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    Sodium and Potassium

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    LUALHATI VILLAS
    Sodium is the most abundant cation in the body and plays a central role in maintaining water distribution and acid-base balance. It is mainly excreted through the kidneys. Common methods to measure sodium levels include flame emission spectrophotometry and ion selective electrodes. Abnormal sodium levels can indicate various conditions such as dehydration or adrenal disorders. Potassium is primarily an intracellular cation and the preferred method to measure it is ion selective electrodes. Errors in measuring potassium can occur if samples are hemolyzed due to potassium's high concentration in red blood cells.

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    Sodium and Potassium

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    LUALHATI VILLAS
    39 views4 pages
    Sodium is the most abundant cation in the body and plays a central role in maintaining water distribution and acid-base balance. It is mainly excreted through the kidneys. Common methods to measure sodium levels include flame emission spectrophotometry and ion selective electrodes. Abnormal sodium levels can indicate various conditions such as dehydration or adrenal disorders. Potassium is primarily an intracellular cation and the preferred method to measure it is ion selective electrodes. Errors in measuring potassium can occur if samples are hemolyzed due to potassium's high concentration in red blood cells.

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    Sodium is the most abundant cation in the body and plays a central role in maintaining water distribution and acid-base balance. It is mainly excreted through the kidneys. Common methods to measure sodium levels include flame emission spectrophotometry and ion selective electrodes. Abnormal sodium levels can indicate various conditions such as dehydration or adrenal disorders. Potassium is primarily an intracellular cation and the preferred method to measure it is ion selective electrodes. Errors in measuring potassium can occur if samples are hemolyzed due to potassium's high concentration in red blood cells.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views4 pages

    Sodium and Potassium

    Uploaded by

    LUALHATI VILLAS
    Sodium is the most abundant cation in the body and plays a central role in maintaining water distribution and acid-base balance. It is mainly excreted through the kidneys. Common methods to measure sodium levels include flame emission spectrophotometry and ion selective electrodes. Abnormal sodium levels can indicate various conditions such as dehydration or adrenal disorders. Potassium is primarily an intracellular cation and the preferred method to measure it is ion selective electrodes. Errors in measuring potassium can occur if samples are hemolyzed due to potassium's high concentration in red blood cells.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    SODIUM

    major extracellular cation


    Most abundant cation (90%)
    Central role in maintaining the normal
    distribution of water and osmotic pressure in the
    ECF compartment
    Maintains acid-base balance
    Excreted through kidneys, small amounts appear
    in feces and sweats.

    Methods
    1. Chemical methods (Trindler)
    2. Flame Emission Spectrophotometry
    3. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
    4. ISE (Ion Selective Electrode)

    METHODS PRINCIPLE END COLOR REFERENCE VALUES


    Trindler method Serum is added to an
    alcoholic solution of
    magnesium uranyl
    acetate
    Sodium is precipitated
    as sodium magnesium
    uranyl acetate and
    proteins are precipitated
    by ethyl alcohol.
    Sodium Albanese and sodium is precipitated as Determined
    Lein method sodium uranyl zinc photometrically by its
    acetate which is then yellow color
    dissolved in water
    Albanese and Lein Bound Sodium ions is Lavander complex
    Colorimetric EndPoint release from albumin by
    (Based on our previous a solvent. The Serum
    laboratory activity) Sodium (bound,
    complexed or ionized) is
    then complexed by a
    dye.
    Easylite plus Analyzer controlled electrolyte
    system that uses ISE (Ion
    selective electrode)

    Reference Values for Sodium according to Bishop


    Serum, plasma 136–145 mmol/L
    Urine (24 h) 40–220 mmol/d, varies with diet
    Cerebrospinal fluid 136–150 mmol/L

    Clinical Significance
    Hypernatremia
    Increased Na concentration
    Cushing's syndrome (hyperadrenalism)
    Severe dehydration due to primary water loss
    Certain types of brain injury
    Diabetic coma after insulin therapy
    Extreme treatment with sodium salts

    Hyponatremia
    Low sodium level (<135 mmol/L)
    Most common in hospitalized and
    nonhospitalized patients

    Increased sodium loss


    Hypoadrenalism
    Potassium deficiency
    Diuretic use
    Ketonuria
    Salt-losing nephropathy
    Prolong vomiting or diarrhea
    Severe burns

    Increased water retention


    Renal failure
    Nephrotic syndrome
    Hepatic cirrhosis Congestive heart failure

    Water imbalance
    excess water intake SIADH
    pseudohyponatremia

    Source of Errors
    Blood samples are taken after muscular exercise/activity.
    The glasswares are not rinse with deionized distilled water.

    Patient Preparation
    1. Serum is the preferred sample. Plasma and urine are also acceptable. Sweat is also used.
    2. Suitable anticoagulants: lithium heparin, ammonium heparin, lithium oxalate

    349-353

    POTASSIUM
    Major intracellular cation

    Methods
    1. ISE = method of choice
    2. Flame photometry
    3. Lockheed and Purcell (chemical method)
    4. Jacob and Rowland (chemical method)
    METHODS PRINCIPLE END COLOR REFERENCE VALUES
    Lockheed and Purcell Potassium is Alkaline solution is
    precipitated directly cobalt reduces the
    from the serum or Folin- Ciocalteau
    plasma as potassium phenol reagent to a
    sodium cobaltinitrite blue color
    Lockheed and Purcell Bound potassium ions is Blue color Serum: 3.6 -5.4
    Colorimetric Endpoint released from albumin mmol/L
    (Based on our previous by a solvent.The serum CSF: 2.2 -3.1 mmol
    laboratory activity) potassium (bound, Urine: 3.0 – 9.0
    complexed or ionized) is mmol/l
    then complexed by a
    dye.

    REFERENCE RANGES FOR POTASSIUM ACCORDING TO BISHOP


    Serum Plasma 3.5–5.1 mmol/L
    Plasma Males: 3.5–4.5 mmol/L
    Females: 3.4–4.4 mmol/L
    Urine (24 h) 25–125 mmol/d

    Clinical Significance
    Hyperkalemia
    increased potassium level

    Decreased Renal Excretions


    acute or chronic renal failure
    Hypoaldosteronism
    Addison's disease
    Diuretics

    Cellular Shift:
    acidosis
    Muscle/cellular injury
    Chemotherapy
    Leukemia
    Hemolysis

    Increased intake:
    oral or IV K replacement therapy

    Source of error
    Artifactual
    sample hemolysis
    Thrombocytosis
    Prolong tourniquet or excessive fist clenching
    Arm Exercise
    Hemolvsis (0.5% RBC can ^ level by 0.5 mmol/L to 30% ^ in Gross Hemolysis

    Source of Errors

    Proper collection and handling of samples for K+ analysis is extremely important because there
    are many causes of artifactual hyperkalemia.

    tourniquet is left on the arm too long during blood collection or if patients excessively clench
    their fists or otherwise exercise their forearms before venipuncture
    Whole blood samples stored at iced temperature.
    hemolysis occurs after the blood is drawn

    Patient Preparation
    1. Specimen required is serum or heparinized blood.
    2. Hemolysis must be avoided because of the high K+ content of erythrocytes
    3. Muscular activity prior to blood extraction is not recommended this may increase potassium assay
    4. Urine specimens should be collected over a 24-hour period to eliminate the influence of
    diurnal variation.

    353-357
    Clinical Chemistry Revie – Rodriguez (2009) 117-119

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