Study 3103

Coagulation/Flocculation
Workshop
Course # 3103

Updated June 2021
State of Tennessee
Coagulation/Flocculation Workshop
Fleming Training Center
Course #3103
June 29-July 1, 2021
Instructor: Amanda Carter
Tuesday
8:30 Pre-test
8:45 Water Treatment Processes
11:45 Lunch
1:00 Jar Testing Math
Wednesday
8:30 Jar Testing Math cont’d
9:30 Plant Example
11:45 Lunch
1:00 Laboratory
Thursday
8:30 Laboratory
9:45 Exam Review
11:15 Lunch
12:30 Course Review and Exam
Fleming Training Center Phone: 615-898-6507

2022 Blanton Dr. Fax: 615-898-8064
Murfreesboro, TN 37129 E-mail: Amanda.Carter@tn.gov
3103 Coagulation Flocculation
Workshop
Page #
Section 1 Water Treatment Processes 3
Section 2 Jar Testing 17
Section 3 Math 29
Section 4 Plant Examples 73
Section 5 Jar Test Lab 91

2
Section 1
Water Treatment Processes
3
Section 1 TDEC - Fleming Training Center
OBJECTIVES
• Particulate Matter in Water
Water Treatment • Coagulation
Processes • Coagulants
• Flocculation
• Sedimentation
3103 Coagulation/Flocculation Workshop • Filtration
Updated June 2021
PARTICULATE MATTER IN WATER
PARTICULATE • Results from land erosion, dissolved minerals, decay of

plant material, industrial discharges, animal wastes, etc.
MATTER IN WATER • Settleable Solids
• Larger sized particles that can be removed from water by
slowing down the flow
• Will settle unaided to the bottom of a sedimentation basin
within 4 hours
• Nonsettleable solids
• Smaller sized particles, such as bacteria and fine clays
and silts, that do not readily settle out and treatment is
required to form larger particles that are settleable
NONSETTLEABLE SOLIDS NONSETTLEABLE SOLIDS
• Resist settling due to

• Particle size Suspended
Suspended
• Suspended solids
• Colloidal solids
• Dissolved solids
• Natural forces between particles
• Zeta potential
Colloidal
• van der Waals force
• Particle shape Dissolved Dissolved
(cannot be seen) (cannot be seen)
• Smooth round particulates will settle faster than rough
4 Water Treatment Processes

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 1
Particle Representative Time Required

Diameter, Particle to Settle 1 foot
mm
10 Gravel 0.3 sec
1 Coarse sand 3 sec A solid organic or inorganic
particle that is held in
0.1 Fine sand 38 sec SUSPENDED
suspension by the action of
0.01 Silt 33 min SOLIDS
flowing water
0.001 Bacteria 55 hours
0.0001 Color 230 days
0.00001 Colloidal particles 6.3 yrs
0.000001 Colloidal Particles 63 year min
Clay Sand Turbidity
SUSPENDED EFFECTS
SOLIDS SUSPENDED Suspended solids
COMMON IN Silt Bacteria SOLIDS IN
SURFACE SURFACE Taste and odors
WATERS WATERS
Algae and other
microorganisms Corrosion
Decomposition
Aquatic humic
Water color by-products
substances
(organic)
Finely divided solid that will
not settle out of water for very Industrial Calcium
COLLOIDAL wastes
Silica
carbonate
long periods of time unless
SOLID
the coagulation-flocculation
process is used
COLLOIDAL SOLIDS COMMON IN

SURFACE WATERS
Water Treatment Processes 5

Turbidity
EFFECTS Deposition
OF Any material that is dissolved
COLLOIDAL in water and can be recovered
SOLIDS IN
Taste and odors DISSOLVED
by evaporating the water after
SURFACE SOLIDS
Increase coagulant usage and filtering out the suspended
WATERS residuals
material
Disinfection by-products
(THM’s)
Water Scaling and deposits

hardness Iron &
Heavy Metals
Manganese
(Ca & Mg) EFFECTS OF Tastes and odors
DISSOLVED
Nitrates & Salts Fluoride & SOLIDS IN
Silica Toxic effects
Nitrites (Cl-, SO42-, SO32-) compounds SURFACE
AND GROUND
WATERS Corrosion
Staining
DISSOLVED SOLIDS COMMON IN
SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS
COLLOIDAL AND SUSPENDED

PARTICLES NONSETTLEABLE SOLIDS
• Natural forces between particles
Negatively Charged • Zeta potential
Particles
These particles have
• Natural repelling force between any two particles of
a surface charge like charge
which is responsible • Particles in water tend to carry a negative electrical
for their “stability” to charge
• van der Waals force
remain separate and • Attraction that exists between all particles and tends to
suspended in the pull any two particles together
water • As long as the zeta potential is stronger than the van

der Waals force, the particles will stay in suspension

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

• Primary objective of water treatment process is to
destabilize and condition particulate matter chemically
COAGULATION and physically to encourage settling
• Particle destabilization is accomplished through
coagulant addition
• Coagulation can be viewed as a two-step process
• The addition of coagulant to destabilize particles and
react with NOM (natural organic matter)
• The physical collision among particles to precipitate or
adsorb NOM for later clarification and filtration
(flocculation)
COAGULATION COAGULATION
• The water treatment process that causes very small
suspended particles to attract to one another and form larger • Major purposes:
particles (floc) • To destabilize solid particles
• Floc – clumps of bacteria and particles or coagulants and • To remove organic color and precursors for DBPs
impurities that have come together and formed a cluster
• To enhance flocculation using chemical coagulants
• Accomplished by addition of chemical (coagulant) that
• To improve filtration
neutralizes the electrostatic charges on the particles that
cause them to repel each other • To pretreat water prior to contact with GAC
• Neutralizes or reduces the zeta potential of the nonsettleable • Control of microbes such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium,
solids allowing the van der Waals force of attraction to begin viruses and DBPs makes understanding and
pulling the particles together optimizing coagulation vital
• Forms small, weak groups of microfloc
COAGULANTS
• Primary coagulants neutralize (destabilize) the
electrical charge of particles, which causes them to
COAGULANTS begin to clump together Metallic Salts
• Enough chemical must be added to exceed the
solubility limit of the metal hydroxide, resulting in
precipitation (aka floc formation)
• Common additives:
• Aluminum, Al+3
• Iron, Fe+3

ALUMINUM SULFATE
COMMON PRIMARY COAGULANTS Al2(SO4)3•14H2O
• Aluminum • Positively charged Al3+ ion neutralizes negatively
• Optimal pH 5-7 charged particles of color and turbidity
• Color removal optimal pH 5-6 • Occurs within 1-2 seconds after chemical added to
water which is why rapid, thorough mixing is critical
• Forms
• Microfloc still has positive charge and will continue to
• Aluminum sulfate
neutralize negatively charged particles until they
• Liquid alum become neutral themselves
• Referred to as charge neutralization
• Works best in pH range of 5.8-8.5
• Outside this range, incomplete floc formation or floc
may dissolve back into water
ALUMINUM SULFATE
Al2(SO4)3•14H2O
ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE (ACH)
Al2Cl(OH)5
• Reacts with alkalinity in water to form jellylike floc
• Contains more reactive aluminum so can be used in
particles of aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3
lower dosages
• 1 mg/L alum will consume 0.5 mg/L alkalinity as CaCO3
• 1 mg/L alum will produce 0.26 mg/L sludge • Produces more sludge than alum pound for pound
• Since lower feed rate is required, less sludge is
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2  2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4  + 6CO2 produced
alum natural aluminum calcium carbon
bicarbonate hydroxide floc sulfate dioxide
alkalinity • Less alkalinity consumption means more pH control
• 1 mg/L ACH consumes 0.18 mg/L alkalinity
• 1 mg/L ACH produces 0.35 mg/L sludge
 Indicates precipitation occurring
COMMON PRIMARY COAGULANTS

Common Name Chemical Formula Comments
COMMON PRIMARY COAGULANTS Most common coagulant in US;
Aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3•14(H2O)
often used with cationic polymers
• Iron Salts May help to produce less sludge
Aluminum chlorohydrate Al2Cl(OH)5
• Operate over wider pH range and less corrosivity
• Cheaper May be more effective than alum in
Ferric chloride FeCl3
• Forms heavier floc some applications
• Corrosive and staining Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 Often used with lime softening
• Requires special storage and handling facilities Ferrous sulfate Fe2(SO4)3•7H2O Less pH dependent than alum
• Consumes alkalinity Includes polyaluminum chlorides
Aluminum polymers ---
(PAC) and polyaluminum sulfates
• Forms
Synthetic polyelectrolytes; large
• Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 Cationic polymers ---
molcules
• Ferrous sulfate Fe2(SO4)3•7H2O
Used with alum to improve
• Ferric chloride FeCl3 Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
coagulation
Ingredient of activated silica
Sodium silicate Na2O•(SiO2)x
coagulant aids

COAGULANT AIDS COAGULANT AIDS

• Coagulant aids add density to slow-settling flocs and add • Also known as flocculation aid, flocculant,
toughness to resist breaking up sedimentation aid, filter aid, etc.
• Added during coagulation to achieve:
• General types
• Improved coagulation
• Stronger, more settleable floc
• Polyelectrolytes
• Overcome effects of temperature drops • Activated silica
• Reduce amount of coagulant needed • Weighting agents (turbidity addition)
• Reduce the amount of sludge produced • Alkalinity addition
• Because alum sludge is difficult to dewater and dispose of, • pH adjustment
reduction in sludge is often the prime consideration in • Oxidation chemicals
decision to use coagulant aid

• Polyelectrolytes (aka polymers) • Cationic Polyelectrolyte
• Have extremely large molecules, that when dissolved in • Produce positively (+) charged ions when dissolved in
water, produce highly charged ions water
• Relatively low dosages when compared to primary • Can be used as primary coagulant or coagulant aid
coagulants • Most effective when used with a primary coagulant such
• Three basic classifications as alum or ferric sulfate
• Cationic – produce positively charged ions • Advantages
• Anionic – dissolve to produce negatively charged • Amount of coagulant can be reduced
ions • Floc settles better
• Nonionic – release both positively and negatively • Less sensitivity to pH
charged ions • Flocculation of living organisms (bacteria and algae) is
improved

• Anionic Polyelectrolyte • Activated Silica
• Produce negatively (-) charged ions when dissolved in water • Increase coagulation rate, decrease coagulant
• Advantages dosage, widen acceptable pH range
• Increased floc size • Produced on site by reacting sodium silicate
• Improved settling (Na2SiO3) with an acid (typically HOCl)
• Stronger floc • Silica is “activated” to form gel
• Not affected by pH, alkalinity, hardness or turbidity
• Should never be added directly with alum (either
• Nonionic Polyelectrolytes before or after) to prevent reaction between the
• Balanced or neutral charge two chemicals
• Produce both positive and negatively charged ions
• Larger doses required, but less expensive


• Activated Silica • Weighting Agents
• Advantages • Material added to provide additional particles for good
• Stronger floc floc formation in waters with
• Larger and denser floc (faster settling) • High color content
• Low turbidity
• Improved color removal and floc formation at low
temperatures • Low mineral content (low TDS)
• Materials used
• Disadvantages
• Bentonite clay (most common)
• Precise control required during activation process to
prevent solution turning to a gel • Powdered limestone
• Proper dosage is critical as too much can reduce • Powdered silica
coagulation and clog filters • Recycled sludge or backwash water

• Alkalinity Adjustment • pH Adjustment
• Lime, caustic soda, or soda ash may be necessary if • All primary coagulants have an optimum pH range
raw water alkalinity is not sufficient to provide good • Outside this range, hydroxide flocs can become soluble
hydroxide floc production again (dissolve) allowing previously coagulated solids
• May be required if high coagulant doses are required to pass through the filter media
• Should have 10 mg/L CaCO3 alkalinity to prevent • Increase pH by adding lime, sodium hydroxide, or soda
residual coagulant reacting with chemicals later and ash
forming an undesirable “refloc” condition • Decrease pH by adding an acid such as sulfuric acid
COAGULANT AIDS
• Oxidation chemicals
• Chemicals such as chlorine, ozone, potassium
permanganate added to oxidize dissolved organics MIXING FACILITIES
that make color difficult to remove
• Add before primary coagulant to oxidize from soluble
(dissolved) form to the insoluble (precipitated) form

INITIAL MIXING RAPID-MIX FACILITIES

• The point at which the primary coagulant is added to • Rapid agitation and mixing is essential once
the water coagulation chemicals have been added to the water
• Hydrolysis takes place almost instantaneously • Reaction time (hydrolysis) 2-3 seconds
• Too long a detention time will be more detrimental to
• Completely disperses primary coagulant into raw process than too short
water flow stream fast and uniformly
• Common facilities for flash mixing
• Also known as • Mechanical mixers
• Rapid mixing • Static or hydraulic mixers
• Flash mixing • Pumps and conduits
• Baffled chambers
RAPID-MIX FACILITIES RAPID-MIX FACILITIES

• Mechanical Mixers • Static Mixers
• Use propeller, impeller, or turbine mixer in a small tank • Produce turbulence and mixing using fixed sloping
• Very short detention times vanes within the mixer
• Less than 30 seconds • Headloss is significant
• In-line mixers • Mixing energy directly related to flow rate, so way to
• Good instantaneous flow with little short circuiting adjust
• Must be located near the flocculation chamber to prevent settling
within pipeline
• Pipe grids
• Grid systems of perforated pipes disperse coagulant into water
• Susceptible to disruption from flow changes
RAPID-MIX FACILITIES
• Pumps and Conduits
• Chemicals added to the suction side of a low lift pump
use the turbulence in the pump as a mixing mechanism FLOCCULATION
• Pump must be able to provide enough speed to create
sufficient turbulence for mixing
• Baffled Chambers
• Provide turbulence to water flowing over and under
baffles
• Turbulence is determined by flow rate and cannot be
controlled

FLOCCULATION FLOCCULATION
• Gentle mixing process to increase the size of particles • The process, following coagulation, that uses gentle
resulting in the formation of floc stirring to transform small floc particles together so
• Floc - grouping of solid particles with a wooly that they will form larger clumps of floc
appearance • Rate of aggregation (floc growth) determined by the
• Floc strength - resistance to fragmentation by shear rate at which particles collide
forces induced by hydraulic velocity gradients • Aggregates (floc particles) will become more fragile as
particles grow in size, therefore mixing intensity must
• Size and strength of floc determines efficiency of solids
not be so high as to cause floc to break or shear
removal process
• Baffles can be installed to decrease short-circuiting
FLOCCULATION FLOCCULATION
• Most flocculation basins designed for tapered flocculation • Flow through velocity should be 0.5-1.5 ft/min
• Velocity gradient should decrease as the water passes • Minimum detention time 30 minutes with 45 minutes
through the basin to promote development of readily recommended
settable floc
• Excessive flocculation time can lead to
• Flocculator tip speed should be 0.9-1.3 ft/sec
• Breakage of fragile flocs
• May need to increase in cold water or with heavy floc
• Excessive coagulant usage
formation caused by increased turbidity
• Settled floc in flocculation basins
• Increased maintenance and cleaning
• Short-circuiting
VELOCITY GRADIENT FLOCCULATION

• Gentle stirring promotes flocculation for particles that
have been destabilized, during coagulation, and
SEDIMENTATION/
started to aggregate CLARIFICATION
• Stirring motion and relative particles collisions are
induced in the water by velocity gradient PARTICLE SEPARATION
• Constant velocity gradient (uniform shear field)

• Variable velocity gradient (nonuniform shear field)
• Taper flocculation

SEDIMENTATION SEDIMENTATION BASIN ZONES

• Also called clarification • Inlet zone - evenly distributes water through tank and
• Process of holding water in low flow conditions to allow slows to a uniform flow
suspended particles that are heavier than water to settle
out by gravity • Settling zone - water flows slowly through the tank and
• Settling velocity affected by flocculated particles settle out
• Particle size, shape, density • Sludge zone - bottom of the tank where settled
• Water viscosity
material accumulates
• Flow through basin should be uniform
• Outlet zone - water flows over weirs or launders into a
• Minimum detention time
• Conventional sedimentation - 4 hours channel for leaving the tank
• Sedimentation using high-rate settlers – 1 hour
SEDIMENTATION SURFACE LOADING RATE (SLR)

• Contributing factors non-ideal settling conditions • Also called surface overflow rate (SOR)
• Nonspherical particles have a higher drag coefficient leading • Most important parameter of sedimentation
to decreased settling velocity
• Measured in gpd/ft2
• Poor flow distribution and collection, wind, rising bubbles,
• Directly related to settling velocity (cm/min) or the rate at which
and density differences (temperature or solids concentration)
the particles settle
• Presence & concentration of other particles in water
• ↑ of SLR means ↓ sedimentation efficiency
• Settling becomes hindered as free area between particles is
reduced leading to a decreased settling velocity • Imagine throwing dirt vs a rock into a flowing stream
• Inefficient coagulation/flocculation • A sedimentation basin will remove all particles that exceed the
• Sludge removal frequency critical velocity for a given overflow rate
• Very important part of jar test to ensure proper sampling time
FILTRATION
• The removal of suspended matter by passing water
though a porous medium
FILTRATION • Sand, anthracite coal, granular activated carbon (GAC),
garnet sand, or some combination of those
• Utilizes physical and chemical adsorption on the filter
surface, straining, sedimentation, interception,
diffusion, and inertial compaction to remove particles
from water
• Conventional filtration includes sedimentation
• Direct filtration omits the sedimentation step

FILTRATION FILTRATION
• Efficiency depends on • Effective size - that particle size of which 10% (by weight) of the
• Size and shape of media particles total measured grains are finer, and 90% are coarser
• Short, angular media particles form large voids and do • TN Design Criteria 4.2.1(g)(1)(ii)
not remove fine particles • Sand - 0.35mm - 0.55mm
• Round particles of equivalent diameter are best • Anthracite – 0.8mm - 1.2 mm
• Effectiveness of upstream processes • Uniformity coefficient – relates effective size to a second
(coagulation/flocculation) measurement, the size of which 60% of the grains are finer and
• Size of zone between media particles that will retain 40% are coarser
suspended solids • Smaller UC, more uniform media particle sizes
• TN Design Criteria 4.2.1(g)(1)(ii)
• Finer sand will have smaller areas between grains for
• Sand – not greater than 1.70
trapping suspended matter
• Anthracite – not greater than 1.85
FILTERABILITY INDEX (FI) FILTERABILITY INDEX (FI)

• Comparison of filtration rate of sample vs. DI water • Equipment
• Helps predict the effect of a coagulant program on the • Membrane filter holder 47mm
filtration process • Membrane filters 0.45 micrometers (m)
• Vacuum source - consistent
• Samples tested are clarified settled water, filter influent and
jar test decants • Filter flask, vacuum tubing, forceps
• Stopwatch
• Deionized water
FILTERABILITY INDEX (FI) FILTERABILITY INDEX (FI)

• Procedure Time to filter sample
• Measure 200 mL DI water Filterability Index FI ൌ
• Place membrane in filter holder
Time to filter DI water
• Start vacuum
• Add DI water
• Good Performance
• Time in seconds to filter DI water
• Discard membrane and DI filtrate • Sand Filters FI < 3
• Repeat for test sample • High-Rate Filters FI < 2
• Test sample filtrate for water quality • Filtered Turbidity < 0.3 NTU


16
Section 2
Jar Testing
17
OBJECTIVES
 General Information
 Preparing for a Jar Test
 Reagent Preparation
 Conducting the Jar Test
JAR TESTING
 Coagulation Jar Test
 Lime/Soda Ash Jar Test
 Powdered Activated Carbon Jar Test

3103 Coagulation Flocculation Workshop
GENERAL THEORY JAR TESTING

 Involves duplicating, sequentially in a single vessel,  Can be used for screening new coagulants, coupon testing
conventional treatment steps that occur simultaneously at for corrosion control, biological spiking experiments
different locations in the plant
 Requires working knowledge of stock solutions and how to
 Jar testing is used to prepare them
 Evaluate effects of changes in chemical dosages and points of
 Shows nature and extent of the chemical treatment that
application will optimize the quality of water that leaves the plant
 Choosing alternative coagulants
 Adding polymeric coagulant aids
 Many chemicals can be evaluated using jar testing
 Coagulants
 Implementing alternative peroxidation strategies
 Coagulant aids
 Varying mixing intensities and times  Alkaline compounds
 Changing water overflow rates on particle removal  Softening chemicals
 Powdered activated carbon
VELOCITY GRADIENT
 Measure of the intensity of the mixing

 Higher number indicates more intense mixing
PREPARING FOR A JAR
 Expressed as G with units of sec-1
 Calculated using energy dissipation rate in fluid or using
TEST
calibration curves
 Mixing intensities during jar tests should correspond to
those in the treatment plant
18 Jar Testing
DEFINING STUDY GOALS DEFINING STUDY GOALS
 Goal that include evaluation of the effects of process  Water quality parameters often used to assess treatment
changes on treated water quality performance
 Changes in chemical doses  Velocity gradient
 e.g. Optimizing coagulation  Can be found in facility design documents or operations and
 Alternative chemical choices maintenance manual
 e.g. Coagulants, pH control, preoxidants, etc.  OR learn how to calculate in this class
 Additional chemical doses  Detention times
 e.g. Organic polymers  Theoretical or actual time for water to flow through a basin
 Physical modifications  Sedimentation basin overflow rate (SLR)
 e.g. Varying mixing intensities and points of chemical application  Determines length of time that water is allowed to settle in jar
before sampling
DEFINING STUDY GOALS TYPES OF JARS
 Water quality parameters often used to assess treatment  1-Liter Circular

performance continued…  First used
 Chemicals and points of application  Least expensive
 Must know:
 Chemical formula  2-Liter Circular
 Specific gravity  2-Liter Square
 % weight
 Liquid chemical viscosity
 Solubility
 Current treatment performance data
 Shows how well jar testing conditions/procedures simulate
conditions in full-scale facility
10
1-LITER CIRCULAR JARS 2-LITER CIRCULAR JARS
 Disadvantages:  Provides enough sample

 Holds very little water  Stators inserted may help with mixing
 Minor errors in chemical doses result in large error in actual doses  May interfere with dosing and sampling
 Water rotates with paddles
 Reduces the amount of actual mixing  Sample siphon can be added, but with some
difficulty
 Limited amount of water for analysis
 Does not provide a good sampling point  Disadvantage:
 Water still rotates with the stirrer unless stators
are used
In general, 1-L jars are not acceptable

11 12
Jar Testing 19
2-LITER SQUARE BEAKER
 Advantages:
 Square configuration reduces rotation of water
 Thicker wall and lower heat conductivity of plexiglass reduces
water temp change during test
 Jars are less fragile and can be repaired
 Sampling port can easily be installed
13 14
ROUND VS. SQUARE MIXING STIRRERS
 Two basic types

 Gear-driven
 Best
 Magnetic-driven
 Easier to add chemicals
 Doesn’t turn smoothly at slow speeds
Use the same shape as your flash mix

15 16
IMPELLERS IMPELLERS
 Types  Magnetic stirrers are only available with paddles

 Paddle  Corresponds to paddle, walking-beam, flat-blade turbine type
 Turbine mixing devices
 Marine  Top mounted stirrers with flat paddles are best
 Axial flow  Shaft and impeller can be changed
 Need the one that best simulates full scale
17 18
20 Jar Testing
WATER BATH
 Jars set in a rectangular tank with raw water circulating

around them
 This is only necessary for cold water
20
GENERAL JAR TEST

WATER BATH
INFORMATION
 Determination for use of water bath:  Apparatus
 Take a raw sample  Stirring machine with 3-6 paddles with variable speeds
 Run jar test immediately  Square 2-L jars with sampling ports
 Take another sample  Sample collection container
 Let warm 5-10 degrees  Thermometer
 Run same test and take note in difference  Balance
 1-L volumetric flasks
 Pipettes/syringes
 Analytical equipment
 Varies depending on the parameters you are trying to evaluate
21
ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT
 Turbidimeter
 pH meter
 Thermometer
REAGENT PREPARATION
 Pipets
 Analytical balance
23
Jar Testing 21
SOLUTION PREPARATION – SOLUTION PREPARATION -

ORGANIC COAGULANTS DRY ALUM
 Includes aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate,  Liquid alum generally shipped at 50% concentration
polyaluminum chloride (PAC)
 Commercial alum approximately 642 mg/mL dry basis
 Should be prepared daily using concentrated coagulant
from plant supply  Pipette 15.6 mL into 1 L volumetric flask and dilute
 Procedure
 Weigh 10 g of coagulant 642 mg/mL x 15.6 mL ≈10,000 mg
 If using liquid, tare out balance with empty syringe then weigh 10 g
of liquid 10,000 mg/L = 10 mg/mL
 Dissolve in 500 mL of DI water and dilute to 1L 1 mL of 10 mg/mL into a 2L jar ≈ 5 mg/L alum dry basis
1 mL solution = 5 mg/L in 2L of water sample
**Be sure to account for percent active ingredient (aka % purity)
SOLUTION PREPARATION – SOLUTION PREPARATION –

LIQUID ALUM-POLYMER BLEND LIQUID ALUM-POLYMER BLEND
 Expressed as gal/MG or ppm 18 gal 10.9 lb part
196.2 lb/MG
 1 gal of coagulant added to 1 million gallons of water is 1 ppm 1 gal 1,000,000 gal
 When using coagulants, ppm ≠ mg/L This differs from what I

teach and know. It may be 196.2 lb 1 gal mg
 ppm measures volume per volume 23.5
due to alum having <100% MG 8.34 lb L liquid alum−polymer blend
 mg/L measures weight per volume purity.
 Since roughly 45% of liquid alum is dry alum
 Rule of Thumb
 18 ppm of alum would deliver 10.6 mg/L dry-basis alum mg
23.5 L 45% 10.6 mg⁄L
 Calculation:
 Place 10 mL of commercial product into a 1-L volumetric
flask and fill with DI water to make 10 parts- per-thousand
18 ppm 18 gal of coagulant per 1,000,000 gal of water
stock
Coagulant alum-poly blend weighs 10.9 lb/gal
 5 mL placed in 2-L jar will make 5 ppm
SOLUTION PREPARATION – LIQUID

SOLUTION PREPARATION POLYMER STOCK SOLUTION
 Liquid polymer stock solution Prepare A 1.0% Weight To Volume Solution

 Prepare a 1.0% weight to volume solution 1. Put 500-mL of DI water into a 1-L beaker
 Prepare a 0.1% working solution  Using pipet/syringe, remove 5 mL of water
 Emulsion polymer stock solution 2. Weigh pipet/syringe on balance and record
 Prepare a 1% weight to volume stock solution
3. Shake “neat” polymer until mixed
 Prepare a 0.05% working solution  Fill pipet/syringe with 5 grams of polymer, weigh, record
 Solid polymer stock solution 4. With blender, mix water in beaker
 Prepare a 0.5% weight to volume stock solution  Place syringe tip below water near the center and slowly empty
 Prepare a 0.01% working solution
5. Continue to mix for 30-60 seconds, then let age for 15 min
 Lime or soda ash solutions 6. Prepare every 48 hrs
22 Jar Testing
SOLUTION PREPARATION –
SOLUTION PREPARATION – LIQUID
EMULSION POLYMER STOCK
POLYMER STOCK SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Prepare 0.1% working solution Prepare a 1.0% weight to volume solution
1. Place 180-mL DI water in beaker  Follow same steps as for liquid polymer
 Fill 20-mL pipet with 1.0% stock polymer solution (we just
made)
Prepare a 0.05% working solution
1. Place 190-mL DI water in beaker
2. With blender, mix water in beaker
 Fill 10-mL pipet with 1.0% stock polymer solution (we just made)
 Place syringe tip below water near the center and slowly empty
2. With blender, mix water in beaker
3. Prepare daily within 2 hours of use
 Place syringe tip below water near the center and slowly empty
4. Each 1-mL of working solution ≈ 0.5 mg/L in a 2-L sample
4. Each 1-mL of working solution ≈ 0.25 mg/L in a 2-L sample
SOLUTION PREPARATION – SOLID SOLUTION PREPARATION – SOLID

POLYMER STOCK SOLUTION POLYMER STOCK SOLUTION
Prepare 0.5% weight to volume stock solution Prepare 0.5% weight to volume stock solution
1. Place 500-mL of DI water in 1-L beaker 1. Place 196-mL DI water in beaker
 Fill 4-mL pipet with 0.5% stock polymer solution
2. Weight out 2.5 grams of polymer
3. Using a blender, mix the water in the beaker 2. With blender, mix water in beaker
 Slowly add solid polymer in middle of beaker  Place syringe tip below water near the center and slowly
empty
 Pause to let solution mix after each incremental addition
4. Continue to mix 60-90 seconds or until solution appears
homogenous (consistent) 4. Each 1-mL of working solution ≈ 0.05 mg/L in a 2-L
sample
5. Prepare every 48 hours
SOLUTION PREPARATION –
MAKING STOCK SOLUTIONS
LIME OR SODA ASH
1. Boil DI water for 15 minutes to expel CO2  Effectiveness of dry and liquid coagulants varies with
dilution
 Cool to room temperature shortly be use
 Highly diluted stock solutions may degrade over time
2. Weigh 10 grams of solid material and suspend in 1-L  New stock solutions must be made up every day
boiled DI water
 Mix immediately before each use  Polymeric inorganic coagulants such as PAC can degrade
very quickly and should not be diluted
3. Each 1-mL ≈ 5 mg/L in 2-L sample  To test dry metal salts (e.g., alum and ferric), stock
solutions should be made up
4. Prepare daily
 Dilution of liquid coagulants is usually not required if
necessary volume can be added to test jars with
micropipette
 If micropipette not available, recommend dilution ratio of 1:100
Jar Testing 23
STOCK SOLUTIONS PREPARATION STOCK SOLUTIONS PREPARATION -

- DRY COAGULANT LIQUID COAGULANT
 Dry Alum  Microliters (µL) to add to 2-L solution can be calculated
 Dissolve 10-g alum in DI water and dilute to 1-L using coagulant concentration (%) and the specific gravity
 Creates stock solution: 10,000 mg/L or 0.17% Al2O3 by weight
 1-mL added to 2-L jar ≈ 5 mg/L as alum or 17 µM as Al  Alum
dose, μM 5.10 jar vol, L
 Dry Ferric Chloride (anhydrous, FeCl3) volume, μL dilution factor
 Dissolve 2.93-g in DI water and dilute to 1-L %Al O sp. gr
 Creates stock solution: 1,000 mg/L or 0.1% Fe by weight  Iron
 1-mL added to 2-L jar ≈ 0.5 mg/L or 9 µM as Fe dose, μM 5.59 jar vol, L
volume, μL dilution factor
 Dry Ferric Sulfate (anhydrous) %Fe sp. gr
 Dissolve 3.57-g in DI water and dilute to 1-L
 Creates stock solution: 1,000 mg/L or 0.1% Fe by weight
 1-mL added to 2-L jar ≈ 0.5 mg/L or 9 µM as
STOCK SOLUTIONS PREPARATION – STOCK SOLUTIONS PREPARATION –

COAGULANT AIDS POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
1. Add 200-500 mL of DI water to volumetric flask 1. Dissolve 1 gram of KMnO4 in DI water and dilute to 1-L
2. After thorough mixing, weigh out 0.2-g of 2. Makes stock solution of 1,000 mg/L or 1 mg/mL
polymer  1-mL of stock solution ≈ 0.5 mg/L in 2-L sample
3. Rinse all the polymer into volumetric flask
4. Fill to 1,000-mL mark Polymer content of
the liquid must be
5. Cap and shake for 1 minute known to make
6. Makes stock solution of 200 mg/L or 0.2 accurate comparison
mg/mL to dry polymer which
is typically 100%.
 1-mL added to 2-L jar ≈ 0.1 mg/L
7. Make daily to avoid degradation
STOCK SOLUTIONS PREPARATION – STOCK SOLUTIONS PREPARATION –

pH CONTROL SODIUM HYDROXIDE
 Use of caustic is more convenient for jar testing than lime  0.1 N NaOH is generally sufficient
 Lime is dosed in a suspension that requires continuous stirring  Regent grade NaOH is usually supplied in pellet form
 Difference in effective ness is typically negligible Prepare 0.1N solution
 Once dose is determined, use the following conversion factors 1. Add 200-500 mL of DI water to 1-L flask
to adjust the values  Add magnetic stir bar and put on stir plate
1 mg/L CaO = 1 mg/L CaCO3 x 0.56 2. Weigh out 4 grams of NaOH pellets
3. Pour pellets into 1-L flask and mix at medium speed until
mg/L Ca(OH)2 = mg/L CaCO3 x 0.74 pellets dissolve
mg/L Na2CO3 = mg/L CaCO3 x 1.06 4. Remove stir bar; fill flask to 1-L mark with DI water
mg/L NaOH = mg/L CaCO3 x 0.80 5. Cap and shake for 1 minute
6. Makes stock solution of 4,000 mg/L or 4 mg/mL as 100% NaOH
 1-mL of stock solution ≈ 2.0 mg/L in 2-L sample
24 Jar Testing
POWDERED ACTIVATED
CARBON DOSING SOLUTION
 Dry PAC
1. Weigh 10 grams PAC on balance
 Dissolve in 1-L of DI water
 Mix thoroughly before each use
2. 1-mL of dosing solution ≈ 5.0 mg/L in 2-L sample
 PAC in slurry form

CONDUCTING THE JAR
1. Measure 10 mL well-mixed carbon slurry and place in small
pre-weighed container TEST
2. Allow to sit in drying oven (100°C) overnight; cool in
desiccator; weigh
Dry carbon weight (mg) ÷ 0.01 = slurry concentration (mg/L)
COAGULATION JAR TEST
 Uses jar test in an attempt to imitate the mixing,

COAGULATION JAR flocculation and settling conditions in the full-scale
treatment plant
TEST  When fine tuned and implemented, plant will produce better
quality water
 Select a series of doses
 First jar represents undertreatment
 Last jar represents overtreatment
 Can be used to compare various types of coagulants and
coagulant aids
 Best test to optimize your coagulation/flocculation process
CONDUCTING THE JAR TEST CONDUCTING THE JAR TEST
 Preparation tasks completed 1. Determine quality of raw water

 Often treatment performance data is expressed in terms of
 Study goals defined percentage removal
 Testing parameters determined 2. Input chemical names and concentrations to be added
into data sheet/bench sheet
 Operator should ensure all chemicals properly labeled and
mixed 3. Input G values for rapid mix and flocculation stages
 Convert these to appropriate rpms in the jar test
 Jars and paddles cleaned by wiping with wet cloth and
rinsing with tap water 4. Input detention times for rapid mix and flocculation
stages
5. Input coagulant doses
 Useful to select doses increments of 10 mg/L
 Use smaller increments for fine-tuning optimum dosage
Jar Testing 25
CONDUCTING THE JAR TEST CONDUCTING THE JAR TEST
6. Proceed with all other chemicals in a similar manner 12. After flocculation, stop mixer and remove paddles from
jars
7. Determine critical settling velocity based on SOR or SLR  Collect samples at to previously calculated times to simulate
8. Fill jars with sample water full scale sedimentation basin
9. Lower impellers/paddles so they are about 1/3 from the 13. Collect sample
bottom  First portion of sample taken from fixed port should be
discarded
10. Begin flash mix period based on determined values  When using syringe, samples should be taken from the
 Dispense chemicals to jars as rapidly as possible same dept as the fixed port
 Dispense chemicals in the same order as in full-scale plant
14. Conduct laboratory analysis on collected samples being
11. After rapid mix, decrease mixing speed for flocculation sure to observe holding times
step
 Typical to measure coagulation pH at this point 15. Input laboratory results into data sheet
PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
1. Clean jars with detergent and scrub brush. Rinse with 7. Fill plastic syringes with correct amounts of chemical
tap water solution to be added to each jar
 Fill one syringe for each chemical for each jar
2. Clean paddles with damp cloth
8. Begin rapid mixing
3. Collect water to be treated and run test promptly
9. Inject chemicals into jars below the surface of the water
4. Mix sample thoroughly and fill jars half full near the paddles
 Remix the sample water  Inject all the jars at the same time
 In reverse order, fill jars to fill line  Add chemicals in the order they would be added in the plant
5. Place paddles in jars and tighten thumb screws 10. Lower paddles speed to simulate flocculation mixing
process
6. Add clay suspension to each jar, if applicable 11. Observe each jar for the appearance of microfloc
(“pinpoint” floc); note time and order
PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
12. At end of flocculation period, stop stirring machine, 15. Analyze samples for any parameters of interest using
remove paddles, and allow floc to settle I do not agree with appropriate testing methods
this. Sampling  pH
13. Observe floc as it settles time should be
 Hazy sample = poor coagulation based of SOR and  Turbidity
 Clear sample = acceptable coagulation settling velocity.  TOC
14. Collect samples at 5, 10, 15, and 30 min or as desired  Etcetera
 If using jar with sampling port, flush 20 mL to waste
 Do not clamp tube between flush and sample collection
 Make sure tube is 100% open
 If using jar without a sampling port, carefully obtain sample
with 100-mL pipet
 Collect necessary amount of sample in sample cup
26 Jar Testing
PROCEDURE
1. Determine hardness, phenolphthalein and total alkalinity,

calcium, and free carbon dioxide
LIME OR SODA ASH 2. Calculate dosages of lime and/or soda ash needed
SOFTENING JAR TEST 3. Follow steps 1-5 of Coagulation Jar Test (clean equipment
and collect sample)
4. Fill plastic syringes with correct amounts of lime or soda ash
(prepared previously) to be added to each jar
 Fill one syringe for each jar
5. Begin mixing at 30 rpm or speed that replicates the plant
6. Inject chemicals into jars below the surface of the water near
the paddles
 Inject all the jars at the same time
PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
7. Continue mixing for same time period as in the plant 11. Filter samples through filter paper to remove any solid
precipitate
8. Stop stirring machine and allow sample to settle until
supernatant liquid is fairly clear 12. Run analysis on sample water
 Hardness
9. Collect samples between 10 - 15 minutes
 If using jar with sampling port, flush 20 mL to waste  Phenolphthalein alkalinity
 Do not clamp tube between flush and sample collection  Total alkalinity
 Make sure tube is 100% open  pH
with 100-mL pipet
10. Warm sample to 25°C
PROCEDURE
1. Clean and scrub jar test equipment and sample

POWDERED ACTIVATED containers with non-odorous detergent
 Rinse thoroughly with odor free water
CARBON JAR TEST 2. Follow steps 3-5 of Coagulation Jar Test (sample
collection)
3. Begin mixing at 30 rpm or speed that replicates the plant
4. Fill plastic syringes with correct amounts of lime or soda
ash (prepared previously) to be added to each jar
 Fill one syringe for each jar
 Fill syringes for any other chemicals that are to be added
during jar test e.g. coagulant
Jar Testing 27
PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
5. Inject dosing solution into jars below water surface near 9. Filter portion of sample through glass fiber filter (pre-
paddle washed with odor free water) to remove carbon from
 Add chemicals in the same order they would be added in the plant sample
6. Continue mixing for the same period as in the plant 10. Determine TON (threshold odor number) of each sample
7. Stop stirring machine; allow to settle for 15 minutes or jar and blank
desired time period
8. Collect samples between 10 - 15 minutes
 If using jar with sampling port, flush 20 mL to waste
 Do not clamp tube between flush and sample collection
 Make sure tube is 100% open
with 100-mL pipet
28 Jar Testing
Section 3
Math
29
Jar Testing
Practical Uses
Velocity Gradient
Laboratory Testing Techniques
Filterability Index
Demonstration
Objectives 2
• Velocity Gradient
• Mechanical Mixers
• Hydraulic mixers
• Variable Speed Drives
• Jar Test Correction
• Surface Overflow Rate
• Settling Time
• Sampling Time
30 Math
3
Key Parameters
• Velocity gradient in the flash mix

• Effective retention time in the flash mix
• Velocity gradient in the flocculator
• Effective retention time in the flocculator
• Surface overflow rate on the sedimentation basin
4
Practical Uses for Jar Tests
• Determine coagulant and flocculant dosages

• Determine mixing times
• Chemical addition sequence
• Mixing energies
• Dosages of taste and odor control chemicals
• Dosages of oxidant chemicals
Math 31
5
Determine Dose
• Bracket expected “best” dosage

• If 15 mg/L alum is expected to be best, test 5, 10, 15, 20,
25 and 30 mg/L
• Change only one variable (i.e. pH adjustment chemical
dose) during each test run
• Perform multiple runs if multiple variable changes are
necessary
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cI0E0JIVTk
• Basketball analogy (start at 4:50)
6
Rules to Remember
• Keep equipment clean

• Rinse jars and paddles with DI water
• Use fresh chemicals
• Add chemicals in correct order
• Pre-measure chemicals
32 Math
7
Rules to Remember
• Use 2 liters of water per jar

• Drain 20 mL of sample water out of sample line before
taking sample
• Check pH at flash mix and jar to compare
• Light heats up water – leave off
8
Velocity Gradient, G, sec-1
• The power input per unit volume of water

• How much horsepower the mixing device is supplying to
the water to mix the coagulant into the water
OR
• How much horsepower is being supplied to increase floc
formation in the flocculators
Math 33
9
Velocity Gradient, G, sec-1
• The concept of velocity gradient is one of the most

important ideas to be understood when conducting jar
tests
• The intensity of mixing is generally measured by the
velocity gradient
• A higher number indicates more intense mixing
• Mixing intensities, or velocity gradients, during jar tests
should correspond to those in the treatment plant
• G should decrease as water goes through the treatment
process
• Units = ft/sec/ft or sec-1
10
How to Find Velocity Gradient
• Consultant or plant engineer

• Manufacturer of unit
• Bid specs, drawings or O&M manual
• Calculations taught in this workshop
• Educated guess/trial and error
34 Math
11
Sedimentation
• Sedimentation basins remove particles by gravity

• The surface loading rate or overflow rate is the most
important parameter for sedimentation
• Surface loading corresponds to velocity
12
Example
• The surface overflow rate for a basin is 2,500 gpd/ft2.

What is the settling velocity in cm/min for the basin?
gpd
2500 3785 mL gal
ft
SV, cm⁄min
1440 min day 929 cm
ft
Settling velocity, cm⁄min 7.07 cm⁄min
Math 35
13
Settling Velocity
• To calculate the settling velocity or the rate at which the

particles settle, the following conversion factors can be
used
Multiply Settling
Plant Flow Rate / Surface Area
By Velocity
MGD/ft2 2,829.56 cm/min
gal/min/ft2 4.0746 cm/min
14
Settling Velocity cont.
• A sedimentation tank with a surface overflow rate of 1440

gpd/ft2 removes particles that settle faster than 4 cm/min.
• Particles that settle slower would not be removed
Surface Overflow Settling Velocity,

Rate, gpd/ft2 cm/min
180 0.5
360 1.0
720 2.0
1440 4.0
3600 10.0
36 Math
15
SLR to Settling Velocity
• A sedimentation tank will remove all particles that exceed

the critical velocity for a given overflow rate
• Therefore, the surface loading rate corresponds to the
settling velocity and must match that of the process
• Think of dropping a large rock vs a handful of grit in a
flowing stream
• The same applies in the sedimentation basin
16
Settling Velocities
• General design of alum and ferric sedimentation basins:

• SOR rates of 400-1000 gpd/ft2
• Settling velocities of 1-3 cm/min
• Samples should be taken from 2-10 min in jar tests
• Allowing the water to settle for 30-60 minutes and then
taking a sample for turbidity has no relationship to the full-
scale system
• This sample should not be used for collecting useful jar
test information
Math 37
17
Settling Velocities cont.
• Jar tests can be used to determine what percent of the

turbidity has a certain settling velocity
• Basin efficiencies can be estimated for a given overflow

rate with this info
18
Ready for Some Math???
38 Math
19
How to Find Velocity Gradient
• Formula
550 P
G
μ V
• V = tank volume, ft3

• P = horsepower minus 10%
•  = viscosity, (lbs)(sec)/ft2
• 550 converts HP to work (ft-lb/sec)
550 P 20
Horsepower G
μ V
• P = horsepower (motor and gear unit)
• Take about 10% off for wear and tear

• e.g. 100 hp, use 90 hp
• Get this from your motor nameplate or paperwork
Math 39
550 P 21
Viscosity G
μ V
•  = viscosity of water in force (lb)(sec)/ft2
• See full chart in Coag/Floc Formula Book provided
Temperature ° C , (lbs)(sec)/ft2 Temperature ° F

14 0.000024529 57.2
16 0.000023293 60.8
18 0.000022139 64.4
20 0.000021061 68.0
22 0.000020061 71.6
24 0.000019128 75.2
550 P 22
Volume G
μ V
• V = volume of the flash mix basin in ft3
• Square basin, ft3 = (length, ft)(width, ft)(depth, ft)
• Round basin, ft3 = (0.785)(Diameter, ft)2(depth, ft)
40 Math
23
Example 1
• Motor HP = 6 hp
• Water Temp = 18°C
• Flash mix = 10 ft x 10 ft x 12 ft deep
• Based on the information provided, what is the calculated

velocity gradient, G (sec-1)?
550 P 24
Example 1 G
μ V
Given:
• Motor HP = 6
• Water Temp = 18°C
• Flash mix = 10 ft x 10 ft x 12 ft deep
• P = (6HP)(0.90) = 5.4 hp
•  = 0.000022139 (from chart)
• V = (10ft)(10ft)(12ft) = 1200 ft3
Math 41
Example 1 Cont’d 550 P 25

G
μ V
550 5.4 hp
G
0.000022139 1200 ft
2970
G
0.0265668
G 111,793.6673
G 334 sec
26
Example 1 – Step Two
• What do we do with G now that we have found it?
• Velocity gradient can be correlated to paddle speed in

the jar test machine
• Use the Phipps and Bird chart provided in the Coag/Floc
Formula Book
42 Math
334 Water
Temp =
18° C
250
28
Your Turn - #1
• HP = 3
• Temperature = 16° C
• Volume of flash mix = 8ft x 8ft x 10ft
• What is the velocity gradient (sec-1) and what should be

the setting for the jar test paddles (rpm)?
Math 43
Motor HP = 3
29
Your Turn - #1 Water Temp = 16° C
Flash mix = 8ft x 8ft x 10 ft deep
• P = (3 HP)(0.90) = 2.7 hp
•  = 0.000023293 (from chart)
• V = (8ft)(8ft)(10ft) = 640 ft3
550 P 30
Your Turn - #1 G
μ V
550 2.7 ℎ𝑝
𝐺
0.000023293 640 𝑓𝑡
1485
𝐺
0.01490752
𝐺 99,614.1545
𝐺 315.6 𝑠𝑒𝑐
44 Math
315
Water
Temp =
16° C
TDEC - Fleming Training Center 250
32
Hydraulic Jumps, Weirs and Baffles
Measure
head loss
Math 45
33
Hydraulic Jumps, Weirs and Baffles
• Formula
62.4 H
G
μ 𝑇
• H= head loss, ft
•  = viscosity, (lbs)(sec)/ft2
• T = detention time, sec
62.4 H 34
Example 2 G
μ T
• Temperature = 20°C
•  = 0.000021061
• Weir is 2 feet high
• Detention time = 55 seconds
• What is the velocity gradient (sec-1) and what should be

the setting for the jar test paddles (rpm)?
46 Math
Example 2 62.4 H 35
G
μ T
62.4 2 𝑓𝑡
𝐺
0.000021061 55 𝑠𝑒𝑐
124.8
𝐺
0.001158355
𝐺 107,738.9919
Temperature = 20°C 𝐺 328.2 𝑠𝑒𝑐

 = 0.000021061
Weir is 2 feet high
Detention time = 55 seconds
328 Water
Temp =
20° C
240
Math 47
37
Your Turn #2
• Temperature = 18° C
• Weir is 2 feet high
• Detention time = 51 minutes**
• What is the velocity gradient (sec-1) in the rapid mix, and

what should be the setting for the jar test paddles (rpm)?
**Pay attention to your units and

what part of the process you are in
38
Your Turn #2
62.4 2 ft
G
0.000022139 3060 sec
124.8
G
0.06774534
G 1842.193131
Temperature = 18° C G 42.9 sec

Weir is 2 feet high
DT= 51 min = 3060 sec
48 Math
Water
Temp =
18° C
43
49
40
Variable Speed Mixers
G N
G N
• Rearrange to solve for G2

G
G
N
N
• G1 = Gmax
• G2 = Velocity Gradient
• N1 = RPMmax
• N2 = RPM’s
Math 49
Example 3 – Variable Speed Mixers 41
• A facility has a variable speed drive in the rapid mix.

Based on the water parameters provided, determine the
velocity gradient if the drive is operating at setting 4.
• Vary Drive
• Water Temp = 16°C • 10 = 2.5 rpm
• 9 = 2.25 rpm
• Flash mix = 12 ft x 12 ft x 10 ft • 8 = 2.0 rpm
• 3 HP motor • 7 = 1.75 rpm
• 6 = 1.5 rpm
• Max RPM’s = 2.5 • 5 = 1.25 rpm
• 4 = 1.0 rpm = N2
• 3 = 0.75 rpm
• 2 = 0.5 rpm
• 1 = 0.25 rpm
First, we have to find the maximum velocity gradient that

the mixer can accomplish.
550 P
G
μ V
• P = (3 hp)(0.90) = 2.7 hp
•  = 0.000023293 (from chart)
• V = (12 ft)(12 ft)(10 ft) = 1440 ft3
50 Math
43
Example 3 – Variable Speed Mixers
550 P
G 550 2.7
μ V G
0.000023293 1440 ft
P = (3 hp)(0.90) = 2.7 hp
 = 0.000023293 (from chart)
V = (12ft)(12ft)(10ft) = 1440 ft3 1485
G
0.03354192
This is the maximum (G1) velocity G 44272.95754

gradient that can be obtained by the
variable speed drive on setting 10.
G 210.4 sec
G1 = Gmax
G
G2 = Velocity Gradient G
N1 = RPMmax N
N2 = RPM’s N
210.4 sec
G1 = 210.4 sec-1 G
N1 = 2.5 rpm (at setting 10) 2.5
N2 = 1.0 rpm (at setting 4) 1.0
210
G
This is the actual (G2) velocity 3.952847075
gradient obtained by the variable
speed drive on setting 4. G 53sec
Math 51
Water
Temp =
16° C
53
TDEC - Fleming Training Center

61
46
Example 3 – Your Turn
• Using 2.5 for N1 and 210 for G1, solve for G2 at all other
RPM’s
Variable Drive Settings
• 10 = 2.5 rpm
• 9 = 2.25 rpm
• 8 = 2.0 rpm
• 7 = 1.75 rpm
• 6 = 1.5 rpm
• 5 = 1.25 rpm
• 4 = 1.0 rpm
• 3 = 0.75 rpm
• 2 = 0.5 rpm
• 1 = 0.25 rpm
52 Math
Example 3 – Your Turn 47
Flocculator Jar Test

Setting RPM G2 RPM
10 2.5 210 187
9 2.25 179 162
8 2.0 150 137
7 1.75 123 115
6 1.5 98 100
5 1.25 74 80
4 1.0 53 61
3 0.75 35 43
2 0.5 19 27
1 0.25 6.6 <10
Calculating Stirring Times 48
∗∗ tank vol, gal

Detention time, min
flow rate, gpm
⁎⁎make sure the units you are using match the part of the
process you are looking at
i.e. rapid mix  seconds
flocculation  minutes
sedimentation  hours
plant capacity, gpm DT, min

Stirring time, min
actual flow rate, gpm
Math 53
49
Jar Test Correction
• What if your jar test machine won’t give you a high enough G
(velocity gradient)?
• You must mix longer to compensate for the decreased
velocity gradient
𝐺 𝑇 𝐺 𝑇
• Rearrange to solve for T2
𝐺 𝑇
𝑇 ≡
𝐺
• T1 = Tmax = time to use in jar test, sec
• G1 = Gmax= maximum G for jar test machine, sec-1
• T2 = actual process detention time, sec
• G2 = calculated velocity gradient, sec-1
50
Example 4
• According to our calculations, the rapid mix has a

velocity gradient of 1000 sec-1. If the water temperature
is 22°C and the rapid mix detention time is 15 seconds,
Our Phipps & Bird machine will only go up to 105 rpm’s,
which is equivalent to ≈100 sec-1. Determine the amount
of time required to mix the sample in the lab to accurately
mimic the plant.
54 Math
Velocity Gradient = 1000 sec-1

Time = 15 sec 51
Temp = 22°C
Example 4 Cont’d
𝐺 𝑇
𝑇 ≡
𝐺
1000 𝑠𝑒𝑐 15 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑇 ≡
100 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑇 150 𝑠𝑒𝑐@105 𝑟𝑝𝑚
T1 = Tmax = time to use in jar test, sec

G1 = Gmax= maximum G for jar test machine, sec-1
T2 = actual process detention time, sec
G2 = calculated velocity gradient, sec-1
52
Sedimentation
• Does surface loading rate influence sedimentation?

• Yes – this is one of the most important factors
• Also knows as Surface Overflow Rate
basin flow rate, gpd

SOR, gpd ft
basin surface area, ft
Math 55
53
Example 5
• A water plant has four sedimentation basins. It treats 6

MGD. The flow is split equally between all four basins.
The basins are 30 feet long and 20 feet wide. What is
the surface overflow rate for each basin in gpd/ft2?
floc floc sedimentation
rapid
mix floc floc sedimentation
floc floc sedimentation
54
Example 5 Cont’d
6,000,000 gpd
gpd⁄basin
4 basins
gpd⁄basin 1,500,000 gpd⁄basin
1,500,000 gpd
SOR
30 ft 20 ft
This will allow us 1,500,000 gpd

to determine the SOR
settling velocity
600 ft
and jar test
sampling time. gpd
SOR 2,500
ft
56 Math
55
Converting SOR to Setting Velocity
SOR, gpd⁄ft 3785 cm ⁄gal

Settling velocity, cm⁄min
1440 min⁄day 929 cm ⁄ft
1 cm3 = 1 mL
3785 mL = 1 gal
Therefore, 3785 cm3 also = 1 gal
56
Example 5 Cont’d
As determined previously, the surface overflow rate for a basin is

2,500 gpd/ft2. What is the settling velocity in cm/min for the basin?

2500 gpd⁄ft 3785 cm ⁄gal

cm⁄min
9,462,500
cm⁄min
1,337,760
cm⁄min 7.07 cm⁄min
Math 57
Example 5 Cont’d 57
Determine jar test sampling time based on settling velocity

of 7.07 cm/min.
Settling Velocity, Sampling Time,

cm/min min
0.5 20
1.0 10
2.0 5
4.0 2.5
10.0 1
Chart based on a sample depth in the jar of 10 cm.
58
Example 5 Cont’d
• We determined the settling velocity is 7.07 cm/min. This

number cannot be found on the chart so we will have to
calculate the sampling time
10 𝑐𝑚
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, mi𝑛
𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑐𝑚⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛
10 𝑐𝑚
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, mi𝑛
7.07 𝑐𝑚⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, mi𝑛 1.4 minutes
58 Math
59
Jar Test “Floc Beaker”
2-L fill line
10 cm
60
Determining Dosage
• Need to choose 6 dosages for the jar test

• Feed chemicals in the jar test in µL (microliters)
dose, mg⁄L sample volume, L

µL
chemical specific gravity
Math 59
Example 6 61
• A water treatment plant is currently feeding 17 mg/L of

coagulant to treat their raw water. The coagulant in use
has a specific gravity of 1.333. Determine the microliters
of coagulant necessary for the jar test.

µL
17 mg⁄L 2 L
µL
1.333
µL 25 µL
Example 6 Cont’d 62
• Now, choose 5 other doses to feed while keeping the

plant dose, 17 mg/L, in the middle as a control

µL
Jar # Dosage (mg/L) ≈ Jar test dose (µL)
1 7 11
2 12 18
3 17 25
4 22 33
5 27 41
6 32 48
60 Math
Warm-up Math
Volume
1. A flash mix chamber is 4 feet wide by 5 feet long and contains water to a depth of
3 feet. What is the volume in gallons of water in the flash mix chamber?
2. A flocculation basin is 50 feet long by 20 feet wide and contains water to a depth of
8 feet. What is the volume in gallons of the water in the basin?
3. A flocculation basin is 40 feet long by 16 feet wide and contains water to a depth of
8 feet. How many gallons of water are in the basin?
4. A flash mix chamber is 5 feet square and contains water to a depth of 42 inches.
What is the volume in gallons of water in the flash mixing chamber?
Math 61
5. A flocculation basin is 25 feet wide by 40 feet long and contains water to a depth of
9 feet 2 inches. What is the volume in gallons of water in the flocculation basin?
Detention Time
6. The flow to a flocculation basin is 3,625,000 gal/day. If the basin is 60 feet long by
25 feet wide and contains water to a depth of 9 feet, what is the detention time (in
minutes) of the flocculation basin?
7. A flocculation basin is 50 feet long by 20 feet wide and has a water level of 8 feet.
What is the detention time (in minutes) in the basin if the flow to the basin is 2.8
MGD?
8. A flash mix chamber is 6 feet long, 5 feet wide and 5 feet deep. It receives a flow
of 9 MGD. What is the detention time (in seconds) in the chamber?
62 Math
9. A flocculation basin is 50 feet long by 20 feet wide and has a water depth of 10
feet. If the flow to the basin is 2,250,000 gal/day, what is the detention time in
minutes?
10. A flash mix chamber is 4 feet square and has a water depth of 42 inches. If the
flash mix chamber receives a flow of 3.25 MGD, what is the detention time in
seconds?
Dry Feeder Settings

11. The desired dry alum dosage, as determined by the jar test, is 10 mg/L. Determine
the lb/day setting on a dry alum feeder if the flow is 3,450,000 gal/day.
12. Jar tests indicate that the best polymer dose for a water sample is 12 mg/L. If the
flow to be treated is 1,660,000 gal/day, what should the dry chemical lb/day feed
setting be?
Math 63
13. Determine the desired lb/day setting on a dry alum feeder if jar tests indicate an
optimum dose of 12 mg/L and the flow to be treated is 2.66 MGD.
14. The desired dry alum dose is 9 mg/L, as determined by a jar test. If the flow to be
treated is 940,000 gal/day, how many lb/day dry alum will be required?
15. A flow of 4.10 MGD is to be treated with a dry polymer. If the desired dose is 13
mg/L, what should the dry chemical feeder in lb/day setting be?
16. Calculate the actual chemical feed rate in pounds per day if a container is placed
under a chemical feeder and 2.3 pounds are collected during a 30-minute period.
64 Math
17. During a 24-hour period, a flow of 1,920,000 gal/day is treated. If 42 pounds of

polymer were used for coagulation during that 24-hour period, what is the polymer
dosage in mg/L?
Liquid Feeder Settings

18. Jar tests indicate that the best alum dose for a unit process is 7 mg/L. The flow to
be treated is 1.66 MGD. Determine the gal/day setting for the alum solution feeder
if the liquid alum contains 5.24 pounds of alum per gallon of solution.
19. The flow to a plant of 3.43 MGD. Jar testing indicates that the optimum alum dose
is 12 mg/L. What should the gal/day setting be for the solution feeder if the alum
solution is a 55% solution and has a density of 11.12 lb/gal.
20. Jar tests indicate that the best alum dose for a unit process is 10 mg/L. The flow to
be treated is 4.13 MGD. Determine the gal/day setting for the alum solution feeder
if the liquid alum contains 5.40 pounds of alum per gallon of solution.
Math 65
21. Jar tests indicate the best liquid alum dose for a unit process is 11 mg/L. The flow
to be treated is 880,000 gal/day. Determine the gal/day setting for the liquid alum
chemical feeder if the liquid alum is a 55% solution.
22. A flow of 1,850,000 gal/day is to be treated with alum. Jar tests indicate that the
optimum alum dose is 15 mg/L. If the liquid alum contains 640 mg alum per
milliliter solution, what should be the gallons per day setting for the alum solution
feeder?
23. The desired solution feed rate was calculated to be 40 gal/day. What is this feed
rate expressed at milliliters per minute (mL/min)?
24. The desired solution feed rate was calculated to be 34.2 gal/day. What is this feed
rate expressed at milliliters per minute (mL/min)?
66 Math
25. The optimum polymer dose has been determined to be 10 mg/L. The flow to be
treated is 2,880,000 gal/day. If the solution to be used contains 55% active
polymer, what should the solution chemical feeder setting be in milliliters per
minute (mL/min)?
26. The optimum polymer dose for a 2,820,000 gal/day flow has been determined to be
6 mg/L. If the polymer solution contains 55% active polymer, what should the
solution chemical feeder setting in milliliters per minute be? Assuming the polymer
solution weighs 8.34 lbs/gal.
27. Jar tests indicate that the best alum dose for a unit process is 16 mg/L. The liquid
alum contains 5.40 pounds alum per gallon of solution. What should the setting be
on the solution chemical feeder in milliliters per minute (mL/min) when the flow to
be treated is 3.45 MGD?
Chemical Usage
28. Based on the amount of chemical used each day, what was the average chemical
use in pound/day for the following week: Monday, 81 pounds; Tuesday, 73
pounds; Wednesday, 74 pounds; Thursday 66 pounds; Friday 79 pounds; Saturday
80 pounds and Sunday, 82 pounds.
Math 67
29. The average chemical use at the plant is 90 lbs/day. If the chemical inventory in
stock is 2200 pounds, how many days supply is this?
30. The chemical inventory in stock is 889 pounds. If the average chemical use at the
plant is 58 pounds per day, how many days supply is this?
31. The average gallons of polymer solution used each day at a treatment plant are 88
gal/day. A chemical feed tank has a diameter of 3 feet and contains solution to a
depth of 3 feet 4 inches. How many days supply is in the solution tank?
32. Jar tests indicate that the optimum polymer dose for a unit process is 2.8 mg/L. If
the flow to be treated is 18 MGD, how many pounds of dry polymer will be required
for a 30-day period?
68 Math
Jar Testing Math
Velocity Gradient
33. What is your velocity gradient for a flash mix that is 6 feet square by 8 feet deep.
You have a 5 hp motor and the water temperature is 20C.
34. What is your velocity gradient for a flash mix that is 10 feet by 10 feet and 12 feet
deep. You have a 8 hp motor and the water temperature is 22C.
35. Your flocculators are 20 feet square by 16 feet deep. You have a variable speed
drive that has 3 hp and the maximum RPM’s equals 2.5 and you have the variable
speed set on 6. The water temperature is 18C. Find your velocity gradient for the
current setting.
Variable Drive Settings

 10 = 2.5 rpm
 9 = 2.25 rpm
 8 = 2.0 rpm
 7 = 1.75 rpm
 6 = 1.5 rpm
 5 = 1.25 rpm
 4 = 1.0 rpm
 3 = 0.75 rpm
 2 = 0.5 rpm
 1 = 0.25 rpm
Math 69
36. Your second set of flocculators is 20 feet square by 16 feet deep. You have a
variable speed drive that has 3 hp and the maximum RPM’s equals 2.5 and you
have the variable speed set on 3. The water temperature is 18C. Use the chart
above. Find your velocity gradient.
37. Your old jar test machine will only go up to 125 rpm’s, which is equivalent to about
140 sec-1. Your water temperature is 22C. You wanted to achieve a mixing
velocity of 600 sec-1 for 16 seconds. How many seconds must the sample mix to
make up for the slow mixing?
38. Your old jar test machine will only go up to 80 rpm’s, which is equivalent to about
75 sec-1. Your water temperature is 16C. You wanted to achieve a mixing velocity
of 153 sec-1 for 13 seconds. How long must you mix to make up for the slow
mixing?
Surface Overflow Rate

39. A rectangular sedimentation basin is 60 feet long and 25 feet wide. When the flow
is 510 gal/min, what is the surface overflow rate in gal/day/ft2?
70 Math
40. A circular clarifier has a diameter of 70 feet. If the flow to the clarifier is 1610
gal/min, what is the surface overflow rate in gal/day/ft2?
41. A rectangular sedimentation basin receives a flow of 540,000 gal/day. If the basin
is 50 feet long and 20 feet wide, what is the surface overflow rate in gal/day/ft2?
42. The surface overflow rate for a basin is 2,300 gal/day/ft2. What is the settling
velocity in cm/min?
43. The surface overflow rate for a basin is 1,500 gal/day/ft2. What is the settling
velocity in cm/min?
Math 71
Answers:
1. 448.8 gal 16. 110.4 lbs/day 31. 2 days
2. 59,840 gal 17. 2.6 mg/L 32. 12,610 lbs
3. 38,298 gal 18. 18.5 gpd 33. 638 sec-1
4. 654.5 gal 19. 56.13 gpd 34. 406 sec-1
5. 68,567 gal 20. 63.8 gpd 35. 47 sec-1
6. 40 min 21. 17.6 gpd 36. 17 sec-1
7. 30.8 min 22. 43.3 gpd 37. 69 sec
8. 10.8 sec 23. 105 mL/min 38. 27 sec
9. 48 min 24. 89.9 mL/min 39. 489.6 gpd/ft2
10. 11.1 sec 25. 137.6 mL/min 40. 602.7 gpd/ft2
11. 288 lbs/day 26. 80.9 mL/min 41. 540 gpd/ft2
12. 166 lbs/day 27. 224 mL/min 42. 6.5 cm/min
13. 266 lbs/day 28. 76.4 lbs/day 43. 4.2 cm/mi
14. 70.6 lbs/day 29. 24.4 days
15. 445 lbs/day 30. 15.3 days
72 Math
Section 4
Plant Examples
73
Plant Examples
Jar Tester
maxes out at
Plant Example 400 sec-1
6 MGD 31.1 max rpm 27 max rpm
22 ntu
20°C #1 #2 #3 #4 20ft x 70ft
3 hp 2 hp
Flash 27 20 15 10
Mix rpm rpm rpm rpm
10 hp
4ft x 4ft x 8 ft Each floc tank 18.1ft x 18.1ft x 14 ft
74 Plant Examples
Plant Example
• We need to replicate in the lab how our plant
performs
– Velocity gradients (RPMs in lab)
– Detention times (stir times)
– Surface overflow rate
• Settling velocity
– Sampling time
Step 1 – Flash Mix

• Find G (velocity gradient) of flash mix basin
• Find Detention time for Flash Mix in seconds
• Determine stir time
– May have to increase time to make up for lack of G in lab
Plant Examples 75
Flash Mix
• Find G (velocity gradient) of flash mix basin
550 P
G
µ V
flash mix vol, ft 4 ft 4 ft 8 ft 128ft
P 10 hp 0.90 9 hp
550 9 hp
G 1355sec
0.000021061 128 ft
5
Flash Mix
• Find Detention time (seconds)
volume, gal
DT
flow
Flash mix vol, gal 128ft 7.48 gal⁄ft
Flash mix vol, gal 957.44 gal
957.44 gal
DT
6,000,000 gpd
DT 0.00016 days
0.00016 days 24 hr 60 min 60 sec

DT, sec
1 day 1 hr 1 min
DT, sec 13.8 sec 6
76 Plant Examples
G1 = 1355 sec-1
Jar Test Max = 400 sec-1
Flash Mix
• Determine jar test stir time
– Jar test cannot achieve plant velocity gradient. We must
stir for longer to make up for the lack of speed.
G T
T
G
1355 sec 13.8 sec

T
400 sec
T 46.7 sec
46.7 sec @ 300 rpm 7
Step 2 - Flocculators
• Find G2 (actual) for Flocculator #1
• Plug velocity gradient into Phipps & Bird chart to
determine paddle RPMs on jar tester
• Repeat for any additional flocculators
• ** Be sure to note any changes in dimensions,
RPMs and HP
Plant Examples 77
550 P
G
Flocculator #1 μ V
• Determine Gmax (G1)
floc tank vol, ft 18.1 ft 18.1 ft 14 ft

floc tank vol 4586.54 ft
P 3 0.9 2.7 hp
550 2.7 hp
G
0.000021061 4586.54 ft
G 124 sec
9
Flocculator #1
• Determine actual G for variable speed drive setting
G
G
N
N
124
G
31.1
27
G 100.3 sec
10
78 Plant Examples
Flocculator #1
• Determine jar test RPMs
– ≈100 sec‐1
– 20°C
• Set jar test

@ 98 RPMs
11
Flocculator #1
• Determine jar test Stir Time
volume, gal
DT
flow flow
6,000,000 gpd
volume, gal 4586.54 ft 7.48 gal⁄ft 3 basins
volume, gal 34307.3192 gal flow 2,000,000 gpd
34307.3192 gal
DT 0.0172 days
2,000,000 gpd
0.0172 days 24 hr 60 min

DT, min
1 day 1 hr
DT, min 24.7 min 25 min

12
Plant Examples 79
550 P
G
Flocculator #2 μ V
• Determine Gmax (G1) (same as flocculator #1)

P 3 0.9 2.7 hp
550 2.7 hp
G
0.000021061 4586.54 ft
G 124 sec
13
Flocculator #2
– This will be different than Floc #1 due to using tapered flocculation
G
G
N
N
124
G
31.1
20
G 63.9 sec 14
80 Plant Examples
Flocculator #2
– ≈ 64 sec-1
– 20°C
• Set jar test

@ 69 RPMs
15
Flocculator #2
• Determine jar test Stir Time (same as flocculator #1)
volume, gal
DT
flow flow
6,000,000 gpd
34307.3192 gal
DT 0.0172 days
2,000,000 gpd
0.0172 days 24 hr 60 min

DT, min
1 day 1 hr

16
Plant Examples 81
550 P
G
Flocculator #3 μ V
• Determine Gmax (G1)

P 2 0.9 1.8 hp
550 1.8 hp
G
0.000021061 4586.54 ft
G 101 sec
17
Flocculator #3
G
G
N
N
101
G
27
15
G 41.8 sec
18
82 Plant Examples
Flocculator #3
– ≈ 42 sec-1
– 20°C
• Set jar test

@ 48 RPMs
19
Flocculator #3
volume, gal
DT
flow flow
6,000,000 gpd
34307.3192 gal
DT 0.0172 days
2,000,000 gpd
0.0172 days 24 hr 60 min

DT, min
1 day 1 hr

20
Plant Examples 83
550 P
G
Flocculator #4 μ V
• Determine Gmax (G1) (same as flocculator #3)

P 2 0.9 1.8 hp
550 1.8 hp
G
0.000021061 4586.54 ft
G 101 sec
21
Flocculator #4
G
G
N
N
101
G
27
10
G 22.8 sec
22
84 Plant Examples
Flocculator #4
– ≈ 23 sec-1
– 20°C
• Set jar test

@ 30 RPMs
23
Flocculator #4
volume, gal
DT
flow flow
6,000,000 gpd
34307.3192 gal
DT 0.0172 days
2,000,000 gpd
0.0172 days 24 hr 60 min

DT, min
1 day 1 hr

24
Plant Examples 85
Jar Test Sequence

• Flash 46.7 sec @ 300 rpm
• Then 25 min @ 98 rpm
25
Step 3 – Sedimentation
• Find Surface Overflow Rate (gpd/ft2) for
sedimentation basin
• Find settling velocity (cm/min)
• Find sampling time (min) for sedimentation basin
26
86 Plant Examples
Surface Overflow Rate

flow, gpd
SOR, gpd⁄ft
6,000,000 gpd
area, ft
volume
3 basins
volume 2,000,000 gpd

2,000,000 gpd
SOR, gpd⁄ft
20 ft 70ft
SOR 1428.6 gpd⁄ft
27
Settling Velocity
1428.6 gpd⁄ft 3785 cm ⁄gal

cm⁄min
5,407,251
cm⁄min
1,337,760
cm⁄min 4.04 cm⁄min
28
Plant Examples 87
Sampling Time
Settling Velocity, cm/ min 4 cm/min
Settling Velocity, cm/min Sampling Time, min
0.5 20
1.0 10
2.0 5
4.0 2.5
10.0 1
Sample at 2.5 min and 10 min

29
88 Plant Examples
Plant Example
8 MGD
10 ntu
20°C #1 #2 45ft x 70ft
18ft x 18ft 20ft x 20ft
x 18 ft x 20 ft
Flash 21 15
Mix rpm rpm
10 hp
8ft x 8ft x 8 ft
3 HP 3 HP
30 max 30 max
rpm rpm
Plant Examples 89
Plant Example #2
Flash Mix
Velocity Gradient = ______________________
Detention time = ______________________
Jar test max RPM = ______________________
Time correction = ______________________
Flocculator #1
Jar Test rpm = ______________________
Detention Time = ______________________
Flocculator #2
Jar Test rpm = ______________________
Detention Time = ______________________
Sedimentation
Surface Overflow Rate= ______________________
Settling Velocity = ______________________
Sampling Time = ______________________

90 Plant Examples
Section 5
Jar Test Lab
91
Jar Testing
 Introduced in 1918 and has remained the most
common method for evaluating alternative
coagulation and flocculation control strategies for
Water Treatment Troubleshooting and Problem establishing chemical dosages
Solving  There is no standardized procedure for conducting jar
tests
 So we must have a uniform or standardized approach to
conducting jar tests
Jar Testing Jar Testing
 A series of sample containers and a mechanical  During the settling step, samples of the water can be
stirring device collected at timed intervals and analyzed
 The water to be tested is placed in the containers and  Following the settling step, samples of the water can
the treatment chemicals are added during stirring be collected, filtered through either a 0.45 µm filter or
 There is an initial period of rapid stirring to facilitate a 1 µm filter, and analyzed for UV‐absorbance, total
dispersion of the chemicals organic carbon (TOC) and/or trihalomethane (THM)
 The chemically treated water is then slow mixed, or formation potential
flocculated for a period of time
 The mixing is then stopped, and the floc is allowed to
settle
Application Key Elements
 Principle applications of jar tests are to optimize  Planning
existing plant operations  Define the purpose and goals of the study
 Used for the selection and/or determination of  Select the water to be tested
 Coagulant dosage  Determine the information required
 Coagulant aid selection and dosage  Establish the testing conditions
 Sequence of chemical addition  Develop the testing program
 Optimum pH of coagulation  Identify and prepare treatment chemicals
 Improved coagulation/flocculation for THM precursor  Conduct the jar tests
removal
 Analyze the data
 Impact of oxidant dosages and conditions
92 Jar Test Lab

Planning the Jar Test Planning the Jar Test
 Establish Purpose and Goals  Information Required
 Selection of coagulant dosage  Water quality parameters for coagulant determination
 Selection of coagulant aid dosage  Turbidity
 Determination of optimum pH of coagulation  True color
 pH
 Optimization of THM precursor removal
 Filtered UV‐254
 Selection of Water to be Tested
 Water quality parameters for coagulant aid
 Raw water determination
 Pre‐sedimentation basin effluent  Turbidity
 Oxidant contactor effluent
 Other pre‐coagulant addition location
 Information Required  Example Testing Program – Selecting coagulant dose
 Water quality parameters for optimum pH  Perform initial screen of a broad range of coagulant
determination dosages
 Turbidity  Dosages: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mg/L
 pH  pH of coagulation = 6.5 for alum, lower for iron coagulants
 UV‐254  Use the coagulant aid type and dosage currently in use in all
six jars
 Measure the primary water quality parameters
 Turbidity
 pH
 UV‐254 (if equipped)
 Example Testing Program – Selecting coagulant dose  Testing Conditions
Step 1 concluded optimum dosage of 20 mg/L  Standard procedure for establishing jar testing
 Perform second jar test based on initial jar test conditions
 Dosages: 14, 17, 20, 23, 26 mg/L  Utilize the rapid mix and flocculation mixing intensities and
 pH of coagulation and coagulant aid type and dosage would detention times in use at the full‐scale plant
remain the same  During the settling step, set a sampling time that would
 Optimum coagulant dosage defined as: correspond to the surface loading rate or detention time of the
 Acceptable turbidity removal settling basin
 Minimizing the filtered UV‐absorbance (if applicable)
Jar Test Lab 93

Equipment Preparation of Chemicals
 Jar test apparatus  Chemical stock solutions must be diluted for jar test
 Amount of dilution required dependent upon dosage
 Analytical equipment and minimum amount of chemical that can be
accurately measured
 Effectiveness of coagulants and coagulant aids can be
affected by dilution
 Dilutions less than 0.1% solution may loose its
effectiveness due to hydrolysis
 Dilutions will degrade over time
 Should be made up on a weekly basis
Jar Test Procedure Jar Test Procedure
 Initial Preparation 1. Collect at least 12 liters of water to be tested (3.2 gal)
 Define and record 2. Measure and record the initial parameters of interest
 Objective of the study  Temperature, pH, turbidity, color, etc
 Chemicals to be used, points of application and dosage
3. Fill square jars up to the 2‐liter mark
 Water to be tested
4. Position jars so jar test paddles are centered
 Prepare all chemical stock solutions
 Calibrate all analytical equipment
5. Fully lower paddles and tighten thumb screw
 Clean all apparatus prior to use 6. Ready and arrange all chemicals to be added
 Wipe jars and paddles and rinse with warm water between tests 7. Set rapid mix speed on the jar test stirrer
 Rinse all pipettes and syringes 8. Add predetermined doses of chemicals into jars (all at
the same time) and being timing the rapid mix step
Jar Test Procedure Jar Test Procedure
9. Continue rapid mix for predetermined time 14. Measure and record the pH of each jar
10. Reduce mixing speed for flocculation and begin 15. Conduct all other analyses required for the test
timing flocculation period  Alkalinity
11. Stop the mixing at the end of predetermined  Temperature
flocculation time an d begin timing the settling period  etc
12. Withdraw samples at the appropriate intervals
 waste the water in sampling tube prior to collecting
each sample
13. Analyze the timed samples for turbidity and record the
results
94 Jar Test Lab

Jar Test Procedure Jar Test Interpretation
 Potential sources of error  Performed to select
 Deposition of coagulant aid on the paddles or on the  Optimum coagulant dose
walls of the jar  Optimum pH of coagulation
 Improper preparation of the chemical stocks  Optimum coagulant aid dose
 Excessive aging of the chemical stocks  Selection based on turbidity and NOM removal
 Incomplete dispersion of the chemicals added to the jars
 Use results to prepare a graph
 Measurement error of chemicals
 Turbidity as a function of the time of sampling
 Use of chemicals from different source than t hose used
 Filtered UV‐absorbance as a function of dose or pH
in the full scale plant
 TOC as a function of dose or pH
 Tillman, Glenn M. Water
Jar Test Interpretation Treatment Troubleshooting
 Turbidity Removal and Problem Solving.
Chelsea, Michigan: Ann
Arbor Press, Inc., 1996.
Print.
Jar Test Lab 95

Conducting the Jar Test
Before starting:
 Define study goals
 Define testing parameters
 Have testing and analytical equipment ready
o Working and clean
 Prepare reagent solutions
o Properly labeled and mixed
 Data sheet available
o Should be a good guide for conducting
1. Treatment performance is often expressed in terms of percentage removal. Therefore
an important beginning step is to determine the quality of the raw water to be tested.
Such data may be obtained from treatment plant records or determined during the jar
test. Also, pH and alkalinity data may help determine necessary additions of acid or base

2. Enter the names and concentrations of the chemicals to be added on the data sheet.
This information is necessary to determine the volumes of the chemical to be added
during the jar test.

3. Enter the G values for the rapid mix and flocculation stages of the full‐scale plant on the
data sheet. If the effect of varying mixing intensities is to be evaluated, use the
appropriate range of G values. Convert these values to the appropriate rpm in the jar
tests.
a. Refer to the Phipps & Bird graph to determine correct rpm value based on jar
test equipment used.

4. Enter the detention times for the rapid mix and the flocculation stages of the full‐scale
plant in the data sheet. If the effects of the detention times are to be evaluated, use an
appropriate range of durations.

5. Enter the coagulant doses on the data sheet. If the test will determine an optimum
coagulant dose, it is useful to select doses in increments of 10 mg/L for alum, or
equivalent doses if other coagulants are to be tested. Smaller increments may be used
for fine‐tuning the optimum coagulant dose. Then calculate the volume of coagulant to
be dispensed into the jar to obtain the desired coagulant dose.

96 Jar Test Lab

6. If applicable, proceed with all the other chemicals in a similar manner.

7. Based on the surface loading or overflow rate of the sedimentation basin of the full‐
scale plant, determine the critical settling velocity as outlined in the discussion. Divide
the depth of the sampling port on the jars in centimeters by the settling velocity to
obtain the sampling time in minutes.

8. Fill the jars with the water to be tested, and position them under the stirring apparatus
so they are centered with respect to the impeller and shafts.

9. Lower the impellers or paddles so that they are about one‐third from the bottoms of the
jar.

10. Begin the flash mix period based on the previously determine values. Do not forget to
record the starting time Dispense the desired doses of chemicals as rapidly as possible
into the jars. Dispense the chemicals in the same sequence as the full scale plant, unless
the effect of moving the point of application is to be evaluated.

11. After the rapid mix period, decrease the mixing speed to the predetermined value for
the flocculation period. At this point, the coagulation pH is typically measured.

12. After the flocculation period, stop the mixer and remove the paddles from the jars.
Collect samples at the times previously calculated to simulate the full‐scale
sedimentation plants. Sample withdrawal may be accomplished either by the use of a
syringe, a fixed sampling port, or a pipette. The first portion of the samples taken from a
fixed port should be discarded. When using a syringe, samples should be taken from the
same depth as the fixed port.

13. After sampling, conduct the laboratory analysis, observing holding times required for
specific analytical applications.

14. Enter laboratory results on the data sheet.
Jar Test Lab 97

Jar Test Bench Sheet
Date: Source Water
Time: Concentration Turbidity Alkalinity Hardness TOC
(mg/L) pH (ntu) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
Coagulant:
Oxidant:
Polymer:
Jar Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
G (s‐1)
Rapid Mix rpm
Duration (s)
‐1
G (s )
Flocculator #1 rpm
Duration (s)
G (s‐1)
Flocculator #2 rpm
Duration (s)
Coagulant Dose (mg/L)
Volume of Coagulant Added (mg/L)
Oxidant Dose (mg/L)
Volume of Oxidant Added (mL)
Polymer Dose
Volume of Polymer Added (mL)
Coagulation pH
Settling Depth of
Velocity Sampling Time of
(cm/min) (cm) Settling (min)
10 cm
pH
Turbidity
Record final jar test
numbers here TOC
Alkalinity
Hardness
98 Jar Test Lab

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Coagulation/Flocculation

Fleming Training Center Phone: 615-898-6507

Section 1 Water Treatment Processes 3

Section 2 Jar Testing 17

Section 4 Plant Examples 73

Section 5 Jar Test Lab 91

Water Treatment Processes

PARTICULATE MATTER IN WATER

PARTICULATE • Results from land erosion, dissolved minerals, decay of

NONSETTLEABLE SOLIDS NONSETTLEABLE SOLIDS

• Resist settling due to

4 Water Treatment Processes

Particle Representative Time Required

Clay Sand Turbidity

COLLOIDAL SOLIDS COMMON IN

Water Treatment Processes 5

Water Scaling and deposits

COLLOIDAL AND SUSPENDED

water • As long as the zeta potential is stronger than the van

6 Water Treatment Processes

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Water Treatment Processes 7

COMMON PRIMARY COAGULANTS

8 Water Treatment Processes

COAGULANT AIDS COAGULANT AIDS

COAGULANT AIDS COAGULANT AIDS

COAGULANT AIDS COAGULANT AIDS

Water Treatment Processes 9

COAGULANT AIDS COAGULANT AIDS

COAGULANT AIDS COAGULANT AIDS

10 Water Treatment Processes

INITIAL MIXING RAPID-MIX FACILITIES

RAPID-MIX FACILITIES RAPID-MIX FACILITIES

Water Treatment Processes 11

VELOCITY GRADIENT FLOCCULATION

• Constant velocity gradient (uniform shear field)

12 Water Treatment Processes

SEDIMENTATION SEDIMENTATION BASIN ZONES

SEDIMENTATION SURFACE LOADING RATE (SLR)

Water Treatment Processes 13

FILTERABILITY INDEX (FI) FILTERABILITY INDEX (FI)

FILTERABILITY INDEX (FI) FILTERABILITY INDEX (FI)

14 Water Treatment Processes

Water Treatment Processes 15

 Lime/Soda Ash Jar Test

 Powdered Activated Carbon Jar Test

GENERAL THEORY JAR TESTING

 Measure of the intensity of the mixing

DEFINING STUDY GOALS DEFINING STUDY GOALS

DEFINING STUDY GOALS TYPES OF JARS

 Water quality parameters often used to assess treatment  1-Liter Circular

1-LITER CIRCULAR JARS 2-LITER CIRCULAR JARS

 Disadvantages:  Provides enough sample

In general, 1-L jars are not acceptable

2-LITER SQUARE BEAKER

ROUND VS. SQUARE MIXING STIRRERS

 Two basic types

Use the same shape as your flash mix

 Types  Magnetic stirrers are only available with paddles