uinta-feira, 29 de Março de 2007

Direct and Indirect Speech

No discurso direto, nós temos as palavras exatamente como são ditas

pela pessoa que fala e geralmente indicadas entre aspas ou travessão. No
discurso indireto, quando relatamos as palavras ditas por alguém, mantemos o
mesmo significado, mas com uma forma diferente. Say e tell são os verbos
usados nesse tipo de estrutura. Veja nas tabelas a seguir as principais
mudanças a serem feitas para converter o discurso direto em indireto:

Mudança nos tempos verbais

Discurso direto Discurso Indireto

Simple Present Simple Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Simple Past Past Perfect

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Simple Future Simple Conditional

Simple Conditional Conditional Perfect

May Might

Can Could

Past Continuous Past Continuous

Past Perfect Past Perfect

Could Could

Might Might

Should Should

Ought Ought

Exemplos:
Ringo said, “I study hard to pass my exams”.

Ringo said he studied hard to pass his exams.

Anthony said “I am going downtown now”.

Anthony said he was going downtown then.

Emilia said “I didn’t buy that dog!”

Emilia said she hadn’t bought that dog.

I said “I have lived here for ages”.

I said I had lived there for ages.

The boys said to his friends “we’ll win the match!”

The boys told his friends that they would win the match.

I said to my girlfriend “love can tear us apart”.

I told my girlfriend that love could tear us apart.

Indirect Speech (also referred to as 'reported speech') refers to a sentence reporting what
someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.

 If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past
form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.

For example:

o He said the test was difficult.

o She said she watched TV every day.
o Jack said he came to school every day.
 If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e.
says) the tense is retained.

For example:

o He says the test is difficult.

o She has said that she watches TV every day.
o Jack will say that he comes to school every day.
 If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained.

For example:The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.
Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers

When changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to change the
pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.

For example:

 She said, "I want to bring my children." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring
her children.
 Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show." BECOMES Jack said his wife
had gone with him to the show.

It is also important to change time words (signifiers) when referring to present, past or
future time to match the moment of speaking.

For example:

 She said, "I want to bring my children tomorrow." BECOMES She said she
wanted to bring her children the next day.
 Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show yesterday." BECOMES Jack said
his wife had gone with him to the show the day before.

Indirect Questions

When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order.

When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using 'if'. When reporting
questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word.

For example:

 She asked, "Do you want to come with me?" BECOMES She asked me if I
wanted to come with her.
 Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?" BECOMES Dave asked me where
I had gone the previous weekend.
 He asked, "Why are you studying English?" BECOMES She asked me why I was
studying English.

The following chart includes sentences changed from quoted speech to reported speech
using a past form. NoteSimple past, present perfect, and past perfect allchange to past
perfect in the reported form.

Check your understanding with this reported speech quiz:

Reported Speech Transformations Quiz

Advanced Reporting Verbs

He said, "I live in Paris." He said he lived in Paris.
He said, "I am cooking dinner." He said he was cooking dinner.
He said, "I have visted London twice." He said he had visited London twice.
He said, "I went to New York last He said he had gone to New York the week
week." before.
He said, "I had already eaten." He said he had already eaten.
He said, "I am going to find a new
He said he was going to find a new job.
job."
He said, "I will give Jack a call." He said he would give Jack a call.

nglish Grammar
Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech | Indirect Speech

Tense Change | Time Change | Pronoun Change
Reporting Verbs | Use of 'That'

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to
do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted
speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for
word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to
enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported
speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who
spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

For example:

Direct speech Indirect speech

"I'm going to the cinema", he said. He said he was going to the cinema.

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on
the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech   Indirect speech

› Past simple
Present simple
She said it was cold.
She said, "It's cold."
Present continuous
› Past continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English
She said she was teaching English online.
online."
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web › She said she had been on the web since
since 1999." 1999.
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching › She said she had been teaching English
English for seven years." for seven years.
Past simple
› Past perfect
She said, "I taught online
She said she had taught online yesterday.
yesterday."
Past continuous
› Past perfect continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already › NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had
started when he arrived." already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching
› Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already
for five minutes." been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech   Indirect speech

will would
She said, "I'll teach English online › She said she would teach English
tomorrow." online tomorrow.
could
can › She said she could teach English
She said, "I can teach English online." online.
must had to
She said, "I must have a computer to › She said she had to have a computer to
teach English online." teach English online.
shall should
She said, "What shall we learn today?" › She asked what we should learn today.
may might
She said, "May I open a new › She asked if she might open a new
browser?" browser.

!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.

Direct speech Indirect speech

"I might go to the cinema", he
He said he might go to the cinema.
said.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still
true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-

Direct speech Indirect speech

She said her name was Lynne.

"My name is Lynne", she said. or

She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.

Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)

"Next week's lesson is on reported
She said next week's lesson is on reported
speech ", she said.
speech.
Time change

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with
the time of reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different
meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Today + 24 hours - Indirect speech

She said yesterday's lesson was on
"Today's lesson is on presentations."
presentations.
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening) › that (evening)
today › yesterday ...
these (days) › those (days)
now › then
(a week) ago › (a week) before
last weekend › the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here › there
next (week) › the following (week)
tomorrow › the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you
heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).

For example:-

At work At home
"How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Pronoun change

In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.

For example:

Me You
"I teach English online." She said she teaches English online.
Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.

We use asked to report questions:-

For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.

We use told with an object.

For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.

!Note - Here me is the object.

We usually use said without an object.

For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.

If said is used with an object we must include to ;

For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.

!Note - We usually use told.

For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.

There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.

These include:-

accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted,

complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised,
replied, suggested and thought.

Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.

For example:

He asked me to come to the party:-

He invited me to the party.

He begged me to come to the party.
He ordered me to come to the party.
 He advised me to come to the party.
He suggested I should come to the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often used.

For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.

However, that is optional.

For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.

!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.

For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.

DISCURSO DIRETO E INDIRETO

REPORTED SPEECH  

Há duas formas de se relatar o que alguém disse:

a) Pelo discurso direto (direct speech): quando repetimos o que foi dito usando as mesmas palavras da pessoa.

Exemplo: He said:”I fell well”.

(Ele disse: “Eu me sinto bem”.)

b) pelo discurso indireto (indirect speech): quando contamos com nossas próprias palavras o que foi dito.

Exemplo: He said that he felt well.

(Ele disse que se sentia bem).

Ao relatar o que alguém disse, de forma indireta, precisamos modificar o tempo verbal, o advérbio e, às vezes, o
pronome.

Veja as mudanças mais freqüentes: 

Direct speech Indirect speech
He said He said (that)*
“She works with me”. She worked with him.
(Simple present) (Simple past)
“She is working with me”. She was working with him.
(Simple past) (Past perfect)
“She was working with me” She had been working with him.
(past progressive) (Past perfect progressive).
“She will work with me”. She would work with him.
(Past progressive) (Past perfect progressive)
“She will work with me” She would work with him.
(Simple Future) (Simple conditional)
“She can/may work with me”. She could/might work.
(Simple present) (Simple past)
*that – pode ser omitido  

  

®   Outras modificações que devem ser feitas do discurso direto para o indireto são nas seguintes
palavras:

Today That day

Yesturday The day before
Last nigth The nigth before
Now Then
Here There
Tomorrow The next day
This That (em expressão de tempo)
This,that The(quando adjetivos
This, these It, them (quando pronomes)

®   Quando se relata um ordem, usa-se o infinitivo.

Exemplo:

 Direct Speech: He said: “Close the door”.

(Ele me disse: “Feche a porta”.)

Reported Speech: He told me to close the door.

(Ele me disse para fechar a porta.)

 
Direct Speech: He said: “Don’t close the door”.

(Ele me disse: “Não feche a porta”.)

Reported Speech: He told me not to close the door.

(Ele me disse para não fechar a porta.)

®   Quando se relata uma pergunta, coloca-se a frase na forma afirmativa fazendo as devidas
transformações.

Exemplo: She said: Where is Bill?. –She asked where Bill was.

He said: “Is Mary here?” – He asked if Mary was there.

®   Should, Could, Must, Might e Would não mudam de forma.

Exemplo: She said: -“I could go”. –She said that she could go.

®   Say é usado sem objeto indireto ou com objeto indireto precedido de to.

®   No discurso indireto, tell é usado com objeto indireto precedido de to.

Exemplo: Bill said:”I love Ann”. –(Bill disse: “Eu amo Ana”.)

Bill said that he loved Ann. (Bill disse que amava Ana.)

Bill said to Ann:”I love you”. –(Bill disse para Ana:”Eu te amo”.)

Bill told Ann that he loved her. –(Bill disse para Ana que a amava.)

®  Em frases que apresentam sugestões:

a) o verbo que introduz o discurso indireto é to suggest

b) A forma let’s é alterada para we shoud.

 

Exemplo: He said: “Let’s take her to the park”.

He suggested (that) we should take her to the park.