Screwed

connections

Table of contents

1 General....................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Lag screw.......................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Screw.................................................................................................................. 2
2 Pre-drilling................................................................................................................. 2
3 Material properties.................................................................................................. 3
4 Loading...................................................................................................................... 4
5 Laterally loaded connections................................................................................ 5
5.1 Laterally loaded screws.................................................................................. 5
5.1.1 Timber-to-timber connections........................................................... 5
5.1.2 Panel-to-timber connections............................................................. 8
5.1.3 Steel-to-timber connections.............................................................. 9
5.2 Laterally loaded lag screws............................................................................ 9
5.2.1 Timber-to-timber connections.......................................................... 9
5.2.2 Panel-to-timber connections.......................................................... 10
5.2.3 Steel-to-timber connections........................................................... 10
5.2.4 Effective number of fasteners.......................................................... 11
6 Block shear failure.................................................................................................. 11
6.1 Connection forces at the angle of grain..................................................... 11
6.2 Block shear failure.......................................................................................... 11
7 Axially loaded screws.............................................................................................12
8 Inclined screwed connections..............................................................................14
8.1 Cross screw connection................................................................................14
8.2 Tension screwed connection........................................................................16
8.3 Three dimensionally inclined screwed connection..................................16
8.4 Connection detailing......................................................................................16
9 Combined laterally and axially loaded screws..................................................18
10 Fastener spacings and edge and end distances...............................................18
10.1 Laterally loaded screws - Locations parallel to the grain........................18
10.2 Laterally loaded screws - For screws d ≤ 8 mm........................................18
10.3 Laterally loaded screws - For screws d > 8 mm.......................................22
10.4 Axially loaded screws....................................................................................24
11 Allowed tolerances of screwed connections....................................................25
12 Bibliography............................................................................................................25

Calculation example: Laterally loaded timber-to-timber screw connection...........25

Calculation example: Axially loaded steel-to-timber screw connection.................. 27
Endnotes ...........................................................................................................................29
Screwed Parts that are according to the Finnish national annex are marked with

connections
green text or they are given in the endnote. These rules may not apply
outside Finland. The equations by RIL 205-1-2009 are generalized from
the Eurocode and are on the safe side. Additional general information
about connections is also collected from several sources.

1. General

Timber screws are well suited for steel-to-timber and panel-to- 1.1 Lag screw
timber connections but they can also be used for timber-to-timber A lag screw, in this guide, means a partly threaded screw, where the
connections. Screw connections are generally designed for single shear outer threaded diameter is equal to the shank diameter (nominal
connections. Screws are good at transmitting axial loads. diameter d). When the smooth shank penetrates into the point
side member by not less than 4d, the load-carrying capacity may be
The nominal thickness d means the outer thickness of the threaded calculated using the nominal diameter d of the smooth shank. For lag
part. This rule applies for screws where the inner threaded diameter screws where the smooth shank point side penetration is less than 4d,
of screw di (the root diameter), should not be less than 60 % and not the effective diameter value for screws is used, see 1.2.
more than 90 % of the outer threaded diameter d (0.6 d ≤ di ≤ 0.9 d.) 1
1.2 Screw
Screws and glue do not have a co-operative action. Unless otherwise A screw, in this guide, means full of partly threaded screws, where
specified, screws should be driven to such a depth that the surface of the diameter of shank ds is not more than 80 % of the outer threaded
the screw head is flush with the timber surface with a tolerance of -0 diameter (nominal diameter d) but at least 1.1 di , where di is the inner
/ +3 mm. For inclined screwed connections the tolerance for angle is diameter (root diameter) of the threaded part.
±5º.
ds ≤ 0.8d and ds ≥ 1.1di (1)2
Before installation of screws, ensure that the connecting members are
positioned tightly together or the length of the unthreaded part is at The effective diameter for screws:
least as much as the thickness of the connecting member.
def = 1.1di (2)3

If the screw fulfils the requirements of equation (3), the effective

diameter def values presented in equation (4) may be used for Kerto-S
and Kerto-Q.

ds ≤ 0.8d and di ≤ 0.7d (3)4

⎧0.66d for
for load - carrying
load-carrying (4)5
d ef = ⎨  
⎩0.80d for spacing
for spacing and
andend
edgeand
distances
edge distances

where: d is the outer threaded diameter (outer diameter of threads)

2. Pre-drilling

For lag screws in solid timber, glued laminated timber, panels and
Figure 1: Screw types; (a), (b) and (c) are calculated as lag screw; (d)
self-tapping screw and (e) self-drilling screw. Kerto, with a diameter d > 6 mm, pre-drilling is required. The lead
hole for the threaded portion should have a diameter D = 0.6d - 0.75d
where: d is the outer threaded diameter in softwood and 0.7d - 0.85d in hardwood. The lead hole for the
shank should have a diameter D = d + 0..1 and the same depth as the
di is the inner threaded diameter (root diameter) length of the shank. Timber should be pre-drilled also when d < 6
mm if the characteristic density of the timber ρk is greater than 500
ds is the smooth shank diameter kg/m3.

dh is the head diameter For screws, timber should be pre-drilled when: the characteristic
density of the timber ρk is greater than 500 kg/m3, or the diameter d
L is the screw length of the screw exceeds 8 mm, or the diameter of the smooth shank ds
exceeds 6 mm. The characteristic density of Kerto-S and Kerto-Q is
Lg is the threaded length 480 kg/m3 and Kerto-T 410 kg/m3. The diameter of pre-drilled holes
for a non-self-drilling screw should be D = 0.5d - 0.7d but not more
than the inner threaded diameter di, where d is the screw diameter.

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Solid timber, glued laminated timber, flatwise Kerto-S and flatwise 3. Material properties
Kerto-T should be pre-drilled when the thickness t of the timber
member is smaller than: The simplified design method presented in this guide is valid for the
screws manufactured with nominal diameter 3.8 mm ≤ d ≤ 24 mm
⎧ 7d ef and with minimum tensile strength fu,k ≥ 500 N/mm2 or with a
⎪
t = max ⎨ ρ k   [mm] (5)6 characteristic value for yield moment My,k ≥ 150 def 2.6.
⎪⎩(13d ef − 30) ⋅ 400
The following details are needed from screw manufacturer for design:
where: ρk is the characteristic timber density, in kg/m3 • The characteristic point-side withdrawal strength fax,k [N/mm2]
def is the screw effective diameter, in mm together with the characteristic density ρk [kg/m3] of the timber used
or the type of wood based product used
The minimum thickness of flatwise Kerto-Q is not limited for screws • The characteristic value for the yield moment My,k [Nmm]
without pre-drilled holes. 7 • The characteristic head-side pull-through strength fhead,k [N/mm2]
together with the characteristic density ρk [kg/m3] of the timber used
Edgewise Kerto-LVL should be pre-drilled when the thickness t of the or the type of wood based product used
timber member is smaller than equation (6), for other screwed con- • The characteristic tensile capacity ftens,k [kN]
nections the EN 1995-1-1:2004 clause 8.3.1.2(7) may be neglected. • The nominal diameter d [mm], the length L [mm], the inner diame-
ter di [mm], the head diameter dh [mm], the smooth shank diameter
⎧ 14 d ef ds [mm] and for partly threaded screws the length of the threaded part
⎪ lg [mm].
t = max ⎨ ρ k   [mm] (6)8
⎪⎩(13 d ef − 30 ) ⋅
200 Steel plates need to be pre-drilled structural steel or austenitic stainless
steel.
where: ρk is the characteristic timber density, in kg/m3 Screws and steel plates should, where necessary, either be inherently
def is the screw effective diameter, in mm corrosion-resistant or be protected against corrosion.

Table 1: The minimum specifications for material protection against corrosion for fasteners. Electroplated zinc coating Fe/Zn classes are according
to ISO 2081 and hot-dip coating Z classes according to EN 10346.9 Stainless steel according to EN 10088-1 (grades 1.4401, 1.4301 and 1.4310)10.

Service class

Fastener 1 2 3

Screws with d ≤ 4 mm None Fe/Zn 12c, Z275 Fe/Zn 25c, Z350

Screws with d > 4 mm None None Fe/Zn 25c, Z350

Steel plates up to 3 mm thickness Fe/Zn 12c, Z275 Fe/Zn 12c, Z275 Stainless steel

Steel plates from 3 mm up to 5 mm in thickness None Fe/Zn 12c, Z275 Fe/Zn 25c, Z350

Steel plates over 5 mm thickness None None Fe/Zn 25c, Z350

In this guide timber means solid timber, glued laminated timber, Kerto-S and Kerto-T. Due to its
cross-veneers, Kerto-Q has better splitting resistance when compared to other timber when used in
flatwise connections.

Wood-based panels should be CE-marked in accordance with EN 13986 (plywood, particleboard,

OSB-board, medium fibreboard and hard fibreboard) or they should have a local type approval or
statement/certificate from an institution approved by local building authorities that covers their use
as load-bearing structures.

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Table 2: Strength modification factors for service classes and load-duration classes kmod and partial factors γM for material
properties and resistances. 11

Strength modification factors for service classes and load-duration classes kmod
Load-duration class

MateriaL Service class Permanent action Long term action Medium term action Short term action Instantaneous action

Solid timber, round 1 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.10

timber, glued laminated 2 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.10
timber, Kerto LVL, 3 0.50 0.55 0.65 0.70 0.90
plywood
Particleboard EN 312-4* 1 0.30 0.45 0.65 0.85 1.10
and -5, OSB/2*, Hard 2 0.20 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.80
fibreboard
Particleboard EN 312-6* 1 0.40 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10
and -7, OSB/3, OSB/4 2 0.30 0.40 0.22 0.70 0.90

Medium fibreboard: MBH. 1 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.10

LA*, MBH.HLS, MDF.LA* 2 - - - 0.45 0.80
and MDF.HLS

Partial factors γM (EN 1995 recommended values and the Finnish NA values)

Fundamental combinations:
Solid and Round timber in general 1.30 1.40
Softwood structural timber, strength class ≥ C35 1.30 1.25
Kerto LVL 1.20 1.20
Glued laminated timber 1.25 1.20
Plywood, OSB 1.20 1.25
Particle- and fibreboards 1.30 1.25
Connections 1.30 according to timber material
Accidental combination 1.00 1.00

* Can only be used in service class 1

4. Loading

Screws can be loaded laterally or axially. The loading can also be

combined lateral and axial load.

Reductions in cross section should be taken into account when

analysing the capacity of timber members. These reductions may be
neglected if the screw diameter def is ≤ 6 mm or holes are position
in the compressed side of the member and filled with a material of
higher stiffness.

In compressed Kerto-to-Kerto joints, 2/3 of the perpendicular

compression force can be transferred directly through contact
from member to member. If the contact surfaces have been CNC-
machined, 3/4 of the perpendicular compression force can be trans-
ferred directly through contact from member to member. Splitting of
the compressed side in sloped connections, such as ridge connections,
should be prevented by shaping the end of the member or installing
a hard fibreboard or steel plate with a height of about 3/4 of the total
height of the connection.

When a force in a connection acts at an angle to the grain, the screws

of laterally suspended joints should ideally be positioned at the com-
pressed side of the member. In these cases there is generally no need to
Figure 2 : Forces for screw
check the tension capacity perpendicular to the grain. See Figure 5.

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5. Laterally loaded For calculating the lateral load-capacity of the connection, the
connections capacity of fasteners and the block shear in timber members should be
checked. See Figure 3.
k mod ⋅ Rk
The design capacity of connection: Rd =   (7)12
γM
where: kmod is the modification factor for duration of load and
moisture content
γM is the partial factor for connection resistance

When connecting two different materials the smallest value

of kmod / γM should be used.

5.1 Laterally loaded screws

The following guides may be used unless CE-mark or VTT statement
given for design according to EN 1995 otherwise states, for example
self-drilling screws with drill-bit.

If one of the following terms is fulfilled, and the penetration depth

of the screw’s threaded part in the point side timber member is at
least 8def , the characteristic lateral load-capacity, equation (8), may be
multiplied by 1.15.
Figure 3 : Laterally loaded connection

– The penetration depth of the threaded part in head side

timber is at least 6def
The effect of screw threads is taken into account by using the effective
– A steel plate on the head side
diameter def. For timber screws the equations for profiled nails are
– A washer with a side length or a diameter of at least 3d and
used, see 5.1. For screws the effective diameter def is calculated
a thickness of at least 0.3d is used under the head. Washers
with equation (2) or (4). For lag screws with diameter d ≤ 6 mm the
should have a full bearing area.
equations for profiled nails are also used, see 5.1. For lag screws with
– A wood-based panel (plywood, particleboard, OSB or hard
d ≥ 6 mm the equations for bolts are used, see 5.2. Depending on the
fibreboard) with thickness of at least 2def is under the head and
penetration depth of the lag screw the effective diameter is equal to d
the head diameter is at least 2d.
or calculated with equation (2).

5.1.1 Timber-to-timber connections

This method can be used with lag screws when the diameter is not more than 6 mm and the method
can be used with screws when, penetration depth t1 is, with non-pre-drilled screws ≥ 7def and with pre-
drilled screws ≥ 4def and penetration depth t2 is with non-pre-drilled screws ≥ 8def and with pre-drilled
screws ≥ 4def . For Kerto-Q without pre-drilling the penetration depth t1 may be ≥ 4def . See Figure 4.

Figure 4: Definitions of t, t1 and t2 (a) single shear connection, (b) double shear connection, (c) overlapping screws

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The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a screw in single shear, My is the characteristic fastener yield moment, in Nmm
when penetration depths t1 ≥ 8def and t2 ≥ 12def def is the effective diameter of the fastener, in mm
Rk is the characteristic load-carrying capacity for a screw in
single shear, equation (8)
[N] (8)13

(13)18
where: def is the effective diameter of the fastener, in mm

The penetration thicknesses t1 and t2 are defined in single and double

shear connections as follows, see Figure 4:

• In a single shear connection t1 is the thickness of the timber member The design load-carrying capacity when t1 < 8def or t2 < 12def
at the head side and t2 is the penetration depth of the point side.

• In a double shear connection t1 is the minimum of the following: k mod

thickness of the timber member at the head side or the penetration
Rd = ⋅ k ρ ⋅ ke ⋅ k h,k ⋅ Rk (14)19
γM
depth of the point side and t2 is the thickness of the central member

• In a three-member connection, screws may overlap in the central

⎧ t1
⎪ 8d
member provided (t - t2) is greater than 4def. ⎪ ef
where: k e = min ⎨ (15)20
The design load-carrying capacity when t1 ≥ 8def and t2 ≥ 12def ⎪ t 2
⎪12 d ef
⎩
k mod
Rd = ⋅ k ρ ⋅ kt ⋅ k h,k ⋅ Rk   (9)14
γM
where: kmod is the modification factor for duration of load and
moisture content
γM is the partial factor for connection resistance

When connecting two different materials the smallest value of

kmod / γM should be used.

ρk (10)15
kρ =  
350

If timber members do not have the same characteristic density ρk

(kg/m3) the smallest value should be used. For Kerto-S and Kerto-Q
the kρ = 1.171 and for Kerto-T the kρ = 1.082.

⎧ t1 − 8d ef
⎪ 1 + 0.3 ⋅
⎪ 8d ef (11)16
kt = max ⎨
t − 12 d ef
⎪1 + 0.3 ⋅ 2
⎪
⎩ 6d ef

with the following limits:

(12)17

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5.1.1.1 Kerto-to-kerto connections

Table 3: The lateral load-carrying capacity values of a single smooth wire nails without pre-drilling Rk
and kmod · Rk [N] for a Kerto-to-Kerto flatwise connection (Kerto-S or Kerto-Q). Table values can be used
when penetration lengths are t1 ≥ 8def and t2 ≥ 12def and head diameter dh ≥ 1.8d and threaded part
length lg ≥ 12def. The calculation has been done by using the Johansen yield theory according to Euroco-
de 5. Strength modification factors for service classes and load-duration classes are according to Table 2.

Load-duration class and service class

permanent action medium term action short term action Instantaneous action
kmod · Rk kmod · Rk kmod · Rk kmod · Rk

d Rk 1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3

3.8 755 453 378 604 491 680 529 831 680
4.2 898 539 449 718 584 808 629 988 808
4.6 1053 632 527 842 684 948 737 1158 948
5.0 1217 730 609 974 791 1095 852 1339 1095
6.0 1672 1003 836 1338 1087 1505 1170 1839 1505

Kerto-Q on head side and t1 ≥ 4 def

3.8 598 359 299 478 389 538 419 658 538
4.2 714 428 357 571 464 643 500 785 643
4.6 840 504 420 672 546 756 588 924 756
5.0 974 584 487 779 633 877 682 1071 877
6.0 1347 808 674 1078 876 1212 943 1482 1212

5.1.1.2 Kerto-to-timber connections

Table 4: The lateral load-carrying capacity values of single smooth wire nails without pre-drilling Rk and
kmod · Rk [N] for a Kerto-to-timber flatwise connection (Kerto-S or Kerto-Q and solid timber with strength
class ≥ C24). Table values can be used when penetration lengths are t1 ≥ 8def and t2 ≥ 12def and head dia-
meter dh ≥ 1.8d and threaded part length lg ≥ 12def. The calculation has been done by using the Johansen
yield theory according to Eurocode 5. Strength modification factors for service classes and load-duration
classes are according to Table 2.

Load-duration class and service class

permanent action medium term action short term action Instantaneous action
kmod · Rk kmod · Rk kmod · Rk kmod · Rk

d Rk 1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3

Kerto on head side

3.8 607 364 304 486 395 546 425 668 546
4.2 723 434 362 578 470 651 506 795 651
4.6 848 509 424 678 551 763 594 933 763
5.0 980 588 490 784 637 882 686 1078 882
6.0 1349 809 675 1079 877 1214 944 1484 1214

SOLID TIMBER ON HEAD SIDE

3.8 504 302 252 403 328 454 353 554 454
4.2 600 360 300 480 390 540 420 660 540
4.6 703 422 352 562 457 633 492 773 633
5.0 813 488 407 650 528 732 569 894 732
6.0 1117 670 559 894 726 1005 782 1229 1005

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5.1.2 Panel-to-timber connections

⎧⎛ t ⎞⎟
The design capacity of single shear panel-to-timber connections, when ⎪⎜ 0.5 + ⋅k for conifer plywood, particleboard, OSB
the wood-based panel is through screwed on the head side of the ⎪⎜⎝ 12 d ef ⎟⎠ ρ
screw and the point side penetration depth in timber is at least 8def , ⎪⎛
⎪ t ⎞⎟
may be calculated according to expression (16). This method cannot kl = ⎨⎜ 0.6 + ⋅k for birch plywood (18)23
 
⎜
⎪⎝ 9d ef ⎟⎠ ρ
be used for edgewise wood-based panel connections.
⎪⎛ ⎞
⎪⎜ 0.7 + t ⎟ ⋅ k for EN 622 - 1 hard fibreboard
⎜
⎪⎝ 8d ef ⎟⎠ ρ
⎧1 ⎩
k mod ⎪ (16)21
Rd = ⋅ kl ⋅ Rk ⋅ min⎨ t 2
γM ⎪12d with the following limits:
⎩ ef
kl ≤ 1.2kρ

where: kmod is the modification factor for duration of load and t is the thickness of the wood-based panel
moisture content
γM is the partial factor for connection resistance
ρk (19)24
kρ =
Rk is calculated with (17) for screws with and without
350
predrilling.
For the characteristic density ρk (kg/m3) the value from the point side
Rk = 120def 1.7 [N] (17)22 timber should be used. For Kerto-S and Kerto-Q the kρ = 1.171 and for
def is the effective diameter of the fastener, in mm Kerto-T the kρ = 1.082.

When t2 is at least 12def the kl can be calculated with (18), if The effective diameter def of the screw should not be more than 0.5t
t2 is less than 12def kl is 1.0. with plywood, particleboard and OSB and with hard fibreboard 0.67t.
In addition, with particleboard and OSB the maximum effective
diameter of the screw should be no more than 5 mm.

Table 5: The lateral load-carrying capacity values of a single screw without pre-drilling Rk and kmod · Rk [N] for a panel-to-Kerto
flatwise connection (Kerto-S or Kerto-Q and conifer plywood t = 18 mm). If thicker conifer plywood or birch plywood is used, the
calculated values are on the safe side. Table values can be used when plywood is through screwed and on the head side of the
screw and the penetration length t2 ≥ 12def and head diameter dh ≥ 1.8d and threaded part length lg ≥ 12def. The calculation has
been done by using the Johansen yield theory according to Eurocode 5. Strength modification factors for service classes and load-
duration classes are according to Table 2.

Load-duration class and service class

permanent action medium term action short term action Instantaneous action
kmod · Rk kmod · Rk kmod · Rk kmod · Rk

d Rk 1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3

3.8 688 413 344 550 447 619 482 757 619
4.2 796 478 398 637 517 716 557 876 716
4.6 890 534 445 712 579 801 623 979 801
5.0 990 594 495 792 644 891 693 1089 891
6.0 1263 758 632 1010 821 1137 884 1389 1137

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5.1.3 Steel-to-timber connections 5.2 Laterally loaded lag screws
This method is for connections where the steel plate is on the head For calculating the shear capacity of the connection, the capacity of
side. Screws are lag screws or anchor screws with a smooth shank fasteners and block shear in timber members should be checked. The
thickness ds the same as the screw nominal thickness d and the length following rules are valid for predrilled lag screws with d ≥ 6 mm.
of the smooth shank should be at least the same as the thickness of the
steel plate tt. The penetration depth should be at least 8def . The capa-
city of the steel plate should be checked according to EN 1993. This
method cannot be used for edgewise Kerto connections. The edgewise 5.2.1 Timber-to-timber connections
Kerto steel-to-timber connections can be calculated according to EN The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a fastener per shear plane:
1995 and guidance provided in the Kerto product certificate.

The characteristic load-carrying capacity for a screw in single shear for

steel-to-timber connection ⎧ 3⋅ M y
⎪⎪0.4 ⋅ f h, k ⋅ tu ⋅ d ef ⋅ 1 + 2
k mod Rk = min⎨ f h, k ⋅ d ef ⋅ tu (25)29
Rd = ⋅ k s ⋅ Rk (20)
⎪
γM
⎪⎩2 ⋅ M y ⋅ f h, k ⋅ d ef
where: kmod is the modification factor for duration of load and
moisture content ⎧ t1 ⋅ f h,1,k
⎪
γM is the partial factor for connection resistance ⎪ f h,k
where: t = min⎨
u   (26)30
⎪ t 2 ⋅ f h, 2,k
Rk is calculated with (21) for screws with and without
predrilling.
⎪ f
Rk = 120def 1.7 [N] (21)25 ⎩ h,k

def is the effective diameter of the fastener, in mm

fh,k = min( fh.1,k ; fh.2,k ; fh,s,k ) (27)31
The characteristic capacity can be increased by the following factor ks
if the point side penetration depth t2 ≥ 12def . t1 and t2 are the timber or board thicknesses or penetration
depths of outer members
⎪1.1 ⋅ k ρ for thin steel plate tt ≤ 0.5d ef
⎧
(22)26
k s = ⎨ fh.1,k and fh.2,k are the characteristic embedment strengths of
for thick steel plate tt ≥ d ef
⎩1.5 ⋅ k ρ
⎪ outer timber members

For screw with a penetration depth 8def ≤ t2 ≤ 12def, the fh,s,k is the characteristic embedment strength of inner timber
characteristic capacity can be increased by member in two shear plane connection

def is the effective diameter of the fastener

⎧⎛ t ⎞
⎪⎜ 0.2 + 0.9 ⋅ 2 ⎟ ⋅ k for thin steel plate tt ≤ 0.5d ef
⎪⎜ 12 d ef ⎟ ρ
k s = ⎨⎝ ⎠ (23)27   The characteristic value for the yield moment:
⎪⎛⎜ t2 ⎞
⎟ ⋅ k My = 0.3 · fu,k · def 2.6 [Nmm] (28)32
⎪⎜ 0.6 + 0.9 ⋅ 12 d for thick steel plate tt ≥ d ef
ef
⎟ ρ
⎩⎝ ⎠
where: fu,k is the characteristic tensile strength, in N/mm2
The ks-factor with a steel plate thickness between a thin and
thick plate, where 0.5def < tt < def, should be calculated by def is the effective diameter of the fastener, in mm
linear interpolation.

The use of thick steel plate in equations (22) or (23) is allowed

if the hole diameter D in the steel plate is not more than 1.1d.

ρk
kρ = (24)28
350

For the characteristic density ρk (kg/m3) the value from the

point side timber should be used. For Kerto-S and Kerto-Q
the kρ = 1.171 and for Kerto-T the kρ = 1.082.

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The characteristic embedment strength, at an angle α to the grain: 5.2.3 Steel-to-timber connections
The capacity of steel plate should be checked according to EN 1993.
f h , 0, k
f h,α , k =   [N/mm2] (29)33
k90 ⋅ sin 2 α + cos2 α In compressed steel plate connections the buckling length of 0.8La
can be generally used for outside plates, where La is the distance
between the first fasteners at opposite sides of the connection. The
⎧0.082 ⋅ (1 − 0.01d ef ) ⋅ ρ k In general
where: f h,0, k = ⎨ (30)34 buckling does not need to be taken into account for steel plates
⎩37 ⋅ kQ ⋅ (1 − 0.01d ef ) for Kerto - Q installed inside a timber member if the expansion of timber members
[N/mm2] is prevented, for example, by using tie bolts and limiting the size of
the slot for the steel plate to maximum of 1.25tt.
⎧1 for flatwise connection s
⎪ [-] (31)35
kQ = ⎨1 − 2 ≤ 0.87 for edgewise connection s   The drying shrinkage perpendicular to the grain direction should be
⎪⎩ d ef taken into account with steel-to-timber connections.

It should be taken into account that the load-carrying capacity of

⎧1.30 + 0.015d ef for Kerto - S and Kerto - T steel-to-timber connections with a loaded end may be reduced by
⎪1.15 + 0.015d for Kerto - Q failure along the perimeter of the fastener group. There are two types
⎪
k90 = ⎨
ef
  (32)36
[-] of loaded end failures: block shear and plug shear failure.
⎪1.35 + 0.015d ef for softwood
⎪0.90 + 0.015d ef for hardwoods
⎩ The characteristic load-carrying capacity per screw for a thin steel
plate, with tt ≤ 0.5def, in single shear:
for Kerto-Q fh,α,k = fh.45,k when 45° ≤ α ≤ 90° 37
⎧⎪0.4 ⋅ f h, k ⋅ t ⋅ d ef
ρk is the characteristic timber density, in kg/m3 Rk = min⎨   (36)41
⎪⎩2 ⋅ M y ⋅ f h, k ⋅ d ef
def is the effective diameter of the fastener, in mm

α is the angle between the load and the grain direction

The characteristic load-carrying capacity per screw for a thick steel
plate, with tt ≥ def, in single shear:
5.2.2 Panel-to-timber connections
The characteristic load-carrying capacity of a panel-to-timber ⎧ f ⋅ t ⋅ d
connection shall be calculated with the equations presented in timber- ⎪ h, k ef

to-timber connections, 5.2.1, where the thickness of the wood-based ⎪ ⎡ 4⋅M y ⎤

⎪
panel is at least according equation (33). Rk = min⎨1.3 ⋅ f h, k ⋅ t ⋅ d ef ⋅ ⎢ 2 + − 1⎥   (37)42
⎪ ⎢ f h, k ⋅ d ef ⋅ t 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎪
80 ⋅ d ef (33)38 ⎪⎩3 ⋅ M y ⋅ f h, k ⋅ d ef
t panel ≥ [mm]
f h, panel,k
where: fh,k is the characteristic embedment strength of the timber
where: fh,panel,k is the characteristic embedment strength of the panel, member, equation (27)
in N/mm2
t is the thickness of the timber member
def is the effective diameter of the fastener, in mm
def is the effective diameter of the fastener
For plywood the following embedment strength, should be used at all
angles to face grain: My is the characteristic fastener yield moment, equation (28)

fh,panel,k = 0.11 · (1-0.01def ) ·ρk [N/mm2] (34)39 The characteristic load-carrying capacity of connections with a steel
plate thickness between a thin and thick plate, where 0.5def < tt < def ,
where: ρk is the characteristic density of the plywood, in kg/m3 should be calculated by linear interpolation between equations (36)
and (37).
def is the effective diameter of the fastener, in mm

For particleboard and OSB the following embedment strength should

be used for all loading directions:

fh,k = 50 · def -0.6 · t 0.2 [N/mm2] (35)40

where: def is the effective diameter of the fastener, in mm

t is the panel thickness, in mm

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5.2.4 Effective number of fasteners
For one row of n fasteners parallel to the grain direction, the load-
carrying capacity parallel to grain should be calculated using the
effective number of fasteners nef:

⎧ni
⎪ (38)43
nef = min ⎨ 0.9 a ⋅t
⎪ ni 4 2
50 ⋅ d ef
⎩

where: ni is the number of fasteners in a row i

def is the effective diameter of the fastener

⎧min(a1 ; a3 ), when ni ≥ 2
a = ⎨   (39)44
a
⎩ 3 , when n i = 1
Figure 5: Connection forces at the angle of grain48

a1 is the spacing of fasteners in the grain direction

a3 is the end distance of fasteners For softwood, the characteristic splitting capacity:
he
F90,k = 14 ⋅ b ⋅ [N] (43)49
⎛ h ⎞
⎧min(t1 ; t 2 ) connection with timber only in outer members ⎜⎜1 − e ⎟⎟
t = ⎨   45
(40) ⎝ h ⎠
⎩min( 2t1 ;2 t ;
2 st ) other two and multiple shear connection

t1 and t2 are the thicknesses of outer timber members, where: he is the loaded edge distance to the centre of the most
should be discarded if the outer member is not timber distant fastener, in mm, see Figure 5

ts is the thickness of the inner member of double shear h is the timber member height, in mm
connections or the smallest thickness of inner member
of a multiple shear connection b is the member thickness, yet not more than
the penetration depth, in mm

The equation (43) does not need to be checked for flatwise Kerto-Q
connections since flatwise Kerto-Q is not sensitive to splitting
caused by connection forces at an angle to the grain due to its to its
cross-veneers.

6. Block shear failure 6.2 Block shear failure

Timber failure capacity of the joint area can be calculated using the
6.1 Connection forces at the angle of grain
method presented in RIL 205-1-2009 in section 8.2.4S Lohkeamis-
When a force in a connection acts at an angle to the grain, see Figure 5, murto. When using this method, the connection area for splitting
the possibility of splitting caused by the tension force component, and row shear is taken into account by using the effective number
(FEd · sin α), perpendicular to grain, should be taken into account. of fastener nef, see equation (38). This method cannot be used for
edgewise Kerto connections.
For solid timber, glued laminated timber, Kerto-S, Kerto-T and
Kerto-Q edgewise, the following should be satisfied: When connection force components are parallel to the grain, the tim-
ber failure should be checked at tension loaded member ends. There
are two types of timber failure modes: block shear and plug shear.
Fv , Ed ≤ F90,d   (41)46
The block and plug shear capacities are not checked for connections
where: F90,d is the design splitting capacity where all the fasteners are in a single row parallel to the grain (n2 = 1).

Block shear may need to be checked if the centre member is screwed

Fv , Ed = max (Fv , Ed 1 ; Fv , Ed 2 ) (42)47
from both sides and the screws are overlapping.

Fv,Ed1 and Fv,Ed2 are the design shear forces on either side of If timber member t1 has fasteners from opposite sides and the effective
the connection caused by the connection force component thickness tef ≥ 0.5t1, for steel-to-timber connections the block shear
(FEd · sin α) perpendicular to the grain capacity should also be checked.

11 KERTO MANUAL This instruction is property of Metsä Wood.

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 fv.0,k is the shear strength of the timber member

fv,0,flat,k 2.3 N/mm2 for flatwise Kerto-S connections

fv,0,flat,k 1.3 N/mm2 for flatwise Kerto-Q connections
fv,0,flat,k 1.3 N/mm 2
for flatwise Kerto-T connections

1 Grain direction
2 Failure line
Rk is the characteristic load-carrying capacity per shear plane
per fastener

fh.0,k is the characteristic embedment strength

def is the effective diameter of the fastener

The characteristic block shear capacity of a timber member:

(48)55
Fbt ,k = Lnet ,t ⋅ t1 ⋅ kbt ⋅ f t ,0,k  

1.50, for solid wood and glued laminated timber

where: 𝑘𝑘!" = (49)56
1.25, forfor
1.25, Kerto-LVL
Kerto-LVL
Figure 6: a) Block shear b) Plug shear 50
(50)57
Lnet ,t = (n2 − 1) ⋅ (a 2 − D )
The characteristic plug shear capacity:
t1 is the thickness of the timber member (t1 ≤ 2tef )

( ) (44)51 The characteristic block shear capacity of a Kerto-Q member:

F ps,k = Lnet ,t ⋅ t ef ⋅ f t ,0,k + (a3 + (n1 − 1)⋅ a1 )⋅ f v ,0,k  

⎪ Lnet , t ⋅ t1 ⋅ f t ,0, k + 0.7 ⋅ Lnet , v ⋅ t1 ⋅ f v , k

⎧
where: Lnet ,t = (n2 − 1)⋅ (a2 − D ) (45)52 Fbt , k = max ⎨ (51)58
⎩ Lnet , t ⋅ t1 ⋅ kbt ⋅ f t ,0, k
⎪

(46)53 fv,k is the edgewise shear strength ( fv,0,edge,k = 4.5 N/mm2 )

Lnet ,v = 2 ⋅ (a3 + (n1 − 1) ⋅ (a1 − D )) (52)59

⎧0.082 ⋅ (1 − 0.01d ef ) ⋅ ρ k In general
f h,0, k = ⎨ (47)54
⎩37 ⋅ (1 − 0.01d ef ) for Kerto - Q
[N/mm2] 7. Axially loaded screws
n1 is the number of rows parallel to the grain For the verification of resistance of axially loaded screws, the following
failure modes should be taken into account:
n2 is the number of rows perpendicular to the grain • The withdrawal failure of the threaded part of the screw (fax)
• The tear-off failure of the screw head in screws used in
a1 is the fastener spacing parallel to the grain combination with steel plates, the tear-off resistance of the
screw head should be greater than the tensile strength of the
a2 is the fastener spacing perpendicular to the grain screw (ftens)
• The pull-through failure of the screw head (fhead)
a3 is the fasteners end distance • The tensile failure of a screw (ftens)
• The buckling failure of the screw when loaded in
D is the hole diameter compression
• Failure along the circumference of a group of screws used in
ρk is the characteristic timber density, in kg/m3 conjunction with steel plates (block shear or plug shear)
ft,0,k is the tension strength of the timber member The characteristic withdrawal capacity, for screws with
6 mm ≤ d ≤ 12 mm and inner threaded diameter 0.6d ≤ di ≤ 0.75d:
35 N/mm2 for Kerto-S
19 N/mm2 for Kerto-Q (thickness 21-24 mm)
nef f ax, k d ⋅ lef k d
26 N/mm2 for Kerto-Q (thickness 27-69 mm) Fax,α , Rk = 2 2
  [N] (53)60
24 N/mm 2
for Kerto-T 1.2 cos α + sin α

12 KERTO MANUAL This instruction is property of Metsä Wood.

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where: d is the outer threaded diameter, in mm 480 kg/m3 for Kerto-S and Kerto-Q
410 kg/m3 for Kerto-T
di is the inner threaded diameter (root diameter), in mm 480 kg/m3 for Kerto-Kate
0.8
0.52 ⋅ ρ k 400 kg/m 3
for Metsä Wood Spruce
f ax, k = 0.5 0.1
  [N/mm2] (54)61
d ⋅ lef For connections to edgewise Kerto-S or Kerto-Q with screws in
accordance with EN 14592 with a nominal diameter 4.5 mm ≤ d ≤ 8
⎧ d mm, the characteristic withdrawal capacity may be calculated accor-
⎪
kd = min ⎨ 8   [-] (55)62 ding to equation (58) provided that the inner threaded diameter di ≤
⎪1 0.7d and smooth shank diameter ds ≤ 0.8d if smooth shank penetrates
⎩ to the edge of the Kerto-S or Kerto-Q.
nef is the effective number of screws, see (62)
0.9
Fax, Rk = n ⋅ f ax, k ⋅ d ⋅ lef (58)66
lef is the penetration length of the threaded part, in mm
where: d is the outer threaded diameter, in mm
ρk is the characteristic density, in kg/m3 di is the inner threaded diameter (root diameter)
ds is the smooth shank diameter
α is the angle between the screw axis and the grain direction,
with 30 º ≤ α ≤ 90º, see Figure 16 fax,k = 10 N/mm2, for edgewise Kerto-S and edgewise Kerto-Q
n is the number of screws acting together in a connection
lef is the penetration length of the threaded part
For screws with d < 6 mm, d > 12 mm or di > 0.75d, the characteristic
withdrawal capacity should be taken as: Table 6: The characteristic withdrawal strength parameter values fax,k

0.8 [N/mm²] for some screws in edgewise Kerto-S and Kerto-Q 67

nef f ax, k d ⋅ lef
⎛ ρ k ⎞
Fax,α , Rk = ⎜ ⎟ [N] (56)63 Screw Kerto-S kerto-q
1.2 cos α + sin α ⎜⎝ ρ a ⎟
2 2
⎠ SFS Intec WT-T d = 6.5 mm 11.2 -

SFS Intec WT-T d = 8.2 mm 14.6 -

where: fax,k is the characteristic withdrawal parameter perpendi-
cular to the grain determined in accordance with EN 14592 Würth Assy Plus d = 6 mm 13.0 -

for the associated density ρa Würth Assy Plus d = 8 mm 10.4 -

Würth Assy VG Plus d = 6 mm 11.8 -

ρa is the associated density for fax,k, in kg/m3 Würth Assy VG Plus d = 8 mm 14.5 13.4

d is the outer threaded diameter, in mm In Table 6, characteristic withdrawal strength parameters are
presented for self-drilling SFS Intec WT-T, Würth Assy Plus and
nef is the effective number of screws, see (62) Würth Assy VG Plus screws. General value may also be used.

lef is the penetration length of the threaded part, in mm The characteristic pull-through resistance of connections
with axially loaded screws should be taken as:
ρk is the characteristic density, in kg/m3 0.8
⎛ ρk ⎞
Fax,α , Rk = nef f head , k d h2 ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ [N] (59)68
α is the angle between the screw axis and the grain ⎝ ρ a ⎠
direction, with 30 º ≤ α ≤ 90º, see Figure 16
where: Fax,α,Rk is the characteristic pull-through capacity of the
For screws according to (1) with 4 mm ≤ d < 6 mm, the characteristic connection at an angle α to the grain, with 30 º ≤ α ≤ 90º,
withdrawal parameter may be calculated accordingly; applies for solid see Figure 16
wood, glued laminated timber and flatwise connections of Kerto-S, fhead,k is the characteristic pull-through parameter of the
Kerto-Q, Kerto-T, Kerto-Kate and Metsä Wood Spruce64 : screw determined in accordance with EN 14592 for the
associated density ρa
0.2 dh is the head diameter, in mm
⎛ 8d ⎞ ρk
f ax, k = ⎜ ⎟   [N/mm2] (57)65 nef is the effective number of screws, see (62)
⎜ lef ⎟ 30 ρk is the characteristic density, in kg/m3
⎝ ⎠
ρa is the associated density for fhead,k, in kg/m3
where: d is the outer threaded diameter, in mm
The characteristic tensile resistance of the connection (head tear-off or
lef is the penetration length of the threaded part, in mm tensile capacity of shank), should be taken as:

ρk is the characteristic density, in kg/m3; then ρa = ρk Ft , Rk = nef f tens ,k (60)69
in equation (56)
where: ftens,k is the characteristic tensile capacity of the screw
determined in accordance with EN 14592
nef is the effective number of screws, see (62)
13 KERTO MANUAL This instruction is property of Metsä Wood.
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If the characteristic tensile capacity is not given, the design value can These rules concern the design of single shear connections according
be calculated for timber-to-timber connections using the minimum to Figure 7, where the screw inclination angle α should be 30º ≤ α ≤
tensile strength fu,k = 500 N/mm2 and the minimum inner threaded 60º, both in regard to the connection force and screwing surface. In
diameter 0.6d: two dimensionally inclined connections the screw axis is parallel to
2 the plane defined by the connection force direction and the normal of
⎛ 1.1 ⋅ 0.6d ⎞ the joint surface. The head side timber member (t1) may be replaced
fu,k ⋅ π ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠   with a steel plate if the screw head has full bearing area onto the steel
Ft , Rd = nef (61)70
plate for Figure 7 (b) tension screw connection. The screws should be
γγMM2
self-drilling and fully threaded or partly threaded, where the smooth
where: γM2 is the partial factor for the tension failure of steel part diameter ds ≤ 0.8d, where d is the outer thread diameter.
fasteners according to the actual NA of EN 1993.
Different or supplementary connection types and screw specifications
For a connection with a group of screws loaded by a force component differing from EN 1995 may be used according to European Techni-
parallel to the shank, the effec-tive number of screws is given by: cal Approval (ETA) or VTT statement.

nef = n0.9 (62)71
8.1 Cross screw connection

where: n is the number of screws acting together in a connection The cross screw connection is built up from symmetrical screw pairs,
Figure 7 (a), in which one screw is under compression and the other
Table 7: The characteristic axial capacity values of a single screw wit-
under tension. The characteristic load-carrying capacity of the cross
hout pre-drilling Rk and kmod · Rk [N] for an edgewise Kerto connection screw connection
(Kerto-S or Kerto-Q) in service class 1 and 2 where screws are at right
angles to the edge. Table values can be used when the threaded part (63)72
length lef in the point side Kerto member is about 7d to 8d. The calcula-
tion is done by using equation (58). For connections with more than
one screw the capacity is calculated by taking the effective number of where: np is the number of screw pairs in the joint
screws into account with (62).Strength modification factors for service
α is the screw angle (30º ≤ α ≤ 60º), see Figure 7 (a)
classes and load-duration classes are according to Table 2.

permanent medium term short term Instantaneous The characteristic compression capacity of the screw for
d lef Rk action action action action
kmod · Rk kmod · Rk kmod · Rk kmod · Rk
solid timber and glued laminated timber
4.5 30 1350 810 1080 1215 1485
⎧ f ax,α ,1, k ⋅ d ⋅ l g ,1
5.0 35 1750 1050 1400 1575 1925 ⎪ (64)73
5.5 40 2200 1320 1760 1980 2420 RC, Rk = min ⎨ f ax,α ,2, k ⋅ d ⋅ l g , 2  
6.0 45 2700 1620 2160 2430 2970 ⎪0.8 f
⎩ tens, k
6.5 50 3250 1950 2600 2925 3575
7.0 55 3850 2310 3080 3465 4235 The characteristic compression capacity of the screw for
Kerto-S and Kerto-Q

⎧ f ax,1, k ⋅ d ⋅ l g ,1
8. Inclined screwed connections ⎪
RC, Rk = min ⎨ f ax,2, k ⋅ d ⋅ l g , 2   (65)74
⎪0.8 f
⎩ tens, k

The characteristic withdrawal capacity of the screw for

solid timber and glued laminated timber

⎧ 0.8
⎛ ρ ⎞
⎪ f ax,α ,1, k ⋅ d ⋅ l g ,1 + f head, k ⋅ d h2 ⋅ ⎜ k ⎟
⎪ ⎜ ρ ⎟
⎪ ⎝ a ⎠
RT, Rk = min⎨ f ax,α ,2, k ⋅ d ⋅ l g , 2   (66)75
⎪ f
⎪ tens, k
⎪⎩

Figure 7: Two dimensionally inclined screwed connections (a)

cross screw connection (b) tension screw connection

14 KERTO MANUAL This instruction is property of Metsä Wood.

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 The characteristic withdrawal capacity of the screw for 0.2
Kerto-S and Kerto-Q ⎛ α ⎞ ⎛ 8d ⎞
f ax,i, k = f ax,45,k ⋅ ⎜ + 0.7 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟   (70)79
⎝ 150 ⎠ ⎜⎝ lg,i ⎟
⎠
⎧ f ax,1, k ⋅ d ⋅ l g ,1 + f head, k ⋅ d h2
⎪ (67)76 fax,45,k is the characteristic withdrawal strength parameter for a
RT, Rk = min ⎨ f ax,2, k ⋅ d ⋅ l g , 2 screw, which is determined at an angle of 45º and penetration
⎪ f length lg,2 ≥ 8d separately for flatwise and edgewise joints of
⎩ tens, k Kerto-S and Kerto-Q according to EN 14592. Some values
f ax, k ⋅ k d are given in Table 8.
where: f ax,α , i , Rk = 2 2
(68)77
1.2 cos α + sin α α is the screw angle (30º ≤ α ≤ 60º), see Figure 7 (a)
when 6 mm ≤ d ≤ 12 mm and di ≤ 0.75d
fhead is the characteristic pull-through parameter of the screw
0.8 for the associated density ρa
f ax, k ⎛ ρ k ⎞
f ax,α , i , Rk = ⎜ ⎟ (69)78
1.2 cos α + sin α ⎜⎝ ρ a ⎟
2 2
⎠ dh is the head diameter
when d < 6 mm, d > 12 mm or di > 0.75d
ρk is the characteristic density, in kg/m3
for fax,α,i,k, see section 7, equations (53) and (56)
ρa is the associated density for fhead,k, in kg/m3
d is the outer threaded diameter
The pull through strength of screw head is determined for Kerto-S
lg,1 is the penetration length of the threaded part in the head and Kerto-Q in accordance with EN 14592 or when the angle
side member between the screw axis and the grain is 45º, it may be calculated by
equation (71), when dh ≤ 2d.
lg,2 is the penetration length of the threaded part in the point
side member ⎛ d ⎞
f head,45,k = 57 ⎜⎜ h − 1⎟⎟   [N/mm2] (71)80
ftens,k is the characteristic tensile capacity of the screw ⎝ d ⎠
determined in accordance with EN 14592. Some values are
given in Table 9.

Table 8: Characteristic withdrawal strength parameters fax,45,k [N/mm²] for threaded part of
general, ABC Spax-S, Würth AMO III, SFS Intec WT-T and Würth Assy VG Plus screws 81

Screw diameter d [mm]

General / Spax-S AMO III SFS WT-T VG Plus

Material and screwing surface direction a) 5.0–7.0 8.0–10.0 7.5 6.5 or 8.2 6.0 8.0
flatwise Kerto-S and Kerto-Q 0° 14.0 11.0 12.0 15.5 15.0 14.0
flatwise Kerto-S b) 45° – 90° 14.0 11.5 12.0 15.5 15.5 14.0
flatwise Kerto-Q b) 45° – 90° 14.0 11.0 12.0 15.5 17.0 15.0
Kerto-S, edge or end c) 0° / 90° 12.0 9.5 10.5 13.5 12.5 12.0
Kerto-Q, edge or end c)
0° / 90° 13.5 10.5 10.5 13.5 13.0 13.0

a)
Direction between connection force and the grain direction of the outer veneers
b)
These values may also be used for three dimensionally inclined screwed connections when β = 45º
c)
Screws are parallel to the veneers

Table 9: Characteristic tensile capacity ftens,k [kN] for general, ABC Spax-S carbon steel,
Würth AMO III, SFS Intec WT-T and Würth Assy VG Plus screws 82

Screw d [mm] General Spax-S AMO III SFS WT-T VG Plus

5.0 3.5 7.9 - - -
6.0 5.1 11.3 - - 11.3
6.5 - - - 10.0 -
7.0 6.9 15.4 - - -
7.5 - - 9.0 - -
8.0 9.0 17.0 - - 18.9
8.2 - - - 19.0 -
10.0 14.1 28.0 - - -

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8.2 Tension screwed connection Connections without joint gap
In a joint consisting of only screws in tension, a contact between the When the connection members are compressed together, the
wood members is required. Tension screws connection should not be characteristic load-carrying capacity of the three dimensional screw
used in conditions where wood drying could cause a gap over 0.2d. connection
The gap is determined from the wood shrinkage at a distance of the
screw length ( L · sin α ). R3D, Rk = R2D, Rk cos β   (73)84

The characteristic load-carrying capacity of the tension screw connec- where: R 2D,Rk is the load-carrying capacity of two dimensional cross
tion, see Figure 7 (b) screwed connections calculated with equation (63) with
screwing angle α
Rk = n0.9 RT , Rk (cosα + µ sin α )   (72)83
β is the screw angle between axis and longitudinal direction
see Figure 8
where: n is the number of screws in the connection
Connections with joint gap

RT,Rk is the characteristic withdrawal capacity, for solid wood When a gap at maximum of 2.5d wide is left between connection
and glued laminated timber (66) and for Kerto-S and Kerto- members, the characteristic load-carrying capacity of the three
Q (67) dimensional screw connection

α is the screw angle (30º ≤ α ≤ 60º), see Figure 7 (b) R3D,g,Rk = nRv,Rk sin α ⋅ R2D,g,Rk cos β ≤ R3D,Rk (74)85

μ is the kinetic friction coefficient between the members, the where: n is the number of screws in the connection
following values may be used:
Rv,Rk is the lateral load-carrying capacity per screw, see 5.1.1
0.26 for untreated edgewise Kerto -to-Kerto or timber
c) a) a)

-to-timber b) connections α is the screw angle (30º ≤ α ≤ 60º), see Figure 8

b)

0.30 for steel-to-timber b) connections

0.40 for untreated c) flatwise Kerto a)-to-Kerto a) connections R2D,g,Rk = np
0.9
( )
⋅ 2 min RC, Rk ; RT, Rk cos α (75)86
a)
Kerto (Kerto-S or Kerto-Q)
b)
timber (planned solid wood) np is the number of screw pairs in the joint
c)
untreated (unplanned, unsanded and uncoated)

RC,Rk is the characteristic compression capacity, see

8.3 Three dimensionally inclined screwed connection equation (65)
The following rules may be used for single shear Kerto-to-Kerto
(Kerto-S or Kerto-Q) connections built up from three dimensionally RT,Rk is the characteristic withdrawal capacity, see
inclined screw pairs according to Figure 8. The loading should be in equation (67)
the longitudinal direction of Kerto, parallel to the grain direction of
face veneers. In three dimensionally inclined screwed connections, the β is the screw angle between axis and longitudinal
screwing angle α should be 30º ≤ α ≤ 60º in regards to the thickness direction see Figure 8
direction of Kerto and the screwing angle β should be β ≤ 45º in
regards to the screw axis and the longitudinal direction. Separate
rules are given for three dimensionally inclined screwed connections, 8.4 Connection detailing
depending on whether there is a gap between Kerto members. Timber should be pre-drilled when the diameter d of the screw
exceeds 8 mm or the diameter of the smooth shank ds exceeds 6 mm.
The diameter of pre-drilled holes for non-self-drilling screw should be
D = 0.5d - 0.7d but not more than the inner threaded diameter di.

The thickness of the member should be at least:

⎧⎪ 5d
t = max ⎨ ρ (76)87
(10d − 30) ⋅ k
⎪⎩ 400 [mm]
where: ρk is the characteristic density, in kg/m3

d is the screw diameter, in mm

The minimum thickness of a Kerto-Q member is 3d at the head side

of the screw and at the point side member it is determined by the
required penetration length of the screw.

Figure 8: Three dimensionally inclined screwed connection

16 KERTO MANUAL This instruction is property of Metsä Wood.

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Figure 9: Three dimensional screwed connection

General spacings and end and edge distances are presented in Table
12 and Table 13. These values are valid for cross screw connections,
when the compressed and tensioned fasteners of the screw pairs are
placed to separate longitudinal rows parallel to the grain so that spa-
cing between the rows a2 is 4d and the staggered distance between the
screw heads of a screw pair is not more than 3t1 parallel to the grain.

In the same connection, different types or sizes of screws may not

be combined. All the screws are placed with the same inclination
angles α and β. The screws are positioned centrally to the connection
force. The screws are screwed deep enough so that the screw head is
in full contact with the member surface. The minimum point side
penetration depth of the treaded part should be 6d. The members
should be compressed together so that no gaps are present, except for
the three dimensionally inclined screwed connection designed for a
specific gap size (≤ 2.5d).

In three-member flatwise connection screws may overlap in the

central member provided that (t2 - l) is greater than 3d, see Figure 10.
For edgewise screws overlap is not allowed.

17 KERTO MANUAL This instruction is property of Metsä Wood.

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 l t2
Key:
1 Screw
2 Grain direction

Figure 11: Screws in a row parallel to grain staggered perpendicular to

Figure 10: Overlapping screw connection grain by def 90

If staggering is not done, the load-carrying capacity parallel to the

Table 10: The following reductions to the minimum spacings and edge grain should be calculated using the effective number of fasteners nef.
distances may be used for inclined screw connections 88

Screw a2 flatwise a4 edgewise a4 kef

nef = n (78)91
SFS Intec WT-T 4d 3d 3d

Würth Assy VG Plus 4d 3d 3.5d

where: n is the number of screws in a row

kef for solid timber, glued laminated timber, flatwise Kerto-S

and flatwise Kerto-T, see Table 11

9. Combined laterally and kef = 1 −

(
0.03 ⋅ 20d ef − a1 ) ≤ 1   (79)92
axially loaded screws d ef
for edgewise Kerto connections
For connections subjected to a combination of axial load Fax and
lateral load Fv the following expression should be satisfied: a1 is the spacing of fasteners in the grain direction, in mm
2 2
⎛ Fax,d ⎞ ⎛ Fv ,d ⎞ (77)89 def is the effective diameter of the fastener, in mm
⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1  
⎜ R ⎟ ⎜ R ⎟
⎝ ax,d ⎠ ⎝ v ,d ⎠
Table 11: Values of kef for solid timber, glued laminated timber,
flatwise Kerto-S and flatwise Kerto-T 93
where: Fax,d is the axial load
Spacing a) kef
Fv,d is the lateral load Without pre-drilling Pre-drilled

a1 ≥ 14 d 1.0 1.0
Rax,d is the axial design load-carrying capacity a1 = 10 d 0.85 0.85

a1 = 7 d 0.7 0.7
Rv,d is the lateral design load-carrying capacity
a1 = 4 d – 0.5
a)
For intermediate spacings, linear interpolation of kef is permitted

10. Fastener spacings and edge and 10.2 Laterally loaded screws - For screws d ≤ 8 mm
end distances This section does not apply for lag screws with diameter 6 mm ≤ d ≤
8 mm, they are positioned according to 10.3. Predrilling is required if
10.1 Laterally loaded screws - Locations parallel to the grain the characteristic density of the timber ρk is greater than 500 kg/m3
or the diameter of the smooth shank ds exceeds 6 mm. See more
For screws designed by part 5.1. details at section 2.

Due to the possibility of splitting it is recommended to stagger screws

perpendicular to grain by at least 1def. In this case the effective num-
ber of fasteners nef = n may be used. In flatwise Kerto-Q connections
screws do not need to be staggered.

For screwed connections the allowed tolerances according to Table 11.

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19 KERTO MANUAL This instruction is property of Metsä Wood.
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Figure 12: Minimum spacings and end and edge distances

Table 12: Minimum spacings and end and edge distances for flatwise screw connections, where nominal diameter of
screw is not more than 8 mm.94 Symbols are illustrated in Figure 12 and Figure 13.

without pre-drilled holes predrilled holes without pre-drilled holes predrilled holes

Spacing or Angle α Kerto-S Kerto-Q Kerto-S Kerto-Q Timber Timber Timber

distance Kerto-T Kerto-T ρk ≤ 420 kg/m³ 420 kg/m³ < ρk
≤ 500 kg/m³
Spacing a1 0° ≤ α ≤ 360° def < 5 mm: (5+2|cosα|)def (4+|cosα|)def (4+|cosα|)def def < 5 mm: (7+8|cosα|)def (4+|cosα|)def
(parallel to grain) (5+5|cosα|)def (5+5|cosα|)def
def ≥ 5 mm: def ≥ 5 mm:
(5+7|cosα|)d (5+7|cosα|)def
Spacing a2 0° ≤ α ≤ 360° 5def 5def (3+sinα)def (3+sinα)def 5def 7def (3+|sinα|)def
(perpendicular to
grain)
Distance a 3,t -90° ≤ α ≤ 90° (10+5cosα)def (4+3cosα)def (7+5cosα)def (4+3cosα)def (10+5cosα)def (15+5cosα)def (7+5cosα)def
(loaded end)
Distance a 3,c -90° ≤ α ≤ 270° 10def 4def 7def 4def 10def 15def 7def
(unloaded end)
Distances a 4,t 0° ≤ α ≤ 180° def < 5 mm: (3+4sinα)def def < 5 mm: def < 5 mm: def < 5 mm: def < 5 mm: def < 5 mm:
(loaded edge) (5+2sinα)def (3+2sinα)def (3+2sinα)def (5+2sinα)def (7+2sinα)def (3+2sinα)def
def ≥ 5 mm: def ≥ 5 mm: def ≥ 5 mm: def ≥ 5 mm: def ≥ 5 mm: def ≥ 5 mm:
(5+5sinα)def (3+4sinα)def (3+4sinα)def (5+5sinα)def (7+5sinα)def (3+4sinα)def
Distance a 4,c 180° ≤ α ≤ 360° 5def 3def 3def 3def 5def 7def 3def
(unloaded edge)

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Figure 13: Spacings and end and edge distances, (a) Spacing parallel to grain in a row and perpendicular to grain between rows, (b)
Edge and end distances. (1) Loaded end, (2) Unloaded end, (3) Loaded edge, (4) Unloaded edge, 1 Fastener, 2 Grain direction 95

Table 13: Minimum spacings and end and edge distances for edgewise Kerto screw connections, where nominal
diameter of screw is not more than 8 mm.96 Symbols are illustrated in Figure 13.

without pre-drilled holes predrilled holes

Spacing or distance Angle α Kerto-S Kerto-S

Kerto-Q Kerto-T Kerto-Q Kerto-T
Spacing a1 (parallel to grain) 0° ≤ α ≤ 360° (7+8|cosα|)def 1.4 (4+|cosα|)def
Spacing a2 (perpendicular to grain) 0° ≤ α ≤ 360° 7def 1.4 (3+sinα)def
Distance a 3,t (loaded end) -90° ≤ α ≤ 90° (15+5cosα)def 1.4 (7+5cosα)def
Distance a 3,c (unloaded end) 90° ≤ α ≤ 270° 15def 9.8def
Distances a 4,t (loaded edge) 0° ≤ α ≤ 180° def < 5 mm: def < 5 mm:
(7+2sinα)def 1.4 (3+2sinα)def
def ≥ 5 mm: def ≥ 5 mm:
(7+5sinα)def 1.4 (3+4sinα)def
Distance a 4,c (unloaded edge) 180° ≤ α ≤ 360° 7d 4.2d

Minimum screw spacings a1 and a2 for non-pre-drilled panel-to- Minimum screw spacings a1 and a2 for non-predrilled steel-to-timber
timber flatwise and edgewise screwed connections are those given in flatwise screw connection are those given in Table 12 multiplied by
Table 12 and Table 13 multiplied by a factor of 0.85. The minimum a factor of 0.70. The minimum edge and end distances presented in
edge and end distances presented in Table 12 and Table 13 may not Table 12 may not be reduced for steel-to-timber connections.
be reduced unless otherwise stated below.

Minimum edge a4,c and end distances a3,c in plywood members

should be taken as 3def for an unloaded edge (or end) and a4,t and
a3,t = (3 + 4 sin α )def for a loaded edge (or end), where α is the angle
between the direction of load and the loaded edge (or end). Minimum
edge and end distances in other wood-based board are according to
Table 12 and Table 13 unless board CE-mark otherwise states.

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10.3 Laterally loaded screws - For screws d > 8 mm
This section applies also for lag screws with diameter 6 mm ≤ d ≤ 8 mm. These screws are always predrilled. See more details at section 2.

The fastener spacing parallel to the grain a1 and perpendicular to the grain a2 :

Loaded end Unloaded end Loaded end Unloaded end

α is the angle between a force and the grain direction

Figure 14: Fastener spacings and edge and end distances. 97

Table 14: Screw minimum spacings and edge and end minimum distances. 98

Spacing and edge/end distance, Angle Solid timber and glued Kerto-S, Kerto-T and Flatwise Kerto-Q
see Figure 14 laminated timber edgewise Kerto-Q

a1 0° ≤ α ≤ 360° (4+ |cosα|)def (4+ |cosα|)def d) 4def

a2 0° ≤ α ≤ 360° 4def a) 4def a) 4def a)
a 3,t -90° ≤ α ≤ 90° max (7def ; 80 mm) max (7def ; 105 mm) b) max (4def ; 60 mm) c)
a 3,c 90° ≤ α ≤ 150° (1+6 sinα)def (1+6 sinα)def 4def
150° ≤ α ≤ 210° 4def 4def 4def
210° ≤ α ≤ 270° (1+6 |sinα|)def (1+6 |sinα|)def 4def
a 4,t 0° ≤ α ≤ 180° max ((2+2 sinα)def ; 3def) max ((2+2 sinα)def ; 3def) max ((2+2 sinα)def ; 3def)
a 4,c 180° ≤ α ≤ 360° 3def 3def 3def

a)
Block shear should also be checked with timber-to-timber connections if a2 < 5def.

b)
For screws with effective diameter def < 15 mm, the minimum end distance may be further reduced to 7def, if the embedment
strength fh.0,k is reduced by factor a3 / (105 mm).

c)
For screws with effective diameter def < 15 mm, the minimum end distance may be further reduced to 4def, if the embedment
strength fh.0,k is reduced by factor a3,t / (60 mm).
a1
The minimum spacing may be further reduced to 5def if the embedment strength fh,0,k is reduced by factor  
(4 + 3 cosα )d ef
d)

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Table 15: For screwed moment resisting multi shear Kerto-to-Kerto flatwise connections with circular patterns of fasteners,
the following minimum values of distances and spacings may be used. 99

Spacing and edge/end distances Kerto-S to Kerto-Q a) Kerto-S to Kerto-S Kerto-Q to Kerto-Q

End distance 6def in Kerto-S 7def 4def

4def in Kerto-Q
Edge distance 4def in Kerto-S 4def 3def
3def in Kerto-Q
Spacing on a circular 5def 6def 4def
Spacing between circulars b) 5def 5def 4def

a)
When Kerto-Q is used as outer member
b)
Between radius of the circulars

Figure 15: For screwed moment resisting multi shear Kerto-to-Kerto flatwise connections with circular patterns of fasteners.

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10.4 Axially loaded screws

Figure 16: Spacings and end and edge distances. (1) Centre of gravity of the threaded part of the screw in the member. 100

Minimum spacings and end and edge distances for axially loaded screws, should be taken
from Table 16 to Table 19, provided that the timber thickness t ≥ 12d.

Table 16: Minimum spacings and edge and end distances for axially loaded
screws for solid timber, glued laminated timber and flatwise Kerto. 101

Minimum screw spacing in a Minimum screw spacing Minimum end distance of Minimum edge distance
plane parallel to the grain a1 perpendicular to a plane the centre of the gravity of the centre of the gravity
parallel to the grain a2 of the threaded part of the of the threaded part of the
screw in the member a3 screw in the member a4
7d 5d 10d 4d

Table 17: Minimum spacings and edge and end distances for axially loaded self-drilling Würth
Assy plus, Würth Assy plus VG, SFS Intec WT-T and pre-drilled self-tapping screws for flatwise Kerto. 102

Minimum screw spacing in a Minimum screw spacing Minimum end distance of Minimum edge distance
plane parallel to the grain a1 perpendicular to a plane the centre of the gravity of the centre of the gravity
parallel to the grain a2 of the threaded part of the of the threaded part of the
screw in the member a3 screw in the member a4
7d 5d 10d 3d

Table 18: Minimum spacings and edge and end distances for axially loaded self-tapping and self-drilling screws for
edgewise Kerto, where screws are parallel to the plane of veneers and perpendicular to the grain direction of face veneers. 103

Minimum screw spacing in a Minimum screw spacing Minimum end distance of Minimum edge distance
plane parallel to the grain a1 perpendicular to a plane the centre of the gravity of the centre of the gravity
parallel to the grain a2 of the threaded part of the of the threaded part of the
screw in the member a3 screw in the member a4
10d 5d 12d 4d

Table 19: Minimum spacings and edge and end distances for axially loaded self-drilling Würth Assy plus, Würth Assy
plus VG, SFS Intec WT-T and pre-drilled self-tapping screws for edgewise Kerto, where screws are parallel to the plane of
veneers and perpendicular to the grain direction of face veneers. 104

Minimum screw spacing in a Minimum screw spacing Minimum end distance of Minimum edge distance
plane parallel to the grain a1 perpendicular to a plane the centre of the gravity of the centre of the gravity
parallel to the grain a2 of the threaded part of the of the threaded part of the
screw in the member a3 screw in the member a4
10d 5d 12d 3d

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Generally the penetration depth of the threaded part in point side For lag screws where the diameter d exceeds 6 mm, pre-drilling is
timber should be at least 6d. For Kerto-Kate boards and Metsä Wood required. Timber should be pre-drilled if the characteristic density of
Spruce plywood, 3d may be used as the minimum penetration depth the timber ρk is greater than 500 kg/m3. For screws, timber should
of the threaded length for lateral and axial loads.105 For flatwise be pre-drilled if the diameter d of the screw exceeds 8 mm or the
Kerto-Q, a 3.5d may be used as the minimum penetration depth of diameter of the smooth shank ds exceeds 6 mm. See more details at
the threaded length for axial loads if the conical part of the point side section 2.
of the screw entirely penetrates through the Kerto-Q.106

11. Allowed tolerances of screwed connections

Table 20: Allowed tolerances of screw connections - allowed deviations from

designed position, unless structural design otherwise states. 107

Screwed timber-to-timber Fastener position Fastener spacing a1 and a2 a) ± max(10 %; def)

connection End distance a3 - 0 / + 10 mm
Edge distance a4 - def / + 10 mm
Head flush To timber surface - 0 / + 3 mm
Screwed steel-to-timber Hole location Holes in steel plate ± 3 mm
connection Steel plate position Both directions ± 5 mm
Inclined screwing Screwing angle ± 5º

a)
Screws in row parallel to grain should be staggered perpendicular to the grain by at least 1def if a1 is less than 14def.

12. Bibliography Calculation example: Laterally loaded

timber-to-timber screw connection
1 EN 1995-1-1:2004, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures -
Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildings, 2004. Location: A-roof truss

2 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008, Eurocode 5: Design of timber .5

1:2
structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for l in a
ti o n
In c
buildings, 2008.

3 VTT Certificate No 184/03, Revised 24 March, 2009, 2009.

4 RIL 205-1-2009, Puurakenteiden suunnitteluohja, eurokoodi

EN 1995-1-1, Suomen Rakennusinsinöörien Liitto RIL, 2009.

5 EN 1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Figure 17: Structural model

Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, 2005.

6 VTT-S-04222-11, Eurokoodi 5 ruuvimitoitusohjeiden

soveltaminen Kerto-Kate levylle, Finnforest Spruce vanereille sekä
Kerto-Q-LVL:lle.

7 VTT-S-09068-11, Design of inclined screwed Kerto-LVL

connections with EN 1995-1-1.

8 EN 14592:2008+A1:2012, Timber structures - Dowel-type

fasteners - Requirements, 2012. on both sides

9 VTT-S-05067-13, Initial testing of withdrawal strength of

screws for edgewise connections of Kerto-LVL, 2013.

10 VTT-S-06681-13.

Figure 18: Timber-to-timber connection

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Checking the possibility of using 4x60 screw The design load-carrying capacity calculated when t1 ≥ 8d and t2 ≥ 12d

di = 2.50 mm (from manufacturer)

def = 1.1di = 2.75 mm
ds = 2.90 mm (from manufacturer)
My,k = 2800 Nmm (from manufacturer)
lg = 34 mm, threaded part (from manufacturer)

Pre-drilling

d ≤ 8 mm and ds ≤ 6 mm
Rk = 120 · def 1.7 = 669 N
ρk ≤ 500 kg/m3 (Kerto-S 480 kg/m3)
kmod = 0.8, γM = 1.2 (Kerto-S)
pre-drilling is not needed.
k mod 0.8 480
Penetration depth Rd = ⋅ k ρ ⋅ kt ⋅ Rk = ⋅ ⋅ 1.10 ⋅ 669N = 553N  
γM 1.2 350
t1 = 27 mm > 8def = 22 mm
t2 = 60 mm - 27 mm = 33 mm > 12def = 30 mm
Required amount of screws

Fv , d 25.6kN / 2
n= = = 23.2
Rd 0.553kN

27 pieces of 4 x 60 screws for each side of the connection is selected.

Screw positioning

With Kerto-S the screws are be staggered by d. Screws are positioned to the compressed side of the rafter.
With these rules the risks of splitting is avoided. See Figure 19 and Figure 20.
Screw spacing in tension member a1:
tension member (α = 0) a1 ≥ a1,min = ( 5+5 | cos α| )def = 27.5 mm
main rafter a1 ≥ a2,min / sin 22º = 5def / sin 22º = 36.7 mm
a1 = 40 mm is chosen.

Screw spacing in main rafter ap:

tension member ap ≥ a2,min / sin 22º = 5def / sin 22º = 36.7 mm
main rafter (α = 22º) ap ≥ a1,min = ( 5+5 | cos α| )def = 26.5 mm
ap = 40 mm is chosen, in this case the tension members perpendicular direction a2 = 15 mm ( = 40 mm sin 22º )

End distance in the tension member

tension member (α= 0) a3,min = ( 10 + 5 cos α )def = 41.3 mm 50 mm is chosen

Edge distances

main rafter, loaded edge a4,t ≥ ( 5 + 2 sin α )def = 15.9 mm (α = 158º)

a4,t = 204 mm is chosen
other edges: a4,c ≥ 5def = 13.75 mm
tension member a4,c = 40 mm is chosen
main rafter upped edge a4,c = 168 mm chosen

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Figure 19: General view of connection Figure 20: Screwing

Calculation example: Axially loaded

steel-to-timber screw connection

A cable rack is installed to the lower surface of roof element with

self-weight 40 kg/m. Suspension connections are c/c 2.5 m crosswise
to roof element. Suspension connections are done to Kerto-S edge.

Figure 21: Suspension connection

Figure 22: A steel plate with thickness tt = 2.5 mm

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 The characteristic tensile resistance of the connection (head tear-off or
⎧1.15 ⋅ G + 1.5 ⋅ Q + 1.5∑ψ ⋅ Q tensile capacity of shank), should be taken as:
Load combinations ⎨
⎩1.35 ⋅ G
Ft , Rk = nef f tens ,k
Pd = 1.35 ⋅ 2.5m ⋅ 0.4kN / m = 1.35kN
where: ftens,k is the characteristic tensile capacity of the screw
determined in accordance with EN 14592. It can be
calculated using the minimum tensile strength fu,k = 500
Checking the possibility of using 5x90 screw
N/mm2 and the minimum inner threaded diameter 0.6d:
and required amount

Pre-drilling

d ≤ 8 mm and ds ≤ 6 mm
nef is the effective number of screws
ρk ≤ 500 kg/m3 (Kerto-S 480 kg/m3)
Ft,Rk = 7.98 kN for two screws
pre-drilling is not needed.

The characteristic load-carrying capacity of

edgewise Kerto-S connection
where: γM2 = 1.25 for steel
0.9
Fax, Rk = n ⋅ f ax, k ⋅ d ⋅ lef Ft,Rd = 6.38 kN > 1.35 kN

Screw spacing and end and edge distances

where: d is the outer threaded diameter, in mm
Spacing (minimum):
fax,k = 10 N/mm2 a1 = 10d = 50.0 mm parallel to the grain
n is the number of screws acting together in a connection End distance (minimum)

lef is the penetration length of the threaded part, 50 mm a3 = 12d = 60.0 mm

(55 mm - d)
Edge distance (minimum)
The characteristic load-carrying capacity

a4 = 4d = 20.0 mm Kerto-S 51 mm is wide enough

Fax,Rk = 2.50 kN for single screw
Penetration depth (minimum)
Fax,Rk = 4.66 kN for two screws
lef = 50 mm > 6d = 30 mm
The design load-carrying capacity

k mod
Rd = Fax,Rk  
γM
where: kmod = 0.6 (permanent action), γM = 1.2 (Kerto-S)

Rd = 1.25 kN for single screw

Rd = 2.33 kN for two screws

Two screw connection is selected 2.33kN >1.35 kN

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Endnotes
1 EN 14592:2008+A1:2012 6.3.3 56 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.2S)
2 RIL 205-1-2009 8.7.1.2S 57 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.3S)
3 EN 1995-1-1:2004 8.7.1 58 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.1S) and (8.4.34)
4 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 27 59 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.5S)
5 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 27 60 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 (8.38)
6 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.18) 61 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 (8.39)
7 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 19 62 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 (8.40)
8 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.19) 63 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 (8.40a)
9 EN1995-1-1:2004 table 4.1 64 VTT-S-04222-11
10 EN 14592: 2008+A1:2012 table A.1 65 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.40S)
11 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 table 3.1 and EN 1995-1-1:2004/NA table 2.3(FI) 66 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 (C.2)
12 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (2.17) 67 VTT-S-05067-13
13 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.1S) and (8.5.2S) 68 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 (8.40b)
14 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.3S) 69 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 (8.40c)
15 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.4S) 70 RIL 205-1-2009 page 124
16 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.5S) 71 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 (8.41)
17 RIL 205-1-2009 page 104 72 VTT-S-09068-11 (1)
18 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 18 73 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.82S)
19 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.3S) 74 VTT-S-09068-11 (2)
20 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.6S) 75 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.83S)
21 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.8S) 76 VTT-S-09068-11 (3)
22 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.1S) 77 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 (8.38)
23 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.7S) 78 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 (8.40a)
24 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.4S) 79 VTT-S-09068-11 (4)
25 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.1S) 80 VTT-S-09068-11 (5)
26 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.9S) 81 VTT-S-09068-11 Table 1
27 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.10S) 82 VTT-S-09068-11 Table 3
28 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.5.4S) 83 VTT-S-09068-11 (6)
29 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.28.1S) 84 VTT-S-09068-11 (11)
30 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.28.2S) 85 VTT-S-09068-11 (12)
31 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.28.3S) 86 VTT-S-09068-11 (13)
32 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.30) 87 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.18)
33 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.31) 88 VTT-S-09068-11, pages 9-10
34 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.32) and VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 20 89 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.28)
35 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 20 90 EN 1995-1-1:2004 Figure 8.6
36 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.33) and VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 20 91 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.17)
37 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 20 92 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 18
38 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.35.1S) 93 EN 1995-1-1:2004 Table 8.1
39 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.36) 94 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 pages 18-19 and EN 1995-1-1:2004 Table 8.2
40 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.37) 95 EN 1995-1-1:2004 Figure 8.7
41 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.37.1S) 96 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 pages 18 and EN 1995-1-1:2004 Table 8.2
42 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.37.2S) 97 EN 1995-1-1:2004 figure 8.7
43 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.33.3S) 98 EN 1995-1-1:2004 table 8.5 and VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 pages 20-21
44RIL 205-1-2009 (8.33.4S) 99 VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 21
45 RIL 205-1-2009 page 116 100 RIL 205-1-2009 Figure 8.11bS
46 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.2) 101 EN 1995-1-1:2004/A1:2008 Table 8.6
47 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.3) 102 VTT-S-06681-13
48 EN 1995-1-1:2004 Figure 8.1 103 VTT-S-06681-13
49 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.4) 104 VTT-S-06681-13
50 RIL 205-1-2009 page 99 105 VTT-S-04222-11
51 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.6S) 106 VTT-S-04222-11
52 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.3S) 107 RIL 205-1-2009 table 10.2S
53 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.7S)
54 EN 1995-1-1:2004 (8.32) and VTT 184/03 Rev. 24 March 2009 page 20
55 RIL 205-1-2009 (8.4.1S)

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