Closing, Hit-or-Miss transformation,
Morphological algorithm operations on binary images, Morphological algorithm operations on
gray-scale images. Detection of Discontinuities, Edge Linking and Boundary Detection,
Thresholding, Region-Oriented Segmentation.
Unit II: Pattern Recognition: Introduction to Pattern Recognition, Bayesian decision theory:
Classifiers, Discriminant functions, Decision surfaces, Normal density and Discriminant
functions, discrete features, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Expectation Maximization
(EM), Hidden Markov models for sequential pattern classification, Nonparametric: Density
estimation, Parzen window method, Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNNs), K-Nearest
Neighbour, Estimation and rules, Nearest Neighbour and Fuzzy Classification. Linear
Discriminant function based classifiers: Perceptron, Support Vector Machines (SVM).
SEMESTER- IV
MFS-405: Paper XXIV (Special Paper IV- Biometrics)
Hrs/week-4 Marks-50
Unit II: Fingerprint Recognition: What Is Fingerprint Scanning? Practical Applications for
Fingerprint Scanning, Accuracy and Integrity, Fingerprint Matching, Fingerprint Classification,
Fingerprint Image Enhancement, Fingerprint Feature Extraction, Fingerprint Form Factors, Types
of Scanners: Optical - Silicon – Ultrasound, Fingerprint Matching.
Unit III: Speaker Recognition: Algorithms for training, recognition and adaptation to speaker
and transmission channel, mainly based on Hidden Markov Models (HMM), methods for
reducing the sensitivity to external noise and distortion, acoustic modeling of static and time-
varying spectral properties of speech, statistic modeling of language in spontaneous speech and
written text, specific analysis and decision techniques for speaker recognition.
Unit IV: Face Recognition: Introduction to Face Recognition, How is Face Recognition
Technology Currently Being Used? How Well Does Face Recognition Work, Why Face
Recognition, Face Recognition: How it Works, Image Quality, Facial Scan Process Flow,
Verification vs. Identification, Primary Facial Recognition Technologies, Facial Recognition
Applications.
Dissertation will be compulsory to all students. The format for dissertation report will be similar
to the research thesis style; incorporating chapters on: Introduction, Materials and Methods,
Results and Discussion and References / Bibliography. The dissertation will be submitted in a
typewritten and bound form. Copy of each dissertation will be submitted to the respective
department and the centre will store it permanently. Dissertation on forensically significant and
need based problems in the area of Digital and Cyber Forensics.
MFS-408: Seminar-IV
2 h /week Marks: 25
Seminar of 30 minutes duration will be a part of internal assessment for 20 marks (1 credit).
Seminar should be delivered by the student under the guidance of concerned teacher on the topic
allotted by the teacher. The topic will be related to the syllabus. Marks will be allotted by a group
of teachers.
REFERENCES: Semester III and Semester IV
Specialization I: Questioned Documents & Fingerprint
1. H.C. Lee, R.E. Gaensslen “Advances in Fingerprint Technology”, 2nd ed. NY: CRC Press,
2001.
2. S.A. Cole, Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprint and Criminal Identification. Harvard
Univ. Press, May 2001
3. Federal Bureau of Investigation. www.fbi.gov, 2002
4. A.K. Jain and S. Pankanti, Biometrics Systems: Anatomy of Performance,º IEICE Trans.
Fundamentals, special issue on Biometrics,
5. D.A. Stoney and J.I. Thornton, ªA Critical Analysis of Quantitative Fingerprint Individuality
Modelsº J. Forensic Sciences, vol. 31, no. 4
6. B. Wentworth and H.H. Wilder, Personal Identification. Boston: R.G. Badger, 1918
7. H. Cummins and C. Midlo, Fingerprints, Palms and Soles. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1943.
8. C. Champod and P.A. Margot, ªComputer Assisted Analysis of Minutiae Occurrences on
Fingerprints,º Proc. Int'l Symp. Finger-print Detection and Identification, J. Almog and E.
Spinger
9. S.L. Sclove, The Occurrence of Fingerprint Characteristics as a Two Dimensional Process,º J.
Am. Statistical Assoc., vol. 74.
10. D.A. Stoney, ªDistribution of Epidermal Ridge Minutiae,º Am. J. Physical Anthropology
11. A.K. Jain, S. Prabhakar, L. Hong, and S. Pankanti, ªFilterbank-Based Fingerprint Matching,º
IEEE Trans. Image Processing,
12. A.K. Jain, S. Prabhakar, and S. Pankanti, ªTwin Test: On Discriminability of Fingerprints,º
Proc. Third Int'l Conf. Audio-and Video-Based Person Authentication
13. Osborn, A.S. (1929). Questioned Documents, 2nd ed. Albany, New York: Boyd Printing
Company. Reprinted, Chicago: Nelson-Hall Co.
14. Harrison, W.R. (1958). Suspect Documents: Their Scientific Examination. New York:
Praeger.
15. Conway, J.V.P. (1959). Evidential Documents. Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
16. Hilton, O. (1982). Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents. New York: Elsevier
Science Publishing
17. Huber R.A. & Headrick A.M.(1999). Handwriting Identification:Facts n Fundamentals. Boca
Raton: CRC Press.
18. Ellen, D. (2005). Scientific Examination of Documents: Methods and Techniques, Third
Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
19. Morris, R. (2000). Forensic Handwriting Identification: Fundamental Concepts and
Principles. Academic Press.
20. Levinson, J. (2001). Questioned Documents: A Lawyer's Handbook. San Diego: Academic
Press.
21. Koppenhaver, K. (2007) Forensic Document Examination, Principles and Practice Humana
Press.
22. Joe Nickell (2005) Detecting Forgery: Forensic Investigation Of Documents University press
of Tenkucty
23. Daniel T. Ames. - Ames on forgery: its detection and illustration, with numerous causes
24. Joseph T. Wells (2011 ) Corporate Fraud Handbook: Prevention and Detection
25. Osborn, A.S. (1929). Questioned Documents, 2nd ed. Albany, New York: Boyd Printing
Company. Reprinted, Chicago: Nelson-Hall Co.
26. Harrison, W.R. (1958). Suspect Documents: Their Scientific Examination. New York:
Praeger.
27. Conway, J.V.P. (1959). Evidential Documents. Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
28. Hilton, O. (1982). Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents. New York: Elsevier
Science Publishing Co.
29. Huber R.A. & Headrick A.M. (1999). Handwriting Identification: Facts and Fundamentals.
Boca Raton: CRC Press.
30. Ellen, D. (2005). Scientific Examination of Documents: Methods and Techniques, Third
Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
31. Morris, R. (2000). Forensic Handwriting Identification: Fundamental Concepts and
Principles. Academic Press.
32. Levinson, J. (2001). Questioned Documents: A Lawyer's Handbook. San Diego: Academic
Press.
33. Koppenhaver, K. (2007) Forensic Document Examination, Principles and Practice Humana
Press.
34. Gerald R. McMenamin (2002) : Forensic Linguistics: Advances in Forensic Stylistics.
35. John Gibbons, Maria Teresa Turell (2008): Dimensions of forensic linguistics
36. Gerald R. McMenamin – 1993: Forensic stylistics
37. John Olsson - 2004 Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Language, Crime and the Law
38. Malcom Coulthard - 2007 An introduction to forensic linguistics: language in evidence
39. Alan Davies - 2007 An introduction to applied linguistics: from practice to theory.
40. Henry G. Widdowson, Guy Cook, Barbara Seidlhofer - 1995 Principle and Practice in
Applied Linguistics: Studies in Honour
41. Lawrence M. Solan, Peter M. Tiersma - 2010 Speaking of Crime: The Language of Criminal
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42. Huber, A. R. and Headride, A.M. (1999) : Handwriting identification : facts and fundamental
CRC LLC
43. Ellen, D (1997) : The scientific examination of Documents, Methods and techniques. 2nd ed.,
Taylor & Francis
44. Morris (2000) : Forensic Handwriting Identification (fundamental concepts and Principals)
45. Harrison, W.R. : Suspect Documents & their Scientific Examination, 1966, Sweet & Maxwell
Ltd., London.
46. Hilton, O : The Scientific Examination of Questioned Document, 1982, Elsaevier North
Holland Inc., N York.
47. Sulner, H.F. : Dispated Document, 1966 Oceana Publications Inc., New York.
48. Saxena’s : Saxena’s Law & Techniques Relating to Finger Prints, Foot Prints & Detection of
Forgery, Central Law Agency, Allahabd (Ed. A.K. Singla).
49. Quirke, A.J. : Forged, Anonymous & Suspet Documents, 1930, Reorge Rontledge & Sons
Ltd., London.
50. Osborn, A. S. : Questioned Documents 1929, Boyd Printing Co., Chicago.
51. Levinson, J: Questioned Documents, 2000, Academic Press, Tokyo.
52. Kelly,J.S and Lindblom, B.S: Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents, 2006, Taylor
& Francis, NY.
53. Brunelle, R.L. & Reed, R.W: Forensic Examination of Ink and Paper, 1984, Charles C
Thomas Publisher, USA
54. Baker, J.N: Law of Disputed and Forged Documents, 1955, The Michie Company, Virginia.
55. David R. Ashbaugh; Quantitative and Qualtative Friction Ridge Analysis, CRC Press, 1999.
56. E. Roland Menzel; Fingerprint Detection with Loseres; Second edition; Marcel Dekker, Inc.
1999.
57. James F. cowger; Friction Ridge skin CRC Press London, 1993.
58. Cummins & Midlo : Finger Prints, Palms and Soles, 1943, The Blakiston office London.
59. Cherril, F.R. : The Finger Prints. System at Scotland Yard, 1954; Her Majestuy’s office,
London.
60. Wentworth & Wilder : Personal Identification, 1948. R. G. Badger. Boston.
61. Mehta, M. K. : Identification of Thumb Impression & Cross Examination of Finger Prints,
1980 N. M. Tripathi (P) Ltd. Bombay.
62. Moenssens : Finger Prints Techniques, 1975, Chitton Book Co., Philadelphia, New York.
63. Allison : Personal Identification.
64. Chatterjee S.K. and Hagne R.V. (1988) : Finger Print or Dactyloscopy and Ridgeoscopy.
65. David R. Ashbaugh; Quantitative and Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis, CRC Press, 1999.
66. E. Roland Menzel; Fingerprint Detection with Lasers; Second edition; Marcel Dekker, Inc99.
67. James F. Cowger; Friction Ridge skin CRC Press London, 1993.
68. Cummins & Midlo : Finger Prints, Palms and Soles, 1943, The Blakiston office London.
69. Cherril, F.R.: The Finger Prints. System at Scotland Yard, 1954; Her Majestuy’s office, Lon
70. Wentworth & Wilder : Personal Identification, 1948. R. G. Badger. Boston.
71. Mehta, M. K. : Identification of Thumb Impression & Cross Examination of Finger Prints,
1980 N. M. Tripathi (P) Ltd. Bombay.
72. Moenssens : Finger Prints Techniques, 1975, Chitton Book Co., Philadelphia, New York.
Allison : Personal Identification.
73. Chatterjee S.K. and Hagne R.V. (1988) : Finger Print or Dactyloscopy and Ridgeoscopy.
74. Tommie W. Singleton, Aaron J. Singleton – 2010 Fraud Auditing and Forensic Accounting.
75. Mark Nigrini - 2011 Forensic Analytics: Methods and Techniques for Forensic Accounting.
76. Joseph Petrucelli 2013 Detecting Fraud in Organizations: Techniques, Tools, and Resources.
77. Mary-Jo Kranacher, Richard Riley, Joseph T.Wells 2010. Forensic Accounting & Fraud
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78. Steven L. Skalak, Thomas W. Golden, Mona M. Clayton.2011 A Guide to Forensic
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79. Larry E. Rittenberg, Karla M. Johnstone, Audrey A. Gramling, Auditing: A Business Risk
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80. George A. Manning, 2010 Financial Investigation & Forensic Accounting
81. Saurav K. Dutta – 2013 Statistical Techniques for Forensic Accounting
82. K. H. Spencer Pickett – 2010 The Internal Auditing Handbook
83. Joseph T. Wells – 2007 Corporate Fraud Handbook: Prevention and Detection
84. Walter J. Pagano, Thomas A Expert Witnessing in Forensic Accounting
85. Jack Bologna, Robert J. Lindquist - 1995 Fraud auditing and forensic accounting: new tools
and techniques
86. Xenia Ley Parker, Lynford Graham – 2007 Information Technology Audits