LINUX PROGRAMMING

LABORATORY MANUAL

B.TECH
(IV YEAR – I SEM)
(2022‐2023)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
Recognized under 2(f) and 12 (B) of UGC ACT 1956
Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE ‐ Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade ‐ ISO 9001:2008
Certified) Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Hakimpet), Secunderabad – 500100, Telangana State, India
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING

VISION

 To acknowledge quality education and instill high patterns of discipline making the students technologically
superior and ethically strong which involves the improvement in the quality of lime in human race.

MISSION

 To achieve and impart holistic technical education using the best of infrastructure, outstanding technical and
teaching expertise to establish the students into competent and confident engineers.

 Evolving the center of excellence through creative and innovative teaching learning practices for promoting
academic achievement to produce internationally accepted competitive and world class professionals.
 PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1 – ANALYTICAL SKILLS

To facilitate the graduates with the ability to visualize, gather information, articulate, analyze, solve
complex problems, and make decisions. These are essential to address the challenges of complex and
computation intensive problems increasing their productivity.

PEO2 – TECHNICAL SKILLS

To facilitate the graduates with the technical skills that prepare them for immediate employment and
pursue certification providing a deeper understanding of the technology in advanced areas of computer
science and related fields, thus encouraging to pursue higher education and research based on their interest.

PEO3 – SOFT SKILLS

To facilitate the graduates with the soft skills that include fulfilling the mission, setting goals, showing
self-confidence by communicating effectively, having a positive attitude, get involved in team- work, being
a leader, managing their career and their life.

PEO4 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

To facilitate the graduates with the knowledge of professional and ethical responsibilities by paying
attention to grooming, being conservative with style, following dress codes, safety codes, and adapting
themselves to technological advancements.
 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
After the completion of the course, B. Tech Information Technology, the graduates will have the following
Program Specific Outcomes:

1. Fundamentals and critical knowledge of the Computer System:- Able to Understand the working
principles of the computer System and its components , Apply the knowledge to build, asses, and analyze the
software and hardware aspects of it .

2. The comprehensive and Applicative knowledge of Software Development: Comprehensive skills of

Programming Languages, Software process models, methodologies, and able to plan, develop, test, analyze,
and manage the software and hardware intensive systems in heterogeneous platforms individually or working
in teams.

3. Applications of Computing Domain & Research: Able to use the professional, managerial,
interdisciplinary skill set, and domain specific tools in development processes, identify the research gaps, and
provide innovative solutions to them.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates should possess the following:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and
an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
3. Design / development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health
and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering
and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding
of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multi disciplinary environments.
12. Life- long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally Post, Via Hakimpet, Secunderabad – 500100

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

1. Students are advised to come to the laboratory at least 5 minutes before (to the starting time), those who
come after 5 minutes will not be allowed into the lab.
2. Plan your task properly much before to the commencement, come prepared to the lab with the synopsis/
program / experiment details.
3. Student should enter into the laboratory with:
a. Laboratory observation notes with all the details (Problem statement, Aim, Algorithm, Procedure, Program,
Expected Output, etc.,) filled in for the lab session.
b. Laboratory Record updated up to the last session experiments and other utensils (if any) needed in the lab.
c. Proper Dress code and Identity card.
4. Sign in the laboratory login register, write the TIME-IN, and occupy the computer system allotted to you by the
faculty.
5. Execute your task in the laboratory, and record the results / output in the lab observation note book, and get
certified by the concerned faculty.
6. All the students should be polite and cooperative with the laboratory staff, must maintain the discipline
and decency in the laboratory.
7. Computer labs are established with sophisticated and high end branded systems, which should be
utilized properly.
8. Students / Faculty must keep their mobile phones in SWITCHED OFF mode during the lab sessions. Misuse of
the equipment, misbehaviors with the staff and systems etc., will attract severe punishment.
9. Students must take the permission of the faculty in case of any urgency to go out; if anybody found loitering
outside the lab / class without permission during working hours will be treated seriously and punished
appropriately.
10. Students should LOG OFF/ SHUT DOWN the computer system before he/she leaves the lab after completing
the task (experiment) in all aspects. He/she must ensure the system / seat is kept properly.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

 INDEX

S.No. LIST OF PROGRAMS Page

no.
a) To Install Ubuntu Linux and LINUX Commands(File Handling utilities, Text
processing utilities, Network utilities, Disk utilities, Backup utilities and Filters)
b) Write a Shell Script that accepts a file name, starting and ending line numbers as
WEEK 1 arguments and displays all lines between the given line numbers. 1-
c) Write a shell script that deletes all lines containing the specified word in one or more
filessupplied as arguments to it.
d) Write a shell script that displays a list of all files in the current directory to which the
userhas read, write and execute permissions.
WEEK 2 a) Write a shell script that receives any number of file names as arguments checks if
everyargument supplied is a file or directory and reports accordingly. whenever the
argument is a file it reports no of lines present in it
b) Write a shell script that accepts a list of file names as its arguments, counts and reports 29-32
theoccurrence of each word that is present in the first argument file on other argument
files.
WEEK 3 a) Write a shell script to list all of the directory files in a directory
b) Write a shell script to find factorial of a given number. 33-35
WEEK 4 a) write an awk script to count number of lines in a file that does not contain vowels
36-38
b) write an awk script to find the no of characters ,words and lines in a file
WEEK 5 Implement in c language the following Unix commands using system calls
a) cat b) ls c) mv 39-42
Write a C program that takes one or more file/directory names as command line input
and reports following information
WEEK 6 a) File Type b) Number Of Links 43-44
c) Time of last Access d) Read ,write and execute permissions
WEEK 7 Write a C program to list every file in directory, its inode number and file name 45
a) Write a C program to create child process and allow parent process to display
“parent”and the child to display “child” on the screen
WEEK 8 b) Write a C program to create zombie process 46-48
c) Write a C program to illustrate how an orphan process is created
a) Write a C program that illustrate communication between two unrelated process
WEEK 9 using named pipes 49-52
b) Write a C program that receives a message from message queue and display them
a) Write a C program to allow cooperating process to lock a resource for exclusive
use( using semaphore)
WEEK 10 b) Write a C program that illustrate the suspending and resuming process using signal 53-56
c) Write a C program that implements producer-Consumer system with two process
usingsemaphore
WEEK11 Write client server programs using c for interaction between server and client process 57-60
using Unix Domain sockets
WEEK 12 Write a C program that illustrates two processes communicating using Shared memory 61-62
 EXPERIMENT NO: 1. a)
To Install Ubuntu Linux – Complete Step by Step
Step 1 : Insert the ubuntu cd in the cd drive and bootthe Step 2 : Now you will see ubuntu menu, you can choose
computer from cd. First of all you will be prompted to Try ubuntu without installing option to tryubuntu
select language. elect English or other language according without actually installing it on your hard drive. For
to your preferences. installing ubuntu choose the second option Install
Ubuntu.

Step 3 : Ubuntu will start now initialize and after few minutes you can see the installation wizard.

1
Step 4 : Click Forward and it will check manually option. You can choose the 1st option ifyou just
the minimum requirements for running ubuntu onyour want linux to exist in your system. Else select second
PC. If everything is fine you can see green colored tick option. Now it will display the free space available for
marks. You can also select to download updates while your pc.
installing and install some third party software. After
selecting the things you want click forward.

Select free space and click on Add option to create anew

partition and choose partition type as primary, size around
70% of the free space available or choose anything like
10,000 or 20,000mb, use as ext3 journaling file system and
Step 5 : Now you can choose either erase and useentire disk select mount point as
option or specify partitions /.
Now again select free space from the table and click add
option. Now select size to be around 300mb, useas ext3
journaling file system and select mount point as /boot.

2
Now again select free space from the table and clickadd
option. Now select size to be around twice the size of
your ram that is around 1000 mb if your ram size is
512mb and select use as swap area and clickok.

Step 6 : Click Install now button and then the wizardwill

ask you location. Select your location and click forward.

3
Step 7 : While you are selecting these options wizardwill
continue to copy files. Now select your desired keyboard
layout and click forward.

Step 8 : Now fill in the details about yourself. Fill your name, computer name, choose a username and create a password
and click forward and let ubuntu copy all the essential files.

4
Step 9 : After all files have been copied and installed ubuntu will display a message saying that installationcomplete and click
on restart button to restart your computer. Remove the cd from the cd drive.

Step 10 : After restarting your pc wait for the ubuntu to load and then it will display the login screen. Choose theuser and
enter password and click login.

5
6
 A-Z Index of the Bash command line for Linux
a
a

a a

alias Create an alias •

apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k)
apt-get Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu) aptitude Search for and install
software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)aspell Spell Checker
awk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
b
basename Strip directory and suffix fromfilenamesbash GNU
Bourne-Again SHell
bc Arbitrary precision calculator languagebg Send to
background
bind Set or display readline key and function bindings •break Exit from a
loop •
builtin Run a shell builtin
bzip2 Compress or decompress named file(s)
c
cal Display a calendar
case Conditionally perform a command
cat Concatenate and print (display) the content of filescd Change Directory
cfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux
chattr Change file attributes on a Linux filesystemchgrp Change
group ownership
chmod Change access permissions chown
Change file owner and group
chroot Run a command with a different root directorychkconfig System
services (runlevel)
cksum Print CRC checksum and byte countsclear
Clear terminal screen
cmp Compare two files
comm Compare two sorted files line by line command Run a
command - ignoring shell functions •continue Resume the next iteration of
a loop •
cp Copy one or more files to another locationcron Daemon to
execute scheduled commands crontab Schedule a command to run at a later
time csplit Split a file into context-determined piecescurl Transfer data
from or to a server
cut Divide a file into several parts
d
date Display or change the date & timedc Desk
Calculator
dd Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records
7
 ddrescue Data recovery tool
declare Declare variables and give them attributes •df Display free disk
space
diff Display the differences between two filesdiff3 Show
differences among three files
dig DNS lookup
dir Briefly list directory contentsdircolors Colour
setup for `ls'
dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path dirs Display list of
remembered directories dmesg Print kernel & driver messages
du Estimate file space usage
e
echo Display message on screen •
egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression eject Eject removable
media
enable Enable and disable builtin shell commands •env
Environment variables
eval Evaluate several commands/arguments exec
Execute a command
exit Exit the shell
expect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminalexpand Convert tabs to
spaces
export Set an environment variableexpr
Evaluate expressions
f
false Do nothing, unsuccessfully fdformat Low-
level format a floppy disk
fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linuxfg Send job
to foreground
fgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed stringfile Determine file type
find Search for files that meet a desired criteriafmt Reformat
paragraph text
fold Wrap text to fit a specified width.for Expand
words, and execute commandsformat Format disks or tapes
free Display memory usage
fsck File system consistency check and repairftp File Transfer
Protocol
function Define Function Macros
fuser Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file
g
gawk Find and Replace text within file(s)getopts Parse
positional parameters
grep Search file(s) for lines that match a givenpatterngroupadd Add a user
security group
groupdel Delete a group

8
 groupmod Modify a group
groups Print group names a user is in
gzip Compress or decompress named file(s)
h
hash Remember the full pathname of a name argumenthead
Output the first part of file(s)
help Display help for a built-in command •history
Command History
hostname Print or set system name

i
iconv Convert the character set of a fileid Print user
and group id's
if Conditionally perform a commandifconfig
Configure a network interface install Copy files and set
attributes ip Routing, devices and tunnels
j
jobs List active jobs •
join Join lines on a common field
k
kill Kill a process by specifying its PIDkillall Kill
processes by name
l
let Perform arithmetic on shell variables •link Create a
link to a file
ln Create a symbolic link to a filelocal Create a
function variable • locate Find files
logname Print current login namelogout Exit
a login shell •
look Display lines beginning with a given stringlpc Line
printer control program
lpr Off line print lprint Print
a file lprintd Abort a print job lprintq List
the print queue
ls List information about file(s)lsof List
open files
m
make Recompile a group of programsman
Help manual
mkdir Create new folder(s) mkfifo
Make FIFOs (named pipes)mkfile
Make a file
mktemp Make a temporary file
more Display output one screen at a timemost
Browse or page through a text file

9
 mount Mount a file system mtools
Manipulate MS-DOS files
mtr Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)mv Move or
rename files or directories mmv Mass Move and rename (files)
n
nc Netcat, read and write data across networksnetstat Networking
connections/stats
nice Set the priority of a command or jobnl Number lines
and write files
nohup Run a command immune to hangupsnotify-
send Send desktop notifications
nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively
o
open Open a file in its default applicationop Operator access
p
passwd Modify a user password paste
Merge lines of files ping Test
a network connectionpgrep List processes by
name pkill Kill processes by name
popd Restore the previous value of the currentdirectorypr Prepare files for
printing
printcap Printer capability database printenv Print
environment variablesprintf Format and print data •
ps Process status
pushd Save and then change the current directory pv Monitor the
progress of data through a pipe pwd Print Working Directory
q
quota Display disk usage and limits quotacheck Scan a
file system for disk usage
r
ram ram disk device
rar Archive files with compression rcp Copy files
between two machines read Read a line from standard input
•
readarray Read from stdin into an array variable•readonly Mark
variables/functions as readonly reboot Reboot the system
rename Rename files
renice Alter priority of running processesremsync
Synchronize remote files via email return Exit a shell function
rev Reverse lines of a filerm
Remove files

10
 rmdir Remove folder(s)

s
screen Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via sshscp Secure copy
(remote file copy)
sdiff Merge two files interactivelysed
Stream Editor
select Accept keyboard input seq
Print numeric sequences
set Manipulate shell variables and functionssftp Secure File
Transfer Program
shift Shift positional parametersshopt
Shell Options
shutdown Shutdown or restart linuxsleep Delay
for a specified timeslocate Find files
sort Sort text files
source Run commands from a file '.'
split Split a file into fixed-size piecesss Socket
Statistics
ssh Secure Shell client (remote login program)su Substitute user
identity
sudo Execute a command as another usersum
Print a checksum for a file suspend Suspend
execution of this shell •

t
tail Output the last part of file
tar Store, list or extract files in an archivetee Redirect output
to multiple files
test Evaluate a conditional expression time Measure
Program running time timeout Run a command with a time
limit times User and system times
touch Change file timestamps
top List processes running on the system
tput Set terminal-dependent capabilities, color, position traceroute Trace Route to
Host
trap Execute a command when the shell receives a signal •tr Translate, squeeze,
and/or delete characters
true Do nothing, successfullytsort
Topological sort
tty Print filename of terminal on stdintype Describe a
command •
u
ulimit Limit user resources • umask
Users file creation maskumount
Unmount a device

11
 unalias Remove an alias •
uniq Uniquify files
units Convert units from one scale to another
until Execute commands (until error)
uptime Show uptime
useradd Create new user account
userdel Delete a user account
usermod Modify user account
users List users currently logged in

V
V Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')
vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')Text Editor
vi Report virtual memory statistics
vmstat
W
w wait Show who is logged on and what they are doingWait for a process to
watch complete • Execute/display a program periodically
wc Print byte, word, and line counts
whereis Search the user's $path, man pages and source files

for a program
which Search the user's $path for a program filewhile Execute
commands
who Print all usernames currently logged in whoami Print the
current user id and name (`id -un')
wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS orFTPwrite Send a
message to another user
x
xargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s) xdg-open Open a file or
URL in the user's preferredapplication.xz Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files
yes Print a string until interrupted
zip Package and compress (archive) files.
. Run a command script in the current shell
!! Run the last command again
### Comment / Remark

12
Procedure to connect to LINUX(putty)
Step 1:click on putty icon available on desk top. A window is opened

Step 2:fill in ip address of linux server and click open

Step 3: provide login and password (nothing is displayed on screen while typing password)
Step 4: change the default password at your first login

13
 EXPERIMENT NO: 1. b)
Aim: Write a Shell Script that accepts a file name, starting and ending line numbers
as Arguments and displays all lines between the given line numbers.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Create a file with 5-6 lines of data
File can be created by vi sample.dat or cat sample.dat
Step 2:Now write a shell script with
vi 1.sh
step3:Check the no of arguments for shell script
if 0 arguments then print no arguments
else if 1 argument then print 1 argument
else if 2 arguments then print 2 arguments
else check for file is there or not(if file is not there print file does not exists)
1else sed -ne ''$2','$3' p' $1
sed is one of powerful filter(streameditor)
-e default option (script on command line)
-n suppresses automatic output
$2 first line number passed $3 2nd line number passed
p is a print command (prints current content to the pattern space).
$1 is name of file from which we are printing data between the line numbers.
Step 4:top

Script Name: 1sh

#!/bin/bash
if [ $# -lt 3 ]
then
echo "To execute you have to enter 3 arguments in command line in following order..."
echo " File Name ,starting line number and ending line number..."
else
sed -n $2,$3p $1
fi

Commands used in the script:

Sed command:
stream editor for filtering and transforming text
1. Replacing or substituting string
Sed command is mostly used to replace the text in a file. The below simple sed command
replaces the word "unix" with "linux" in the file.
$sed 's/unix/linux/' file.txt

2. Replacing the nth occurrence of a pattern in a line

$sed 's/unix/linux/2' file.txt
Replaces 2nd occurrence
3. printing pines for a given range

$sed –n 1,5p hello.txtPrints first 5 lines in the file hello.txt

14
nl command:
The nl utility in Linux is used to give number lines of a file on console.
Example:
$ nl sort.txt
1 UK
2 Australia
3 Newzealand
4 Brazil
5 America

Execution:

check how many lines of data in the input file

root@localhost sh]# cat hello.txt | nl

1 abc
2 def
3 ghi
4 abc
5 abc
6 cccc

Executing Shell script:

run1:
[root@localhost sh]# sh 1.sh abc1.txt 2 4
def
ghi
abc

compare with the data in the file and output

Viva Questions
1. What is a shell script?
2. How to find current shell name
3.How to switch to another shell
4.How to execute shell Script

Exercises:

S.No. Task
1 Write a shell script to count no of character in a file ,prompt for input file

2 Write a shell script to count no of character in a file name given incommand prompt

3 Write a shell script to perform arithmetic operation using casestatement

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 1. c)

AIM: Write a shell script that deletes all lines containing the specified word in one or more files
Supplied as arguments to it.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Create a file with 5-6 lines of data

Create the 2 file f1 and f2 as vi s1and vi s2
Step2: Now write a shell script with
vi 2.sh
step3:Check the no of arguments for shell script
if 0 arguments then print no arguments
else pattern=$1(word will be stored in pattern)
for fname in $*
for every filename in given files
if it is a file if [ -f $fname ] then
print DELETING $pattern FROM
$fname sed '/'$pattern'/d' $fname
sed acts as filter if word is a file in any line that will be deleted
‘/’ is used to represent regular expressions
‘/d’ is a delete command in sed
else print file NOT FOUND

Script name: 2.sh

#!/bin/bash
if [ $# -lt 2 ]then
echo "Enter atlest two files as input in command line"
else
printf "enter a word to find:"
read word
for f in $*
do
printf "\n In File $f:\n"
sed /$word/d $f
done
fi

Execution:
run1:
check data in input files
[root@localhost sh]# cat abc1.txt
abc
def
ghi
abc
abc
cccc
[root@localhost sh]# cat abc2.txt
abc
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 def
ghi
abc
abc
cccc
Executing shell script
[root@localhost sh]# sh 2.sh abc1.txt abc2.txt
enter a word to find:abc
In File abc1.txt:
def
ghi
cccc
In File abc2.txt:
def
ghi
cccc

Expected output:
Displays lines from files s1 s2 after deleting the word hi

Viva Questions

1.Explain various loops in shell script

2.Explain grep
3.Explain egep
4.Explain fgep
5. .Explain sed

Exercises:

S.No. Task
1 Write a shell script to count occurrence of a word in a file
2 Write a shell script to print line numbers in which a particular word has occurred where word
is provides as input.

27

17
 EXPERIMENT NO: 1. d)

Aim: Write a shell script that displays a list of all files in the current directory to which the user
has read, write and execute permissions.

ALGORITHM:

Step1: selects list of files from present working directory

Step 2:check for each file wither its is has read, write and execute permissions if true goto step 3
Step 3: print file
Step 4 :stop

Script name: 3.sh

#!/bin/bash
echo "List of Files which have Read, Write and Execute Permissions in Current Directory are..."
for file in *
do
if [ -r $file -a -w $file -a -x $file ]
then
echo $file
fi
done

Execution:

$sh 3.sh

Expected output:
by executing above shell script you will get all files which has read ,write and execute
Permissions in current working directory

sample output
[root@localhost sh]# sh 3.sh
List of Files which have Read, Write and Execute Permissions in Current Directory are...
5.sh
a.out

Viva Questions:
1.Display all files in a directory
2.how to use chmod
3.How to change file permissions

Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a shell script to display all file with read or write or executepermissions provide a
selection menu
2 Write a comparison report for using chmod using symbolicrepresentation or octal
number representation
3 Write a shell script to count no of file in current directory with fullpermissions

2828
 EXPERIMENT NO: 2.a)
Aim:-Write a shell script that receives any number of file names as arguments checks if every
argument supplied is a file or directory and reports accordingly. Whenever the argument is
a file it reports no of lines present in it

ALGORITHM:

step 1: if arguments are less than 1 print Enter at least one input file name and goto step 9
Step 2: selects list a file from list of arguments provided in command line
Step 3: check for whether it is directory if yes print is directory and goto step 9
step 4: check for whether it is a regular file if yes goto step 5 else goto step 8
Step 5: print given name is regular file
step 6: print No of lines in file
step 7: goto step
step 8: print not a file or adirectory
step 9: stop

Script name: 4.sh

#!/bin/bash
if [ $# -lt 1 ]
then
echo "Enter at least one input file name"
else
for i in $*
do
if [ -d $i ]
then
echo " given name is directory"
elif [ -f $i ]
then
echo " given name is file: $i"
echo " No of lines in file are : `wc -l $i`"
else
echo "given name is not a file or a directory"
fi
done
fi

Execution:

provide two file names as input one a regular file and other directory
for example abc1.txt a text file as first argument and vazralu a directory as second argument

Run1:
[root@localhost sh]# sh 4.sh abc1.txt vazralu
given name is file: abc1.txt
No of lines in file are : 7 abc1.txt
19
29
 vazralu is directory

run 2:[root@localhost sh]# sh 4.sh abc1.txt abc2.txt

given name is file: abc1.txt
No of lines in file are : 7 abc1.txt
given name is file: abc2.txt
No of lines in file are : 7 abc2.txt

Viva Questions:

1. What is an internal command in Linux?

Internal commands are also called shell built-in commands. Example: cd,fg. Since these are shell
built-in, no process is created while executing these commands, and hence are considered to be
much faster.

2. x and y are two variables containing numbers? How to add these 2 numbers?
$ expr $x + $y

3. How to add a header record to a file in Linux?

$ sed -i '1i HEADER' file

4. How to find the list of files modified in the last 30 mins in Linux?
$ find . -mmin -30

5. How to find the list of files modified in the last 20 days?

$ find . -mtime -20

Exercises:

S.No. Task
1 Write a shell script to count no of regular files in the current workingdirectory

2 Write a shell script to display list of currently logged users

30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 2. b)

Aim:-Write a shell script that accepts a list of file names as its arguments, counts and
reports the occurrence of each word that is present in the first argument file on other
argument files.

ALGORITHM:

step1: Check the no of arguments for shell script

if 0 arguments then print no arguments
step2:else translate each word in the first file is to be on separate line
which will be stored in temp file
step3: for i in $*
for every filename in given files
step 4: translate each word in the file is to be on separate line
which will be stored in temp1 file
step5: count no of lines in temp file assign it to j
step6: initialize j=1
step 7: while i< j
extract the line that are common in both the file by using
head and tail commands
then apply the filter grep to count and print the lines
which are common to files
increment j
step 8: stop

Script name:5.sh

#!/bin/bash
echo "no of arguments $#"
if [ $# -le 2 ]
then
echo "Error : Invalid number of arguments."
exit
fi
str=`cat $1 | tr '\n' ' '`
for a in $str
do
echo "in file $a"
echo "Word = $a, Count = `grep -c "$a" $2`"
done

Execution and output:

check data in abc1.txt file
[root@localhost sh]# cat abc1.txt
abc
def
ghi
abc
abc 31
30
cccc
check data in abc1.txt file
[root@localhost sh]# cat abc2.txt
abc
def
ghi
abc
abc
cccc
executing script
[root@localhost sh]# sh 5.sh abc1.txt abc2.txt
Word = abc, Count = 3
Word = def, Count = 1
Word = ghi, Count = 1
Word = abc, Count = 3
Word = abc, Count = 3
Word = cccc, Count = 1

Viva Questions

1. What is Shell Scripting ?

Shell scripting, in Linux or Unix, is programming with the shell using which you can automate your tasks.
A shell is the command interpreter which is the interface between the User and the kernel. A shell script
allows you to submit a set of commands to the kernel in a batch. In addition, the shell itself is very powerful
with many properties on its own, be it for string manipulation or some basic programmingstuff.
2. The command "cat file" gives error message "--bash: cat: Command not found". Why?
It is because the PATH variable is corrupt or not set appropriately. And hence the error because the cat
command is not available in the directories present PATH variable.
3. How to find the length of a string in Linux?
$ x="welcome" $ echo ${#x} 7
4. What are the different timestamps associated with a file?
Modification time:- Refers to the time when the file is last modified.
Access time :- The time when the file is last accessed.
Changed time :- The time when the attributes of the file are last changed.

5. How to get the list of files alone in a directory in Linux?

$ ls -lrt | grep ^-

Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a shell script to print prime numbers
2 Write a shell script to print Fibonacci numbers

32 30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 3. a)

Aim:-Write a shell script to list all of the directory files in a directory.

Algorithm:
Step1: enter the name of the directory
Read dir
Step2: if it is a directory
Then list the files present in that directory
By using ls command with –p option to list all directory files in a given directory
Step 3: else enter the directory name
Step 4: stop

Script name: 6.sh

#!/bin/bash
echo " Enter dir name: "
read dir
if [ -d $dir ]
then
printf " Files in Directory $dir are...\n`ls $dir`"
else
echo " Dir does not exist"
fi

Execution and output:

[root@localhost sh]# sh 6.sh
Enter dir name:
japs
Files in Directory japs are...
abc1.txt
abc2.txt
ls-l.c
prg5
s1

Viva Questions

1. A string contains a absolute path of a file. How to extract the filename alone from the absolute
path in Linux?
$ x="/home/guru/temp/f1.txt"
$ echo $x | sed 's^.*/^^'

2. How to find all the files created after a pre-defined date time, say after 10th April 10AM?
This can be achieved in 2 steps:
1. Create a dummy file with the time stamp, 10th April 10AM.
2.Find all the files created after this dummy file.

$ touch -t 1004101000 file

33
30
$ find . -newer file

3. The word "Unix" is present in many .txt files which is present across many files and also
files present in sub directories. How to get the total count of the word "Unix" from all the .txt
files?

$ find . -name *.txt -exec grep -c Unix '{}' \; | awk '{x+=$0;}END{print x}'

Exercises:

S.No. Task
1 How to find the files modified exactly before 30minutes?
$ find . -mmin 30
2 How to print the contents of a file line by line in Linux?

34
30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 3. b)

Aim:-Write a shell script to find factorial of a given number.

ALGORITHM
Step 1: read any number to find factorial
Step 2: initialize fact=1 and i=1
Step 3: while i less than
do
fact=fact* i
i=i+1
done
step 4:print fact
step 5:stop.

Script Name:7.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "Factorial Calculation Script. .."
echo "Enter a number: "
read f
fact=1
factorial=1
while [ $fact -le $f ]
do
factorial=`expr $factorial \* $fact`
fact=`expr $fact + 1`
done

echo "Factorial of $f = $factorial"

Execution and Output:

[root@localhost sh]# sh 7.sh
Factorial Calculation Script....
Enter a number: 4
Factorial of 4 = 24

Exercises:

S.No. Task
1 Write a shell script to find sum of first n natural numbers
2 Write a shell script to find largest of given three numbers

35
30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 4. a)

Aim:-write an awk script to count number of lines in a file that does not contain vowels
ALGORITHM
Step 1: create a file with 5-10 lines of data
Step 2: write an awk script by using grep command to filter the lines
that do not contain vowels
awk ‘ $0 ~/aeiou/ {print $0}’ file1
step3: count=count+1
step4:print count
step5:stop
Awk script name:nm.awk
BEGIN{}
{
If($0 !~/[aeiou AEIOU]/)
wordcount+=NF
}
END
{
print "Number of Lines are", wordcount
}
input file for awk script:data.dat
bcdfghj
abcdfghj
bcdfghj
ebcdfghj
bcdfghj
ibcdfghj
bcdfghj
obcdfghj
bcdfghj
ubcdfghj
Executing the script:
[root@localhost awk]# awk -f nm.awk data.dat
bcdfghj
bcdfghj
bcdfghj
bcdfghj
bcdfghj
Number f lines are 5

Exercises:

S.No. Task
1 Write an awk script to find square root of a given number
2 Write an awk script to find maximum of two numbers , read input from keyboard

36 30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 4. b)

Aim:-write an awk script to find the no of characters ,words and lines in a file

ALGORITHM
Step 1: create a file with 5 to10 lines of data
Step 2: write an awk script
find the length of file
store it in chrcnt
step3: count the no of fields (NF), store it in wordcount
step4: count the no of records (NR), store it in NR
step5: print chrcnt,NRwordcount
step6: stop
Awk script name:nc.awk

BEGIN{}
{
print len=length($0),"\t",$0
wordcount+=NF
chrcnt+=len
}
END {
print "total characters",chrcnt
print "Number of Lines are",NR
print "No of Words count:",wordcount
}

input data file name:data.dat

bcdfghj
abcdfghj
bcdfghj
ebcdfghj
bcdfghj
ibcdfghj
bcdfghj
obcdfghj
bcdfghj
ubcdfghj

Executing the script:

[root@localhost awk]# awk -f nc.awk data.dat
7 bcdfghj
8 abcdfghj
7 bcdfghj
8 ebcdfghj
7 bcdfghj
37 30
 8 ibcdfghj
7 bcdfghj
8 obcdfghj
7 bcdfghj
8 ubcdfghj
total characters 75
Number of Lines are 10
No of Words count: 10

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. How to find the last modified file or the newest file in a directory?
$ ls -lrt | grep ^- | awk 'END{print $NF}'

2. How to access the 10th command line argument in a shell script in Linux?
$1 for 1st argument, $2 for 2nd, etc... For 10th argument, ${10}, for 11th, ${11} and so on.

3. How to find the sum of all numbers in a file in Linux?

$ awk '{x+=$0}END{print x}' file

4. How to delete a file which has some hidden characters in the file name?
Since the rm command may not be able to delete it, the easiest way to delete a file with some hidden
characters in its name is to delete it with the find command using the inode number of the file.
$ ls –li
total 32
9962571 -rw-r--r-- 1 guru users 0 Apr 23 11:35
$ find . -inum 9962571 -exec rm '{}' \;

5. Using the grep command, how can you display or print the entire file contents?
$ grep '.*' file

6. What is the difference between a local variable and environment variable in Linux?

A local variable is the one in which the scope of the variable is only in the shell in which it is defined. An
environment variable has scope in all the shells invoked by the shell in which it is defined.

38
30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 5

Aim:Implement in c language the following Unix commands using

systemcalls a)cat b)ls c)mv

a) AIM:-Write a c program to implement cat command using system calls

Description:
cat COMMAND: cat linux command concatenates files and print it on the standard
output.

SYNTAX:
cat [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

OPTIONS:
-A Show all.
-b Omits line numbers for blank space in the output.
-e A $ character will be printed at the end of each line prior to a new line.
-E Displays a $ (dollar sign) at the end of each line.
-n Line numbers for all the output lines.
-s If the output has multiple empty lines it replaces it with one empty line.
-T Displays the tab characters in the output.
-v Non-printing characters (with the exception of tabs, new-lines & form-feeds) are printed visibly.

Operations With cat Command:

1. To Create a new file:

$cat > file1.txt

This command creates a new file file1.txt. After typing into the file press control+d (^d) simultaneously to
end the file.

2. To Append data into the file:

$cat >> file1.txt
To append data into the same file use append operator >> to write into the file, else the file will be
overwritten (i.e., all of its contents will be erased).

3. To display a file:
$cat file1.txt
This command displays the data in the file.

4. To concatenate several files and display:

$cat file1.txt file2.txt

The above cat command will concatenate the two files (file1.txt and file2.txt) and it will display the output
in the screen. Some times the output may not fit the monitor screen. In such situation you can print those
files in a new file or display the file using less command.
cat file1.txt file2.txt | less

5. To concatenate several files and to transfer the output to another file.

$cat file1.txt file2.txt > file3.txt
In the above example the output is redirected to new file file3.txt. The cat command will create new file
file3.txt and store the concatenated output into file3.txt.
39 30
Algorithm:
Step 1:Start
Step 2:read arguments from keyboard at command line
Step 3:if no of arguments are less than two print ENTER CORRECT ARGUMENTS
Else goto step 4
Step4:read the date from specified file and write it to destination file
Step 5 :stop

Program file name:catdemo.c

#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
int fd,n;
char buff[512];
if(argc!=2)
printf("ENTER CORRECT ARGUMENTS :");
if((fd=open(argv[1],4))<0)
{
printf("ERROR");
return 0;
}
while(n=read(fd,buff,sizeof(buff))>0)
write(1,buff,n);
}

b) AIM:-Write a c program to implement ls command using systemcalls

Description:
ls command is used to list the files present in a directory

Algorithm:
Step 1. Start.
Step 2. open directory using opendir( ) system call.
Step 3. read the directory using readdir( ) system call.
Step 4. print dp.name and dp.inode .
Step 5. repeat above step until end of directory.
Step 6: Stop.

Program name: lsdemo.c

#include<stdio.h>
#include<dirent.h>
void quit(char*,int);
int main(int argc,char **argv )
{
40
30
 DIR *dirop;
struct dirent *dired;
if(argc!=2)
{
printf("Invalid number of arguments\n");
}
if((dirop=opendir(argv[1]))==NULL)
printf("Cannot open directory\n");
while((dired=readdir(dirop))!=NULL)
printf("%10d %s\n",dired>d_ino,dired>d_name);
closedir(dirop);
}

c) AIM:write a c program that simulates mv command (using system calls)

Description:
mv command is used to move or rename a file
synatax:
mv file1 file2
here file1 is renamed as file2

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: open an existed file and one new open file using open() system call
Step 3: read the contents from existed file using read( ) system call
Step 4:write these contents into new file using write system call using write( ) system call
Step 5: repeat above 2 steps until eof
Step 6: close 2 file using fclose( ) system call
Step 7: delete existed file using using unlink( ) system
Step 8: Stop.

Program File name:mvdemo.c

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(int argc ,char *argv[])
{
int r,i;
char p[20],q[20];
if(argc<3)
printf("improper arguments\n file names required\n");
else
if( argc==3)
{
printf("\n%s\n",argv[1],argv[2]);
r=link(argv[1],argv[2]);
printf("%d\n",r);
unlink(argv[1]); 41

30
}
else
{
for(i=1;i<argc-1;i++)
{
strcpy(p,argv[argc-1]);
strcat(p,"/");
strcat(p,argv[i]);
printf("%s%s\n",argv[i],p);
link(argv[i],p);
unlink(argv[i]);
}
}
}

42
30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 6
Aim:Write a C program that takes one or more file/directory names as
command line input and reports following information
A) File Type B)Number Of Links
c) Time oflast Acces D) Read,write and execute permissions

Algorithm:
Step 1:start
Step 2:Declare struct stat a
Step 3:read arguments at command line
Step 4: set the status of the argument using stat(argv[i],&a);
Step 5:Check whether the given file is Directory file by using S_ISDIR(a.st_mode)
if it is a directory file print Directory file
Else
print is Regular file
Step6: print number of links
Step 7:print last time access
Step 8:Print Read,write and execute permissions
Step 9:stop

Program File name: 13.c

#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<time.h>
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
int i,j;
struct stat a;
for (i=1;i<argc;i++)
{
printf("%s : ",argv[i]);
stat(argv[i],&a);
if(S_ISDIR(a.st_mode))
{
printf("is a Directory file\n");
}
else
{
printf("is Regular file\n");
}

printf("******File Properties********\n");
printf("Inode Number:%d\n",a.st_ino);
printf("UID:%o\n",a.st_uid);
printf("GID:%o\n",a.st_gid);
printf("No of Links:%d\n",a.st_nlink);
printf("Last Access time:%s",asctime(localtime(&a.st_atime)));
43
30
 printf("Permission flag:%o\n",a.st_mode%512);
printf("size in bytes:%d\n",a.st_size);
printf("Blocks Allocated:%d\n",a.st_blocks);
printf("Last modification time %s\n",ctime(&a.st_atime));
}
}

Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 write a c program that simulates mkdir command using systemcalls

2 write a c program that simulates rmdir command using systemcalls

44
30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 7

Aim:Write a C program to list every file in directory, its inode number and file name
Algorithm:
Step 1:Start
Step 2:Read Directory name
Step 3:open the directory
Step 4: print file name and Inode number of each file in the directory
Step 5:Stop
Program file name:inode.c

#include<fcntl.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<dirent.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
int main(int argc,char*argv[])
{
DIR *dirop;
struct dirent *dired;
if(argc!=2)
{
printf("Invalid number of arguments\n");
}
else if((dirop=opendir(argv[1]))==NULL)

printf("Cannot open Directory\n");

else
{
printf("%10s %s \n","Inode","File Name");
while((dired=readdir(dirop))!=NULL)
printf("%10d %s\n ",dired->d_ino,dired->d_name);
closedir(dirop);
}
return 0;
}
Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a c program to test whether the given file is seekable or not
2 Write a c program to for requesting and releasing lock

45
30
EXPERIMENT NO: 8 a)

Aim:Write a C program to create child process and allow parent process to display
“parent” and the child to display “child” on the screen

Algorithm:
Step 1: start
Step2: call the fork() function to create a child process
fork function returns 2 values
step 3: which returns 0 to child process
step 4:which returns process id to the parent process
step 5:stop

Program file name:16.c

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
int main()
{
int pid,pid1,pid2;
pid=fork();
if(pid==-1)
{
printf("ERROR IN PROCESS CREATION \n");
exit(0);
}
if(pid!=0)
{
pid1=getpid();
printf("\n the parent process ID is %d", pid1);
}
else
{
pid2=getpid();
printf("\n the child process ID is %d\n", pid2);
}
}

Execution:

[root@dba ~]# cc -o 16 16.c

[root@dba ~]# ./16

the child process ID is 4485

the parent process ID is 4484

46
30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 8 b)
Aim:Write a C program to create zombie process
Algorithm: Step 1:call fork function to create a child process
Step 2:if fork()>0
Then creation of Zombie
By applying sleep function for 10 seconds
Step 3: now terminate the child process
Step 4: exit status child process not reported to parent
Step 5: status any process which is zombie can known by
Applying ps(1) command
Step 6: stop
Program file name:17.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int pid;
pid=fork();
if(pid == 0)
{ printf("Iam child my pid is %d\n",getpid());
printf("My parent pid is:%d\n",getppid());
exit(0);
}
else
{ printf("I am parent, my pid is %d\n",getpid());
sleep(100);
exit(0);
}
}
Execution:
To see zombie process, after running the program, open a new terminal Give this
command $ps -el|grep a.out
First terminal
Compilation:
[root@dba ~]# cc 17.c
Executing binary
[root@dba ~]# ./a.out
Iam child my pid is 4732
My parent pid is:4731
I am parent, my pid is 4731
Checking for zombie process. Z means zombie process
Second terminal
[root@dba ~]# ps -el|grep a.out
0 S 0 4731 4585 0 77 0 - 384 - pts/3 00:00:00 a.out
1 Z 0 4732 4731 0 77 0 - 0 exit pts/3 00:00:00 a.out <defunct>
Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a program to create zombie process and then call system functions to execute ps(1)
command to verify process is zombie
47 30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 8 c)
Aim:-Write a C program to illustrate how an orphan process is created
Algorithm:
Step 1: call the fork function to create the child process
Step 2:if (pid==0)
Then print child id and parent id
else goto step 4
Step 3:Then sleep(10)
Print child id and parent id
Step 4: Print child id and parent id
Step 5:which gives the information of orphan process
Step 6:stop
Program file name:18.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int pid;
printf("I am the original process with PID %d and PPID %d\n",getpid(),getppid());
pid=fork();
if(pid == 0)
{ printf("I am child, my pid is %d ",getpid());
printf("My Parent pid is:%d\n",getppid());
sleep(10);
printf("Now my pid is %d ",getpid());
printf("My parent pid is:%d\n",getppid());
exit(0);
}
else
{ sleep(10);
printf("I am parent, my pid is %d\n",getpid());
//printf("I am going to die\n");
}
printf("PID:%d terminates...\n",getpid());
}
Execution:
Compilation : [root@dba ~]# cc -o 18 18-1.c
Executing Binary:
[root@dba ~]# ./18
I am the original process with PID 5960 and PPID 5778
I am child, my pid is 5961 My Parent pid is:5960
I am parent, my pid is 5960
PID:5960 terminates...
[root@dba ~]# Now my pid is 5961 My parent pid is:1
Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a program to illustrate Vfork();
2 Write a program to illustrate fork();

48 30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 9 a)

Aim:- Write a C program that illustrate communication between two unrelated process
using named pipes

Algorithm for server :

step 1:Start
step 2:Create a first named pipe by using mkfifo system call
Pipe1=mkfifo(NP1,0666).
step 3:if mkfifo returns -1 then
print a message that error in creating the pipe.
step 4:Create a second named pipe by using mkfifo system call
Pipe2=mkfifo(NP2,0666).
step 5:if mkfifo returns -1 then
print a message that error in creating the pipe.
step 6:Open the first pipe for reading by open system call by setting
O_RDONLY Fd=open(NP1,O_RDONLY)
step 7: Open the second pipe for writing by open system call by setting
O_WRONLY Fd=open(NP2,O_WRONLY)
step 8:read the data from the first pipe by using read system call
numread=Read(fd,buf,MAX_BUF-SIZE) buf*numread+=’\0’
step 9:print the data that we have read from pipe
step 10:convert the data to the upper case.
step 11:write the converted string back to second pipe by write(fd,buf, strlen(buf))
step 12:stop.

Algorithm for client :

Step 1:start
Step 2:check whether the no of arguments specified were correct or not
Step 3:if no of arguments are less then print error message
Step 4:Open the first named pipe for writing by open system call by setting
O_WRONLY Fd=open(NP1,O_WRONLY)
Step 5: .Open the second named pipe for reading by open system call by setting
O_RDONLY Fd=open(NP2,O_RDONLY)
Step 6: write the data to the pipe by using write system call
write(fd,argv[1],strlen(argv[1]))
Step 7: read the data from the first pipe by using read system call
numread=Read(fd,buf,MAX_BUF_SIZE) buf*numread+=’\0’
Step 8: print the data that we have read from pipe
Step 9:stop

49
30
Program file name:named_pipe.c
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
void server(int,int);
void client(int,int);
int main()
{
int p1[2],p2[2],pid;
pipe(p1);
pipe(p2);
pid=fork();
if(pid==0)
{
close(p1[1]);
close(p2[0]);
server(p1[0],p2[1]);
return 0;
}
close(p1[0]);
close(p2[1]);
client(p1[1],p2[0]);
wait();
return 0;
}

void client(int wfd,int rfd)

{
int i,j,n;
char fname[2000];
char buff[2000];
printf("ENTER THE FILE NAME :");
scanf("%s",fname);
printf("CLIENT SENDING THE REQUEST .....PLEASE WAIT\n");

sleep(10);
write(wfd,fname,2000);
n=read(rfd,buff,2000);
buff[n]='\0';
printf("THE RESULTS OF CLIENTS ARE ...... \n");
write(1,buff,n);
}
void server(int rfd,int wfd)
{
int i,j,n; char fname[2000];
char buff[2000];
50
30
 n=read(rfd,fname,2000);
fname[n]='\0';
int fd=open(fname,O_RDONLY);
sleep(10);
if(fd<0)
write(wfd,"can't open",9);
else
n=read(fd,buff,2000);
write(wfd,buff,n);
}

Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a program to demonstrate the function of a pipe
2 Write a program to demonstrate the pipe function using dup() system call

51

30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 9 b)

Aim:-Write a C program that receives a message from message queue and display them

Algorithm:
Step 1:Start
Step 2:Declare a message queue structure
typedef struct msgbuf {
long mtype;
char mtext[MSGSZ];
} message_buf;
Mtype =0 Retrieve the next message on the queue, regardless of its mtype.
PositiveGet the next message with an mtype equal to the specified
msgtyp.
Negative Retrieve the first message on the queue whose mtype fieldis
less than or equal to the absolute value of the msgtyp argument.
Usually mtype is set to1
mtext is the data this will be added to the queue.
Step 3:Get the message queue id for the "name" 1234, which was created by the server
key = 1234
Step 4 : if ((msqid = msgget(key, 0666< 0) Then print error
The msgget() function shall return the message queue identifier associated with the argument key.
Step 5: Receive message from message queue by using msgrcv function
int msgrcv(int msqid, void *msgp, size_t msgsz, long msgtyp, int msgflg);
#include < sys/msg.h>
(msgrcv(msqid, &rbuf, MSGSZ, 1, 0)
msqid: message queue id
&sbuf: pointer to user defined structure MSGSZ: message size
Message type: 1
Message flag:The msgflg argument is a bit mask constructed by ORing together zero or
more of the following flags: IPC_NOWAIT or MSG_EXCEPT or MSG_NOERROR
Step 6:if msgrcv <0 return error
Step 7:otherwise print message sent is sbuf.mext
Step 8:stop

Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a program to demonstrate a single process create a message queue andsends itself a
“welcome “ message via the queue
2 Write a program to demonstrate how we can print the status informationabout the queue

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 10 a)
Aim:-Write a C program to allow cooperating process to lock a resource for exclusive
use using, a) Semaphore
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<error.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/sem.h>
int main(void)
{
key_t key;
int semid;
union semun arg;
if((key==ftok("sem demo.c","j"))== -1)
{
perror("ftok");
exit(1);
}
if(semid=semget(key,1,0666|IPC_CREAT))== -1)
{
perror("semget"):
exit(1);
}
arg.val=1;
if(semctl(semid,0,SETVAL,arg)== -1)
{
perror("smctl");
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}

Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a program using the simpler semaphore operation
2 Write a program to create a semaphore

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 10 b)
Aim:-Write a C program that illustrate the suspending and resuming process using signal

Algorithm:
Step 1: call the signal function to generate the signal
Step 2:execution of process will be started
Step 3:call alarm function to suspend the execution of current process
Step 4:then it will execute the signal function
Step 5:again the process will be resumed
Step 6:stop

Program

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;
if(signal(SIGALRM,sig_alarm)==SIG_ERR)
printf(‚Signal error‛);
alarm(5);
for(n=0;n<=15;n++)
printf(‚from for loop n=%d‛,n);
printf(‚main program terminated‛);
}

void sig_alarm(int signo)

{
printf(‚from sigalarm function‛);
}

Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a program using kill and rise functions
2 Write a program using abort()

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 10 c)
Aim:-Write a C program that implements producer –consumer system with two processes using
semaphores
Algorithm for producer :
step 1:Start
step 2:Create a named pipe by using mkfifo system call Pipe1=mkfifo(NP1,0666)
step 3:if mkfifo returns -1 then print a message that error in creating the pipe
step 4:Open the pipe for reading by open system call by setting O-RDONLY Fd=open(NP1,O-
RDONLY)
step 5:read the data from the pipe by using read system call
numread=Read(fd,buf,MAX-BUF-SIZE)
step 6:print the data that we have read from pipe
step 7:convert the data to the upper case.
step 8:print the converted data
step 9:stop.
Algorithm for consumer:

Step 1:start
step 2:check whether the no of arguments specified were correct or not
step3:if no of arguments are less then print error message
step 4:Open the pipe for writing by open system call by setting O_WRONLY
Fd= open (NP1, O_WRONLY )
step 5: write the data to the pipe by using write system call write(fd,argv[1],strlen(argv[1]))
step 6:stop
Consumer:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#define MAXSIZE 10
#define FIFO_NAME "myfifo"
int main()
{
int fifoid; int fd, n; char *r;
system("clear");
r=(char *)malloc(sizeof(char)*MAXSIZE); int open_mode=O_RDONLY;
if( (fd=open(FIFO_NAME, open_mode)) < 0 )
{
printf("\nError: Named pipe cannot be opened\n"); exit(0);
}
while(1)
{
n=read(fd, r, MAXSIZE); if(n > 0)
printf("\nConsumer read: %s", r);
}
} /*main close*/
Producer program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#define MAXSIZE 10

#define FIFO_NAME "myfifo"

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 int main()
{
int fifoid; int fd, n; char *w;
int open_mode;
system("clear");
w=(char *)malloc(sizeof(char)*MAXSIZE);
open_mode=O_WRONLY;
fifoid=mkfifo(FIFO_NAME, 0755);
if(fifoid==-1)
{
printf("\nError: Named pipe cannot be Created\n"); exit(0);
}
if( (fd=open(FIFO_NAME, open_mode)) < 0 )
{
printf("\nError: Named pipe cannot be opened\n");
exit(0);
}
while(1)
{
printf("\nProducer :"); fflush(stdin);
read(0, w, MAXSIZE);
n=write(fd, w, MAXSIZE);
if(n > 0)
printf("\nProducer sent: %s", w);

} /*main close*/

Output:

$ cc –o producer producer.c #first window

$cc –o consumer consumer.c # second window
$ ./producer #first window
$./consumer # second window
Producer:
Producer sent: hai #first window
Consumer read: hai # second window
Producer sent: good morning #first window
Consumer read: good morning # second window
Producer sent: welcome #first window
Consumer read: welcome # second window

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 11
Aim:-Write client server programs using c for interaction between server and client process
using Unix Domain sockets

Algorithm:-
Sample UNIX server
Step 1:define NAME "socket"
Step 2: sock = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
Step 3:if (sock < 0) perror("opening stream socket"); exit(1);
step4: server.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
strcpy(server.sun_path, NAME);
if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &server, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)))
{
perror("binding stream socket"); exit(1);
}
step 5: print ("Socket has name %s\n", server.sun_path);
listen(sock, 5);
step 6: for (;;)
{
msgsock = accept(sock, 0, 0);
if (msgsock == -1)
perror("accept");
else
do { bzero(buf, sizeof(buf));
if ((rval = read(msgsock, buf, 1024)) < 0)

perror("reading stream message");

else if (rval == 0)
else print ("-->%s\n", buf);
} while (rval > 0);
close(msgsock);
}
close(sock);
unlink(NAME);
}

Step 7:stop

Programs:

Server.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h> 57

30
int connection_handler(int connection_fd)
{
int nbytes;
char buffer[256];
nbytes = read(connection_fd, buffer, 256);
buffer[nbytes] = 0;
printf("MESSAGE FROM CLIENT: %s\n", buffer);
nbytes = snprintf(buffer, 256, "hello from the server");
write(connection_fd, buffer, nbytes);
close(connection_fd);
return 0;
}

int main(void)
{
struct sockaddr_un address;
int socket_fd, connection_fd;
socklen_t address_length;
pid_t child;
socket_fd = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(socket_fd < 0)
{
printf("socket() failed\n");
return 1;
}

unlink("./demo_socket");

/* start with a clean address structure */

memset(&address, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));

address.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
snprintf(address.sun_path, UNIX_PATH_MAX, "./demo_socket");

if(bind(socket_fd,
(struct sockaddr *) &address,
sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)) != 0)
{
printf("bind() failed\n");
return 1;
}
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30
 if(listen(socket_fd, 5) != 0)
{
printf("listen() failed\n");
return 1;
}

while((connection_fd = accept(socket_fd,
(struct sockaddr *) &address,
&address_length)) > -1)
{
child = fork();
if(child == 0)
{
/* now inside newly created connection handling process */
return connection_handler(connection_fd);
}
/* still inside server process */
close(connection_fd);
}
close(socket_fd);
unlink("./demo_socket");
return 0;
}

Client.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
struct sockaddr_un address;
int socket_fd, nbytes;
char buffer[256];

socket_fd = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM,0);

if(socket_fd < 0)
{
printf("socket() failed\n");
return 1;
} 59
30
 /* start with a clean address structure */
memset(&address, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));

address.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
snprintf(address.sun_path, UNIX_PATH_MAX, "./demo_socket");

if(connect(socket_fd,
(struct sockaddr *) &address,
sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)) != 0)
{
printf("connect() failed\n");
return 1;
}
nbytes = snprintf(buffer, 256, "hello from a client");
write(socket_fd, buffer, nbytes);

nbytes = read(socket_fd, buffer, 256);

buffer[nbytes] = 0;

printf("MESSAGE FROM SERVER: %s\n", buffer);

close(socket_fd);
return 0;
}

Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a program to demonstrate getting and setting the socket optionsthrough socket related
system call
2 Write a program to demonstrate bind system call.

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30
 EXPERIMENT NO: 12
Aim:-Write a C program that illustrates two processes communicating using Shared memory
Algorithm:-
step1.Start
step 2.Include header files required for the program are
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
step 3.Declare the variable which are required as
pid_t pid
int *shared /* pointer to the shm */
int shmid
step 4.Use shmget function to create shared memory
#include <sys/shm.h>
int shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int shmflg)
The shmget() function shall return the shared memory identifier associated with key The
argument key is equal to IPC_PRIVATE. so that the operating system selects the next
available key for a newly created shared block of memory. Size represents size of
shared memory block Shmflg shared memory permissions which are represented by octalinteger
shmid = shmget (IPC_PRIVATE, sizeof(int), IPC_CREAT | 0666);
print the shared memory id
step 5.if fork()==0 Then
begin
shared = shmat(shmid, (void *) 0, 0)
print the shared variable(shared) *shared=2
print *shared sleep(2)
print *shared
end
step 6.else
begin
shared = shmat(shmid, (void *) 0, 0)
print the shared variable(shared)
print *shared sleep(1) *shared=30
printf("Parent value=%d\n", *shared);
sleep(5)
shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, 0)
end
step 7.stop.

Program:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
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int main(void) {
pid_t pid;
int *shared; /* pointer to the shm */ int shmid;
shmid = shmget(IPC_PRIVATE, sizeof(int), IPC_CREAT | 0666); printf("Shared Memory
ID=%u",shmid);
if (fork() == 0) { /* Child */

/* Attach to shared memory and print the pointer */ shared = shmat(shmid, (void *) 0, 0);
printf("Child pointer %u\n", shared); *shared=1;
printf("Child value=%d\n", *shared); sleep(2);
printf("Child value=%d\n", *shared); } else { /* Parent */
/* Attach to shared memory and print the pointer */ shared = shmat(shmid, (void *) 0, 0);
printf("Parent pointer %u\n", shared); printf("Parent value=%d\n", *shared); sleep(1);
*shared=42;
printf("Parent value=%d\n", *shared); sleep(5);
shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, 0);
}

sampath@localhost ipc]$cc shared_mem.c

[sampath@localhost ipc]$ ./a.out
Shared Memory ID=65537Child pointer 3086680064 Child value=1
Shared Memory ID=65537Parent pointer 3086680064 Parent value=1
Parent value=42 Child value=42

Viva questions
1. define shared memory
2. what are file locking functions.
3.what are shared memory system calls.
4.define internet domain sockets
5.Difference between internet and unix domain sockets.

Exercises:
S.No. Task
1 Write a program to demonstrate communication of two different process
via shared memory
2 Write a program to demonstrate that the shared memory created will beavailable even after
the process which created is exited.

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