ALL PSIR Paper2 - P2S1 - P2S2 - Combined

COMPARATIVE POLITICS(CP):
Syllabus / PYQ:
Definition:
Advantages of comparative politics(CP):
Limitations of comparative politics
Traditional Approaches CP:
Significance
Limitations (by R.C. Macridis)
Modern Approaches to CP:
1.Systems Approach
David Easton (book: systematic analysis of political life 1965)
Advantages:
2.Structural Functional Approach :
Gabriel Almond and Powell
Advantages
CRITICISM (Systems, SFA):
3.Political Development :
Lucian Pye
FW Riggs: developmental trap
Samuel P Huntington- Political DECAY
4.Political Modernisation:
David Apter(book: Politics of Modernisation)
Samuel P Huntington (“Political order in changing societies”)
MODERNISATION(RUSI)
5.Political Culture Approach :
Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba
book: Civic Culture
6..Political Economy Approach:

Gunnar Myrdal : Decisions of economics are not taken in vacuum of politics
Adam Smith (book: Wealth of Nations)
Adam Smiths prescriptions will NOT lead to “wealth of nation” but wealth of “Few
In the nation” - KARL MARX
6..Political Sociology
Demerits
Revision:
1.Syllabus #2 STATE IN COMPARATIVE perspective:
2..PYQ:
3..State INTRO:
4..State in CAPITALISTIC Society:
LIBERAL Perspective:
MARXISTS:
ELITIST(
Pluralistic (Robert Dahl-Polyarchy, Deformed P)
5..State in SOCIALISTIC Societies:

MARXIST Perspective
WESTERN Perspective:
ELITIST Perspective:
6..State in ADVANCED Industrial Societies
7..State in DEVELOPING Societies:

FW Riggs(Formalism, Developmental Trap, prismatic Societies)
SP Huntington : Developmental Decay
Gunnar Myrdal(Asian Drama) -Soft states
Marxist:
8..Revision:-
1..SYLLABUS:
Topic #3 Politics of Representation & Participation [set11 - Pg41-62 ]
(1) Political Parties, Pressure Groups, Social movements in Advanced Industrial &
developing societies
2..PYQ:
3..Political Parties :
Theories of PP:
Traditionalist/ Normative:
Edmund Burke
Behaviouralists:
Otto Von Kirchheimer(Catch all parties )
Robert Michels: “Iron law of oligarchy”(book: PP)
Lenin (“What is to be done”)
Maurice Duverger
Myron Weiner
4..Pressure Groups :
Samuel Finer :
Invisible empires which perform Interest Articulation
Rajni Kothari
Agents of moderation
Reservoirs of leadership
Gabriel Almond(Types of PG):
1
*i
Conclusion :
5..Social Movements :
OLD SM -
NEW SM-
West
Developing : Coexistence of old and new
6.. ELECTORAL SYSTEM:
Revision:
0.Syllabus/PYQ
Topic #4
Globalization: Responses from developed & developing societies
1..What is Globalization?
Thomas Friedman(inexorable integration)
Kenichi Ohmae: Borderless world
Marshall McLuhan: global village
Anthony Giddens( Compression in Space&Time
2..Globalisation(Origin & Waves):

Origin of globalization
Liberal view:
Marxist view:
Waves of Globalisation(4 waves)
3..Models of globalization:
Present model
Bhikhu Parekh) => G Imposed from top without civilization dialogue
Discontents against globalization - Joseph Stiglitz
Other models
4..Winners & Loosers:

Fareed Zakaria : “decline of west & rise of rest”
5..CRITICS of Globalisation:
Immanuel Wallerstein (Instrumental Marxist)
Noam Chomsky
Prof Ramesh Thakur 🛑
Arundhati Roy (Capitalism: A Ghost Story): 🛑
6..SUPPORTERS of Globalisation:
Jagdish Bhagwati
Amartya Sen
2
7.More balanced view:
Post-colonial critique:
Christine Lagarde: Rising inequalities is the Achilles Heel of market driven globn
Sorenson:
Pratap Bhanu Mehta
8..Good for DEVELOPING Countries?
9..Good for ADVANCED Countries?
10..RESPONSES towards Globalisation?
11..Future Prospects:
Aurobindo Ghosh: Aggregation is the law of the Universe, nature will destroy us if
we go against nature
Globalisation led by China:
Challenges to CHN led Globalisation (C. Rajamohan):
Way Forward:
C. Rajamohan:(Indias Problem)
Xi Jinping - we must not retreat into harbours as soon as we encounter a storm as
then we would never be able to reach the opposite end
Revision:
Introduction:
Conclusion in all:
Weaknesses
1.Liberal Institutionalism:
Woodrow Wilson -
It can convert the jungle into zoo
From Theatre of War to Table of Diplomacy
Hedley Bull -
role of institutions — anarchy —> anarchical society
Advantages
Achievements
Nina Tannenwald -
Role of Intl. institutions and taboos => preventing nuclear attacks
Criticism:
Joseph Stiglitz - democratic deficit
Joseph Nogee (Quasi-negotiations)
Kenneth Waltz:
Role of superpowers in manipulating international institutions.
Countries which trusted had to suffer - India with Kashmir.
2.Sociological/Communication Liberalism:
World : State centric to society centric
Karl Deutsch (security community) as an alternate to security dilemma
3
Rosenau
Global Citizenship
Trans-national society
John Burton
No longer Billiards ball model
Given - Cobweb Model
Karl Deutsch
Security community, instead of security Dilemma
F.W. Riggs -> poly-communalism in prismatic societies
3.Functionalism (Peace by pieces)

David Mitrany: form follows functions
assign common functions to supranational bodies.
Richard Cobden - Keep the politicians out
Laski (pluralistic sovereignty) +
G.D.H. Cole (functional sovereignty) +
Jean Monnet- EU
Neo-functionalism - Ernst haas -> Spillover effect: Nation realise benefit of
coop in political area-> Coop in others
4.Democratic/Republic Peace theory:
liberal democracies don’t go at war with each other
Inspired by Kant’s perpetual peace, Wodrow Wilson
Michael Doyle
Zones of Peace
Criticism:
Kenneth Waltz- anarchical structure still remains
Legitimacy to Bush efforts at promoting democracy at gun point
India’ Neighborhood
5.Interdependence Theory
Economic interdependence b/w nations has made war less attractive
Thomas Friedman
Golden Arches Theory
McDonald chain - Ppl prefer standing in queue than war
Manmohan Doctrine for IND PAK Peace:
Richard Rosecrance
Trading states
Germany and Japan since WW2
Limitations
Criticized by Marxists: new form of colonialism
Kenneth Waltz: interdependence could not prevent World War-1
6. Complex Interdependence:
4
Robert Keohane & Joseph Nye
Low politics of economics and social welfare has higher priority over high politics of
security and survival.
A situation where one is forced to love someone who one would love to hate
Nye and Keohane accept that realist conceptions are still relevant.
For this reason, complex interdependence is considered as realist strand in
liberal discourse (neo-neo debate)
Current state of Liberal World Order:

John Ikenberry
Liberalism 1.0(LoN), 2.0(UN), 3.0(WTO)
Ian Bremmer
Geopolitical recession
Sorenson:
Robert Kagan
Robert Kaplan (“Marco Polo’s world”): new Medievalism and ethnic conflicts.
Challenges
Current status
According to Realists, one cannot sustain liberal world order, when 2 of 3 great
powers (Russia and China) are Anti-Liberal.
🛑🛑Topic # 5: Approaches to study of IR:
Idealist, Realist, Marxist, Functionalist, Systems Theory
👇👇
PYQ:
Intro:
4 Great Debates
Idealists vs. realists (Inter-war)
Traditionalists vs. behavioralists
Neo-liberalism vs. neo-realism
Rationalists vs. reflectivists
New World order (NWO)
Westphalian World Order
Cobweb Model
Realist Theory of IP:
Thucydides Trap (Graham T. Allison)
Classical Realism:
Morgenthau
Criticisms
Ann J Tickner
Security Dilemma: John Herz
Criticism of security dilemma:
5
Neo-Realism:
Kenneth Waltz - Defensive Realism
Mearsheimer - Offensive realism
Defensive vs. Offensive
Diff:. Classical vs Neo Realists
Criticism of Neo-Realism
Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane:
Neo Classical Realists
Fareed Zakariya
Counter-criticism- strategic realism
English School (Intrnt Society School) Hedley Bull
Feminist School
Cynthia Enloe
Ann J Tickner
Achievements
Post-Modernist Critique:
Richard Ashley :
Post-Colonial Critique
Social Constructivist Critique of Neo-Realism
Immanuel Kant
Alexander Wendt
Anarchy - construction of realists —> Leads to Sec Dilemma
“States are not prisoners of anarchy, anarchy is what states make of it”
Nicholas Onuf
We have only two options, socialism or barbarianism- Immanuel Wallerstein
Search for profits will lead bourgeoise to settle everywhere and nestle
everywhere- Marx
1.Role of Ideology in IP:

Realists: no role in IP:-
Liberals - Liberalism
Marxists -
Orthodox - ideology as superstr
but Gramsci talks about the role of ideology -
2. Intro:
Marx
Lenin
Rosa Luxemburg
3. Instrumentalist:-
Immanuel Wallerstein
3 dimensions(Spatial, Temporal, Geoculture)
6
Criticism (Chase Dunn)
Gramscian Tradition
Robert Cox
Every Theory is always for someone and always has some purpose
Realism and Liberalism - not objective - perspective of those who have benefitted
Ideological power behind material power
Critical/Frankfurt/Emancipatory School:
Post-colonial criticism:
4.Systems theory (Positivist approach)

System is an analytical entity which explains the behaviour of actors and
regulative, integrative and disintegrative consequence of their policies
– Kaplan (Systems and Processes in International Politics)
Morton Kaplan
Stanley Hoffmann
Systems approach is a huge mis- step in the right direction
Lieber
Defence: Kenneth E. Boulding
0.Syllabus/PYQ:
6. Key Concepts in IR: [Set12 - Pg95-140]
National Interest, Security,
Power, Balance of Power & Deterrence
Transnational Actors and Collective Security
World capitalist economy & globalization
1..Power:
In every person there is endless desire of power after power, which only ends with
his death- Thomas Hobbes
Q1: (Where is power located):
Q2: What is Power?
Power as capability:
P as Relational Concept:
Structural power
Power to decide how things shall be done in Intl Arena (Susan Strange)
Q3: (Changing nature of power):
Hard Power vs SOFT Power:
Joseph Nye- Soft Power
3D Chess Model(Joseph Nye)
Advantages:
Joseph Nye-Smart Power
Hillary Clinton:
Obama : 3Ds of foreign policy
7
John Chipman-Fast Power
Critics
Q.4. Is power a zero-sum or variable sum game?
2..Balance of Power:
INTRO:
David Hume: BoP is a Common Sense, Universal LAW
Kenneth Waltz: BoP is AUTOMATIC response to Structure of ANARCHY
‘Only Power is an antidote to power’
Techniques of BoP:
AJP Taylor: 1848-1914 is golden Period of BoP
BoP has MANY Meanings:
BoP Ideal Conditions?
CRITICISM of BoPOWER:
LIBERALS:
Woodrow Wilson: BoP X sustainable Peace
Nehru- Nervous state of Peace - always under fear of war
REALISTS:
SOCIAL Constructivist:
Deterrence Theorists:-
Bernard Brodie: Balance of terror(nuclear balance)
RELEVANCE of BOP?
Morganthau - BoP is necessary because
States like Man are Animus dominandi
suffer from Security dilemma
Question mark on relevance:
Relevance in 21st cent- new conditions
Conclusion:
3..Deterrence
Sun Tzu:(Art of war) To subdue enemy without fighting is supreme excellence
Thomas Schelling definition(persuade enemy, own interest, avoid action)
INTRO:
Various Doctrines:
Relevance in question
Henry Kissinger: Deterrence does not work for suicide bombers, irrational Actors
Nuclear Proliferation as a method for Deterrence:
Kenneth Waltz
Reduces chance of war
Mearsheimer
Selective proliferation
Scott D Sagan
8
Mad Man Theory
Nina Tannenwald:
Public opinion
4..Polarity of Power Thesis:

Kindleberger trap – Joseph Nye(lack of trust)
Criticism:
5..Collective Security:
Liberal approach to establish Peace - Woodrow Wilson
CS - Institutionalised BoP
CS = Assured state of peace compared to BoP( nervous state of peace)
UN PeaceKeeping
Debates:
Developed
Developing
Challenges post-cold-war
Security:
Happiness has many roots, nothing is more important than security – Edward
Stettinius (Former Secretary of State)
Security policy has to deal with series of moral dilemma to which there can be no
easy solutions. – Barry Buzan
Security dilemma
Insecurity dilemma
Emancipatory
National Interest :
Joseph Frankel
Transnational Actors
MNCs
Vanguards of liberal economic order
NGOs
Most dangerous periods for tyrannies are not when they are they at their worst but
when they are at their best- Alex De Tocqueville
1..Intro:
Walter Lippman’s book (The Cold War).
Two schools of thought:
Deterministic
Constructivist view
Who was responsible?
Traditionalists
USSR was responsible.
9
Blamed Stalin’s speech: Peaceful co-existence with west is impossible without
final victory over capitalism.
Revisionists
USA responsible
Post-revisionists
Both were responsible.
Bernard Baruch( coined term CW, Bharuch plan Disarmament1945)
Nina Tannenwald(Taboos, Nukes, usa couldnt)
USA could not use nukes in Vietnam even at cost of its hegemony shows the
role of Public Opinion, Norms, Taboos, Epistemic communities
Imp Prez:
Roosevelt (1933-1945)
Truman(1945-53) policy for containment of communism
Ronald Regan (1981-89)
Russia Presidents:
Stalin
Evolution of cold war:

First phase: bipolarity, Morgenthau
Second phase: détente; Kenneth Waltz
Henry Kissinger: US-China to balance Russia; OSTPOLITIK
Third Phase: New Cold-war; Afghanistan-Star-wars; USSR Collapse, End of cold-
war
Rise of globalization (Kenichi Ohmae-Borderless World)
Fourth Phase: cold-war 2.0, Proxy war, cyber attack
Analysis of present relations:
Cold-war 2.0
Antonio Guterres (Cold-war is back with vengeance)
Not a cold-war
Michael McFaul: intellectual laziness
Putin: cold-war is thing of the past;
Trump: “Junk Mentality”
Conclusion
Trump-Putin summit in Helsinki:
Prospects
C. Rajamohan: Convergence on disliking global institutions.
Putin: cold-war is thing of the past; Trump: “Junk Mentality”
Issues
India and cold-war:

Impacts on India
What should India do?
Views of Scholars:
10
Rajesh Rajagopalan(US+RUS => Benefits IND)
C. Rajamohan(RUS-CHN X Permanent Wedlock, )
Amb. Shyam Saran:(US,RUS,EU => Helped IND NSG waiver 2008)
A new world order is taking shape so fast that the government & private citizens find
it difficult to absorb the gallop of events – Mikhail Gorbachev
Implication of End of Cold-war:
Hegemonic Stability Theory:
Robert Gilpin- Skeptic of globalization
Criticisms
Kenneth Waltz- polarity of power thesis
Kindleberger trap(Nye -trust deficit)
US Hegemony :
-Robert Cox- US hegemony
Benevolent or malign hegemony:
Realists
Radical theorists:(Noam Chomsky
Neo-conservatists(Robert Cooper
Debate on US Hegemony
Declinist school:
Fareed Zakariya
-Post American World
-Decline of West and the rise of rest
Joseph Nye
Anti-declinist school
Samuel P Huntington
CHINA as a challenge?
Yes:
MearSheimer
Multipolar world- (C, R, USA )
Graham Allison
US and China in Thucydides Trap
Samuel P. Huntington:
US-China (core conflict);
Henry Kissinger
Look at china as opportunity
Joseph Nye
End of Cold war = end of US-China alliance
Lee Kuan Yew
Napoleon
NO-CHN X Challenge(Anti-Declinist School):
War? Yes :
11
War? No
BRICS: challenge to US Hegemony?
Jim O Neil
Agenda:
Shashi Tharoor: Exclusion from global order forced these countries to come together
Potential : huge:
Present status : not good
Suhasini Haider: China’s plans of BRICS-plus including Pakistan, Mexico and Sri-
Lanka will not augur well with India.
M.K. Narayanan: BRICS has long since ceased to be of any material significance.
Cannot challenge US hegemony:
Economic interdependence on West more than on each other
Conclusion :
PM Modi: need to build BRICK by BRICK
10th BRICS Johannesburg Summit
Multipolarity: bane or boon?
Structural realists like Mearsheimer
Liberals
America first:
1.Intro
2.HISTORY
10 BANDUNG PRINCIPLE:
INITIAL VIEWS:
WEST:
USSR:
Stalin: Those who are not with us are against us.
NEHRU CLARIFIES:
C RAJAMOHAN : Not India's idealism but pragmatism
3.PHASES
Till 1970
1971 – 1990
Post CW
Havana Declaration of 2006
4.INDIA'S ROLE
Keep the organization intact
Support for Newly Liberation Zone
Fight against colonialism, imperialism and racialism
Efforts 4 Disarmament
Efforts for the Establishment of NIEO
5.RELEVANCE: (Relevance is not lost but changed)
CRITICS:
12
Global issues
G. Parthsarthy: NAM marriage of convenience , No binding principles
C. Rajamohan (“NAM is in Coma”): Irrelevant even before the cold war
SUPPORTERS:
Shashi Tharoor, World is in a new cold-war like situation with 3 poles.
M.K. Narayanan NAM Always relevant to small states
6.NAM 2.0
CRITICISM:
7.Reinventing NAM:
GOVT POSITION:
Way forward for India
8.CONCLUSION
As T.P Sreenivasan says that quintessence of NAM lies in ‘strategic autonomy’. In
the complex reality of International Politics and geo-political flux, dialogues and
cooperation will allow post-colonial societies to form alternate constructions to
safeguard their interests.
SYLLABUS / PYQ
Global governance &Bretton Woods:
2.Neo-liberal globalization
Advantages:
Jagdish Bhagwati (Most powerful source of social good today)
Criticisms:
Inequality (Thomas Piketty)
Joseph Stiglitz (democratic deficit)
Noam Chomsky (profit over people)
Robert Cox (hyper liberal globalizing capitalism) -> internationalization of state
3.NIEO
NIEO Demands
Challenges
Way forward
Does India’s rise as a major market power mean that it is no longer concerned with
NIEO?
Vijay Prasad: new charter like NIEO.
4.WTO negotiations
Evolution
Doha Development Talk:
Bali summit
Peace clause
Negotiations
Agricultural hypocrisy of developed countries:
13
Present direction of WTO:
Concerns
Achievements
Grievances of USA:
Way forward:
Robert Azivido: this is the time for anyone concerned with world trading system to
speak up
0..Syllabus/ PYQ:
PYQ :
IND & UN:
1..Intro:
2..History:
3..Envisaged Role :
4. Principles:
5..Actual Record :
Gareth Evans:
No other org. embodies as many dreams yet so many frustrations
PEACE:
Human Rights:
DEVELOPMENT:
Dag Hammarskjold
UN was not created to build a heaven on earth but to prevent it from becoming hell
Ban Ki Moon:
We need more UN NOW, more than ever before
Achievements of UN :
Perspectives:
Realist(Kenneth Waltz):
Social constructivist:
Marxist and critical school:
Neo-realists(Waltz, mearsheimer) Polarity of Power Thesis:- Multipolar world
may lead to Chaos, instability & similar fate as LoN.
Institutional Challenges:
Dag Hammer S.K. Jold called it ‘Weird Picasso abstraction’
Issues in UNSC:
6.Conclusion
Way forward:
Conclusion:
Truman: UN is a creation of member-states; it is malleable to their wishes of
members.
14
Shashi Tharoor: UN is a mirror of society. It is not UN’s failure, it is our failure.
7. UN REFORMs:
8.UNSC Reform
Why India wants Reforms:
(Harsh V. Pant: The challenge of reforming UN)
Arguments for India
G-4 countries
India, Germany, Brazil, Japan
IMPEDIMEMTS:
Coffee club
Pakistan, Italy, Argentina
Ezulwini consensus in AFR -> 2 mem from AU.
Shyam Saran
Instead of illusionary goals, focus on developing concrete basis of power.
Chinmay Ghare Khan
(“Let us be realistic about UNSC”) - semi-permanent membership
Prof Ramesh Thakur
NCM(Non coop) with UN
UN Specialized Agencies(SA) (Aims & Functioning)
Regionalism
SYLLABUS:
Regionalization of World Politics:
EU, ASEAN, APEC, SAARC, NAFTA
1.EU(European Union)
Europe has never existed; one has genuinely to create Europe – Jean Monnet
1.1..Intro:
1.2..Achievements of EU
1.3Issues
Internal challenges
Harold James (“Europe’s overly complex union”)
Core economies vs. peripheral countries
Harold James (“Europe’s Hard-core problem”):
Widening of EU has put substantial restrictions on its deepening.
Mark Leonard (“Are Europe’s populists calling the shots”):
External challenges
1.4 Way forward
George Soros (“How to save Europe”):
Instead of a multi-speed EU, should be a multi-track EU.
Two-track EU,
15
1.5Conclusion
2.ASEAN
2.1 INTRO:
2.2 Compare EU Vs ASEAN?
2.3 Achievements(ASEAN vs SAARC):
Kishore Mahbubani:- (The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace)
2.4 Challenges :
Kishore Mahbubani:(The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace)
3.APEC
INCOMPLETE ---See from class notes + Nov 2018, page 21
4..SAARC:
5..NAFTA:
4.1 INTRO
Economic interdependence theory as given by Thomas Friedman(Golden Arches
Theory, McDonald stand in line than war) and Richard Rosecrance.
4.2 Scope
4.3 Achievements
4.4 Disputes and controversies:
4.5 Future of NAFTA
0.SYLLABUS/ PYQ
11. Contemporary Global Concerns:
○ Democracy, Human Rights, Environment,
○ Gender, Justice, Terrorism, Nuclear Proliferation
Is democracy promotion in developing countries a feasible idea(15m, 2020)
1. Democracy
1.1 Significance of democracy:
1.2 Issues in democracy as a global concern:
Jan Aart Scholte
-Post-modern global democracy
Statism
Cosmopolitanism
1.3 Globalization and democracy:
2. Human Rights:
Globalisation and HRs:
Structural reasons => failure of HRs?
What should be done:
3. Environment:
Intro:
16
We have entered into ‘energy-climate era’ in international politics – Thomas
Freidman
Poverty is the biggest polluter – Indira Gandhi
Conclusion:
There are no passengers on spaceship of earth; we are all crew – Marshall Mcluhan
Issues:
Global environmental debates:
North-South debate
Private property vs. Public property debate
Reformist ecology vs. Radical ecology debate
Climate change scientists vs. Climate change skeptics.
4. Gender justice:
Impact of globalization on women:
Negative impacts
Positive impacts
Global steps taken:
5. Terrorism
Intro:
Types of terrorism
New Terrorism
Islamic terrorism:
Global terrorism:
Catastrophic terrorism:
Approaches to terrorism:
Realist approach
Liberal approach
Radical theorists
Constructivist & Post-structuralist:
Countering terrorism
6. Nuclear proliferation
Why nations acquire weapon?
Cold-war era
Post-cold war era
Why nations do not use weapons?
Arms Control and disarmament regimes:
Should nuclear proliferation occur:
Kenneth Waltz: Yes, weapons of peace
Scott D. Sagan: No
1.SYABUS:
Indian Foreign Policy(IFP)
17
a. Determinants of foreign policy
b. Institutions of policy making
c. Continuity and Change
2.Objectives and Principles of IFP:

Chinmay Ghare Khan: Any country’s foreign policy is a means to ensure its global
image and to further its national interest
3..Determinants of IFP:
4.1.Historical Factors:
M.K. Narayanan: One should not forget history, however, one should not also be
prisoner of history
4.3.Economy
4.2.Geographical Factors:
Napolean Bonaparte: Any country’s foreign policy is determined by its geography
Nehru: India is a bridge b/w East and the West
Vajpayee: One can change friends, but not neighbours
C. Rajamohan: Geographies are not static, they evolve,
George Heine and Prof. Ramesh Thakur call globalization as end of geography
4.4.Social Structure
Nehru: foreign policy is extension of domestic policy.
4.5. Internal Situation
4.6. Leadership
4.7. Culture
C. Rajamohan: culture in IFP should not result into cultural chauvinism as in inter-
war Germany.
4.CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN IFP:

Continuity: Kanwal Sibal
After Independence:
Post-Cold war era:
Gujral doctrine (5 principles)
Manmohan doctrine:
MODI DOCTRINE:
Shyam Saran
PBM
C. Rajamohan
Rajiv Sikri (“Indian Foreign Policy: Determinants, Issues and Challenges”):
Arul Louis
Harsh V Pant
Amitabh Mattoo
CRITICISM:
Happymon Jacob
18
M.K. Narayanan: failed to change anything in substance
Changes in IFP (P.B. Mehta):
Shangri-La:
“Our friendships are not alliances of containment”
Free, open and inclusive regions and rules based order.
Asia of rivalry will hold us back, Asia of cooperation will shape this century.
Conclusion:
5. Para-Diplomacy
Traditional Approach
Contemporary approach
John Kincaid
Harsh V Pant
Federalization of India’s foreign policy
Happymon Jacob
Economic Para Diplomacy:
Challenges
6. New World order

C. Rajamohan:- The current world order is in a state of flux
Harsh V. Pant:- Not only geo-politically, but also technologically world order is
witnessing flux.
Polarity of Power thesis by KW and Mearsheimer - consider multipolarity as the
most unstable (unipolar most stable)
Henry Kissinger
Book : World Order
Multipolarity is the most probable future world order
Mearsheimer - Multipolar world order with Russia, USA and China as the main poles.
Non-alignment 2.0:
India’s Role:
CRM
After a century of false starts and fatal unrealised potential India has emerged as a
major swing state.
Shyam Saran
How India sees the world : from Kautilya to 21st Century
-Only India possesses such civilisational values( Pluralism, humanity, Toleration,
cosmopolitan temper and collaborative attitude) that can lead to the stability &
harmonious New World Order
C. Rajamohan (“Rearranging the BRICS”):
BRICS no longer is ideological posturing in India’s strategic book-keeping but is a
mode to place itself in global power relations.
Suhasini Haider:
Rajiv Sikri (“India’s foreign policy challenges”):
19
First, India itself must have a strategic vision.
India has three security rings(immediate, extended and strategic neighbourhood)
7. Indian Ocean Policy:

Alfred T Mahan
-Whoever controls Indian ocean would dominate Asia
Robert D. Kaplan (“Monsoon”): Future of politics will unfold over Indian Ocean.
KM Pannikar
India needs to ensure that Indian ocean remains India’s Ocean
Harsh V Pant
Fortunately India has come out of its CONTINENTAL mindset
Geostrategic:
Geo-econ
Steps taken by India:
Quad & Indo-pacific:
Shinzo Abe (“Asia’s Democratic Security Diamond”):
Australia in QUAD:
India-reluctant multiple reasons:
YES, AUS Inclusion will help:
Should IND pursue QUAD?
YES
S. Jaishankar - India’s neighbours will feel more reassured.
Shyam Saran: Quad is an anchor for the Indo-Pacific
NO
Shiv Shankar Menon: The concept of free and open Indo-Pacific assumes
significance of only maritime region, while ceding continental power to China. For
India, both are important and thus focus should by on both
C. Rajamohan: USA, Japan and Australia have much deeper economic and political
ties with China than India and thus containment is not a goal.
Kanwal Sibal, quad is an arrangement of convenience.
Way forward:
C Rajamohan: Indo-pacific axis, comprising of France-India-Australia. QUAD is not
about rejecting China’s rise but engaging it in a system of rules and mutual respect.
Good strategy can manage poor tactics, but poor strategy cannot be redeemed -
Kissinger
IORA
8. Indian Diaspora
Evolution of Indian policy:
According to C. Rajamohan, Modi has made it a key area of national priority. For
Modi, the diaspora is an ‘asset’ rather than a ‘liability’
Kanwal Sibal - core Foreign policy objectives
Govt steps
20
Issues:
What should be done - CRM
Conclusion:
9.India and World Economy
10. Vaccine Diplomacy/ Health Diplomacy:

Sreeram Chaulia:
Space diplomacy
prisoner of history
Napolean Bonaparte: Any country’s foreign policy is determined by its geography
Nehru: India is a bridge b/w East and the West
Vajpayee: One can change friends, but not neighbours
C. Rajamohan: Geographies are not static, they evolve
George Heine and Prof. Ramesh Thakur call globalization as end of geography
1.South Asia
1..SYLLABUS :
2..PYQ :
We can choose our friends, but not our neighbours- Atal Bihari Vajpayee
According to Kautilya, neighbours are our natural enemies; however in age of
complex interdependence, relations with our neighbours have become important.
1.1.Positives:
1.2.Concerns:
According to C. Rajamohan, it was Nehru’s realism masked as idealism.
Amb Shyam Saran in his book ‘How India sees the world: From Kautilya to 21st
Century’ has also pointed to India’s lackadaisical approach in pursuing regional FTA
and its protectionism.
Shashi Tharoor (“Pax Indixa”): India’s prioritization of relations with global powers
like the United States and China and its disproportionate focus on Pakistan have
come at the cost of due attention to its other neighbours.
Shashi Tharoor (“Pax Indixa”): Domestic compulsions have also marred our
relations as in the case of Sri-Lanka and Bangladesh.
1.3.Way forward:
According to C. Rajamohan, India should leverage its digital capabilities to engage.
Harsh V. Pant,
enhance its engagements in the larger Indo-Pacific, thereby getting out of straitjacket
of a “mere” South Asian power.
1.4.Conclusion:
How India sees the world : From Kautilya to 21st century: Logic of Geography is
unrelenting; Friendly relations with neighbours will help India reduce its Security
Dilemma.
21
Rajiv Sikri (“India’s foreign policy challenges”): India cannot follow a 'one-size-fits-all'
approach with its neighbours.
2.SAARC
2.1.INTRO:
S.D. Muni: SAARC was found on the premise that if economic integration happens,
political differences will subside,
Gunnar Myrdal: “economic decisions not taken in vacuum of politics.
Acc to Brookings India, 23% of population; 6% of global GDP; 2% global trade; but
40% global poor.
2.2.India’s history with SAARC:
2.3.Issues:
C. Rajamohan: Pakistan is the camel that slowed the SAARC caravan.
2.4.Way forward:
PM Modi has called for two-speed SAARC
Shashi Tharoor: From unanimity to ‘consensus minus one’.
C. Rajamohan:
Bringing other regional players like China, Japan, Australia into SAARC to address
concern of small states.
Kishore Mahbubani book “The ASEAN miracle: A catalyst for peace’, India should
learn from ASEAN experience.
Suhasini Haider: India should be leading force behind SAARC
Shyam Saran: Regional connectivity
2.5.Conclusion:
S.D. Muni: SAARC is not history, it should be future. Given the historic
integration of region, we should be reconnecting the region and not just
connecting it.
India has no reason to shed tears for the SAARC. It is no longer the only game in
town. In fact, it was never much of a game. Nor should it mourn the passing
away of “South Asia”. Change is the only enduring fact of life (C. Rajamohan:
Farewell to South Asia)
3.BIMSTEC:
3.2.Criticism :
A. Rajiv Bhatia: It is wise to learn walking before trying to fly. We should first make
BIMSTEC running efficiently in economic domain before moving to security domain.
Thailand was not ready for this type of commitment.
1.Intro:-
Shashi Tharoor - INTRO
Rajesh Basrur
Kashmir is more of a symptom than the cause
Stephen P Cohen
Salman Taseer in article “Why my father hated India” -=>
“idea of Pakistan thrives in rejecting Indian culture”
22
2.Why is Pak courted by international community?
3.Causes of Conflict:
4.Policy of Pak
5.Policy of GoI towards Pakistan

Suhasini Haider:
No overarching policy
Rakesh Sood: jhappi and katti
M.K. Narayanan: Yo-Yo diplomacy.
6.interview Q
7.Doval Doctrine (Realist approach)

Pax Indica: India cannot take Israel type actions since unlike Terrorist-designated
Hamas, Indian adversary is well-armed sovereign nuclear power.
Pulwama attacks -> Balakot strikes
Gains (Zorawar Daulat Singh):
Concerns:
8.India’s course of Action

C Rajamohan
Brahma Chellany
Shashi Tharoor
9.Response to Terror Attacks:
MK Narayan
(Complex interdependence)
Why relations should improve:
Conclusion:
10.Indus Water Treaty - 1960:

Dispute redressal:
Issues:
3 options(India ):
Why should India not come out (Suhasini Haider)
Way forward:
11. CPEC
Challenges to CPEC:
Gilgit-Baltistan:
12.China-Pak Relations:
Vivek Katzu: not joint partnership, but patron-client relationship
Relations on decline:
Not on decline:
23
Challenges:
Way forward:
Conclusion:
13.Pakistan and democracy

Mohd. Ayoob The speculation of (book:“Imran Khan and future of India”) is a waste
exercise based on false assumption that foreign policy of Pak is determined by its
civilian government.
Conclusion:
1.Introduction:
Sheikh Hasina “relation like flowing river, full of generosity”
S. Jaishankar describes current relations as fraternal friendship
Importance of Bangladesh:
Current Relations:
Collaborations:
Connectivity:
Boundary disputes:
Energy:
Economy:
Security cooperation:
Challenges:
Illegal migration :
Solution:
Teesta Water Issue:
According to Jaideep Majumdar, India’s case against China on Brahmaputra
stands weak in face of Teesta issue.
Way Forward
Prof. S.D. Muni: narrow domestic interests should not come in the way of
strategic national interests.
Domestic Politics:
“India must forget history and Bangladesh must forget Geography”
India’s current policy:
Issues in India’s policy:
Harsh V Pant
C. Rajamohan: With a border of 4096 km, India has no reason to see itself in
competition with Beijing.
Zia-Ur-Rehman
Way Forward::
Harsh V. Pant: Sensitive towards Bangladeshi needs
C. Rajamohan: Leveraging soft-power and enhance people-to-people ties and bridge
trust deficit; (social constructivism)
Pinak Ranjan Chakraborthy: Create IOR as a security community
24
Conclusion:
1.Intro
S.D. Muni -> relations of Roti & Beti
C. Rajamohan: Nepal-Punya Bhoomi; India-Karma Bhoomi
2.Importance:
Geo-Political:
Geo Econ :
Geo-strategic :
3. Issues:
Shyam Saran (“How India See the World”; “India and Nepal: A relation of paradox”):
physical proximity led to both positive bonds & points of conflict.
Crisis regarding Constitution
Treaty of Peace & Friendship 1950:
Territorial dispute:-
Chinese Influence:
Shyam Saran: Every ruling dispensation plays China card.
Brahma Chellany (Jan 2017): Nepal needs India, bec of geography. China can
replace IND(essential supplies) only by moving the Himalayas southward.
Lack of domestic stability:
4. Collaborations:
Hydro Power:
Brahma Chellany: India-Nepal-Bangladesh should jointly executive projects instead
of unilateral projects which China is implementing.
Education:
Modi:
Modi Formula
HIT
Development assistance:
Issues in Indian policy:
SD Muni-> Nehru’s policy considered India’s security as more imp than Nepal’s
Sovereignty
C. Rajamohan has compared Nehru’s policy with Curzon
Suhasini Haider: Poor use of soft power
S. Jaishankar -> in an open border, our doors are never closed to our neighbour
Way forward:
India needs to shun its image of an interventionist hegemonic power and let
Nepal exercise its choice on basis of equality, mutual respect, trust and benefit
SD Muni - India’s Nepal policy needs caution and not Grandstanding
Prof SD Muni
India’s tendency to micromanage Nepal’s affairs
25
India’s Nepal Policy is a subset of India’s China policy
India’s Nepal policy needs caution and not Grandstanding
C. Rajamohan: Instead of demanding an “India first policy”, affirm that India’s strong
support for a “Nepal first” policy.
1.INTRO:
2.Treaty of Peace, friendship and Cooperation:
3.IND Policy:
Modi Mantra:
B2B - Bhutan to Bharat and Bharat to Bhutan
Beyond diplomacy and strategy => Union of Heart and soul
4. Issues:
Zorawar Daulat Singh: South Asia is an exception to democratic peace theory
Suhasini Haider: Egg between two rocks
5. Conclusion:
According to Suhasini Haider, India must respect sovereignty of Bhutan at all costs.
Ashok Sajjanhar: Help Bhutan diversify its economy through high end tourism
infrastructure.
1.Intro:
2.Importance:
3.Civil War & Tamil:

(Shivshankar Menon (“Choices”)
Indo-Sri Lanka accord of 1987:
Aftermath of Civil War:
19th Amendment Act 2015 —>
Tamil Grievances
Domestic issues
Prof. Sriram Chaulia: We should engage with whoever is in power.
4.Fishermen Issue:
Concern:
5.China issue
(Brahma Chellany: Debt trap diplomacy)
6.Issues in Indian policy:

7.Future recommendations:
Suhasini Haider: India-Sri-Lanka dialogue comprises of 5 different dialogues(Delhi,
Chennai, Jaffna, Colombo)
8.Conclusion:
1.INTRO:
India Maldives have deep historical and cultural relations
India’s neighbourhood first and Maldives India-first policies are complimentary.
26
2.Importance:
China’s presence:
Impacts on India
India’s options
Shyam Saran:
Way forward:
Conclusion:
🛑🛑Topic 4: India & Global South:
South-South Cooperation :
Ind -AFRICA Relations:
🛑Latin America 👇
NIEO
WTO
IBSA
Civil Nuclear Deal
Shale gas
U.S. South Asia Policy
1.INTRO:
2.Importance of EU:
3.Evolution of relations:
4.Steps taken
Harsh V. Pant: Big Gap on main issues (Crimea, RUS, HR, CHN)
5.EU concerns on FTA
6.GoI Concerns
Harsh V. Pant: BTIA is important not only for India’s integration into global economy
but also to a give a boost to India-EU ties for full potential.
7.Scope of relations:
Kanwal Sibal (Natural Partners): Strategic relations are more real than rhetorical.
Harsh V. Pant, With Indo-Pacific becoming new centre of gravity => maritime
cooperation.
Harsh V. Pant: With USA turning protectionist, Upending liberal Order, China’s
aggression =>> EU-India partnership is natural corollary.
8. Way Forward:
C. Rajamohan: India-close bilateral relations- Britain, France & Germany
9.Brexit:
Reasons for Brexit:
Effect of Brexit:
Impact on India:
Way forward for India (C. Rajamohan)
1.INTRO:
27
PM Shinzo Abe in his book “Towards a Beautiful country” “Natural Ally”
civilizational links...Warmth in relations of civil society…If any relation can be
compared to Indo-Soviet relations - it is India-Japan.
Special Strategic and Global Partnership
2.Importance:
3.Evolution of Relations :
After Independence(started on a good note)
Till 1985(David Malone-lukewarm)
1985 - Rajiv Gandhi(Normalization of relations)
Post-Cold war:- meaningful
2000-2006 (economic)
2007-14(security )
2014(Special Strategic and Global partnership )
4.Recent Initiatives:
Defence:
Infra & investment:
Strategic
Rajiv Bhatia: given expanding Chinese footprint, India and Japan should urgently
push AAGC
5.Alliance?
C. Rajamohan: “The case for alliance”)
Rajesh Basrur: No to alliance (entrapment) and yes to special strategic partnership
(flexibility)
6.US-Japan relations:
7.China-Japan summit
8.Challenges:
9.Way Forward
C. Rajamohan: they can together shape the regional order-Security architecture &
not simply accept results of US-China competition, collision or collusion. (Include
Australia)
PM Modi said when Japanese businessmen will come, they will not find red tape,
they will only find red carpet”.
10.Civil Nuclear Deal:
Advantages to India
INTRO:
Amb. Rajiv Sikri (“India's Foreign Policy - Determinants, Issues and Challenges”):
From China, India faces challenges at three levels – globally, regionally, and as a
neighbour.
Main cooperation :
Border dispute:
BRI
South China Sea Dispute
28
Mekong Ganga Cooperation
Asian Century
India-Taiwan relations
PYQ
Intro:
Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership
Every child in India knows that Russia is our best friend.
Importance of RUS :
Evolution:
STALIN -> Those who are not with us, are against us.
Russia’s NI
IND & UNSC
IND & UNPKF
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
1. INTRO:
Prof Amitabh Acharya: ASEAN is a region, where India is punching beyond its
weight.
2.Importance:
3.Evolution:
Prof Amitabh Acharya- phases of engagement.
3.1.Look East 1.0 > 3.0:
3.2.Act East, 2014 :
3.3.Act East Vs Look East: Debate
Rajiv Bhatia (Frm Amb)
CRM (Not just rebranding => Speed at which govt is engaging had not existed
before )
Steps Taken:
4.Challenges
According to Harsh V. Pant, India still prefers bilateralism over multilateralism.
Delivery Deficit(CRM: IND Promises, CHN Delivers)
5.Future Prospects
According to Kishore Mahbubani (Social Constructuvism),
Increase people-to-people exchanges.
6.Way Forward
1.Nuclear proliferation Treaties:-

2.NPT (Sumit Ganguly: India and the NPT After 50 Years)
Rajeshwari Pillai Rajagopalan:->
“India and the NPT need each other”
Social Constructivists like Nina Tannenwald point out the importance of NPT.
29
3.CTBT
4.FMCT (Fissile Material Cut-off treaty):
5.Why India acquired nuclear weapons:
6.Criticism:
7.India’s nuclear doctrine:

8.CRITICISM: Rajan Menon (“A mismatch of nuclear doctrine”)
Gandhi: Nukes as diabolical use of Science
Nehru: Satanic, but If India is threatened, it will defend herself by all means at her
disposal.
Stephen P Cohen
Nehru: “Future belongs to those who possess nuclear power”
C Rajamohan:
Question was not WHY, it was WHEN to acquire nuclear weapons.
IND = “reluctant nuclear power”
9. NFU Policy:
Rajesh Rajagopalan (“India’s nuclear doctrine debates”):
Leave NFU
Bharat Karnad:(Keeping in demated form is useless)
Vipin Narang: Pre-emptive first strike to destroy Pak’s Nuclear reserves
Stay with NFU
Shivshankar Menon (Choices): No need to revise NFU. Shows, India is confident of
its second strike capabilities.
Harsh V. Pant: Such a move will lower India’ NSG prospects.
10.Credible Minimum Deterrance:
AGAINST:
FoR:
Bharat Karnad disagrees with the very notion of “minimum”
NSG
1.Eurasia:
2.Importance of Central Asia(CA)
Mckinder (Heartland theory): Whoever controls Central Asia control the world
3.Evolution of India-CA relations:
4.Current State:
5.Steps taken:
6.Issues:
“C. Rajamohan: India has not been able to convert its goodwill into strategic
advantages”
7.Way Forward:
8.Conclusion:
9.SCO:
30
Robert D. Kaplan: Very soft anti-western and anti-democratic group.
10.Issues in SCO:
11.Potential of SCO
12.India and SCO
According to P.S. Raghavan (“India’s pivot to Eurasia”), when relations with
neighbours are acrimonious, it makes sense to strengthen relations with neighbour's
neighbours (Mandal Sidhdhant).
13.Advantages of SCO :
14.Challenges
Harsh V. Pant, while China might talk the talk; it is unlikely to push Pakistan to
dismantle its terrorist structures.
15. Quingdao Summit:
16.Way forward
17.Conclusion
PSIR Paper 2_ ALL SYLLABUS

1. Comparative Politics: [Set#11 - Pg1-32]
a. Nature & Major Approaches
b. Political economy & Political sociology perspectives
c. Limitations of the comparative method
2. State in Comparative perspective: [ set11 - Pg32-40 ]
a. Characteristics & changing nature of State in
Capitalist, Socialist, Advanced Industrial, Developing Societies
3. Politics of Representation & Participation: [ set11 - Pg41-62 ]
a. Political Parties, Pressure Groups, Social movements in
Advanced Industrial & developing societies
4. Globalization: [set11 - Pg 62-82]
a. Responses from developed & developing societies
5. Approaches to study of IR: [Set#12 - Pg 1-94]
a. Idealist, Realist, Marxist, Functionalist, Systems Theory
a. National Interest, Security, Power
b. Balance of Power & Deterrence
c. Transnational Actors and Collective Security
d. World capitalist economy & globalization
7. Changing International Political Order:
1. Rise of superpowers:
a. Strategic & Ideological Bipolarity,
b. Arms Race, Cold war, Nuclear threat
31
2. Non Aligned Movement:
a. Aims, Achievements
3. Collapse of Soviet Union:
○ Unipolarity, American hegemony,
○ Relevance of NAM contemporary world
○ P2Sb(India's Contribution to NAM:)
8. Evolution of International Economic System:

● a. Bretton woods => WTO;
● b. Socialist economies & CMEA(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
● c. Third world demand for new International Economic Order
● d. Globalization of World Economy
9. United Nations:
● a. Envisaged Role, Actual Record
● b. Specialized UN agencies-aims and Functioning
● c. Need for UN Reforms
10. Regionalization of World Politics:
○ EU, ASEAN, APEC, SAARC, NAFTA
● ○ Democracy, Human Rights,
● Environment,
● ○ Gender Justice,
● Terrorism, Nuclear Proliferation
****************************************************************************************
1. Indian Foreign Policy:

2. India's Contribution to NAM:
a. Different Phases, Current Role
3. India & South Asia

a. Regional Cooperation: SAARC, past performance & future prospects
b. South Asia as Free Trade Area
c. India's Look East Policy
d. Impediments to regional cooperation:
River disputes | Illegal Migration |
Ethnic Conflicts, Insurgencies | Border Disputes
4. India & Global South:
a. Relations with Africa & Latin America
b. Leadership in demand for NIEO & WTO Negotiations
5. India & Global Centres of Power:
32
a. USA, EU, Japan, China, Russia
6. India & UN System:
○ Role in Peacekeeping & Demand for seat in UNSC
7. India & Nuclear Question:
○ Changing perceptions & Policy
8. Recent Developments in India's Foreign Policy:
a. India's position on Recent crisis in AFG, Iraq, West Asia
b. Growing relations with US, Israel
c. Vision of new World Order
****************************************************************************************
Syllabus / PYQ:
Definition:
Advantages of comparative politics(CP):
Limitations of comparative politics
Significance
Limitations (by R.C. Macridis)
1.Systems Approach
David Easton (book: systematic analysis of political life 1965)
Advantages:
2.Structural Functional Approach :
Gabriel Almond and Powell
Advantages
33
3.Political Development :
Lucian Pye
Samuel P Huntington- Political DECAY
4.Political Modernisation:
David Apter(book: Politics of Modernisation)
Samuel P Huntington (“Political order in changing societies”)
MODERNISATION(RUSI)
book: Civic Culture
Gunnar Myrdal : Decisions of economics are not taken in vacuum of politics
Adam Smiths prescriptions will NOT lead to “wealth of nation” but wealth of “Few In the
nation” - KARL MARX
Demerits
Revision:
Syllabus / PYQ:
Comparative Politics: [Set#11 - Pg1-32]
(1)Nature & Major Approaches
(2)Political economy & Political sociology perspectives
(3)Limitations of the comparative method
34
1. What is Comparative Politics? What are different Major Approaches? Limitations?(20m) OR
[ discuss the subject matter of comparative politics outline the limitations of comparative
political analysis(10m) 2020 ]
2. Examine significance of comparative methods in political analysis. Discuss its limitations (2019)
20m
3. How is the modern comparative approach different from traditional legal institutional
approach? 15m PYQ
4. Describe the changing nature of Comparative Politics. 15m PYQ2018
5. Explain Political Economy approach.Limitation? Relevance? (20m) PYQ
6. Explain the Political-Sociological Approach. Limitations? Relevance? (20m) PYQ
7. Discuss David Easton’s model of systems analysis. 15m PYQ2015
8. Explain the uses of systems approach in international relations and examine the relevance of
Kaplan's system analysis.(PYQ) 20m
9. Comment on: Input-output functions of political system(15m)
10. Examining political phenomena through a process of cross- global investigation has become the
fundamental function of Comparative Politics.” Discuss 2012 15m
11. Why structural functional approach can be considered as a improvement over systems
approach? What are the weaknesses of structural functional approach. 15m
Definition:
● Comparative politics is a sub-discipline of political science with a goal to develop
perspectives of similarities and dissonance between domestic political systems. It has 3-
fold functions
o Comparative Analysis of political systems to identify problem areas & solutions
o Develop a pool of verifiable knowledge
o Prediction of institutional and behavioral trends.
● As old as Pol Philosophy
● Aristotle -> Father of PS, also FoComparative Politics
35
Advantages of comparative Limitations of comparative politics
politics(CP): ● Problem of information gathering.
● Understand how good or bad the o Some countries are open, others are
government is. not.
o Ex. Why parliamentary o Lack of precise definitions of
democracy worked in Britain unique institutions in countries. Ex.
but not in France. German Chancellor.
● Help us in classifying social, o Different institutions work in
political and economic different ways. Ex. Legislative
phenomenon. assemblies are law making,
o Ex. Institutions working for educative as well as deliberative
interest articulation are bodies at different times.
classified as pressure groups. ● Large range of variables.
● Help us in achievement of certain o Also, difficult to assign weight to
broad goals each variable.
o Ex. Deciding foreign policy ● Analysts as well as citizens are
after study of foreign politics. culturally bound. Thus information
● Shows us the areas1 where actions collected or result published may not
can bring unintended be neutral.
consequences. ● Many political systems have mimicked
o Ex. Technology in governance British and American systems.
can also abate revolutionary However they have retained their own
movements. characteristics. Ex. India.
● Godde(Authoritatian regimes are

understudied )
Conclusion
● Despite limitations, study of comparative politics is not impossible.
● However it should be fairly precise.

● Before WWII
● Very old
● Aristotle had studied 158 constitutions to determine the best politik
● Focus : study of Western countries
36
o Non-western world =colonized => no independent system
● Legal Institutional
● historical approach
● Constitutional provision, Rules
●
Significance Limitations (by R.C. Macridis)

● Base to build 1. Non-scientific(normative)
Modern CP
2. Descriptive and less analytical
● Led to Evolution
3. Static nature (No study of Pol process)
of approaches like
Str. Fnctl Approach 4. Parochial - narrow in nature and scope
● Normative 5. Ethnocentric / Eurocentric
● prescriptions to 6. Textual in nature
establishment of new
instis o Study of constitutions
● Recent times - 7. Study of Comparative Govt.
revival rather than comparative politics
NeoInstitutionalism o Political state rather than political
Theda Skocpol - system
bring the state back o Essentially non comparative as pol.
in.
System in west was similar.

● After WW2
● To study rise of fascism, Nazism and communism.
● Decolonisation > Many new States
● Post-colonial societies - traditional approach insufficient
o Bec FW Riggs(prismatic societies, X constitutionalism rather FORMALISM=
Difference in Theory and practice
o Ex. Difference in parliamentary system of India and Britain.
● Need to study socio, economic, cultural conditions
● Rise of behaviouralism(study politics as process,behaviour)
o Need for scientific, verifiable, value neutral theories
37
1.Systems Approach
2.Structural Functional
1. David Easton (book: Approach :
systematic analysis of political
life 1965) ● Gabriel Almond and Powell
2. Purpose: To make PSIR as ● Purpose: scientific model, reform eastons
pure science model
3. Type: behavioural
4. Influenced by: General Syst ● Type: behavioral
Theory(Karl Ludwig von ● Influenced by
Bertalanffy) o Easton’s In/op model
a. Talcott Parson(social
system in sociology) o Traditional(descriptive)
5. System- set of elements in o Lucian pie - Pol dev - functional
patterned interaction in an envt specialization
with a boundary
6. State is a static concept, so ● All societies > Essential Functions > may
focus on political sys as it tells be performed by Different structures
the process ● CP (based on COMMON functions)
7. (Easton’s Input output Model) ● Pol System X static(different stages of
8. Goal of Pol Sys = LAWS = evolution) (unlike easton)
Authoritative allocation of
values ● No Pol sys is perfect(X even west)
9. Pol sys = Machine(Input- ● (See diagram👇)
output mechanism)
10. See diagram👇 Advantages
11. (IN)Demands, Supports ● Diff pol systems at diff stages of dev

12. (OUT)Decisions, Policies o both for advanced and dvpg
13. Feedback system maintenance, countries
emits excess heat. o However, basic fnc. Are similar.
Advantages: ● Conceptual framework for collection and
● Better org of data organisation of data - Behavioural
● Understand devpg areas movement
● Led to later models like Str- ● Detailed view of str and fn
Fnctl approach
o Addresses the short comings of
Systems approach
Kaplan used the system theory for IP
Karl Deutsch and Herbert Spiro. ● More dynamic
38
● System(D Easton)
●
● SFA(Gabriel Almond, B Powell)
39
Traditionalists:
● cosmetic change,
● costly,
● only initially useful,
● status quoist (no scope of improvement),
● complex jargon, analytical models,
● similar conclusions)
Marxists:
● Neither universal, nor value neutral
● Smart intellectual conspiracy
● Based on western model , legitimation crisis, criticize AAV)
● Not relevant for developing areas( changes, disruption, revolutions)
● Conservative/ status quoist
●
Conclusion
40
System approach shows the need to go beyond the study of constitutional and to understand the
envt factors shaping the pol system
41
3.Political Development : 4.Political Modernisation:
Lucian Pye David Apter(book: Politics of Modernisation)
Type: Behavioural, PB Samuel P Huntington (“Political order in
Purpose: Comparing Developing changing societies”)
Society Type: Behavioural, PB
● CP based on Pol Devpt Purpose: Attempt to be more neutral + fill gaps
Pol Development: Movement of Pol in political developmental approach.
Sys towards democracy. ● Country can have ANY form of Govt
Parameters of pol Devpt: ● CP based on LEVELS of
● MODERNISATION(RUSI)
● Equality of Polit participation
o Rationalization(scientific)
● Capacity of state to enforce
laws o Urbanisation
● Differentiation - functional o Secularization

specialization o Industrialisation
consequences of modernization:
Criticism: o Increase in social mobilization
● Definition is biased in favour o Demand for functional
of west.
differentiation
● It ignored political culture. Ex.
Asian values lead to obligation o Rationalization of authority
to government. o Increased participation in
politics.
● (mismatch betw 3 Param) o Nation-building
● balance needed (ignored by o Pol Devpt
Pye). Ex. In India participation
● Political Decay: Mismatch in
increased but capacity of state
did not increase. o Social modernization vs
Political Modernization
Samuel P Huntington- Political DECAY o Pol Participation & Level of
● mismatch in level of political Institutionalization
participation&institutionalizati
on ● All these changes should take place
● Same level of participation may simultaneously for progress.
lead to different results. Ex. ● Broadened scope of CP
Trade unions in Russia and They proposed integration of post-colonial
Britain. societies with international economy.
Criticism:
● Traditionalist: unnecessary ● WB, IMF to support Pol Modernization
● Marxist: biased
42
Criticism:
● Traditionalist: unnecessary
● Neo Marxist: Biased in favour of west.
○ Ultimate aim expand capitalism

● book: Civic Culture
● Influenced By
o Easton’s in-out Output
o Weber’s Ideal Types(conceptual framework in sociology)
o Empirical approaches
● Type: Behavioural, PB
Culture: set of values, attitudes transmitted 1 gen to another. Gives long term trends in politics.
4Basic Models/IDEAL TYPES:
1. Parochial Pol C.- Tribals - Indifferent
2. Subject pol culture- East(X indifferent, but PASSIVE)
3. Participant - West - ppl ACTIVE
a. Too much > Mobocracy
4. Civic Culture -
○ Combination of ALL 3(best for democracy),
○ otherwise demagogic leader (Hannah Arendt, Ortega Gasset)
Modernization is being seen as state of mind and hence political culture is an important
determinant of political development of that society. Ex. Culture of Germany and Asian valu!es.
43
CRITICISM:
● Unnecessary
● Marxist: Elitist bias, Not allowing everyone to participate
●

● Study of economic policies of the state
● Gunnar Myrdal : Decisions of economics are not taken in vacuum of politics
● Useful : Developing countries
● Policy Science :
○ Use quantitative data to
○ suggest economic policy for the state
● Interactions between political institutions and human behaviour.

● Father of Modern PE
● PE - Science for statesman to
o bring welfare of ppl &
o prosperity to the nation
● Critic of Mercantilism
● Supporter of Laissez Faire State
Two Scools:
● Liberal school(laissez faire, utilitarian, welfare economics, rational choice school)
● Marxist(Marx base- SS model, criticism of liberal school)
o Eco= Base, Pol= Superstructure
o Adam Smiths prescriptions will NOT lead to “wealth of nation” but wealth of “Few In
the nation” - KARL MARX
o Orthodox marxists: exploitatuve nature of capitalistic state
o Dependecy School(neo colonialism, lenin - Theory of imperialism)
o Instrumentalist School: State instrument of Dominant Class
o Strucural School(Relative autonomy of state)
● Gunnar Myrdal (Asian Drama)
● Rudolph & Rudolph (In pursuit of Laxmi)
● Amartya Sen(Uncertain Glory)
44
Disadvantages :
● Normative
Advantages:
● Limited to few cases - wide
● Analytical variables;
● Understanding the flaws of the ● costly
development model and making
prescriptions ● Focuses on outputs - public
policy, without inputs - pol
● Academic + Practical Significance mobilization
● Finds utility in other social sciences ● Samuel
as well Huntington(Economic
● Combines - normative and reductionism ) - Too much
scientific focus on econ policy
● Quantitative + Qualitative. ● May not be objective as
scholars might use certain
examples to prove their point
● As old as Pol Philosophy
● Aristotle FoPS & FoPSociology
o (Socio-Econ Inequality leads to revolutions)
● Not just a approach > discipline In itself
● SM Lipset - interface between society and politics
● Aristotle - FoPS - Revolutions
Two prominent schools: Marx and Weber

● Karl Marx FoModern Sociology
Marx -
● Modern Pol Sociology
● To understand politics => classes, econ str as base, Pol superstructure,
● State instrument of Dominant class= instrument of exploitation
● Gramsci - civil society- integral state
● Instrumentalist:Ralph Miliband(analysed Welfare state)
45
● Structuralist: Nicole poulantzas(relative autonomy)
Weber
● book: Protestant ethics and spirit of capitalism
● Critique of Marx
● Econ str. as basic- Monocausal explanation
● Need to Study bureaucracy, ethnicity, politics(PP, PG), social stratification, Elites
● Chris Jaffrelot, Yogendra Yadav

o Caste, class, PGs, Pol parties, religion, ethnicity
● Rajni Kothari, Paul Brass
● Not arm chair theories - integrates behavioral approach
● Most relevant - developing areas
o Social Heterogeneity
o Allows adaptation to social context
Demerits
● Samuel Huntington called it reductionist.
● Theda Skocpol - to bring the state back in
o Lack of enthu
o Danger to pol sci Becoming a sub disciple of sociology
o Neo institutionalism (March & Olsen : Book: Reinventing Govt)
▪ Sociological school(society~ Institutions)
▪ Historical school (evolution of Insti)
▪ Rational Choice based on Actors behavior
▪ Pratap Bhanu Mehta & Devesh Kapoor(public institutions) [judiciary
perpetuating itself)
● Societies affects politics but politics too affects socieies(Nehru)
46
●
Revision:
date 13Mar21 20 May
time 3hrs -
1.Syllabus #2 STATE IN COMPARATIVE perspective: 1
2..PYQ: 2
3..State INTRO: 2
4..State in CAPITALISTIC Society: 2

LIBERAL Perspective: 2
MARXISTS: 3
ELITIST( 3
Pluralistic (Robert Dahl-Polyarchy, Deformed P) 3
5..State in SOCIALISTIC Societies: 3

MARXIST Perspective 3
WESTERN Perspective: 4
ELITIST Perspective: 4
6..State in ADVANCED Industrial Societies 4
7..State in DEVELOPING Societies: 4

FW Riggs(Formalism, Developmental Trap, prismatic Societies) 4
SP Huntington : Developmental Decay 4
Gunnar Myrdal(Asian Drama) -Soft states 4
Marxist: 4
8..Revision:- 4
47
1.Syllabus #2 STATE IN COMPARATIVE
perspective:
● Characteristics & changing nature of State in
● Capitalist, Socialist, Advanced Industrial, Developing Societies
2..PYQ:
1. Comment on: Rethinking on sovereign state. 20m
2. Describe the changing nature of the State in the developing societies in 21 century (20m)
PYQ2018
3. "Covid19 pandemic induced lockdown has Strengthened the nature of State in both developing,
Advanced industrial society" (20m)
4. Do you subscribe to the view that the modern constructs of the State and politics are pre-
eminently Eurocentric and not indigenous and appropriate for the analysis of non-western
societies ?
5. The struggle for democracy has been marked by bitter strife and tribulations.’ Examine the
statement, illustrating the cases of Pakistan, Nepal and Myanmar.(20) 2015
6. "A combination of internal pressures (ethnic and regional forces) and external threats (EU, UN,
TNC, global market, etc.) has produced what is commonly referred to as a 'crisis of the nation-
state'." Elaborate.(15m) (2016)
7. How has development of global capitalism changed nature of socialist economies and
developing societies. 2017 15m
3..State INTRO:
● JW Garner: Pol sc begins and ends with the state
● Core concept > yet contested
● Evolution of CP on State:
a. Traditional: Legal- Institutional- Constitutional approach
b. Behavioural: Focus shifted from State, Const > Society,Processes
48
c. Neo-Institutionalism: Theda Skocpol(bring the state back in )
■ March & Olsen( book: Reinvening Govt )
■ PBMehta & Devesh Kapoor(book: Public Institutions IND)
4..State in CAPITALISTIC Society:

● LIBERAL Perspective:
○ Onenote (Topic # 2) 7. LIBERAL theories of State
○ Crrated by man
○ To remove inconveniences in SoN
○ Instrument of Utility
○ Neutral Arbitrar
● MARXISTS:
○ Onenote (Topic # 2) 8. MARXIST theories of State
○ Challenge neutrality claim
○ Executive committee of Bourgeois class
○ Instrument of exploitation
● Liberals evolved:👇
○ Earlier Laissez faire S, Minimal S, Nightwatchman S, Police S
■ Now Welfare state
● Marxist( analysed Post Industrial State)👇
○ Instrumentalist(Ralph Miliband)
■ Still instrument of dominant class
■ Eco power concentrated => Pol Power
■ Managerial Revolution is a myth
○ Relative Autonomy(Nicole Poulantza))
■ Influenced by Karl Marx (18th brumaire of Louis Bonaparte)
■ Why? UAF(adukt franchise), Welfare state, Competitive Party system
● State appears neutral
■ But during CRISIS => favours dominant class
● ELITIST(
○ Robert Michels: Oligarchy is the Iron Law
○ C Wrightmills: USA ruled by Power Elites
○
● Pluralistic (Robert Dahl-Polyarchy, Deformed P)
○ After 1970’s
■ Neo Liberalism => rollback of State
○ 21st Century:
■ Oscillating between Nightwatchman State(republican USA) & Welfare
State(eg democrats USA)
■ 2008 Crisis => EU, Italy etc (crisis of legitimacy)
■ Habermass(Welfare state is bound to face LEGITIMATION CRISIS)
49
■ rise of left, right parties in WEST itself
5..State in SOCIALISTIC Societies:

● Based on ideas of Marx, Lenin, Mao
● Russia, yugoslavia, Cuba, N Korea, China
● With collapse of USSR, communism & 3rd wave of Democracy
○ Shift of socialist states towards ‘State controlled Market economy’
● MARXIST Perspective
○ Liberal state= dictatorship of bourgeoise
○ Socialist State = dictatorship of proliteriat
● WESTERN Perspective:
○ Hannah Arendt: Socialist = Totalitarian states
○ Karl Popper: Closed Societies
○ Dictatorship of Communist party(X proliteriat)
○ X Socio-econ rights only duties
● ELITIST Perspective:
○ Raymond Aaron:
■ West is better(Elite structure is fractured)
■ Socialist countries have Monolithic Elites
● Conclusion:
○ Welfare state is a golden mean of socialist state and capitalist state
6..State in ADVANCED Industrial Societies

● Explain Western Capitalistic & socialistic states
7..State in DEVELOPING Societies:

● Former colonies, IIIrd world, Global South
● Nation state is imported institution,democracy is imposed ideology
● Governability Crisis
● Excessive reliance on force
● Secessionist Trends
● Failed States
● WESTERN:
○ FW Riggs(Formalism, Developmental Trap, prismatic Societies)
○ SP Huntington : Developmental Decay
○ Gunnar Myrdal(Asian Drama) -Soft states
○ Refer: Onenote (Topic # 2) POST Colonial theories of State
● Marxist:
○ Instrumentalist/dependency : Ralph Miliband
50
■ AG Frank, Samir Amin
■ Periphery countries around core
○ Structuralist/Relative Autonomy: Nicole Pulantza
■ Hamza Alvi(overdeveloped state)
● Politically overdeveloped, mismatch to Economically feudal
8..Revision:-
date 13Mar21 20May21
time 45min -
51
1..SYLLABUS: 2
Topic #3 Politics of Representation & Participation [set11 - Pg41-62 ] 2
(1) Political Parties, Pressure Groups, Social movements in Advanced Industrial & developing
societies 2
2..PYQ: 2
3..Political Parties : 3
Theories of PP: 3
Traditionalist/ Normative: 3
Edmund Burke 3
Behaviouralists: 3
Otto Von Kirchheimer(Catch all parties ) 3
Robert Michels: “Iron law of oligarchy”(book: PP) 3
Lenin (“What is to be done”) 3
Maurice Duverger 4
Myron Weiner 4
4..Pressure Groups : 5
Finer : 5
Invisible empires which perform Interest Articulation 5
Rajni Kothari 6
Agents of moderation 6
Reservoirs of leadership 6
Gabriel Almond(Types of PG): 5
* Jean Blondel *👇 6
Conclusion : 7
5..Social Movements : 7
OLD SM - 7
NEW SM- 7
52
West 7
Developing : Coexistence of old and new 7
6.. ELECTORAL SYSTEM: 8
Revision: 8
1..SYLLABUS:
Topic #3 Politics of Representation & Participation [set11 - Pg41-62 ]
(1) Political Parties, Pressure Groups, Social movements in Advanced

Industrial & developing societies
2..PYQ:
1. Explain the Similarities and Differences between interest groups, Pressure Groups, political
parties? (20m)
2. Critically Analyse the functioning of Interest Groups, Pressure Groups, Political Parties with
appropriate examples from India, advanced industrial & developing societies.(20m) PYQ
3. Do interest groups help to promote democracy or to undermine it? Give your opinion.15m
(2016)
4. Evaluate the nature and distinctions of anomic and associational interest groups in the pressure
politics of developing countries.
---
5. How big a role does IDENTITY play in determining political participation in the developing
countries? Discuss your answe rwith suitable illustrations(15m) 2018
6. Comment on the decline of political parties and examine whether new social movements shall
be alternative strategy for establishing link between government and society.(20m) PYQ (2016)
7. Has the increased participation of the underprivileged in the political process of the developing
societies strengthened democracy or created political chaos and conflict? Comment(10m ) 2020
8. How did the struggle for representation increase the level and quality of democracy in the
industrial societies?(15m)
9. Party system in India is neither western nor indigenous. Explain (15m)
53
10. Explain the reasons for low turnout in democratic countries with suitable examples. (15m)
(2019)
----
11. Is the rise of social movement a sign of opening up of popular space in political process or
decline of representative politics? Examine.20m PYQ
12. Write an essay on “ NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS” in developing countries. (15m) 2019
13.
3..Political Parties :
“There is no alternative to party government, save dictatorship, in any state of modern size”. -
Laski
“Party is a keystone political institution in representative regime” – Zoya Hasan
● Statistology: Systematic study of political parties -

● FINER: PP fn - Interest Aggregation..create link betw ruler and ruled
● Sartori: Party System - Parties of systemic relevance and not number of political parties
● INTRO(PP/PG): According to SFA of Gabriel Almond & Powell , Both PP, PG perform
thebmost important Input function for the Political System.
54
Theories of PP:
Otto Von Kirchheimer(Catch all

Traditionalist/ parties ) Marx was against PP but
Normative: ● Ideology don’t matter
● Office oriented Lenin (“What is to be
Edmund Burke
done”)
Pol parties as a
Robert Michels: “Iron law of
group of people
oligarchy”(book: PP) -Communist Party as
with a shared
Vanguards of Revolution
ideology for the
● All complex -Bourgeoisie PP
pursuit of common
organizations, regardless centralism,hierarchical -
interest
of how democratic they >Comm. P= Democratic
Behaviouralists: are when started, Centralism (bottom up-
eventually develop into Broad base)
PP are Power oligarchies.)
● No diff in Communist & ->Trade Union are part of
Houses, X system, CommP are Secret
Ideology, Electoral Liberal Parties
● Power concentrated with Societies
Machine,
Elites
ROLE of Political Parties:

● Deepenimg of democracy
● Creating Public Awareness
● Political Mobilization, Recruitment, Socialization
● Socio-political Reform/
55
Maurice Duverger Myron Weiner
Book: “Political Parties” ● Gave classification of PP

● Relationship betw ● Constructed Ideal types
Electoral sys & Party ● West
Sys o British - Turnover
Duverger Law ideological(labor vs
● Simple majoritarian - 2 conservative)
party o US- Turnover pragmatic
● Proportional - Multi (concerned with electoral
party processes)
● India - exception o Multiparty - Continental Europe
3 types of PP: ● East
● Elitist parties o Hegemonic non-competitive -
(European type and China
American type) o 1 Party dominant - S.Africa
● Mass parties (Socialist, o 2 Party - Sri lanka
communist and fascist) o Multiparty - India
● Intermediate parties
(Indirect ex. Labour Comparison:
converting from
movement to party) & ● Western:
(developing countries) o Ideological
4 structures of pol parties: o Intra party democracy
● Branch - liberal o homogenous
● Cell - communist ● Non West:
party o Prismatic society
● Caucus - Rightist elites o Traditional features
● Militia - Armed wings o Ethnically organized
o Dynastic(X intra party demo)
Criticism:
● Not easily distinguishable.
● Ex. Parties in USA getting polarized on ideological lines.
● Congress was a mass party after independence. BJP has good organizational structure.
56
Parties in west vs. parties in post-colonial societies
57
4..Pressure Groups :
58
Samuel Finer : Gabriel Almond(Types of PG):
● Invisible empires which 1. Insti -

perform Interest oPart of Gov - IAS
Articulation association
● Hobbes was a critic, o Strongest in
● J.S. Mill supported Developing(overdevel
● Dahl- polyarchy oped states -Hamza
● Pressure(TECHNIQU Alvi)
E)groups vs. Interest o Developed - minimal
(OBJECTIVE)groups. 2. Associational
o Interest Based
● PP- Direct power(BJP) o workers(AITUC),
farmers(AIKS), Trade
● PG indirect power(eg unions, FICCI, CII
RSS) o Very strong in West
3. Non-Associational
Rajni Kothari o Community based -
Gujar
● Agents of o Non West countries
moderation 4. Anomic
o Norm less, Crowd
● Reservoirs of behaviour, Mob like,
leadership NSCN
o Non West - as
Eckstein democracy is not well
institutionalized
● They represent o Political Decay - SP
something less than Huntington(more
full politicization and participation but Non
more than utter institutionalisation)
depoliticization.
● Intermediate level of o Eg. pune student
activity between protest
political and
apolitical. *i
Neera Chandhoke
● Focus on civil society

dates to 1980s
● Crisis of
Representation
● From older models of
democracy - pol
parties to newer
59
models - NGOs and
informal citizen
groups
TECHNIQUES of PG:
● Lobbying
● Bandh
● Dharna
● Hartal
● Propaganda
Conclusion :
● We can apply SP Huntington’s Political Modernisation Theory that once Urbn, indusn,
Ratn, and Secularisn take place ==> Nation building ==> Less role of ethnic politic
● Pressure groups are slowly showing more bold form of political participation. Ex. RSS in
India.
5..Social Movements :
● Sustained Collective Behaviour just like PP, PG,IG
● Interchangeable
○ Eg. INC: SM->PG->PParty
● Least institutionalised
●
Component of Social Movements - Generally Linked to Left (Liberals - Institutional politics to

street politics; resource mobilisation)
● SM are Categorised as👇

○ Obj, Social base, Techniques, Ideological orientation
○
60
OLD SM - West
● Left M. Workers M.
● AIM: Bread & Butter ● Phase of OSM over, NSM dominating
issues of life ● But after 2008 crisis, rolling bac of state,
● Class: Poor, Middle reemergence of OSM
classes,
● Strategy: Direct action
(Strikes) Developing : Coexistence of old and new
● Nature: Materialistic ● Eg- Envt movement in India
● Obj : Basic issues of life as well as envt
protection
NEW SM- ● Base - tribals led by the middle class
● Techq - Direct action protests along with
● After 1960’s nukkad natak, theatre
● AIM: Quality of life ● Orientation : Materialistic & post mat
issues,
● Envt, Peace, ● New social movements in India :
disarmament Corruption - Lokpal, RTI, AAP
● CLASS: Middle class Phenomenon, Envt - Narmada Bachao
● STRATEGY: ● Old Links b/w People and Govt : PGs and
innovative, street Pol Parties
theatres, Art, Poetry, ● New links could be Social movements
literary mode, ●
● NATURE: Post ● RC Guha: environmentalism in South led
materialist by Empty stomach, While North is led by
full stomachs
Conclusion:
● Impact in present times
● Social movements help in democratizing the
● Rajendra Singh : NSM
6.. ELECTORAL SYSTEM:

● Winston Churchill: Democracy may be the WORST form of govt but it remains BEST untill we find
a better form.
● Ideal D = Direct D (geberal Will)
● But best practicable is Representative D.
●
61
Revision:
date 13Mar21 20May21
time 1hr -
0.Syllabus/PYQ 2
Topic #4 2
Globalization: Responses from developed & developing societies 2
1..What is Globalization? 4
Thomas Friedman(inexorable integration) 4
Kenichi Ohmae: Borderless world 4
Marshall McLuhan: global village 4
Anthony Giddens( Compression in Space&Time 4
2..Globalisation(Origin & Waves): 5
Origin of globalization 5
Liberal view: 5
62
Marxist view: 5
Waves of Globalisation(4 waves) 5
3..Models of globalization: 6
Present model 6
Bhikhu Parekh) => G Imposed from top without civilization dialogue 6
Discontents against globalization - Joseph Stiglitz 6
Other models 6
4..Winners & Loosers: 6
Fareed Zakaria : “decline of west & rise of rest” 6
5..CRITICS of Globalisation: 7
Immanuel Wallerstein (Instrumental Marxist) 7
Noam Chomsky 7
Prof Ramesh Thakur 🛑 7
Arundhati Roy (Capitalism: A Ghost Story): 🛑 8
6..SUPPORTERS of Globalisation: 8
Jagdish Bhagwati 8
Amartya Sen 8
7.More balanced view: 9
Post-colonial critique: 9
Christine Lagarde: Rising inequalities is the Achilles Heel of market driven globn 9
Sorenson: 9
Pratap Bhanu Mehta 9
8..Good for DEVELOPING Countries? 10
9..Good for ADVANCED Countries? 10
10..RESPONSES towards Globalisation? 10
11..Future Prospects: 11
Aurobindo Ghosh: Aggregation is the law of the Universe, nature will destroy us if we go
against nature 11
63
Globalisation led by China: 11
Challenges to CHN led Globalisation (C. Rajamohan): 11
Way Forward: 12
C. Rajamohan:(Indias Problem) 12
Xi Jinping - we must not retreat into harbours as soon as we encounter a storm as then we
would never be able to reach the opposite end 12
0.Syllabus/PYQ
Topic #4
Globalization: Responses from developed & developing societies
1. 2014 : what is global village?Elaborate its main characteristics & also the factors that contribute
to its growth.
2. Trace the evolution of Globalisation. (15m) X pyq
3. 2011 : Examine the nature and dynamics of contemporary globalization. 20m
4. 2017: Critically examine the Globalisation in the past 25 years from the perspectives of the
Western world. 15m
5. 2010 Critically examine globalisation from a Third World perspective (20m)
a. 2000: Liberalization and Globalization are feared by the developing countries, as the
Trojan Horses of the developed countries. Elucidate (15m)
6. 2016: Discuss impact of globalization on internal functioning of the STATE. 15m
7. How is it that economic and neo-liberal globalization is being interrogated from inside even in
developed countries? What are the economic consequences of such globalisation? 15
8. Elaborate the factors which cause North-South divide in the age of globalisation. (15m)
9. 2020: CRITICALLY examine the impact of process of globalisation from the perspective of
countries of the GLOBAL SOUTH (15m)
10. Is terrorism a reaction against globalisation? Do you agree? Justify
11. 2009 What are the major critiques of liberal internationalization?( 15m)
12. 2018: "Some feel Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are a vital new road to economic growth,
whereas others feel they perpetuate underdevelopment." Discuss. (20m)
a. How do you explain the growing importance of multinational corporations (MNCs) and
civil society in contemporary international politics? (2014) (20m)
13. 2019 : Explain the relevance of Marxist approach in context of globalisation.
64
1..What is Globalization?
iNTRO:
● Kenichi Ohmae:
Thomas Friedman(inexorable
Borderless world
integration)
● Marshall McLuhan:
● Book: The Lexus and the global village
Olive tree
● G as an inexorable integration ● Anthony Giddens(
of markets, nations states, Compression in
technology never seen before
Space&Time
● Interactions have become
o Farther, Faster
● ie. Stretching,
o Cheaper, deeper
deepening of relations in
● No longer just a Buzzword
S&T
65
2..Globalisation(Origin & Waves):
Origin of globalization Waves of
Liberal view:
Globalisation(4
waves)
● (Most common understanding)
● 1st wave : Age of
● G started after end of cold-war (end of Discovery - 1450-1850 :
history) European expansionism
● WTO as the highest moment in and Conquest
● 2nd Wave : 1850-1945 :
globalization.
Spread and entrenchment
● Anthony Giddens: culmination of of European Empires
modernization ● 3rd Wave : Contemporary
Globalisation : 1960
Marxist view: onwards : Microchip and
● dates back to East India Company Satellite (comm. tech),
● globalization is global expansion of Shift from West to East
capitalism. ● 4th Wave : May be in the
● Global only in goods but NOT people. making Led by emerging
economies: (China, Brazil,
● G = Rhetoric for Exploitation, Smart India and others)
intelluctual conspiracy
● Karl Marx: The imperatives of the

capitalistic mode of production take
bourgeoise to NESTLE everywhere
and SETTLE everywhere
66
3..Models of globalization:
Present model Other models
● Based on neo-liberal ideology ● Socialist idea of proletariat
● Hegemonic idea internationalism
● Not ‘THE’, but ‘One of the’ ● INDIAN cosmopolitan Model
forms of globalization. of Vasudhaiv Kutumbukam,
Sarve Bhawantu Sukinha=>
● Bhikhu Parekh) => G Imposed welfare of all
from top without civilization ● Buddhist idea of conquering
dialogue hearts not land
● (Cosmopolitan world should not be ● Islamic Caliphate
based on value system of one
civilisation rather result of ● Chinese Prez:(Xi Jinping @
civilisational dialogue) WEF Davos): CHN ready to
lead G =>, more inclusive,
● Discontents against more sustainable model,
globalization - Joseph Stiglitz
4..Winners & Loosers:

● Asian countries top gainers => Asian Century
○ Centre of gravity of Intl politics changing Atlantic > Indo-Pacific
● [IND, CHN, SEA](1990) 12% => 31% (2020)of world GDP
○ CHN 4% => 17%, IND 3.6% => 7%
● Pak, Middle East, AFG,AFR marginal rise
LOOSERS:
● G7 (50% => 30%)

● EU Countries 27% => 16%
● Fareed Zakaria : “decline of west & rise of rest”
● Latin America, Carribean 10% => 7%
67
5..CRITICS of Globalisation:
Prof Ramesh Thakur 🛑
Noam Chomsky ● Book: The Dark side of

Globalisation
(Instrumental Marxist)
● Book: Profit ● Not End of History, but End
Over People of Geography
● G is not new -
● Criticised ● Rise of Uncivil society
continuation of the
neoliberal
old capitalist ● Rise of transnational,
Globalisation
exploration of 17th organised crime
● Americans lost
century
lives in Adverse impact on Wages,
● Poverty in Africa, ●
capitalist wars bargaining power of
War in Balkans
● Tax payer workers, socio-econ rights
● Globn is in last
money to Arms ● Property rights have risen
stage
dealers ● Adverse effect on
● Swan Song - dying
● Go to war- o Econ sovereignty
its death
force countries
● Humaity has Only o Pol sov
to open up
2 options o Social and cultural
markets for
o barbarianis stability
bourgeoise of
m
Capitalist
o Socialism Vandana Shiva :
countries
● G has brutally affected
Nature & destroyed
livelihoods
● Rosenberg: self-serving Hirst and Thompson (Marxist school)

myth, conceptual folly to ● International economy is less open
68
make capitalism and U.S. now
hegemony more acceptable ● Trade is restricted to west.
● Jorge Heine and Ramesh ● No shift in finance from developed
Thakur: soft belly of to developing
capitalism ● Growth of internationalization and
regionalization
Arundhati Roy (Capitalism: A
● Genuine transnational companies
Ghost Story): 🛑
are less.
● Neoliberal capitalism as a
mutant variety of
colonialism
● remote controlled and
digitally operated
6..SUPPORTERS of Globalisation:
● Phenomenal reduction of Poverty in (CHN, IND)
● Vietnam miracle (single gen => worlds poorest => mid income country)
● EU, Canada jobs depends only Exports
● Increase in real income, Standard of living
● 2/3rd of GDP comes from International Trade
●
69
Amartya Sen
Jagdish Bhagwati Jospeh Stiglitz
● Countries in
● Book: In Defence of ● Book: Making globn better
Globalisation Globalisation than those out
● Qualitative & Quantitative work ● Uneven
Analysis ● Democratic benefits
● Those Opposing globn are Deficit in instis ● Capacity
psychiatrists and not of global building to
economists governance - make it a win
● Unprecedented Growth => address them win situation
Trickle down to make globn
● Inequality diminished - work Xi Jinping:
First time ● Glob in
o Life Expectancy - developed ● G is double
double countries edged sword
o IMR - declined o Plutocra ● Need for
o Global literacy - ts - Capacity
60=> 80% better Building,
● Globn itself not solution - o Middle Skilling,
many steps needed income ● Resentment is
● If properly governed, - worse because of
globalisation is the most o Poor - Automation,
powerful social good worst incorrect
today *Conclusion policies of
west
70
7.More balanced view:
Pratap Bhanu Mehta
Christine Lagarde: ● Globn in Question

Rising inequalities is ● Similar to Stiglitz
Post-colonial critique:
the Achilles Heel of ● Anti globn sentiment
market driven globn o Earlier- South
● Edward Said:
o Now - working class-
orientalism was a
north
project
● Effect on electoral choices -
● Cultural globalization Sorenson:
o Rise of Right
to perpetuate western
● It has affected o Xenophobia
culture.
● Eurocentric the sovereignty o Ethnic Chauvinism
● Criticize humanitarian of poorer and o Anti-immigrant
interventions. smaller nations sentiment
● Globalization led to in a worse way ● Globn at
insecurity dilemma than the bigger o Best : Imagination of
● Criticize euro-centric ones vast opportunities
● Globalisation o Worst : Elites
institutions of global
governance. and Liberal looking for new
world order is pastures of
in crisis opportunity
o 🛑CONCLUSION
8..Good for DEVELOPING Countries?

● Xi Jinping : double edge sword…….
● Helped Alleviating poverty in Global South
● Helped in MDG/SDG
● Pratap Bhanu Mehta: increased inequality => gave rise to PLUTOCRACY(Govt by the
wealthy)
● Not balanced growth(diff sectors, diff regions)
○ Eg. IND service sector > Jobless growth
71
● Jagdish Bhagwati : ………
● Amartya Sen: book economic Devpt & Soc Opportunities
○ Countries Who joined globalisation are better off than you who didn’t
○ Need for Capacity Building
9..Good for ADVANCED Countries?

● Initial phase => benefitted
● Presently: adverse impact
● Joseph Stieglitz : “Globalisation & its discontent”
○ Major resentment
● USA: Rich ppl took advantage, Middle class adversely affected
● EU: Sweden, Germany benefitted, PIGS economies adverse impact
● Xi Jinping : double edge sword…….Wrong policies, Automation
○ 2008 crisis was due to regulatory failure
○ Need for Skilling, capacity building
10..RESPONSES towards Globalisation?

● Initially protest in developing countries, but now even in Developed countries too
● Globalisation in worst phase(pincer movement), attacked by all
● Global GDP stagnant growth 3-4%
● WTO X able to conclude full round of talks
● USA’s America First Policy
● Brexit (resentment-middle class)
● France, Netherlands - Rise of Right
● European Migrant crisis => border controls instead of borderless world
● Rise of nationalistic, rightist parties across world
● transnational terrorism, Bioterrorism- pandemic
● Anti globalisation protests movements(G20, WTO, WEF)
● Rise of xenophobic sentiments, ultranationalism, Anti Immigrant rhetoric
● Global leaders at both WEF in Davos and G-20 summit- expressed pessimism regarding
future of Globn
● G-20, BRICS existence - anti-globn protests
● Failure of global governance: WTO, UN => BRICS,NDB, AIIB
11..Future Prospects:
● Some problems cannot be dealt by Any Country Alone
● Climate Change, Migrant crisis, transnational terrorism, organised crimes, drug mafias
72
● Aurobindo Ghosh: Aggregation is the law of the Universe, nature will destroy us if we go
against nature
● Globalisation led by China:

● Sees itself as “Middle Kingdom”
● WEF - Xi Jinping soeech: says - ready to lead globn
● rule based economic order
o AIIB, NDB, BRI
● will increase overseas investment
● says globn is wrongly blamed for many issues
o Global Financial Crisis is due to Failure of regulation NOT due to
Globalisation
● Challenges to CHN led Globalisation (C. Rajamohan):
● New Normal - Chinese economy slowing down
● Excess capacity, High corporate debt
● Cannot supply world with a large & accessible market as USA
● Not easy to transition from Export, investment led economy —> Consumption &
services led economy
● USA containment strategy
● Unlike USA, CHN is closed market
● Lack of legitimacy
● Pressure cooker syndrome
● Free rider on USA-led globalization
●
● https://www.cfr.org/blog/four-traps-china-may-fall
o Middle income trap
o Tacitus Trap(Lack of Trust govt & ppl)
o Thucydides trap(Graham Allison)
o Kindleberger trap(Joseph Nye, Failure to global governance > public
goods)
● Way Forward:
● Address the democracy deficit international institutions(JosephStiglitz)
● Focus on Innovation to increase growth
● Countries should honour promises and abide by the international rules
● Both USA & China have to work together
● Countries should Not mix Geo economics with Geo Politics
● Adequate Capacity Building, Skill Development (Amartya Sen)
C. Rajamohan:(Indias Problem)
As China steps into the vacuum, India will have to confront a different problem.
● India has been ambivalent about US-led globalisation.

● It has supported Beijing’s efforts to construct non-Western institutions in the name of Asian
solidarity and global multipolarity.
73
● Yet, New Delhi has found itself at the receiving end of China’s new clout in the multilateral
arena(UNSC, NSG...etc)
● will Delhi want to jump from the frying pan of Western economic primacy to the fire of China-led
globalisation?
● Also, China won’t be alone in the race to fill up the gap being left by US. Germany, FR, Japan,
AUS has also sought interest in sharing influence in the Indian Ocean region
Xi Jinping - we must not retreat into harbours as soon as we encounter a storm as then we
would never be able to reach the opposite end
Revision:
date 20May21
time 1hr 30min
http://www.e-ir.info/2013/03/08/joseph-nye-on-soft-power/
Introduction: 4
Conclusion in all: 4
Weaknesses 4
1.Liberal Institutionalism: 5
Woodrow Wilson - 5
It can convert the jungle into zoo 5
From Theatre of War to Table of Diplomacy. 5
Hedley Bull - 5
74
role of institutions — anarchy —> anarchical society 5
Advantages 5
Achievements 5
Nina Tannenwald - 5
Role of Intl. institutions and taboos => preventing nuclear attacks 5
Problems: 5
Joseph Stiglitz - democratic deficit 5
Joseph Nogee (Quasi-negotiations) 5
Kenneth Waltz: 5
Role of superpowers in manipulating international institutions. 5
Countries which trusted had to suffer - India with Kashmir. 5
2.Sociological/Communication Liberalism: 6
World : State centric to society centric 6
Karl Deutsch (security community) as an alternate to security dilemma 6
Rosenau 6
Global Citizenship 6
Trans-national society 6
John Burton 6
No longer Billiards ball model 6
Given - Cobweb Model 6
Karl Deutsch 6
Security community, instead of security Dilemma 6
F.W. Riggs -> poly-communalism in prismatic societies 6
3.Functionalism (Peace by pieces) 6
David Mitrany: form follows functions 6
assign common functions to supranational bodies. 6
Richard Cobden - Keep the politicians out 7
Laski (pluralistic sovereignty) + 7
75
G.D.H. Cole (functional sovereignty) + 7
Jean Monnet- EU 7
Neo-functionalism - Ernst haas -> Spillover effect: Nation realise benefit of coop in
political area-> Coop in others 7
4.Democratic/Republic Peace theory: 7
liberal democracies don’t go at war with each other 7
Michael Doyle 7
Zones of Peace 8
Criticism: 7
Kenneth Waltz- anarchical structure still remains 7
Legitimacy to Bush efforts at promoting democracy at gun point 8
India’ Neighborhood 7
5.Interdependence Theory 8
Economic interdependence b/w nations has made war less attractive 8
Thomas Friedman 8
Golden Arches Theory 8
McDonald chain - Ppl prefer standing in queue than war 8
Manmohan Doctrine for IND PAK Peace: 8
Richard Rosecrance 8
Trading states 8
Germany and Japan since WW2 8
Limitations 9
Criticized by Marxists: new form of colonialism 9
Kenneth Waltz: interdependence could not prevent World War-1 9
6. Complex Interdependence: 9
Robert Keohane & Joseph Nye 9
Low politics of economics and social welfare has higher priority over high politics of security
and survival. 9
76
A situation where one is forced to love someone who one would love to hate 10
Nye and Keohane accept that realist conceptions are still relevant. 10
For this reason, complex interdependence is considered as realist strand in liberal

discourse (neo-neo debate) 10
Current state of Liberal World Order: 10
John Ikenberry 10
Liberalism 1.0(LoN), 2.0(UN), 3.0(WTO) 10
Ian Bremmer 10
Geopolitical recession 10
Sorenson: 10
Robert Kagan 10
Robert Kaplan (“Marco Polo’s world”): new Medievalism and ethnic conflicts. 10
Challenges 11
Current status 11
According to Realists, one cannot sustain liberal world order, when 2 of 3 great powers
(Russia and China) are Anti-Liberal. 11
Introduction:
● First school of international politics (Emerged after W.W. I for purpose of peace and
alternative to power politics)
● They accept the state-centric and anarchical interpretation of realists.
● They also talk about inter-state relations in terms of conflict and cooperation, but put
greater emphasis on cooperation.
● If realists are status-quoist and pessimists (children of darkness), liberals are forward-
looking (children of light)
Conclusion in all:
● Though Sociological liberalism (Or any other) provides an optimistic vision of the world,
however realist theory still remains relevant
77
Weaknesses
● Cannot explain conflict that does occur despite cooperation

● When pushed, states fall back on military power
Purpose: Prescription for peace: - Schools

● aim of states is economic prosperity
Sources of Influence 1. Liberal Institutionalism
2. Sociological liberalism -
1. Locke : Enlightened view of human Communications theory
nature 3. Functionalism
2. Kant :establish “perpetual peace” 4. Republican peace or Democratic
among European nations - Free Peace Theory
trade and promote democracies 5. Interdependence
3. Wodrow Wilson : 14 point speech 6. Complex Interdependence
4. Norman Angell (The Great Illusion):
○ illusion that war benefits
victors.
1.Liberal Institutionalism:
Like the Realists, Liberal institutionalism
also Woodrow Wilson -
● Structure of IP = Anarchy ● It can convert the jungle into zoo
● Sovereignty is most imp ● (IP like Jungle, lion prevails)-chanakya
● Self Help and BoP
● States - rational actors - hence go ● From Theatre of War to Table of Diplomacy
for cooperation rather than conflict
● To build international institutions to Hedley Bull -
contain anarchy
● role of institutions — anarchy —>
anarchical society
78
Advantages Criticism:
of international platforms ● Dissatisfaction with the working - Just because UN
● Dialogue prevent war exists has not made self-help irrelevant - still go
● Lack of communication for military power
is the problem
● Greater emphasis on ● Joseph Stiglitz - democratic deficit
soft power and ● in institutions of global governance
cooperation through o Lack transparency and representativeness +
forms and procedures legitimation crisis
of international law ● Stanley Hoffmann: Institutions have remained a
creature of their members. Ex. UN -> P3 + P2. More
focus on security -> Lack of resources
Achievements
● Joseph Nogee (Quasi-negotiations)
● End of cold war -
phenomenon rise - EU, impressions of negotiations.
UN, WTO, ASEAN - ● Kenneth Waltz:
Rule of Law
● UN - managed the ● Role of superpowers in manipulating international
crisis of Yugoslavia to institutions.
a significant extent
● Countries which trusted had to suffer - India with Kashmir.
● Nina Tannenwald -
● Role of Intl. institutions
and taboos =>
preventing nuclear attacks
● Rise of neo-institutionalism as not just formal institutions, but rather norms and values.
●
2.Sociological/Communication Liberalism:
● Communications theory - between societies rather nation
● Nation - compulsions; attention from nations (Track 1) to societies (track 2)
79
● World : State centric to society centric
● Karl Deutsch (security community) as an alternative to security dilemma
Rosenau John Burton Karl Deutsch

● World order ● No longer Billiards ● Communications theory
changing ball model
● Security community, instead of security
● No longer state ● Given - Cobweb Dilemma
centric Model ● Not threatened from each other
● Ppl - multiple ● Society centric ● Common threats. Ex. EU and North
identities and America
● State - not the only
loyalties
gateway through ● Post-colonial society -> insecurity
● Global Citizenship which the people ● F.W. Riggs -> poly-communalism in
interact prismatic societies
● Trans-national
society ● High level of trust required
● Greater communication, track-2
diplomacy
● Criticism: rise of protectionism, rift
between EU & USA
Conclusion:
● Option worth trying in South Asia b/w India and Pak.
3.Functionalism (Peace by pieces)

● Intro : Emerged in the inter war period
o Goal - achieving peace and prosperity
o David Mitrany: form follows functions

▪ assign common functions to supranational bodies.
o As opposed to balance of power by Realists
80
● Richard Cobden - Keep the politicians out
● Laski (pluralistic sovereignty) +
● G.D.H. Cole (functional sovereignty) +
● Jean Monnet- EU

● It gives importance to non-political interactions such as civil society, Track 2 diplomacy,
etc. as a means to achieve political outcomes
● Concepts
o Peace by pieces: Differentiating the issue and segregating into pieces.
o Functional linkages: Cooperation leads to growth of inter-linkages
o Functional Sovereignty : Not Monistic states : Decision making to expert bodies
( ECB)
● Neo-functionalism - Ernst haas -> Spillover effect: Nation realise benefit of coop in political area->
Coop in others
● Limitation :
o Very Long time
o Political will
o Over-emphasizes the willingness of states to transfer their sovereignty. Ex. Brexit.
o Functionalism remains narrowly linked to European Union.
● Conclusion : Remains the strongest alternative theory to Realist theory
● Applied in case of India and Pakistan (Composite Dialogue Process) - but presence of
vested interests make it impossible to achieve any progress
4.Democratic/Republic Peace theory:
● liberal democracies don’t go at war with each other
o No major and mature democracy has gone for war
o Wars in Europe till monarchies and autocracies
● Inspired by Kant’s perpetual peace, Wodrow Wilson

●
81
India’ Neighborhood
Criticism:
Should India promote
● Kenneth Waltz- anarchical Democracy
structure still remains ● Pak - gesture
Michael Doyle ● Coincidence- South Asia towards the civilian
exception. govt - riles the army
● Ppl treated ● Other factors like Free ● Bhutan - winds of
as ends trade, economic change
● Freedom of interdependence , Common ● Nepal - Anti India
speech : external threat sentiment
Course ● Myanmar - Pro-
correction ● Legitimacy to Bush efforts at China tilt
promoting democracy at gun ● SL - LTTE
● Pressure of
point ● Maldives - since d -
Public
Opinion o Iraq deteriorated
● Culture of
o US support ●
Peace and dictators- Middle ● Follow Panchsheel
tolerance east and chill out
o Never reconcile ● Conference on
● Zones of with democracy Democracy
Peace in Iran ● UNDEF
● Public opinion sometimes ( Democracy Fund)
impels for war. Germany
was democracy.(jingoism- ● Realist(like
revenge ) mearsheimer)
opposes intervention
5.Interdependence Theory
● Economic interdependence b/w nations has made war less attractive
● Inspired : Kant - promote free trade => “perpetual int. peace”
● David Ricardo’s comparative advantage
● Cobden describes them as “bonds of eternal peace”
● Aggression, expansionism are best deterred by ‘spirit of commerce’.
82
Pak
Thomas Friedman
● No Econ Interdep
● Golden Arches Theory ● Less stakes in each Richard Rosecrance
other’s stability
● McDonald chain - Ppl ● Trading states
prefer standing in queue Manmohan Doctrine for IND
than war PAK Peace: ● Germany and Japan since
● Economic WW2
interdependence - ● Opposite to Military
● Econ interdepencee
war less attractive states
● MFN
● India-China - ● Former USSR
● Cross LoC trade
growing EI - LAC overstretched -
● Visa Liberalisation
● With less militarily - collapsed
for businessmen
interdependence - ● Decline of US
less stakes in each Hegemony
other’s stability -war ● China - peaceful rise -
- Pak - LoC Example major power
EU, Germany, Japan
Limitations
● Only describes as if
everything is well
● Coop and no
conflict
● Criticized by
Marxists: new form
of colonialism
● Kenneth Waltz:
interdependence
could not prevent
World War-1
● Feminists, post-
colonialists.
83
6. Complex Interdependence:
● Robert Keohane & Joseph Nye
● Descriptive (as opposed to all others as prescriptive)
● Book- “Power and interdependence”
● Security issues - not irrelevant
o Economic sec dominates military sec
● Low politics of economics and social welfare has higher priority over high politics of
security and survival.
● Best description - Post cold war order - countries interdependent - complex manner
● US-RS, RS-CH, US-CH, IN-CH
o Conflict + cooperation
o Global threats -> no country can act alone
o Multiple actors have emerged.
● Difference
o Interdependence : All is well
o Complex Interdependence : All is not well :
▪ Coop in some, Conflict in some
● A situation where one is forced to love someone who one would love to hate
● Cannot celebrate when neighbours house is burning
● Nye and Keohane accept that realist conceptions are still relevant.
Conclusion:
● They say that the world has not become interdependent the way Rosecrance would argue,
but in a much more complicated way.
● For this reason, complex interdependence is considered as realist strand in liberal discourse (neo-neo
debate)
Current state of Liberal World Order:

● John Ikenberry
● Munich Security conference- pessimistic about future of LWO.
● Crisis since 2001
84
John Ikenberry
Liberalism 1.0(LoN), Robert Kagan
2.0(UN), 3.0(WTO)
Ian Bremmer
Liberal world order
Liberalism 1.0 - fragmenting
● Geopolitical recession
● LoN ● Systemic Econ crisis
● No order period
● Collective security ● Growing Tribalism
● US isolation, ● Nationalism
Europe back Sorenson:
● Loss of confidence in
Liberalism 2.0 - International Instis
● UN, WB, IMF liberal world order is in
● Localised powers
● 2nd World crisis
(USSR) Robert Kaplan (“Marco Polo’s
● 3rd world (NAM)
world”): new Medievalism and
Liberalism 3.0
ethnic conflicts.
● WTO, ICC,
UNHCR
85
Challenges Current status
● Islamic US
Fundamentalism ● Trump protectionist
o Clash of C - SP ● TPP LWO can be protected if the
Huntington ● Climate change liberal countries show real
● Globalisation EU commitment to values of
contradictions ● Economic crisis liberalism
o I. Wallerstein - ● Refugee Crisis - HRs Should go for necessary
swan song ● Anti-immigrant reforms in the instis of
● Decline of US sentiment Global governance
hegemony
● Rise of Revisionist According to Realists, one
states cannot sustain liberal world
o Russia order, when 2 of 3 great
o China
powers (Russia and China) are
o Iran
Anti-Liberal.
86
Intro: 2
4 Great Debates 2
Idealists vs. realists (Inter-war) 2
Traditionalists vs. behavioralists 2
Neo-liberalism vs. neo-realism 2
Rationalists vs. reflectivists 2
New World order (NWO) 3
Westphalian World Order 3
Cobweb Model 3
Realist Theory of IP: 4
Classical Realism 5
Morgenthau 5
Ann J Tickner 6
Security Dilemma: John Herz 6
Criticism of security dilemma: 7
Neo-Realism: 7
Kenneth Waltz - Defensive Realism 7
87
Mearsheimer - Offensive realism 7
Defensive vs. Offensive 7
Diff:. Classical vs Neo Realists 8
Criticism of Neo-Realism 8
Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane: 8
Neo Classical Realists 9
Fareed Zakariya 9
Counter-criticism- strategic realism 9
English School (Intrnt Society School) Hedley Bull 8
Feminist School 8
Cynthia Enloe 8
Ann J Tickner 8
Achievements 9
Post-Modernist Critique: 9
Richard Ashley 10
Post-Colonial Critique 9
Social Constructivist Critique of Neo-Realism 10
Immanuel Kant 11
Alexander Wendt 10
Anarchy - construction of realists —> Leads to Sec Dilemma 11
Anarchy is what the states make of it 11
“States are not prisoners of anarchy, anarchy is what states make of it” 11
Nicholas Onuf 10
88
🛑🛑Topic # 5: Approaches to study of IR:
Idealist, Realist, Marxist, Functionalist, Systems Theory
👇👇
PYQ:
1. 2020: What are the core assumptions of IDEALISM as an approach to study of IR ? Criticism?
Explain its continuing relevance in peace building? (20m)
——
2. 2013: Write a note on Intellectual precursors of Realism.(15m)

3. 2017:Is Realist Approach the best method to understand International Relations? Examine this
in the context of Classical Realism.(20m)
4. 2008/2018/2015:What is realist approach to IR? Identify the major differences between the
classical realism of Hans J. Morgenthau and the neorealism of Kenneth Waltz. Which approach
is best, suited for analysing international relations after the Cold War? (20m)
5. 2012: What are the great debates between ‘classical’ and ‘modern’ realists? Is there any thin
line of continuity between these two traditions? (15m)
6. Examine the post-modernist critique of Realism in international politics. (15m)
7. 2012: Do you agree that liberal international theories are essentially ‘Eurocentric’ and not
necessarily imperialist?(15m)
8. Discuss the main factors that have contributed to the gradual transformation of the world from
'Billiard Ball Model' to 'Cobweb Model'. (15m)
———
9. How has geo-economics replaced geo-politics in the present International scenario?(15m)

10. 2013: How does Marxist approach explain contemporary International Relations? (15m)
11. 2019: Explain the relevance of the Marxist approach in the context of globalization. (20m)
12. Do you agree with the notion that Marxist approach to the study of International relations is
largely based on economic reductionism? Give reasons.(15m)
——-
13. 2016: Critically examine the functional approach to the study of international relations.
Limitations? Relevance? (20m)
14. 2013: 'Building ' peace by pieces' is the basis of functionalism.' Elaborate. (15m) |||2018:
Critically examine the Functionalist approach to the study of International Relations?(15m)
89
15. 2016*: Critically examine the SYSTEMS approaches to the study of international relations.
Limitations? (20m)
16. 2017: Examine the World Systems Approach as developed by Immanuel Wallerstein.(15m)
17. 2014: "Morton A. Kaplan's system theory is contrary to the fundamental precepts of systems
approach." Comment.(15m)
——-
18. Examine major principles of State centric world views. Relevance of feminist critique to state
centric theories.
19. 2014: "The Feminist approach to international politics is biased." Comment (15m)
20. 2006: Analyse and evaluate the role of decision-making theory as a tool of foreign policy
analysis
21. 2014: Who was Mr. 'X' in international politics? Elaborate his approach to foreign policy.(15m)
Intro:
● IP: One of the youngest disciplines, highly dynamic and too complex, to deconstruct
multiple theories
● First chair of discipline in University of Wales, 1919 chaired by Alfred Zimmern,
concern for peace & To end anarchy.
4 Great Debates
● in evolution of discipline of international relations
90
Idealists vs. Traditionalists vs. Neo-liberalism vs. Rationalists vs. reflectivists
realists behavioralists neo-realism ● Rationalists- realists,
(Inter-war) -Mortan Kaplan, -Accomodated each liberals, Marxists
Started by Charles Mclleland, other ● Claim objectivity and
E.H. Carr Quinsy Wright -Realists like Hedley scientific laws.
in “20 -Behavioralists Bull accepted that ● Reflectivists/
years were challenged by society is not constitutive
crisis” Hedley Bull completely theories/post-
-Ended with anarchical positivists- post-
Realists accommodation of -Nye and Keohane modernists, post-
won. behavioral method accepted that security colonialists, social
in realism by Waltz is still the primary constructivism, critical
concern school, feminists
● Importance to
subjectivity, norms,
culture, values
● Pluralistic point of
view.
New World order (NWO)

Westphali
WW1-WW2 WW2-Cold war Post-Cold war 2001 onwards
an-WW1
Realist - Liberal
not Woodrow Realist - Realist - Decline of US
systematic Wilson Morgenthau Mearsheimer hegemony
school of Realist - Kenneth Liberal -HW
thought ● 14 point Waltz Bush New World
speech Roosevelt - NWO Golden Triad Order
Westphali ● LoN(Leag -F Zakaria -
an system ue) ● UNO ● Democ —>post
● Bretton racy american
Failure - utopian woods ● HRs world order
● Freedo —>Dec of W
● US - back Challenged m of & RoRest
to trade -Neither new
isolationis ● NAM nor order
m ● USSR Unipolar
● Europe - world
back to
91
old ways
● 2020: Ten lessons for post pandemic world

● 2008: Post American World
● 2003: Future of FREEDOM(Rise of ILLIBERAL Democracies)
●
Westphalian World Order Cobweb Model

● Billiards Ball Model - Neo-Realism ● Overview of IP in 21st
- Kenneth Waltz cent
● Uptil WW1 ● Since end of cold war
o IP b/w European ● Reasons -
o US - Isolation - Monroe o Globalisation
o Rest - Colony o Rise of ICT
● Permanent national interest- not o Multiple Actors
friend or enemy o Transnationalism
● Anarchy - not lawlessness - no govt o Global threats
● Nation states as units of IP (Interdependence)
● Balance of Power - Maintain Peace o Global governance
o Failures - Napoleon France, ● Even P2P interactions
Kaiser Wilhelm Germany through multiple ways
o Why : Security Dilemma, Self ● Global governance -
Help : by power Multiplex rather than state
o State increases power, other centric
will too — war is a permeant
feature Cobweb Model : Geo-centric
▪ Either War Global politics
▪ Or Preparation of war
o To avoid the above situation -
scholars - alternative - IP was
born
● IP evolved with Evolution of Role of
USA - American Social science
Billiards ball- state-centric geo-politics
● Core concern of both realism and liberalism remains balance between conflict and
cooperation.
Strong do what they have power to do, weak accept what they have to accept- Thucydides
Inter-state relation is like law of jungle where strength of lion prevails- Kautilya
92
Realist Theory of IP:
● Oldest, parsimonious, Hegemonic Discourse
● Other schools as footnotes to realism
Intro:
● Mearsheimer : Realism is a parsimonious theory (Simple to understand) to explain the
nature of IP
● Kenneth Waltz- Realism is timeless wisdom
● Nations as units = State centric

● National Interest - Sov and Territorial Integrity
● States as rational actors - core interest survival
● Anarchy is the structure of international politics.
● Power struggle is a continuous feature of IP - Self Help - Balance of power
● Security Dilemma - vicious cycle of insecurity
● War or preparation of war
● Children of darkness
● Seek to tell IP the way it is, devoid of any wishful thinking
Statism, Survival, Self Help, Security
Thucydides
Kautilya
● History of Peloponnesian war
Arthashastra ● Athens defeated by Sparta
Inter-state relation is like law of ● Human nature - power seeking
jungle where strength of lion ● Arguments of ethics are never strong
prevails. ● Strong do what they have power to
do, weak accept what they have to
Machiavelli- Raison d’etat accept
Hobbes- man is power seeking ● Thucydides Trap (Graham T. Allison)
o Hegemonic power- US
Rousseau : GW - o Revisionist power – China
o Out of 16 instances, 12 cases
Sun Tzu led to war.
o In most cases rising power
● Art of war wins.
● Strategic culture of o Insecurity
China ● Xi Jingping - Social constructivist
o New Model of Great Power
93
relations
Classical Realism:
● Human Nature
● Influences
o Machiavelli - Ethics and Pol
o Hobbes : Anarchy , Man is a power seeking animal
o Security dilemma
94
Criticisms
● Stanley Hoffmann
○ Power Monism
Morgenthau ○ Coop and Conflict
○ American Social
● Politics Among Nations 1949 Sciences
● Father of Realism ● Kenneth Waltz:
● Scientific - Human nature as basis ○ Not scientific as
● 3 types of states – Status Q, Revisionist, Hum Nature as
Imperialist basis
● Peace through ● Feminist criticism –
○ Diplomacy ○ Masculinist-
○ Balance of Power Understanding of
● IP is nothing but struggle for power Human nature is
wrong
6 principles ● Benno Wasserman-
● Human Nature - Animus dominandi questions scientific nature
● National Interest is main objective ● Marxists- state-centric
● Nature of National Interest view to divert our
○ Power is an end, power is the attention from global
means capitalism.
● Relevance of ethics - ● Post-colonialism:
○ Pragmatism is ethics of Politics ○ Euro-centric view
○ No universal moral principles, ● Post-modernist: meta-
although nationally based narrative
principles should follow ● Ambiguous:
○ Realists criticized US
intervention in Iraq. ● 1. What he means by
● Role of Ideology should be away power?
● Field of IP - Autonomous , not ethics
● 2. Suggesting ‘what is’ or
‘what ought to be’?
95
96
Security Dilemma: John Herz
● Political Realism and Political Idealism

● Core principle of realist School
● Str of states - never secure about their
security
o No world govt to punish wrong
doers
Ann J Tickner
o Trust deficit
● State increase powers ==> Others insecure
● Feminist Critique
=> Increase power ==> War
● Reformulated the 6
o Prep of war
principles
o War
● HN - masculinist- patriarchy
● NI - ignored Human security
● Power - empowerment ● "A structural notion in which the self-help
● Ethics - cannot absolve of attempts of states to look after their security
moral consequence of needs tend, regardless of intention, to lead
decisions to rising insecurity for others as each
● Univ Moral Principles - reqd interprets its own measures as defensive &
for humanity to survive - measures of others as potentially
human solidarity threatening"-John Herz
● Autonomy - part of ethics
● Eg. WWI - Each feeling insecure about
neighbours alliances
Conclusion :
● A contemporary example of Security
dilemma with China claiming a peaceful
rise but its neighbours getting insecure and
trying to build their own powers
both internally (own Capacity) and
externally (Alliances)
Criticism of security dilemma:

● Post-colonialist (insecurity dilemma) ->
Mohammed Ayub
● Social constructivist (security dilemma is a
construction) -> Alexander Wendt(others
Nicholas Onuf)
● Post-modernist (The way realists interpret
global order leads to security dilemma)
● Feminists: human security
97
Neo-Realism:
● Scientific Realism/ Structural Realism
● Structural realists
● STRUCTURE of the IP forces the states to engage in security competition
● Peripheral Human agency
98
Kenneth Waltz -
Defensive Realism Defensive vs. Offensive
Mearsheimer - Offensive Similarities
● Book:“The realism
Theory of IP ● Variants of
1979” Structural Realism
● Book:The Tragedy of
● Detente realist ● Timeless wisdom
Great Power Politics -
● Explain Coop ● Survivalism
2001
b/w USA and ● Statism(state as primary
● Post-Cold war realist
USSR unit)
● Post CW - unprecedented
● Scientific ● Self-Help
level of cooperation
Realism ● Anarchy
● Liberalism as a challenge
o Morgenth Differences
● International Organisations
au - not proliferation
scntific( ● Purpose of power
● Above situation -
Human o M: Gain Hegemony
Questions Timeless
Nature) - Power as means
wisdom
● Realism is a and ends
Timeless o W: Security of
● Cooperation will not last
wisdom nation- Power as
long
● Structuralism - means, NOT end
● US China War
methodology- ● How Much Power
● China - revisionist state
structures o M: No amt. is
constrain the Preponderance of power enough
choices of actors o W: Enough for
o Anarchy defence
● Bait and Blood Letting –
vs. ● Strategy
support both sides (Kuwait
Hierarch o M: Offence is the
war)
y ● Buck Putting - pass tension
best defence -
● No Functional to India Power maximisers
differentiation o W: Defence is
● Units According to John Mearsheimer, adequate for
Capabilities- "Uncertainty about the intentions offence - Security
determine power of other states is unavoidable” Maximisers
and IP shaped by ● Deal with revisionist
great powers no such thing as a status quo and powers
● Supports "the world is condemned to o M: Preponderance
Nuclear perpetual great power of power
Proliferation – competition". o W: Balance of
Nuclear Power
weapons as
weapons of
peace
99
Diff:. Classical vs Neo
Realists
● Power politics in terms of

egoism vs. anarchy
● Statecraft vs. structural
dynamics
● Inside out vs. outside in
● Continuity is seen in
Mearsheimer
● Mearsheimer@ The Great Delusion 2018

●
● LIBERALISM:-
● -"centrality of Individual",
● -"inalienable rights"
● -forms "social Contracts"
●
● NATIONALISM:-
● -man is social animal
● -centrality of tribe, community, (highest form Nation)
● -sense of superiority
● -Nationalism is the most powerful political ideology of the planet(Rawls)
● - Trumps policies are nationalist , He criticised every liberal institutions (NATO ,EU, WTO, IMF)
●
● REALISM:-
● -Some advocate use of force in international politics but most do not
●
● STRUCTURAL REALISM:
● Focus on STRUCTURE of the system(ie. international anarchy) irrespective of the individual in
power.
● TWO TYPES:
● 1. OFFENSIVE Realism: Competition is best way
● -Only focus on BOPower(assume worst)
● -Eg Mearsheimer
● 2. DEFENSIVE REALISM: Cooperation is best way
● --structure of Intl system pushes states to cooperate
● -BOP => May make others insecure
● -Eg. Expansion of NATO,EU eastwards may make RUS Insecure => Crimea annexation
●
● Mearsheimer Realism(Offensive)
● -focus on centrality of STATE
● -operating in a anarchical society
● -States are Black Boxes(domestic sphere doesn't matter, what matters is balance of power)
●
●
100
●
● JOHN MEARSHEIMER
● Book: "The great Delusion" (liberal dreams & international realities)
●
● -In Bipolar /multipolar world , State has to have REALIST FOREIGN POLICY, They cannot continue
LIBERAL Hegemony Foreign Policy
● -in a country One can be Liberal, Nationalist, Realist at the same time
● -when you take it abroad , there's a CLASH
● --Mearsheimer instead of pushing RUS, Iran in Chinese arms, USA should have good Relationship
with RUS, Iran to balance rising CHN
● --During the cold war we disguised REALISAT Policies with Liberal rhetoric but that's not true in
Post cold war era
● --Thre prescription for US Foreign policy wrt CHN(1. Isolationism 2. Offshore Balancing 3.
Selective Engagement)
●
●
● LIBERAL Hegemonic FOREIGN Policy:
● AIM:
● 1. Spread liberal democracy
● 2. Spread Open International Economic order
● 3. Expand institutions like NATO, EU(increase membership).> (Orange Revolution-Ukraine, Rose
revolution Georgia) => creating Security community,, Peaceful liberal region in E Europe
● BENEFIT:
● Solves Human Rights problem
● PEACE(No war)
●
● Acc Mearsheimer, it Ultimately FAILED
● --when you interfere in others politics in the name of democracy, protecting women rights -> it
backfires(Iraq, AFG)
● --Self determination of country must be respected
● --three failures
● 1. Bush doctrine(Iraq )
● 2. NATO expansion to create zone of peace(Ukraine, Georgia)
● 3. Engage with China > democratise them with capitalism > Created Goliath
● --Every realist opposed Vietnam war
● ((Hans morgenthau,, Kenneth Waltz, lippman)
● --When your enemy
●
●
● Why US social engineering in Germany, Japan after WW2 worked?
● 1. Defeat in WW2
● 2. Ppl willingly accepted USA(Protected them from Russian threat)
● 3. History of democracy
101
Criticism of Neo-Realism
102
Joseph Nye and Robert English School Feminist School
Keohane: (Intrnt Society
● “Power and ● Critics of Realists –
School) Hedley Bull
interdependence”) masculinist
● Changing global order ● Reflectivist school
● Anarchical
● From state-centrism to ● Critique of male-stream
Society
mixed-actor model theories.
● Liberal realism -
o However, states still wanted to bring
remain the most Cynthia Enloe
the liberal ideas
prominent actors. in realism
● From independence to ● Bananas, Beaches and
● Critic : Waltz -
interdependence anarchy - no Bases
o Middle-East ● Personal is International &
world govt =>
o Interdependence may Sec dlm => International is Personal
be asymmetrical ● Women in subordinate
Power
leading to conflict ● Str. of IP - not
roles
● Domestic divide to ● Where are the women
complete
transnationalism (John ● State subjugates women in
anarchy but
Agnew- Territorial trap) anarchical international context -
o Greater emphasis on o Sex Tourism for
society.
territory ● Progressive/ FOREX
o Plantations by
o Anti-immigration dynamic view -
as opposed to MNCs
sentiment
static view taken o Wives of
● Anarchy to global
governance by Waltz ambassadors - soft
o Institutions are still ● Human evolution power
-change in o No decision making
creatures of their
reason and role
members.
human ● Women neglected &
behaviour women concerns neglected
● that is why we
Neo Classical Realists Ann J Tickner
see both coop
Fareed Zakariya and conflict at
the int stage ● Gender in International
Relations
● Both Structure and Actor
Progressive view of IP ● Criticized essential
● Fuse system analysis with
principles of realism
unit-level approach
● System ● Realist Security -
● Person in-charge of foreign
of Societies : undermines Human security
relations does make a
Realists as there — Women Sec
difference
is no coop ● Myth Of protection
● Individual perceptions of
b/w societies ● Women Perspective missing
global order
● Society of in IP
● Capacity to get concessions
from citizens societies:
Cosmopolitans Achievements
103
● UNSC Resolution 1325
o Roles to women
o Feminist perspective
in Foreign Policy
o Punish sexual
like David Held violence
● Anarchical o Appeal to civil
society in society
● So FP reflect continuity &
between the two ● Hillary Doctrine
change
- Society of o Women rights
● That is why criticize Neo-
States should be a part of
realism for ignoring the role
● Bull US FP
of human consciousness
considered that o Human security =
the Int society national security =
Counter-criticism- strategic realism
had formed over global security
centuries and ● Sweden- first - formally
● Thomas Schelling (Game comprised a set adopt feminist foreign
theory) -> foreign policy of agreed norms, policy
making is a purely rules, institutions o Women not as
mechanical process. and shared victims but as agents
practices among of change
states o HRs in conflict
zones - especially
women rights
Conclusion :
● Sweden - bright spot in a
dark world for feminism in
IP
104
Post-Modernist Critique: Post-Colonial Critique
● Lyotard(incredulity towards
metanarratives), ● Reaction against Euro-centric theories of
● Derrida(deconstruction,double IR
reading), ● Epistemological origins in post-
● Foucault(discourses and their modernism,
genealogy) since Edward Said(book
● Realism is a discourse and ORIENTSLISM) was inspired by
● not a scientific explanation as Foucault
● it is also not free from ● Colonialism re-emerged as neo
the knowledge colonialism
power connection ● Issues
o Concepts - Sec Dilemma -
Richard Ashley : Problematic
● (quote him at conclusion of o Baghdad - IP not anarchy - but
multiple perspectives) dominated by the West
● Anarchy Problématique ● Concerns
● Used Derrida’s method of o Eurocentric
deconstruction and double o Arrogance
reading ▪ Stanley Hoffman -
● International politics is also a text American Social sciences
● Double reading of anarchy ▪ Morgenthau - Africa is
● Absence of World Govt. does not politically empty
result into security dilemma & ▪ Kenneth Waltz - Ridiculus
power struggle to make Theory of IP on
● Anarchy has been interpreted in a Foreign policy of Costa
certain way Rica
● Realist description based on a ● Demands
number of problematic inclusions o Decolonize Theory of IP
and exclusions o Sub-altern perspective
o In-security dilemma(3world -
Post-modernists challenge meta- National security in danger ethnic,
narratives and acknowledge multiple religious forces)
narratives (pluralistic understanding. o Concerns of post-colonial world
▪ Poverty
Ex. US war on terror can have multiple ▪ Envt degradation
interpretations ▪ Exploitation by MNCs
o Edward Said, Homi Bhabha,
● power->realist; Gayatri Spivak
● democracy promotion->liberals; o Post-colonialism => politically
● arms lobby->Marxists) emerged as Non-aligned
movement aiming to give political
Since the beginning of post-modernism, voice to marginalized countries
discipline has got democratized along the ● Criticism
105
o Abandoned progressive politics
o Similar criticisms as multi-
lines of meta-narratives.
culturalism
Social Constructivist Critique of Neo-Realism

● Relatively new school of International politics
● After end of Cold war - other theories could not explain the end
● They share assumptions with realists-> State-centric, anarchy, security dilemma.
● They share assumptions with liberals-> possibility of peace and cooperation.
● Social constructivists say that anarchy is not a material fact, but ideational construction
Sources of Influence- Nicholas Onuf

Vico Alexander Wendt
● The world of our
● Natural World ● Why we think the way we making
by god think ● First used by Onuf
● Social World by ● Anarchy - construction of ● End of Cold war -
Humans realists —> Leads to Sec o Very sudden
● No Objectivity Dilemma o Bipolar to
in our thoughts unipolar
—> ● “States are not prisoners of o Good relations
● Product of anarchy, anarchy is what - US-Russia
culture and states make of it” ● Had been living in
history ● Nothing in the natural world of our
o Culture order which can be imaginations - created
of wars studied objectively by realists
in ● Reason for conflict -
Europe miscommunication Similarity with post-
● Look : not naked ● Suggests modernists. However, unlike
eye : Glasses o Role of ideas, post-modernists they propose
institutions and alternate constructions.
Immanuel Kant norm
o Understand- power Criticism:
● Knowledge is of ideas
inter-subjective o Find ones - make ● they fail to realize that
consciousness as world a better ideas are also shaped
it gets filtered place by political and social
through glasses o Discard - harmful - realities. Ideas do not
security Dilemma fall from the sky
106
We have only two options, socialism or barbarianism- Immanuel Wallerstein
Search for profits will lead bourgeoise to settle everywhere and nestle everywhere-
Marx
Realists: no role in IP:-
Liberals - Liberalism
Marxists -
Orthodox - ideology as superstr
but Gramsci talks about the role of ideology -
2. Intro:
Marx
Lenin
Rosa Luxemburg
107
3 dimensions(Spatial, Temporal, Geoculture)
Gramscian Tradition
Robert Cox
Theory is always for someone and always has some purpose
Realism and Liberalism - not objective - perspective of those who have benefitted
Ideological power behind material power
Critical School:
System is an analytical entity which explains the behaviour of actors and regulative,
integrative and disintegrative consequence of their policies
Morton Kaplan
Stanley Hoffmann
Systems approach is a huge mis- step in the right direction
Lieber
We have only two options, socialism or barbarism- Immanuel Wallerstein
Search for profits will lead bourgeoise to settle everywhere and nestle everywhere- Marx
2019 : Explain the relevance of Marxist approach in context of globalisation
108
Realists: no role in IP:- Marxists -
● Orthodox - ideology as superstr

● irrespective of
ideology - all ● but Gramsci talks about the role of ideology -
states have the
● Robert Cox - Ideological power behind
same way -
material power
survival,
● Politics - element of Super structure
● shoul not be
● Focus : Analysis of Economic Structure
imposed - creates
● Marxist theory of International Political
problems
Economy
Liberals - Liberalism ● Core concern: Working of capitalism in
international Context
● Vision: new egalitarian world order
● 2. Intro:
● Aimed at establishing egalitarian world order.
● They are critical of mainstream liberal and realist theories.
● They put emphasis not on patterns of conflict and cooperation, but on structures of
economic power.
● shifted focus from international politics to political economy.
109
Marx
● Communist manifesto Lenin

● No detailed view
● Capitalism is inherently ● Theory of Rosa Luxemburg
expansionist Imperialism-
● Search for profits leads Highest stage Capitalism =
the bourgeoise to nestle of Militarism =
everywhere and settle Capitalism Nationalism =
everywhere ● WW1 - Imperialism
● Proletariat Internationali capitalist war
sm(Workers of world for colonies
unite, you have nothing to
loose except your chains)
● Analyse - neo-colonialism and development of underdevelopment
110
Immanuel Wallerstein Gramscian Tradition
● World Systems Theory ● Role of ideology in the

● Nature of world systems superstructure is also analysed
o Uptil 17th cent : pol
o Since : Econ Robert Cox
● IP as system, not foreign (Quote him at conclusion of power
policies of state dominance)
● Power shifted from state to
market. ● Social Forces, State and World
● Earlier - AG Frank - Core- Order
Peripheries only - no 3rd ● Role of ideological factors for
category US hegemony
● Rejects the notion of 3rd
world and says that only one ● Every Theory is always for
world exists someone and always has some
o Core purpose
o Semi-periphery (IW
● Realism and Liberalism - not
innovation) objective - perspective of those
o Periphery
who have benefitted
3 dimensions(Spatial, Temporal, ● Ideological power behind

Geoculture) material power
o US Hegemony - Econ
Spatial: pow — Free trade, good
● Core - G7 for everyone
● Semi peripheral - IN,CH
o Gained in globn Critical/Frankfurt/Emancipatory
o Shock absorbers
School:
o Serve the interests of
Andrew Linklater:
core.
● Peripheral - African
● Influenced by Habermas -
Temporal: Radical and grassroots
● Capitalist globn - decay -
democracy
swan song ● Make Territorial boundaries
● 2 options
irrelevant
o Barbarianism
o Socialsim
● New Moral boundaries and
Geo Culture empowering ppl at grassroots
● World system has been
supported by this
● Liberalism
● Science
● Promote capitalism, ● Edward Said has called Marx as
individualism orientalist. Marx views on 1857
111
war and British colonialism as
modernizing force.
Criticized modernization theory of
● John Hobson calls Karl Marx as
Huntington.
Euro-centric in contemporary
times.
Counter-criticism: Aizaz Ahmed and
● Economic reductionism
Kevin Anderson.
● Eurocentric approach
Amartya Sen: Those who opted out of
neo-liberal globalization are worse off.
Conclusion:
Marxist theory remains relevant that it not just tries to explain the current state of international
relations, but also tries to prescribe new world order based on emancipation of marginalized.

System is an analytical entity which explains the behaviour of actors and regulative, integrative and
disintegrative consequence of their policies
http://www.preservearticles.com/201106208276/evaluate-the-systems-approach-to-the-study-of-
international-politics.html
● Idea is to study IP as a system( rather than independent foreign policies)

● Influences
o General systems theory - Bio, organ, envt
o David Easton’s Concept of Political system theory
● Relevance
o Interdisciplinary study
o Not biased - free from ideological preoccupations
● International System
112
o Complex dynamic adaptive
o Purposive and overarching
Morton Kaplan
● “Systems and
Processes in
International Politics”
International relations
offer the best place for
systems approach Precepts of systems
Grand theory of IP, approach:
●
● Elements Stanley Hoffmann
Interdisciplinary,
Ideologically not ● Environment
and boundary ● Systems approach is
biased a huge mis- step in
● Explain IP in Holistic ● Systems and
the right direction
Manner processes.
● Observable ● Strange Parlour
● Past, present and game
future regularity
● Victory of form
● 5 variables - AICET over substance
o Actor variables 5 Models
● Not even conform
o Information to systems th
variables ● Balance of
o Characterist
o Capability varia
Power
● Bipolar ics of
blesEssential system not
o Loose
rules present
o Transformation
Bipolar -
o Envt - could
al rules NAM
o Tight
be space
o subsystems,
● https://qr.ae/pNDa9U Bipolar
● Universal Actor boundaries
Gave 10 models o Why is the
- world govt
● Unit veto model international
● BoP model - equally system
powerful special
● Bipolar(Tight, Loose, ● Reduced politics to
Very loose) ● Hierarchical -
unipolar what it is not
● Universal actor model
● Hierarchical
● Unit Veto
● Detente system
● Unstable Block
113
Charles Mclleland:
● Models are too general
Lieber
Hedley Bull:
● Gap b/w theory and research ● Nothing more than
● Conceptual framework intellectual exercise.
● Empirical testing not possible
● Some models are hypothetical Criticism
● Does not go beyond definition,
why and how system will ● Loose BP —> Tight BP:
change Actually opposite was seen
● Lack of operability ● Unit Veto: Chance of a
● Ignores domestic variables, everyone nukes - not possible
historical variables, ideological ● Hierarchical: No scope of this
variables. coming true in the present
world order

● Kaplan’s work is more
important for the trail it
breaks rather than the goal it
achieves.
● Inadequacies are
understandable in a discipline
in a state of evolution.
● It is a step forward, though it
has pigeon holes.
114
1.Power: 3
In every person there is endless desire of power after power, which only ends with his
death- Hobbes 3
Q1: (Where is power located) 3
Q2: (Power as a complex phenomenon) 4
Power as capability 4
Relational power 4
Structural power 4
Q3: (Changing nature of power) 4
Joseph Nye- Soft Power 5
Advantages: 5
Joseph Nye-Smart Power 5
Hillary Clinton: 5
Obama : 3Ds of foreign policy 5
John Chipman-Fast Power 5
Critics 5
Q.4. Is power a zero-sum or variable sum game? 6
Polarity of Power Thesis: 6
Balance of Power: 6
‘Power is an antidote to power’ 6
According to Liska, misplaced desire to see precision in concept (ambiguous concept) 6
Morganthau - BoP is necessary because States like Man are Animus dominandi and
suffer from Security dilemma 7
Question mark on relevance 7
115
Relevance - Liberals 7
Nehru and Woodrow Wilson 7
Nehru- Nervous state of Peace - always under fear of war 7
Relevance in 21st cent- new conditions 7
Conclusion: 8
2.Deterrence 8
Sun Tzu:(Art of war) To subdue enemy without fighting is supreme excellence. 8
Types 8
Relevance in question 9
Nuclear Proliferation as a method for Deterrence: 9
Kenneth Waltz 9
Reduces chance of war 9
Scott D Sagan 9
Mad Man Theory 9
Mearsheimer 9
Selective proliferation 9
Nina Tannenwald: 9
Public opinion 9
3.Collective Security: 10
Liberal approach to establish Peace - Woodrow Wilson 10
CS - Institutionalised BoP 10
CS = Assured state of peace compared to BoP( nervous state of peace) 11
UN PeaceKeeping 11
Debates: 11
Developed 11
Developing 11
Challenges post-cold-war 11
Security: 13
116
Happiness has many roots, nothing is more important than security – Edward Stettinius
(Former Secretary of State) 13
Security policy has to deal with series of moral dilemma to which there can be no easy
solutions. – Barry Buzan 13
National Interest : 17
Joseph Frankel 18
Transnational Actors 19
MNCs 19
Vanguards of liberal economic order 20
NGOs 20
0.Syllabus/PYQ:
● National Interest, Security,

● Power, Balance of Power & Deterrence
● Transnational Actors and Collective Security
● World capitalist economy & globalization
1. What is National Interest.Explain the instruments and methods devised for the promotion of
national interest.( 20m)
2. Bring out your perspectives on: Should National Interest be viewed as a constant category,
situation-specific, or ambiguous? (20m) ||
a. “National interests are dynamic” identify the dynamic nature of national interest in the
contemporary world politics with suitable examples(20m)
3. 2012 : Is POWER a zero-sum or variable game in international relations? Can zero-sum game
explain the mixture of conflict and cooperation of the present dynamics of international
relations?
117
4. (2018)What, according to Joseph Nye, are the major sources of a country's SOFT POWER?
Discuss its relevance in the contemporary world politics.(15m)
5. 2020: explain the concept of BALANCE OF POWER(BoP), what are the various techniques for
maintaining balance of power. ? (20m)
6. "The notion of balance of power is notoriously full of confusion." In the light of this quotation,
do you think that the concept of balance of power is relevant today?
7. Why is the POLARITY OF POWER thesis less relevant and meaningful in the present architecture
of ‘balance of power’?
8. Explain the concept of 'hegemonic stability'.(15m)
9. What is N deterrance?(10m)
10. 2019: discuss the utility of nuclear deterrence theory in the context of the recent stand-off
between India and Pakistan. (15m)
11. Relevance of Nuclear Deterrence in the context of India-China?(10m)
12. Have norms, taboos,epistemic communities made nuclear Deterrence irrelevant?(10m)
13. Define geopolitical and account for its prevalence even in the modern nuclear age(15m)
---
14. What constitutes national security discourses? How far have the IR Feminists questioned how
‘security’ has been problematised ?
15. Examine the idea of a ‘balance’ between SECURITY and LIBERTY in modern international
politics. Do you think that the liberal international order is more ‘security-friendly’?
16. Examine the changing nature of SECURITY in the recent times. Why HUMAN SECURITY is gaining
currency. Relevance? Is it more important than economic security?
a. Critically Asses the changing nature of concept of national security(15m)
17. Comment on: A well-established system of COLLECTIVE SECURITY is a guarantee of world peace.
Explain.(15m)
18. Collective SECURITY and Collective DEFENCE are the institutional and State mechanisms to
sustain the domination of powers that be in international politics.' Elaborate. (15m)
19. Explain the difference between SECURITY dilemma and INSECURITY dilemma. (15m)
20. 2020: enumerate the challenges in the operation of principles related to collective security in
the UN charter.(15m)
--
21. How has the development of Global Capitalism changed the nature of socialist economies and
developing societies?
22. Discuss the changing nature of modern state with reference to transnational actors. (15 Marks)
23. 'Transnational actors have become driving forces of global politics.' Elaborate. (15m)
24. Describe and assess the role and importance of Geopolitical and Geoeconomic factors in the
determination of foreign policy of a country
118
25. Comment on: National interest and national peculiarities: A guide to foreign policy.
1..Power:
In every person there is endless desire of power after power, which only ends with his death-
Thomas Hobbes
● Realist discourse, Morgenthau -> Hard Power
Q1: (Where is power located):

● Cold-war (bipolar) ->
● End of cold-war (unipolar) ->
● Multipolar (Rise of rest) ->
● Diffusion of power (mixed-actor,
○ Billiard Ball- Arnold Walfer
○ cobweb-John Burton,
○ 3D chess-Joseph Nye,
○ Complex Interdependence-Keohane & Nye)
● technology has empowered the loose groups like Al-Qaeda
Q2: What is Power?

● A complex phenomenon
119
Power as capability: P as Relational Concept:
1. Traditional approach ● Influence over others

Elements or determinantsof Power: ● Ability to get things done from others
● Earliest Kautikya SAPTANGA even against their wishes
Theory Two types of influence
Tangible Compellence (requires more resources, Ex.
2. Military, economy Iraq war)
3. Geography Deterrence (less resources, Ex. No-fly zones)
Intangible
4. Leadership, morale,
intelligence
Others: Structural power
● Pol Stability, Social Structure,
● Power to decide how things shall be
Technology, Ideational
done in Intl Arena (Susan Strange)
TYPES:
1. Superpower: hegemonic like ● 4 types of structures
USA(Only option o Knowledge
bandwagoning) o Financial
2. great power: CHN, RUS(self o Security
protection) o Production
3. middle power:(Japan, Israel) ● U.S. still possesses considerable
(dependent) structural power as per Susan
4. Small power: Bhutan, Maldives Strange
Criticisms
o See more factors (page
217-218)
Q3: (Changing nature of power):

● Hard Power vs SOFT Power:
concrete invisible
Military, Economic Cultural, Ideological
Materialistic Non-materialistic
Less time to build More time
Result in short time Result in long duration
120
Controlled by states Civil society
Can be used at the will of the state may or may not
Compelling in nature based on Consent
● both may fail

● Joseph Nye, in age of Complex Interdependence (CI) situations for Hard power to be
used has reduced
● Richard Rosecrance:
○ Economic P> Military P
○ Trading states > Militaristic States
○ Eg, China, Japan
● Realists (K Waltz, Mearsheimer )
○ HP > SP
○ SP is not compelling
○ Similarly..Machiavelli( HP at will of King, but SP at will of people)
○ Morgenthau : power = military
○ Modern realist: multi dimensional(M,D,C,...)
○ Neo neo realist : Domestic factors also imp
●
121
Joseph Nye- Soft Power
● Soft P is more
Joseph Nye-Smart
relevant
● power of attraction, Power
getting others to ● Accepted realist
John Chipman-
emulate your own criticism
society, values ● Combines BOTH Fast Power
soft and hard P ● Speed also
● Complex
interdependence ● Necessity of strong determinant
military but must ● based on Neo-
● ‘Power over’ vs.
‘Power with’ invests heavily in Darwinism -
● 3 dimensions: soft(Insti, Alliances, Survival of the
a. Political Partnership) fastest(X
● Diagram on page fittest)
values
221 o Agile
b. Cultural values
o Adapti
c. Foreign policy
Hillary Clinton: ve
3D Chess Model(Joseph Nye) ● Smart power is ● Speed and not

World is skillful use of Heft alone
● 1D - military - o Military
o Diplomatic Critics
Unipolar
● 2D- Economic - o Economic
Multipolar o Political ● Well
● 3D -Social power - o Cultural
considered
APolar-diffused PATIENT
Obama : 3Ds of foreign options-
Advantages: policy better- ill
● Cheap o Defence
considered
● Less loss of lives HASTY
o Diplomacy
● Sympathy for weaker options
o Developmen
party if hard power t
used
● Decline of US
Hegemony- too much
use of hard power
122
Sharp Power:
● Countering others
SOFT POWER
● By propaganda
Shashi Tharoor:
In 21 st century That country
who has better STORY to tell
> army
See IR notes for India’s power
Q.4. Is power a zero-sum or variable sum game?

● Heywood, page 443
123
2..Balance of Power:
1. INTRO:
o Realist concept for peace,

o Fundamental Law of IP
o Axiom of IP
o Militaristic concept
2. David Hume: BoP is a Common Sense, Universal LAW
3. Kenneth Waltz: BoP is AUTOMATIC response to Structure of ANARCHY

4. Based on Realist assumptions – Morgenthau’s principles
o Based on Westphalian, State centric approach
o ANARCHY, SELF HELP needed for SURVIVAL,
o ‘Only Power is an antidote to power’

o One country preponderance > Security DILEMMA > Coalition
o
5. Can be understood as
o Policy to ensure power balance through diplomacy/War
o System where no power is preponderant power.
6. Purpose:
o Protect SOVEREIGNTY,
o Protect Intl PEACE
7. Techniques of BoP:
o Arms Race,
o War,
o Alliances, Counter Alliances
o Partitioning of territory, eg. IND-Pak
o Creation of Buffer Zones, eg. Tibet, AFG
o Disarmament (Germany after WW1)
o Forcing REPARATIONS to make them weak
o
8. Methods?
o Internal(capacity building , More reliable) &
o External Balancing(coalition)
9. History of BoP?
o AJP Taylor: 1848-1914 is golden Period of BoP

o 1815: Concert of EUROPE: (formally adopted BoP)
▪ Led to 100 years of PEACE(1815-1915)
124
10. BoP has MANY Meanings:
o For some it’s a SYSTEM, for some it’s A POLICY
o It’s a MURKY Concept
o Acc. to Liska, misplaced desire to see precision in ambiguous concept
o Morgenthau(4 Meanings):
▪ Policy,
▪ Certain state of affairs, Actual State of affairs
▪ Eq Distribution of Power, Any Dist of P,
o Earnest Hass: 8Meanings
▪ Eq Distribution, uneq D., one state dominant,
▪ Relative stability, Instability-war,
▪ Power politics, universal law, guide to foreign policy
11. BoP Ideal Conditions?

o Regional context, 4-5 actors, multipolarity
o X Intl Actor
o Conventional Warfare
o Presence of Balancer
o Palmer and perkins -> Shifting alliances and counter-vailing pressures
o As per Palmer and Perkins, “The balance of power assumes that through shifting
alliances and countervailing pressures no one power or combination of powers
will be allowed to grow so strong as to threaten the security of the rest”.
12. CRITICISM of BoPOWER:

o LIBERALS:
▪ Woodrow Wilson: BoP X sustainable Peace
▪ Nehru- Nervous state of Peace - always under fear of war

▪ BoP Not a permanent solution
▪ Gave Collective security
▪ Inoculates against measles but gives rise to plague
▪ May stop small war but LEAD TO World WAR
o REALISTS:
▪ STEPHEN Waltz: book(Theory of Alliances)
▪ Nations X BoP, rather Balance of THREAT based on
▪ Aggregate Power, Proximity, offensive capacity,
Intention
▪ Power Transition Theory(Kenneth Organski):
▪ greater possibility of WAR during equilibrium of
power instead of when Hegemon exists
▪ Most dangerous when power transition
125
▪ Weaker/insecure party starts war
o SOCIAL Constructivist:
▪ Focus on material forces, Miss ideational aspects(Norms,
Taboos, identities )
▪ Anarchy is what states make of it (Alexander Wedt)
o Deterrence Theorists:-
▪ After WWII War can be stopped only by
▪ Bernard Brodie: Balance of terror(nuclear balance)

● Transnational actors cannot be balanced
● Happymon Jacob: Complicated power in cyber Era => cannot even balance
126
13. RELEVANCE of BOP?
Question mark on relevance:

After WWI:
Morganthau - BoP is
necessary because
● Woodrow Wilson(WWI-WWII)- X sustainable peace
=> gave CS…...but EH Carr(20yrs crisis): even CS
● States like Man proved to be UTOPIAN concept
are Animus
dominandi ● Pt Nehru- nervous peace
● suffer from
Security dilemma After WW2-Ideal conditions - ceased
● -> Actual state
of Affairs ● X regional > became International
based on ● Bipolarity with 2 superpowers
historical ● No point balance superpowers - nations bandwagoning
precedents ● Conventional wars > nukes
rather than ● MAD/ Nuclear Deterrence
absolute After Cold WAR:
principles. ● Unipolarity-USA
● Moral precepts ● nations went for bandwagoning,
can never be ● Soft balancing(political balancing)
fully realized ○ QUAD - against CHN
Checks and balances ○ BRICS against USA
are needed ● Rise of Assymetric Actors( terrorists, trans
Realization of lesser actors,Proxy war -Pak)=> Asymmetrical balancing
evil than absolute ● Global civil society ( Anarchy => Anarchichal
good Society- British Headley Bull)
● Not relevant NA, SA, AFR => USA - RUS Deterrance
● BoP Relevant
in regions like Relevance in 21st cent- new conditions
Middle East- ● nations cooperating against non-state actors eg.
Turkey& Indo Terrorists
Pacific- ● Neo Realists-Nukes- Balance of terror
AUCKUS ● Complex interdependence
● ● Security Community concept given by Karl Deutsch
127
●
Conclusion:
● Concepts like Complex interdependence and Collective Security have emerged as
alternatives
● Billiard Ball Model => Today the world looks more like John Burton’s cobweb model
● BoP ideally no - regional hegemons
o Alliances and conventional arms race
● Still holds relevance - BoP against China
o India’s - Act East
o USA - Asia Pivot, Indo-Pacific
● Though concepts like CI and CS provide optimistic view of IP, BoP still remains
relevant
128
3..Deterrence
● Sun Tzu:(Art of war) To subdue enemy without fighting is supreme excellence
● Thomas Schelling definition(persuade enemy, own interest, avoid action)

o Aims to “persuade a potential enemy that he should in his own interest avoid
certain courses of activity.”
129
INTRO: Various Doctrines:
● Realist approach to peace,
military concept ● Direct deterrence(USA & Rus,
● De terrere(latin)to frighten IND-Pak)
● Psychological concept based ● Extended deterrence (Catalytic) -
on Game theory (Thomas external support - USA Umbrella to
Schelling) Japan
● Assumptions
o Rational actors ● Massive retaliation (attack civilians)
o Communicate or
o Credibility of ● Flexible response (Short
deterrence range,Tactical)
o Convinced about o US 2018 Nuclear Posture
ability - no chance of review calls for low yield
winning (denial), Too weapons in direct attacks on
much damage civilians and infrastructure
(punishment) ● Asymmetric escalation - France and
o Nuclear Triad(air, Pak
● NUTS (Nuclear Utilisation Target
land, sea)
o MAD(mutually
selection) - Enemy nuke destruction
Assured Destruction) in first strike - suggested to India
● Deterrance -> Arms Race
Relevance
Relevance in question
● Countries with nuke deterrence
● Cold war is over increased: Iran, North Korea
● Growth of complex ● Nuclear race in South Asia, East
interdependence Asia, West Asia
● Asymmetric actor, not ● U.S. released ‘Essentials of post-
rational actors cold-war deterrence’; Nuclear
Posture Review 2018
● Henry Kissinger: Deterrence ● Russia- National Security Strategy
does not work for suicide ● Theatre Missile, THAAD
bombers, irrational Actors ● Threat of nuclear terrorism
● Global threats ● In present context, N. Korea is
● Many nuclear weapon states, building nuclear weapons as a
miscalculations deterrence at attempts at regime
change by USA
130
Nuclear Proliferation as a method for Deterrence:
131
Kenneth Waltz Scott D Sagan
● (Realists) No guarantee for peace

Assumption-rational
● Supports N weapons as
”Weapons of Peace” Mad Man Theory
● Military coups
● Reduces chance of war ● Non-state actors
● Cold war remained COLD
because of N weapons
● Cost of Destrn - high
● Wars avoided
● Nuke arms race
Nina Tannenwald:
● ● Liberals/ Social Constructivist oppose
● US couldnt use nukes in AFG, Vietnam
Mearsheimer ● Not for fear of retaliation but
● Selective proliferation Role of

● Western Countries
● Democracy and HRs ● Public opinion
● Stigma attached
● UN
● Global movement against proliferation
● Role of International instis in creating a
Norms, Taboos against use of nukes
● CTBT, NPT
132
●
4..Polarity of Power Thesis:

● Kenneth Organski
● It says that the system of polarity determines the actions of the state in terms of external
balancing
o Alliances
o Bandwagon
o Buck Passing
o Bait and bloodletting
● Polarity:
o system of distribution of Power
Multipolar:
● More actors, more confusion, more miscalculation, more chances of accidental use
Unipolar:
● Global policeman - law and order - End of cold war - others a chance to rise
● Issues
o Kindleberger trap – Joseph Nye(lack of trust)

o Overstretch - free loaders(eg. CHN)
o Megalomania(delusion abt own power, importance)
▪ Break rules it made itself
Bipolar:
● Structural Realists - Mearshiemer and Kenneth Waltz - Bipolarity is the best from the
point of view of Stability and World Peace
● Maintain order in own sphere of influence
133
● Contain anarchy
Criticism:
● Bipolarity is criticized for imperialistic tendencies(US and USSR)
● intervened in their respective spheres of influence
● Henry Kissinger (“World Order”)
● Joseph Nye: 3D chess model
● John Burton : Cob Web Model
● Keohane & Nye : Complex Interdependence Model
● Kaplan systems theory - Bipolarity is most dangerous, most unstable
5..Collective Security:
● Limitations
● Liberal approach to establish o Utopian
Peace - Woodrow Wilson o National interest >
● All for one and one for all peace
● Realist: ● Experience -
o BoP o LoN - Ethiopia and
o Self Help vs. collective Manchuria
efforts o UN-> Korean Crisis,
o Anarchy vs. heirarchy Gulf War
● Collective sec is based ● Uniting for Peace Resolution
on Concept of BoP o UNSC deadlock -
Assumptions - 2/3rd members
● State-centric view ● PK after Cold war
● Security dilemma o USA-Russia - conflicts
● War is permanent feature of IP again on rise - P2/P3
● Greater power is an antidote to
power
●
● BoP is anarchic, based on
common sense and ad-hoc
● CS - Institutionalised BoP
● Existence of international
organisations is pre conditions
● CS = Assured state of peace

compared to BoP( nervous
state of peace)
134
UN PeaceKeeping
● Not a part of UN charter
● Dag Hammarskjold- Sec gen of UNGA- Created UNPK
● Lies between Chapter-6 (peaceful mediation) and Chapter-7 (forceful intervention);
● peacekeeping was described as chapter six and a half by Dag Hammerskjold
● PK : Police Action , Arms for self defence only, not in competent role
o Intra state and Inter state
o Ltd Hardware and Ltd guns are carried
o Placed only with permission of host country.
● CS : Military action – full-fledged war - Punitive action
● UN Peace Keeping shows the failure of Collective security
Debates: Challenges post-cold-war

Developed
● End of super-power rivalry resulted
● Doesnt send troops
in release of centrifugal forces:
● Send Funds but feel
peacekeepers were spectators during
o Misappropriation
genocide in Rwanda.
o Poor quality services
● De-escalate internal civil wars
● Resolute PK - well armed
● Reconstruction and developmental
Developing tasks
● Protection of civilians especially
● Main Contributors of troops
women and children
● UNSC does not consult
● Difficult to identify enemy in intra-
before sending their troops
state.
● UNPK - not a permanent
● Non-state actors are irresponsible
solution to a conflict - more
focus on political resolution
Limitations of PK
● Want best training practices -
● Authorized by UNSC
determinant b/w success or
● Western countries reluctant to
failure
provide troops
● Developing countries send
PK – role changed after end of cold
inexperienced men
war
● Accusations of sexual violence,
corruption.
● Robust peacekeeping: peace
● Discriminations within PK ranks.
enforcement
Kenyan commander.
● Multidimensional
● Staff recruitment is often opaque
Peacekeeping - Political,
● Gaps between the mandate and
military and Human rights
actual security challenges
dimensions
● Varying quality and confused chain
● Peacekeeping to peace-
of command.
building after UN report ‘An
135
Agenda for Peace’.
● Achieving positive peace
● In 2005, UN Peace-building
Commission was formed as
an advisory body of UNGA
and UNSC
● +Role (eg. Ind all women
crew in AFG > Women
empowerment)
India and UNPK: India provided

almost 200,000 troops in nearly 50
of the 71 peacekeeping missions
mandated over the past six
India and UNPK
decades.
● Training centre for UNPK in Delhi
● Contributed significantly to
● Considered one of the most
the blue helmets
professional
● Korea 1950
● Communicate with locals
● Congo 1960 - reunification
● Actively involved in determining the
● Cyprus 1964
stds of peacekeeping
● After Iran and Iraq - 1989
● After Gulf War -1991
● Experienced in internal conflicts,
● Sudan/ South Sudan - 2005
reconstruction and development
● Golan Heights - present
● Strongest argument for India’s bid for
● Lebanon - present
UNSC seat
Fatalities - 150
Lack of enthu of present govt
Provided :
● Lack of recognition of efforts
● Armed Contingents
● Non Coop with UN - importance
● Military Observers
● Civilian Staff
● Airforce attack& Utility
helicopters
Issues in Indian peacekeeping
● A recent special investigation by the UN observed that 2200 Indian troops stationed in South
Sudan suffer from lack of protective equipment.
● Lack of actual influence in UNSC.
● There is growing sentiment in Indian circles that we already have low domestic defence
expenditure and dearth of personnel; thus we should cut-back on our peacekeeping operations.
● Lack of knowledge of local cultures of countries in which Indian peacekeepers are deployed.
o Thus it is difficult for them to exert soft power.
136
● According to Manmohan Bahadur, former Air Vice-Marshall who led several peacekeeping
missions, while Indian contribution to peacekeeping helps it earn goodwill in UN circles, it does
not have much impact on UN power play which is guided by economic funding and UNSC
permanent members.
● C. Rajamohan: meanwhile, China has begun to steal a political march over India in the
international discourse on peace operations. It has used PK to bolster defence diplomacy with
African nations.
Way forward: C. Rajamohan (“Picking up the tab for peace”)
● To be effective, India will need to step up cooperation with major powers and regional partners
like the African Union, as well as go beyond troop contribution to provide training, logistical and
operational support, and conflict mediation support both through bilateral and multilateral
processes.
● It will also need to expand domestic defense capabilities and strengthen military diplomacy.
● The recent agreement between the United States and India on jointly training peacekeepers
from six African nations is indicative of a changing Indian approach to peacekeeping
Collective Defence (specific alliances) : Member countries (CS: Universal

membership and non-discriminatory treatment)
● India ● USA- NATO
o Opposed to CD o No contradiction
o Undermines CS o UN Charter -
o Shows country no recognises self defence
faith in UN System o CD - Practical way of
operationalising CS
http://www.geest.msh-paris.fr/IMG/pdf/Security_for_Buzan.mp3.pdf
Security:
Happiness has many roots, nothing is more important than security – Edward Stettinius
(Former Secretary of State)
Security policy has to deal with series of moral dilemma to which there can be no easy
solutions. – Barry Buzan
● Most Significant human value - undisturbed by danger or fear

● Hobbes- Security is a foundational value
● Discipline of IP is also known as security studies
● Most imp concept of IP - architectonic idea
● Security is an evolving concept as the international politics is evolving.
● 3 issues - of, from, through what
137
● Theories
o Instrumentalist
o Reflectivist
● 3 paradigms of Security
o National - state precondition - Armed Forces and Civil Security
o International - state precondition - International Organisations, International law
o Human - primacy to human kind over the interests of the state
National Security has evolved into a trinity of external threats from

nations, proxy wars as a result of terrorism and internal insurgencies.
The evolution of national security follows the following pattern:
Traditionally : Realists - concept of National security - territorial integrity and

sovereignty dominated the sphere
International security- 1970s-80s —> Oil crisis (Econ Sec) + Envt Degradation
— Sec on broader non-military terms - yet state remained central
Global security- Post-Cold War — Globn — Security has become much more
multifaceted and complex - interdependent problems like - pollution, terrorism,
illegal immigration, epidemics
Human security- Bary Buzan - present concept
Instrumental:
● Policies to be judged by outcomes - (not by the means employed)
Liberal (Soft Face)
● Territorial
Integrity + human
Realist (Hard Face) security
● Through : Liberal Marxist
● Territorial integrity theories - CS,
● Through : Military DPT, ● Human Security
means functionalism, ● Economic
● Sec from other states interdependence, security
● Children of darkness complex
interdependence
● Children of light
(Enlightened view
of Locke)
138
Security dilemma Insecurity dilemma
- Given by John Herz - (postcolonial perspective)
(vicious cycle of - Amitabh Acharya,
insecurity because of Mohammed Ayub
absence of world - Post-colonial states suffer
government) from insecurity, challenge
- Later developed by of nation-building, civil
Herbert Butterfield wars
(wars happen because - Western concepts do not
of anxiety to prevent apply
wars), Robert Jervis
(developed a matrix)
and Booth Wheeler
(search for security is a
primordial instinct)
- Realist- zero sum game
National security : Reflectivist Theories - Means to achieve the

security also matter - so focus on Human
1. Govt. should protect its security as well
sovereignty and its
citizens from all kind of ● Human security as the most important
national crisis by any problem of IR - not just for domestic
means possible politics - People centric and not state
2. States - source of security ● Presented as a new perspective -
and threat to security involves
(state-centric view) states, international organisations,
3. Realism - insecurity non-state actors (NGOs) etc.
about others, self-help, o Environmental Pollution
security dilemma, o Economic deprivation
Anarchy o Infectious diseases
o Terrorist attacks
Liberalism- (+human security), o Not only protects but
self-help + cooperation empowers them
Neo-liberals – economic sec. ● Kant - universal right of mankind -
recognition and protection by public
instis
● Human security <> Society security
<> national security <> international
security == Interlinked
139
● Canada - (part of public policy) bright
spot, all others NGOs
● Egs
o R2P - Focuses on Human
Security
Ann J Tickner
Feminists - Realist concept of National

Cynthia Enloe security - ignores human
security => Women security
- Gendered concept of national - Rapes in wars - not accidents of
security war but systematic military
- Women and children worst strategy
sufferers - Realist concept of Security is
- Freedom from fear, freedom gender biased
from want o Patriarchy
- Myth that ‘war’ and ‘peace’ - Realist concept - narrow
times are different- both - Broad - Security - Human
exploitative for women security
- War leads to rapes and sex o Physical, ecological,
slavery social
- UN Resolution 1325 :
Importance of role of women in
Reasons for such views peace and security
- Masculinist discipline - Sweden Foreign Policy :
- Men in positions in military and Women not a s victims but as
politics agents of change
- Images of male heroic warrior
- Myth of Protection
http://www.e-ir.info/2013/03/12/gender-
security-as-a-category-of-international-
politics/
Post-modernists- Richard Ashley-

criticism of anarchy
Post-colonialists- Insecurity dilemma-

Amitabh Acharya, Mohammed Ayub
140
Social Constructivists
Emancipatory
● Sec Dmma - is a product of our
thinking, culture & history ● Andrew Linklater
● World is made up of material + cultural ● New moral boundaries and
structures empowerment of people at
● Communication, idea grassroots
● Politics of reassurance
Barry Buzan - Copenhagen School

5 pillars of security are
● Article- New patterns of global security in 21st century
1. Military ● Book- people states and fear
● Comprehensive Security
1. Political ● Sec is a Speech Act
● Securitisation
1. Social ● Create Security Discourses
● Securitized - attention - terrorism
1. Economic ● Road accidents - more deaths - no attention
● Integrated view
o Human
1. Ecological
o National
o Global
● MEEPS
Conclusion: State security can be achieved in conjunction with and not at the expense of human
security because they have become indivisible.
National Interest :
There is one guiding start, one standard for thought, one rule of action and that is national
interest. - Morgenthau
● Main motivation for foreign policies - Main concern of IP
141
● Morgenthau - Realist - Placed National interest over Ideology and ethics much like
Machiavelli
o National interests in terms of power. Power is an objective reality
o Fundamental interests = National interests
o (Lord Palmerston)No permanent allies or enemies - only permanent national
interest
● Charles Beard
o Dynamic - Basis of justification - actions - those in power - Stalin and Hitler
● Morgenthau classified
o Vital Interests - Security and survival of state
o Non-vital - Economic security, friendly relations with others and pursuit of global
commons
● Subjective - no fixed order
o USA- core national interest
▪ Clinton - Peace in Asia Pacific
▪ Carter - Stability in Persian Gulf
● How to serve national interest
o Realists - Mearsheimer - protect national interest by hard power and taking an
offensive stance. Creating preponderance of power for the preservation of
national interest. Eg - Foreign policy towards Russia
o Neo-Liberals advise to pursue national interest by soft power
o Jospeh Nye has given the idea of Smart Power - combination of both Hard and
Soft power
There are no permanent friends there are no permanent enemies but only national interest
remains permanent
Indian version: Sixfold policy and fourfold policy.
According to Arthashastra, the State should follow a six-fold policy with other States: (1) Sandhi
(treaty of peace); (2) Vigrah (war); (3) Asana (neutrality) (4) Yana (marching) - presumably a
threat; (5) Samsrya (alliance) and (6) Dwidibhava (making peace with one and end war with
another).
Charles Beard Muhammad Yunus Raymond Aron
● “The idea of national ● “A theory of ● Pseudo Theory

interest” national ● Not possible to
● National interest is for interest” make universally
what ● Army in pak acceptable defn of
o Citizens have makes its national interest
to support govt. interests as
which NI
oppresses them
142
o Soldiers have
to die
o Foreign
policies have to
confirm to
Robinson
6 Types
● Primary(military) &
S(Econ) Lee Quan Yew
Joseph Frankel ● Permanent &
temporary -New national interest
● Search for defn ● General and specific -Economic interest
is useless Methods to achieve NI should not be mixed up
● Can be denied ● War with nationalism and
in many ways ● Diplomacy emotions.
● Economic Growth
● International
organisation
● Treaties
Criticism:
● National
interests and
global interests
have become
inter-twined.
● Low politics
economy &
social welfare
has gained
more priority
than high
politics of
security and
143
survival (Nye
& keohane)
●
Foreign policies of major countries show that the importance of concept is not going to diminish.
Recently, U.S. said that it will follow WTO, when it suits their national interest.
Transnational Actors
● IP is the study of relations among actors at the global stage
● 3 types of actors
o State
o International
o Non-state actors
● Views
o Realist
o Liberals
o Marxists - role since 17th century expansion of imperialism
● Trans-national actors role increased
o 3D Chess board model
o Globn, ICT revolution, HR consciousness
144
MNCs NGOs
● See theory from page 94 ● See page 10
● As old as MNCs, working in close
● Vanguards of liberal economic cooperation
order ● Role is imp
● MNCs of West - very powerful and o UN - ECOSOC - Art 71 of
exploitative UN Charter - consultative
o NIEO - MNC regulation bodies
● Internationalization of state (Cox) o Nobel peace prize -
● Realist- MNCs are agents of states Amnesty, Red Cross
at best. ● MNCs, NGOs & Govts of western
● Liberal school -advocate of MNCs countries
● Marxist – I. Wallerstien – World ● However challenged
Capitalism o R, C - interference in
● Feminists- exploitation of women internal affairs
globally o HR regimes - justification
● Critical theorists- consumer culture of interventionist policies
● Post-colonialists- neo-imperialism o INDIA - FCRA
● Have been used by the west to o Legitimacy
further their Geo-pol ambitions
o Interference in elections
o Money to one party
o Regime change operations
● Now MNCs of Dvpg countries are
also getting stronger. Ex. Reliance,
TATA
145
7. Changing International Political Order:
● Rise of superpowers: Strategic & Ideological Bipolarity, Arms Race, Cold war, Nuclear
threat
● Collapse of Soviet Union: Unipolarity, American hegemony
● Non Aligned Movement(Aims, Achievements, Relevance of NAM contemporary world)
○ P2Sb(India's Contribution to NAM)
1. Examine in brief the rise and fall of the Cold War. (15 Marks, 200 Words , 2016)
2. Discuss the positive and negative impacts of Soviet Union's disintegration on
developing nations.(15m) 2016
3. Discuss the collapse of the Soviet Union and its impact on international politics.
(15m) 2015
4. How would you differentiate the post cold war global order from its predecessor?(20m,
2007)
5. Identify the benefit of multi polar world (15 marks, 200 Words,2019). OR What are
features and benefits of Multilateral and multipolar world order? Is world multipolar
today?
146
6. Critically analyze the implications of Sino-American strategic rivalry for the South and
South East Asian region (15 marks, 200 Words, 2020).
7. "Ukraine crisis is a product of power politics and geo-politics." Comment (10 Marks,
150 Words ,2015).
8. Critically examine the roots of Afghan Civil War. What role the Soviet Union and the
United States played in it. (60 Marks, 500 Words , 2002)
9. Identify the challenges to American hegemony in post Soviet world (15 Marks, 150
Words ,2012).
10. How is nuclear Iran threat to US HEGEMONY?
11. 2017: "The development of advanced missile technology and nuclear threat by North
Korea has challenged the American hegemony in South-East Asia." Evaluate the
above statement in the context of recent developments in the region. (20m)
12. The rising tension between USA & China indicate emergence of new cold war? Do you
agree? How is it different from earlier one?
13. The Arab-Israeli conflict is basically a conflict between two resurgent nationalism(20
Marks, 200 Words , 2001)
14. Comment on: Pan-Americanism (20 Marks, 200 Words , 2000)
15. Discuss the evolution of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue & its Implications(20m)
16. Covid 19 tested resilience of global order. Discuss. (15)
17. Discuss the consequences of Trump’s America first and Xi’s Chinese dream on world
politics (2018, 15m’)
18. 18. Discuss the prospects of denuclearisation of Korean Peninsula(2018, 15m)
19. discuss the objectives of NATO. what is the state of NATO at present(15m)
20. 20. Trace the shift in global politics from the arena of Trans-Atlantic to Indo-Pacific. 1)
What are the security challenges posed by such shift ?2) What role, do you think, India
is currently playing/should be playing(20m, X pyq)
——
1. Discuss the significance of Non-Aligned Movement as a unique contribution of the Non-

Western world to World Politics (20 Marks, 250 Words, 2018).
2. Discuss ways to strengthen the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM)to enable it to
address the challenges faced by the developing countries (20 Marks, 250 Words,2020)
3. What has been unique contribution of NAM to world politics? Is NAM relevant today?
What role can it play in present covid induced world disorder? (20m)
4. Do you endorse the view that the end of Bipolarity and the rise of multiple regional
organisations has made Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) more or less irrelevant?(15m,
2017)
5. Highlight the major features of Non-alignment 2.0 document (15 Marks, 200 Words ,
2013) .
6. 6. Do you agree with the stand that the Non-Alignment Movement needs to be
reinvented (20 Marks, 200 Words , 2002).
7. Write a brief note on the 17th NAM submit in Venezuela (10 Marks, 150 Words, 2019).
——
147
1. Assess in detail prospects of nuclear weapon free world?(20m, 200words, 2010)
2. Discuss the evolution of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons in the post-Cold War
period. (15 Marks, 200 Words , 2017).
3. Discuss the grounds for India's opposition to NPT. (10 Marks, 150 Words , 2014)
4. What roles do norms, taboos and epistemic communities play in the context of nuclear
proliferation?(20m, 2014)
5. What are socio eco impact of arms race and obstacles to nuclear disarment in post
cold war period?
6. "Npt has failed to achieve objective of nuclear disarmament” Comment
Most dangerous periods for tyrannies are not when they are they at their worst but when they are at
their best- Alex De Tocqueville 3
1..Intro: 3
Walter Lippman’s book (The Cold War). 3
Two schools of thought: 3
Deterministic 3
Constructivist view 3
Who was responsible? 3
Traditionalists 3
USSR was responsible. 3
148
Blamed Stalin’s speech: Peaceful co-existence with west is impossible without final
victory over capitalism. 4
Revisionists 3
USA responsible 3
Post-revisionists 3
Both were responsible. 3
Bernard Baruch( coined term CW, Bharuch plan Disarmament1945) 4
Nina Tannenwald(Taboos, Nukes, usa couldnt) 4
USA could not use nukes in Vietnam even at cost of its hegemony shows the role of
Public Opinion, Norms, Taboos, Epistemic communities 4
Imp Prez: 4
Roosevelt (1933-1945) 4
Truman(1945-53) policy for containment of communism 5
Ronald Regan (1981-89) 4
Russia Presidents: 5
Stalin 5
Evolution of cold war: 6
First phase: bipolarity, Morgenthau 6
Second phase: détente; Kenneth Waltz 6
Henry Kissinger: US-China to balance Russia; OSTPOLITIK 6
Third Phase: New Cold-war; Afghanistan-Star-wars; USSR Collapse, End of cold-war 6
Rise of globalization (Kenichi Ohmae-Borderless World) 6
Fourth Phase: cold-war 2.0, Proxy war, cyber attack 6
Analysis of present relations: 7
Cold-war 2.0 7
Antonio Guterres (Cold-war is back with vengeance) 7
Not a cold-war 7
Michael McFaul: intellectual laziness 7
149
Putin: cold-war is thing of the past; 7
Trump: “Junk Mentality” 7
Conclusion 7
Trump-Putin summit in Helsinki: 7
Prospects 7
C. Rajamohan: Convergence on disliking global institutions. 8
Putin: cold-war is thing of the past; Trump: “Junk Mentality” 8
Issues 8
India and cold-war: 8
Impacts on India 8
What should India do? 8
Views of Scholars: 8
Rajesh Rajagopalan(US+RUS => Benefits IND) 8
C. Rajamohan(RUS-CHN X Permanent Wedlock, ) 8
Amb. Shyam Saran:(US,RUS,EU => Helped IND NSG waiver 2008) 9
Most dangerous periods for tyrannies are not when they are they at their worst but when
they are at their best- Alex De Tocqueville
1..Intro:
● Popularization of term:
○ Walter Lippman’s book (The Cold War).
● It denotes a heightened state of antagonism & distrust betw US & USSR
● Wars like situations but No direct conflict, relations remained cold.
○ Why? Kenneth waltz: CW remained COLD because of Nuclear Weapons
● Some hot moments like Korean war, Cuban Missile crisis etc.
150
Two schools of thought:
Deterministic Constructivist view
● It was inevitable ● Matter of choice,
● ideologically opposite world ● misinterpretations and
view. misunderstandings
Who was responsible?

Traditionalists Revisionists Post-revisionists
● USSR was responsible. ● USA responsible ● Both were

● USSR was exporting ● Atom bomb was kept responsible.
communism. secret from USSR ● Security dilemma
● USSR made Molotov- ● Difference in
Ribbentrap pact with opinion over post
Germany. ● war security
● Blamed Stalin’s speech: ● Churchill’s speech architecture.
Peaceful co-existence with ●
west is impossible without ● USSR’s view was geo-
final victory over political. It was just
capitalism. trying to save its sphere
● US view was ideological, of influence in East
i.e. fight against Europe. Its boundaries
communism. were vulnerable.
● End of Cold War - Yalta Conference

● Limiting Nukes - SALT
● Starting Nukes again by 1989 after Afghan War - STAR war
● After Cold War - New START 2010 - ending nukes again
151
Bernard Baruch(
coined term CW, Winston Churchill
Bharuch plan (Fulton- Missouri)
Disarmament1945) Nina Tannenwald(Taboos,
● An iron Nukes, usa couldnt)
● Coined the curtain has
term Cold descend upon ● USA could not use nukes in
war Europe from Vietnam even at cost of its
● USA-USSR Stettin in hegemony shows the role of
relations Public Opinion, Norms,
Baltic to Taboos, Epistemic
● Baruch Plan Trieste in communities
- of Adriatic
disarmament
in 1945
Imp Prez:
Cold War
● Truman(1945-53)
policy for
containment of
communism Last one - Cold Declaring End of CW
WW2 end
● Started cold-war by War
Roosevelt (1933- intervening in ● HW Bush
Greece Ronald Senior
1945)
● Marshall Plan: Regan (1981-89)
assumption that
poverty creates
condition of
communism.
152
Russia Presidents:
Nikita Brezhnev Gorbachev
Stalin Khrushchev ● Brezhnev ● Sinatra
● Speech ● Own doctrine Doctrine
● Molotov Plan, model of ● Hard ● Glasnost(tra
CMEA communis power nsparency in
(international m political
protection system
sphere)
as per Vladimir
● Perestroika(e
Sobell),
conomic
COMECON
reforms)
● Soft power
153
Evolution of cold war:
First phase: bipolarity, Morgenthau
● cold-war extended in other countries,
● Classical realism(Morgenthau, human nature, power is end, unit level,))
Second phase: détente; Kenneth Waltz

● Defensive realism(Kenneth Waltz, structural, security maximisers, )
● Emerging multipolarity with China Japan and Germany;
● fragmented bipolarity with Russia-China divide;
● Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki Accords);
● Rapprochement (US-China);
● Henry Kissinger: US-China to balance Russia; OSTPOLITIK
Third Phase: New Cold-war; Afghanistan-Star-wars; USSR Collapse, End of cold-

war
Reason for collapse of USSR
● Structural weaknesses (Joseph Nye, Jon Ikenberry: USSR dies its own death)
● U.S. policies (Irvin Kristol: Reagen policy of ‘begger thy enemy)
● Gorbachev
● Rise of globalization (Kenichi Ohmae-Borderless World)

● Social constructivist view (Nicolas Onuf- World of our making)
Fourth Phase: cold-war 2.0, Proxy war, cyber attack

● Proxy wars in Syria, Libya, Ukraine
● Cyber-attacks, election rigging
● Arms race (AEGIS, ISKANDER, THAAD)
● US-CHN
Phase1: Yeltsin and H.W. Bush-> START -> Aid could not be delivered ->
coloured revolution
Phase2: Yeltsin and Bill Clinton-> Chechnya, Bosnia, Srebrenica, NATO expansion
Phase3: Putin and Clinton-> NATO bombing in Kosovo; Putin address to Duma
Phase4: Putin and Bush-> Russia support for “War on terror”; NATO expansion;
Putin Munich Speech; Russia intervened in Georgia
Phase5: Medvedev and Obama-> RESET; New START; Iran deal,Syria and
Ukraine;
Phase6: Putin and Trump -> election rigging; Cold War 2.0; rift in US administration
US-Russia to balance China
New Cold War
154
1989: formal End of CW
Analysis of present relations:

● Cold war is not just a series of events but mindset of human beings.
● Till security dilemma remains, thousands of arguments against cold-war cannot drain it
of its relevance.
Some scholars prefer
Cold-war 2.0 Not a cold-war ‘hybrid war’, i.e., a
● Dmitri Trenin Vasily Kashin and Mark Kramer mix of hybrid and proxy
● Sergey Lavrov ● Put Cold water on idea of wars
cold-war
● Antonio Guterres ● Don’t flirt with the term
(Cold-war is back with Conclusion
● Dangerous consequences ● US should leave
vengeance)
● Nostalgic journalistic term the attitude of
● Resurgence of Russia
triumphalism
● National Security Michael McFaul: intellectual
● Russia should
Strategy of both laziness
leave the
countries. ● No ideological bipolarity nostalgia of past
● Nuclear deterrence ● Russia talks about ● Both should
● Proxy wars multipolarity work together.
● Cyber wars ● Complex interdependence
● Election interefering ● Russia is only a regional
power now
● Our era lacks proper
nomenclature
● Putin: cold-war is thing of

the past;
● Trump: “Junk Mentality”
Trump-Putin summit in Helsinki:

Prospects
● US-Russia to balance China (Kissinger)
155
● Russia wants to renew New START treaty
● Both want solutions to crisis in Syria
● Trump’s and Putin’s nationalistic approach has huge convergence
● C. Rajamohan: Convergence on disliking global institutions.
● Putin: cold-war is thing of the past; Trump: “Junk Mentality”
Issues
● USA lacks grand strategy for RUS-US Relations
● opposition from both Democrats and Republican
● According to Kanwal Sibal,
o European factor will play out against strong US-Russia relations;
o some kind of modus-vivendi will come up.
▪ Modus vivendi(Agreement for peace)
● According to Amb Meera Shankar,
o US will keep setting trip-wire to prevent Trump-Russia tie
India and cold-war:

Impacts on India What should India do?
● Defence, energy and strategic ● Selective engagements;
relations with Russia multiple alignments;
● Economic and defence, P2P ● deft diplomacy;
relations with U.S. ● principled stand; strategic
● S400 deal => CAATSA threat autonomy
● Rise of China and Russia falling in ● See below
its lap.
Views of Scholars:
● Rajesh Rajagopalan(US+RUS => Benefits IND)
○ India stands to benefit if Trump brings US and Russia closer and splits Russia from
its entente cordiale with China.
156
● C. Rajamohan(RUS-CHN X Permanent Wedlock, )
● Putin does not see himself in permanent wedlock with Beijing;
● if he has surprised the West by dividing Europe, he could trip up China in Asia.
● Delhi should prepare itself to secure India’s vital interests amidst the current
international flux.
● Nandan Unnikrishnan of ORF:
● Trump circle perceives Russia to be a weakening power
●
● Amb. Shyam Saran:(US,RUS,EU => Helped IND NSG waiver 2008)
● India should encourage the possible bonhomie of US,RUS, EU
● stable and coherent EU will be more open to re-engage with Russia.
● It was coordinated support of all 3 powers which led to NSG waiver for India in 2008
amidst Chinese opposition
157
A new world order is taking shape so fast that the government and private citizens find it
difficult to absorb the gallop of events – Mikhail Gorbachev 3
Implication of End of Cold-war: 3
Hegemonic Stability Theory: 3
Robert Gilpin- Skeptic of globalization 3
US Hegemony 3
-Robert Cox- US hegemony 4
Benevolent or malign hegemony: 4
Realists 4
Radical theorists:(Noam Chomsky 4
Neo-conservatists(Robert Cooper 4
Debate on US Hegemony 4
Declinist school: 4
Fareed Zakariya 5
-Post American World 5
-Decline of West and the rise of rest 5
Joseph Nye 5
Anti-declinist school 5
Samuel P Huntington 5
CHINA as a challenge? 6
Yes: 6
MearSheimer 6
Multipolar world- (C, R, USA ) 6
Graham Allison 6
US and China in Thucydides Trap 6
158
Samuel P. Huntington: 6
US-China (core conflict); 6
Henry Kissinger 6
Look at china as opportunity 6
Joseph Nye 7
End of Cold war = end of US-China alliance 7
Lee Kuan Yew 7
Napoleon 7
NO-CHN X Challenge(Anti-Declinist School): 7
War? Yes : 8
War? No 8
BRICS: challenge to US Hegemony? 8
Jim O Neil 8
Agenda: 9
Shashi Tharoor: Exclusion from global order forced these countries to come together 9
Potential : huge: 9
Present status : not good 8
Suhasini Haider: China’s plans of BRICS-plus including Pakistan, Mexico and Sri-Lanka will not
augur well with India. 8
M.K. Narayanan: BRICS has long since ceased to be of any material significance. 9
Cannot challenge US hegemony: 9
Economic interdependence on West more than on each other 9
Conclusion : 9
PM Modi: need to build BRICK by BRICK 9
10th BRICS Johannesburg Summit 10
Multipolarity: bane or boon? 10
Structural realists like Mearsheimer 10
Liberals 10
159
America first: 10
A new world order is taking shape so fast that the government & private citizens find it
difficult to absorb the gallop of events – Mikhail Gorbachev
Implication of End of Hegemonic Stability

Cold-war: Theory:
● Talk of ‘New Global Order’ in a
Robert Gilpin- Skeptic of globalization
speech by H.W. Bush
● Centrifugal pressures among ● Peace <== requires Free trade
East European states resulting ● Wars == Protectionist policies
into ‘New Global Disorder’ ● Liberal economic order - not
● Neo-liberal globalization. emerge on its own
● Economic implications on post- o has to be created and
colonial societies of then managed
● State - reqd which can act as
‘Washington Consensus’
hegemon
● Nuclear proliferation expanded ● Span of hegemony - Max 100
to other countries, non-state years
actors. o Overstrech
● U.S. became the sole o Free riders
superpower => American o Megalomania
hegemony. ● Hegemony
o Beneficial to hegemon
o Others too - peace and
prosperity
● Examples - (Pax - dictators of
peace)
o Pax Britanica
o Pax Americana
● Criticisms
o Kenneth Waltz-
polarity of power
thesis
o Kindleberger trap(Nye -
trust deficit)
160
US Hegemony :
End of Cold
After WW2 1960s-70s 1980s War - 1990- 2001 onwards 2011-2020
2001
Decline of
hegemony
-trump
- Reagan
protectionism
- Anti- administration
-Ukraine crisis -
imperialistic self- boosted Unilateral
rise of RUS
image American tendency of US
-AIIB, NDB,
- American - Civil right nationalism - Came out of
BRICS
values movements - Rolling back -Francis ICC
- Moral authority - Youth welfare state Fukuyama - - Refusal to sign
Chinese
- USA was counter- - Beggar thy End of Kyoto
Aggression,
architect of post- culture enemy(keep History - War on terror
Economic
WW institutions - Women’s USSR busy in - Unipolar - Overuse of hard
dominance,
movements AFG, Arms - Neo-liberal power
OBOR,
-Robert Cox- US - US defeat in Race-Star war, globalization
hegemony Vietnam war keep oil prices - US led world Strong challenge
Trump
- Iran hostage low) order -Rise of China
Protectionism
- Not Absolute crisis - Japan and EU - -Resurgence of
- Japan and started Humanitarian Russia
Alienation of
● Soviet EU - Econ faltering interventions -
friends
Union sphere > World’s Weak Challenge
● NAM- - G-7 police officer -BRICS
Rise of rest,
post- established -Islamic
decline of west
colonialis Eisenhower - Fundamentalism
m Military - Asian values
Iran, NK
Industry
challenge
Complex
● Beggar thy neighbor is a term used for a set of policies that a country enacts to address its
economic woes that, in turn, actually worsens the economic problems of other countries.
The term comes from the policy's impact, as it makes a beggar out of neighboring
countries.
161
Benevolent or malign hegemony:
Realists Neo-conservatists(Robert Cooper
● US has done much to promote
● All global hegemons are
democracy
supposed to be malign
● Hegemonic stability theory->
global institutions and stability of
dollar
Radical theorists:(Noam ● Enlightened self-interest
Chomsky
● Land of opportunity
● Intensifying inclination
towards imperialism
● War on terror was actually
desire for oil supplies
● .
Debate on US Hegemony
Declinist school:
● USA war on terror led to decline in U.S. hegemony
● Bush in his second term started shifting towards multilateralism.
● Obama administration called for a ‘new beginning’
● Military power is now redundant politically.
● Relative economic decline with rise of BRICS, G-20
● Declining diplomatic influence. Ex. Iran issue
● Multipolarity
● Economic and Complex interdependence
● Protectionism under President Trump.
● G7 Build Back Better

● Withdrawal from AFG
● CHN BRI/OBOR, Huawei fiasco,
● Iran, NK challenging
● Marshal - Prisoners of Geography: US blessed with GEO, but changing
● Covid didn’t help world over, Vaccine Nationalism
● Hegemon(capacity, Willingness) => capacity to frame rule, Execute rule
● US stand on Taiwan, Tibet not satisfactory
● Alienation/ Insecurity of NATO allies(JPN,
● No decisive stand on Climate Change, Terrorism, Myanmar HR issues,
● Capitol Hill Protests
162
● In 20th century of Policy of consistency, but now policy of Inconsistency
● Black rights movement , George Floyd
Eric Edelman
Fareed Zakariya Joseph Nye
● American Zeitgeist
-Post American World ● Policies of Bush (era) has clearly
-Not because of administration shifted
overstreching ● Excessive
● Economic downturn
● Rise of others reliance on hard & counter
power insurgency
-Decline of West and ● Decline of soft
operations
the rise of rest power of USA
Anti-declinist school
● USA still continues to hold reigns of global institutions of governance
● Largest military and economic power.
● Obama administration has been deploying smart power.
● US population is its strength
● Unrivalled structural power.
● Hegemony IMF, WTO,

● P5
● Ocean + land
Madeline Albright
Samuel P Huntington Charles Krauthhammer
● Former Secy of State
● Decline is a
● USA - indispensable ● Clash of
choice
nation Civilizations
● Blames Obama
● Others understand ● USA power -
● Decline can be
and need US Strategic
arrested
hegemony location
o More
163
challeng
es to
Robert Cooper others
Kristol
● A new form of Robert Kagan
● Benevolent
imperialism may be
Global
required to bring USA did not change
Hegemony
order to global chaos after 2001, it became
more itself
CHINA as a challenge?
Yes:
● See international notes for China as a rising power
164
Henry Kissinger
Graham Allison
● Former Secy of
MearSheimer ● US and China in State
Thucydides Trap
● Considers China ● Look at china as
as a threat Samuel P. Huntington: opportunity
● Warned US not ● China should be
to let the gap ● US-China (core treated with
between the 2 conflict); respect
nations narrow ● US-Islamic world ● 2011 book ‘On
(fault line conflict) China’, he has
● Multipolar ● Nightmare if China pointed to
world- (C, R, develops axis with China’s fondness
USA ) Islamic world of game ‘wei qi’
(China-Iran which involves
relations) complex tactics
of encirclement.
165
Lee Kuan Yew Napoleon
Joseph Nye
China not just another
End of Cold war = big player - biggest When China will rise out
end of US-China player which is rising as of slumber, it will
alliance comprehensive power astonish the world
NO-CHN X Challenge(Anti-Declinist School):

Xi Jinping: China X real challenge:
New model of Great power
relations ● Contradictions between economic and political
model
US Policy: ● Not a peaceful neighbourhood
Containment and Engagement ● Pressure cooker syndrome
● Gap - Defence Budgets (only soft balancing is
● Tibet Policy Act 2002 possible)
● Taiwan Relations Act ● Gap - Tech, R&D, Innovation
1979 ● Gap - Soft power (assertiveness in SCS; neo-
o THAAD imperialism)
Missile system ● C. Rajamohan: China has been reaping
● Xinjiang advantages of U.S. as a global hegemon. It could
o Curbing rights reap benefits of global power without global
of Uighur responsibility.
muslims ● China is still a regional power and not a global
● Currency Manipulator power.
● Violator of IPRs ● Out of $700 a foreign company set up in China
● Trump - Make in USA makes, only $15 remains in China. Thus ‘Made in
China’ is actually ‘Made by America’
● ● China also lags behind in financial market
prowess and IT.
War? Yes : ● World has yet to gain confidence in Chinese legal
166
system.
War? No
● Graham Allison :
Thucydides ● Economic and complex interdependence
● SP Huntington : ● Social constructivists - dialogue between
ClashOfCivilization civilisations - coop
o CC, Terrorism
o N. Korea
167
BRICS: challenge to US Hegemony?
168
Jim O Neil Present status : not good
● Goldman Sachs Geopolitical fault-lines:

Economist ● Terrorism - India not supported by
● Coined BRIC - 2001 C&R
● Surpass G-7 economies ● China and Russia - Influence in
by 2050 Central Asia
● India-China - hostilities
2008 - GEC ● Brazil and S. Africa - pro-China
2009 - First Summit
2010 - 2nd Summit – S. Africa Suhasini Haider: China’s plans of
●
inducted BRICS-plus including Pakistan,
Mexico and Sri-Lanka will not augur
well with India.
Agenda: Party is over
● R&B - recession
● Reform Global Gov Instis ● S. Africa - facing crisis
● Rules based multilateral ● C economy - slowing down
order ● I - Only sweet spot
● S-S Cooperation Motley Cow
o Africa, Latin ● No concrete agenda to change global
america economic order
● Geo-political concerns ● China using BRICS to soft-balance
o Opinions - Iran USA.
Nuke crisis
o Syria ● M.K. Narayanan: BRICS has long
since ceased to be of any material
● Shashi Tharoor: significance.
Exclusion from global o No discussion about global
order forced these events in Xiamen summit
countries to come o China sees little use of BRICS
together in its geo-political and geo-
economic objectives.
Potential : huge:
Cannot challenge US hegemony:
● Natural resources, skilled
manpower ● Solidarity
● 41% of world population; ● Disjoint group
22% GDP
● Economic interdependence on West
● Inter BRICS trade more than on each other
● Fareed Zakaria (Rise of ● Difficult to find common ground
rest)
● Doklam issue resolved.
Conclusion :
169
● Lack Mortar which can bind them
together
● PM Modi: need to build BRICK by

Assessment
BRICK
● Too early to say Divorce on cards
● Contingency Fund
● C. Rajamohan: For India, BRICS is
● NDB
less about ideological posturing and
● Rating Agency
more about repositioning itself in
changing great power equations.
● Samir Saran: Being in BRICS
requires India to be more nimble
footed.
10th BRICS Johannesburg Summit

●
● Declaration against terrorism not so strong as in Xiamen summit

● Rajiv Bhatia (“Big five at ten”): Comparison with G-7 summit in Canada
170
Multipolarity: bane or boon?
Structural realists like Liberals
Mearsheimer ● Economic interdependence will
● Instability in multipolar order prevent war
● ‘Back to the future’ scenario ● Complex interdependence
to WW1 and WW2. ● Conditions for balance of power
● US-China will ensure greater are not there.
stability ● USA has been moving to
● Hegemonic stability theory multilateralism showing greater
which will lead China to accommodation to other powers.
bandwagon rather than
balance.
America first:
● Trump has signaled a significant change in global order
o He has signaled end of west as a coherent ideological and geo-political entity
o America does not want to sustain Pax Americana
o Protectionism in an age of globalization indicating a shift.
1.Intro 2
2.HISTORY 3
10 BANDUNG PRINCIPLE: 4
INITIAL VIEWS: 3
WEST: 3
USSR: 3
Stalin: Those who are not with us are against us. 3
NEHRU CLARIFIES: 3
C RAJAMOHAN : Not India's idealism but pragmatism 4
171
3.PHASES 4
Till 1970 4
1971 – 1990 5
Post CW 4
Havana Declaration of 2006 5
4.INDIA'S ROLE 5
Keep the organization intact 5
Support for Newly Liberation Zone 5
Fight against colonialism, imperialism and racialism 6
Efforts 4 Disarmament 6
Efforts for the Establishment of NIEO 6
5.RELEVANCE: (Relevance is not lost but changed) 7
CRITICS: 7
Global issues 7
G. Parthsarthy: NAM marriage of convenience , No binding principles 8
C. Rajamohan (“NAM is in Coma”): Irrelevant even before the cold war 8
SUPPORTERS: 7
Shashi Tharoor, World is in a new cold-war like situation with 3 poles. 7
M.K. Narayanan NAM Always relevant to small states 7
6.NAM 2.0 8
CRITICISM: 8
7.Reinventing NAM 9
GOVT POSITION: 9
Way forward for India 9
8.CONCLUSION 10
As T.P Sreenivasan says that quintessence of NAM lies in ‘strategic autonomy’. In the complex
reality of International Politics and geo-political flux, dialogues and cooperation will allow post-
colonial societies to form alternate constructions to safeguard their interests. 10
172
When nations stand on the side of principles, not behind one power or the other, they gain the respect of
the world and voice in international affairs- PM Modi at Shangri La, 2018
1.Intro
● The golden age in India’s foreign policy was in the first 15 years after Independence, when NAM
provided a constituency for India because of our non-violent victory over the British and the
leadership it provided to the newly independent countries.
● Our problems were different from the small and impoverished nations that thronged the
movement, but Jawaharlal Nehru’s vision and statesmanship inspired them.
● We did not seek to resolve our problems through the machinery of dispute resolution in NAM,
but actively assisted those who sought such assistance. India led the NAM effort to resolve the
Iran-Iraq dispute.
2.HISTORY
1. Emerging post-colonialism among
3rd world countries aiming to gain INITIAL VIEWS:
an independent political voice.
2. Phrase “non-aligned” was first used WEST:
by V K Krishna Menon at the 1. The core subjects of US foreign
United Nations General Assembly policy at that time were -Potential
in 1953 Danger from USSR and China,
3. Late 1940s, Nehru had spelt out Freedom and Peace through
the strategy behind the phrase, NATO and military alliances,
first in Constituent Assembly offering USAID to toe their line, a
debates and later in Parliament. pure commercial approach with a
o In a radio broadcast in want of business in other
1946, Nehru said, “We countries. Nehru, who
shall take full part in represented a self-respecting
international conferences country, was disgusted by this
as a free nation with our ideology. But still, it was the
own policy and not merely critical aid, which actually forced
as a satellite of another India to approach United States.
nation.” 2. Opportunistic and immoral (John
o Nehru proposed that India Foster Dulles)
should avoid entering into 3. Structure of international politics
“other people’s quarrels“, does not provide scope for
unless, and this is exceptionalism like NAM
important and “our 4. Equated with :
interest is involved”. Isolationism(Munro doctrine) and
o Did not rule out aligning if Policy of neutrality(policy of
the need comes. indifference - Swiss and
4. CONFERENCES: Turkmenistan)
173
o 1956 Bandung
conference(indonesia) USSR:
o 1961 Belgrade 1. Bitter critic.
conference(yugoslavia) 10 2. Didnt help in steel sector(bhillai
Bandung principles were plant)
adopted) 3. Stalin: Those who are not with us
5. LEADERS: Nehru, Tito-yugoslavia, are against us.
Sukarno-indonesia, Nasser,
Nkrumah NEHRU CLARIFIES:
6. Method of soft-balancing the 1. Will engage with the alliances.
superpowers. 2. Independent FP to
assert Sovereignty.
10 BANDUNG PRINCIPLE: 3. Not Isolationism=> Will take
active role in Intl politics.
(Panchsheel + 5 others)
4. Not neutrality(not be indifferent
Panchsheel:
to evil). Decisions to be based on
1. Mutual respect for each other's
merit rather that towing alliance
territorial integrity and
stand.
sovereignty.
5. India’s contribution to drafting of
2. Mutual non-aggression.
UDHR(Rights), anti-apartheid
3. Mutual non-interference in each
movement in South Africa and
other's internal affairs.
global disarmament talk showcase
4. Equality and cooperation for
this.
mutual benefit.
5. Peaceful co-existence.
Others:
6. Respect fundamental HR
7. Peaceful resolution of disputes
8. Create just Intl order.
9. Oppose collective defence pacts
10. Respect every nation's right to
defend itself.
● C RAJAMOHAN : Not India's idealism but pragmatism

o No other choice because:
▪ Proximity to USSR
▪ Liberal constitutional democracy
▪ Mixed economy of Nehru
● Henry Kissinger book “World Order” appreciated NAM policy, compared with USA’s policy in its
formative years.
174
3.PHASES
Till 1970 Post CW

(most successful phase) ● End of polarity --> no reason for
● Fight against racialism, imperialism and existence ---> crisis of relevance
colonialism, opposed military alliances. ● Egypt became critical about
● India neither followed an expansionist policy, NAM existence.
nor allowed other states to follow ● In India, G. Parthasarathy and
expansionism. Brajesh Mishra called for its
● Worked for stability in newly liberated zones. obituary. Should've declared
mission accomplished and
1971 – 1990 ended.
● With detente between super powers was ● But new orientation was given
becoming effective and threat of Neo- saying CW ended but not the
colonialism, problems of the developing
● NAM focussed on NIEO was put forward at countries.
1973 Algiers’s conference. "Development of ● BoP gone --> need solidarity
underdevelopment in the periphery"
● Idea from Middle-East where they used oil as Havana Declaration of 2006
a weapon, but other states didn’t have that tried to reorient agenda.
bargaining power. Middle-East worked for ● Strengthen UN
their narrow interests. West broke S-S ● Reinforce multilateralism
solidarity. ● Address challenges of
● Demands: globalisation
o Regulate work of MNCs ● Respect cultural diversity
o More responsible approach to ● Implement HR objectively and
environment non-selectively
o Distributive justice based on
historical responsibility(demanded
aid and technology from West)
o Guided by socialist ideas - equal
valuation of the goods.
● Not successful in NIEO agenda.
● Nuclear disarmament was a failure.
4.INDIA'S ROLE
● India’s role through NAM was not only limited to attainment of its foreign policy goals, but also
to achieve a long term objective of global peace and security.
● Hence, its efforts have been to work in all those areas through which tranquility in the world can
be established. Therefore, main role of India through this movement was related to followings:
175
Keep the organization intact Support for Newly Liberation Zone
● India did not let NAM be hijacked by ● post WWII, various states of Africa
any aspiration whether that of Cuba, and Asia became free, but their was
Singapore or Iraq. a question mark on political stability
● It fought for Egypt’s retention after and economic viability
Camp David Accords. ● India prevented the outside
● It maintained its importance even intervention of powers.
after fall of Berlin Wall. ● Hence, since the third NAM summit
at Lusaka (1970), India raised the
issue of New International Economic
Order (NIEO)
Fight against colonialism, imperialism Efforts for the Establishment of NIEO

and racialism ● It was realized that without
● Fought against the colonial rule economic independence, political
being remained in the large part of freedom is meaningless.
Asia, Africa and Latin America. ● Hence, since NAM’s Algiers summit
● For it, the movement of NAM has to in 1973 economic agenda acquired
oppose all kinds of dominance and the center stage.
hegemony by foreign ruler. ● It is envisaged that this new model
● India neither followed an needs to be egalitarian and ‘just’.
expansionist policy, nor allowed ● Collectively, these states raised this
other states to follow expansionism. issue in the UN General Assembly
● Similarly, it was against and were successful in getting a
discrimination based on colors of the declaration for the establishment of
skin. NIEO on 1st May 1974
● In the post-cold war era this became
Efforts 4 Disarmament all the more ardent to achieve
● In the early 1960s, it was because of the process of
instrumental in approval of Moscow globalization and weakening of NAM
Test Ban Treaty through the itself.
conference on Disarmament in the ● However, India is still making efforts
UN. through the ‘New Regionalism’
● India always raised the problem of approach and joining new
discriminatory nature of nuclear permutation and combinations
proliferation regime through the through IOR-ARC, SAFTA, ASEAN,
forum of NAM. EAS and other such forms.
● As a result, NAM was able to get ● It is also making efforts at collective
the decade of 1970 declared as level to stop the adverse impact of
‘Decade of Disarmament’ by the UN. the working of MNCs on the
176
● However, NAM’s declining influence developing countries of NAM.
in the post-cold war era did not
allow it to follow such agenda more
aggressively.
177
5.RELEVANCE: (Relevance is not lost but changed)
178
CRITICS: SUPPORTERS:
● 25 states in 1961, now 118.
Global issues ● Helped china get UNSC seat from Taiwan.
● No longer relevant because no cold ● Will help with WTO negotiations.
war now, so members lost interest. ● Resolution of disputes among the 3rd world
● Disputes among members. ● Without NAM, India could've been used for
● Failed to prevent outsiders attack on its self-interest of others
members (US attack on Iraq in 1990 ● Helps remain united on larger global issues.
and 2003) o Reflection of the lowest common
● Reverse-wave of democracy hampered denominator
NAM's cause of democratization of the
global order Shashi Tharoor, World is in a new cold-war like
● Economically weaker. situation with 3 poles.
● No UNSC member. Not able to push
through the agenda.
● Lack of leadership and increased M.K. Narayanan NAM Always relevant to small
radicalization within the group states
● In today’s world of globalization and
complex interdependence, no country Shyam Saran (“How India see the world”):
can pursue its interest on its own. ● while NAM has lost much relevance for India
What it needs is multiple alignments. ● non-alignment still governs Indian foreign
● Regionalism policy.
Didn’t help India: ● Foreign policy has substantive content
● Only Soviet pact of 1971 helped. After separated from public posturing.
that IND didn’t practice NAM in ● While ethical posturing was public, our focus
genuine sense. on relative autonomy was substantive.
● Principles didn’t help much. Had to ● On India leaving non-alignment by
acquire nuke weapons post-CW. friendship with Russia: Indian decision was
● Remained committed to NAM but had in line with its autonomy where India was
almost 30 strategic partnerships, which not in alliance with Russia, but managed its
is not very different from alliance. national interest.
● Remained inwards after 1970 in South T.P. Sreenivasan, With India seemingly falling into US
Asia. camp with Quad and adverse relations with China
● NAM countries were against India’s increasing, NAM needs to be revived.
nuclear policy ● word ‘non-alignment’ conveyed the wrong
● Only 40 NAM countries out of 113 notion. But the quintessence of non-
voted for India in UNSC seat election. alignment was freedom of judgment and
Views action.
● Transactional diplomacy getting o Characterised as ‘strategic
traction. autonomy’.
179
o According to Amb. Prabhat --
Shukla, if we want countries to ● That NAM has no ideal or ideology as a glue
be on our side in our time of is a wrong assumption.
need, we need to assure them o Though the criteria for NAM
of the same from our side. membership are general, anti-
● According to Amb. Vivek Katzu, our colonialism, anti-imperialism and
interests are not entirely in sync with anti-racism were essential attributes
the developing world anymore. While of NAM countries.
there are some overlaps, but our o The diversity reflected in both
evolving priorities need to be taken Singapore and Cuba being NAM
into account. members
● Harsh V. Pant: Need to pursue new ● It was through NAM that we operated to
goals, no point in sticking to old counter the efforts to expand the UN
shibboleths. Security Council by including just Germany
and Japan as permanent members.
● G. Parthsarthy: NAM marriage of ● It also has the facility of members reserving
convenience , No binding principles their positions.
● No NAM country may agree to isolate
● C. Rajamohan (“NAM is in Coma”): Pakistan, but the NAM forum will be an
Irrelevant even before the cold war effective instrument to project our anti-
terrorist sentiments.
● Pak left CENTO and SEATO and joined NAM.
6.NAM 2.0
AIM: attempt to identify the basic
principles that should guide India’s CRITICISM:
foreign and strategic policy over ● Bharat Karnad called it a regressive FP roadmap.
the next decade. ● Misunderstands power, ignores the centrality of
PURPOSE: balance of power politics in inter-state relations.
● Lay out the opportunities Thus questionable analysis and doubtful policy
● Identify challenges and prescriptions.
threats ● Document says India’s influence is ideational and
● Define approach that India moral rather than material.
must take. o The problem is that while ideas matter, it
● is less important than material power and
● Chinmay Ghare khan usually its servant
said offers a o Morality, “the power of example”, is even
comprehensive view of more problematic because it is
foreign policy, makes inconsequential in international politics.
sensible suggestions ● It is utopian because what it seeks is nothing less
than a fundamental transformation of how states
180
● Nehruvian/Liberal behave in the international realm.
perspective on foreign ● U.S. does not even merit a separate section,
policy, which is, by and being dismissed in a couple of paragraphs within
large, the establishment a section on ‘global engagements’.
perspective on foreign
policy issues.
7.Reinventing NAM:
With change in global political order, NAM needs to realign itself with current realities and a reinvention
to make the organization relevant again is in the offing
Need for reinventing NAM?
● Global economic order is shifting from Atlantic ocean to Indo-Pacific (Decline of West > Rise of
the rest-Fareed Zakaria)
● Multipolar world order and rising powers like China and India’s strengths need to be leveraged
to make voices of 3rd world get heard.
● Post-colonial view: Safeguard autonomy of post-colonial societies.
● Complex interdependence: 21st century challenges global threats like terrorism, pandemics,
and climate change etc. need to be included in the NAM agenda.
● A world vision, comprising of a global village(Kenichi Ohame) and interdependence among all
nations including between North and South needs to be pursued.
● Liberal institutional view: Regional organizations do not ring a death knell for NAM, rather they
need to be co-opted in NAM framework to coordinate and reconcile their often conflicting aims.
o NAM is perhaps the biggest organization: a common thread to resolve differences.
● Safeguard member nations from ills of neo-liberal globalization. (Marxist approach)
● Fight against rising protectionism, anti-immigration, nuclear disarmament etc.
● Vijay Prasad: NAM needs a new charter like NIEO.
181
GOVT POSITION: Way forward for India
● Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been ● Politics of the Third World has
distancing himself from the concept of successfully influenced the
NAM and is engaging in selective thematic setting of the global
alignments to suit India’s development agenda.
and security needs. ● While India needs selective and
● MEA, Former Foreign Secretary S. multiple alignment to replace
Jaishankar talks about loose Multiple non-alignment as economic and
alignment political power is redistributed
● Hamid Ansari led the Indian delegation globally, it cannot allow deft
to the 17th Summit of the Non Aligned balancing to degrade into
Movement (NAM) held at Margarita opportunistic and sequential
Island in Venezuela from 17-18 agreeing with whichever world
September 2016. 3 foundational leader is in town.
principles ● That is why, as Henry Kissinger,
o Respect for sovereignty the modern-day Chanakya,
o Peaceful settlement of disputes wrote, good strategy can brook
o International cooperation. poor tactics but poor strategy
● Recently at the Shangri La summit, PM cannot be redeemed.
Modi talked about strategic autonomy, ● NAM 2.0 documents asserts
which reflects the spirit of non- ‘strategic autonomy’ to remain
alignment. the lynch pin of Indian foreign
● NAM theme for next 3 years aligns with policy.
Indian ethos- “Peace, sovereignty and o We should increase our
solidarity for development” domestic capabilities in
order to ensure the
same.
8.CONCLUSION
● As T.P Sreenivasan says that quintessence of NAM lies in ‘strategic autonomy’. In the
complex reality of International Politics and geo-political flux, dialogues and
cooperation will allow post-colonial societies to form alternate constructions to
safeguard their interests.
Congrats :)
182
1.Global governance &Bretton Woods: 2
2.Neo-liberal globalization 2
Advantages: 2
Jagdish Bhagwati (Most powerful source of social good today) 3
Criticisms: 2
Inequality (Thomas Piketty) 2
183
Joseph Stiglitz (democratic deficit) 2
Noam Chomsky (profit over people) 2
Robert Cox (hyper liberal globalizing capitalism) -> internationalization of state 3
3.NIEO 3
NIEO Demands 4
Challenges 4
Way forward 4
Does India’s rise as a major market power mean that it is no longer concerned with NIEO? 4
Vijay Prasad: new charter like NIEO. 5
4.WTO negotiations 5
Evolution 5
Doha Development Talk: 5
Bali summit 5
Peace clause 5
Negotiations 5
Agricultural hypocrisy of developed countries: 6
Present direction of WTO: 6
Concerns 6
Achievements 6
Grievances of USA: 7
Way forward: 7
Robert Azivido: this is the time for anyone concerned with world trading system to speak up
7
● SYLLABUS / PYQ
Evolution of International Economic System:
● a. Bretton woods => WTO;
● b. Socialist economies & CMEA(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
184
● c. Third world demand for NIEO(new International Economic Order)
● d. Globalization of World Economy
1. Sketch the journey of global political economy from Washington consensus to the
present. (20Marks, 2013).
2. IMF,WB,G7,GATT and other structure are designed to serve the interest of Trans
National Company(TNC),Bank and investment firms in a ‘new imperial age’-
Substantiate with examples of New World Order.(20 Marks,250 Words,2016).
3. 3. How far the world mechanisms dominated by IMF and World Bank, legitimate and
relevant. What measures do you suggest to improves their effectiveness in global
governance (15 Marks,200 Words,2015) || --How far the existing international economic
order is unjust and hegemonic towards developing countries? (60 Marks,500
Words,2002).
4. 4. Challenges to globalisation today? Are we entering an era of post globalisation
order? || Challenges faced by WTO marks end of global economic order. Comment 15m
5. 5. Critically evaluate the role of USA in WTO dispute settlement mechanism and its
implications for the future of the WTO(15 Marks, 200 Words,2020).
6. 6. Analyse the stalled progress of Doha Round of WTO negotiations over the
differences between the developed and the developing countries. (15 Marks, 200 Words
,2017).
7. 7. How are the rising powers challenging the USA and Western dominance in the IMF
and the World Bank? (20 Marks,250 Words,2019).
8. 8. Explain the role of non-state actors like IMF, World Bank, European Union and MNSs,
in modulating and transforming the broad dynamics of international relations (60
Marks,500 Words,2009).
9. 9.. How far institutions like WTO and IMF have influenced India's political and economic
sovereignty? What has been India's response to these? (60 Marks,500 Words,2005).
10. 10. Sketch the leadership role of India in WTO negotiations (10 Marks,150 Words,2013).
11. 11.Comment on: GATT treaty and developing countries(20 Marks,200 Words,2004).
12. 12. Comment on: The New International Economic Order (20 Marks,200 Words,2000)
13. 13. Asia is going to play a predominant role in shaping the future global eco order.
Discuss the internal and external challenges to Asia led eco order. (15m)
Global governance &Bretton Woods:

● Global governance refers to variety of “cooperative problem solving arrangements”.
● They derive their origin to liberal institutionalism propounded by Wodrow Wilson at the end of
World War 1.
● According to him, it brings nations from theatre of war to the table of diplomacy.
● Institutions of economic global governance began with the Bretton Woods system after World-
War 2 in 1945.
185
● It comprised of 3 institutions, World Bank, IMF and GATT.
End of cold-war brought about a paradox.
● While, relevance of these institutions increased due to complex interdependence and

globalization;
● they became controversial being inextricable linked to forces of neo-liberal globalization.
Start from page 466 of book.
2.Neo-liberal globalization
● Dominant ideology of
globalization. Criticisms:
● Counter-revolution.
Inequality (Thomas Piketty)
● They blamed Keynesian policies
for stagflation of 1970s. Joseph Stiglitz (democratic deficit)
● Milton Friedman’s Chicago school
inspired Reagenism and Noam Chomsky (profit over people)
Thatcherism. o Globalization has been
● Led to Washington Consensus ->
appropriated by the powerful
Structural adjustments -> Shock
o Protection of rights of investors
Therapy
at the cost of people
● Hayek, Nozik
Robert Cox (hyper liberal globalizing
capitalism) -> internationalization of state
● i.e. states have control over the
Advantages:
● Three decades of growth economic order, but power has
substantially shifted to market.
● Jagdish Bhagwati (Most Susan strange (casino capitalism; mad money)
powerful source of social good ● Naomi Klein (The shock doctrine:
today) Disaster Capitalism)
o Globalization is the strategy of
● Financialization -> turbo
Chicago boys to push
capitalism
controversial policies
● George Soros: Financial crisis and
Realist view: mercantile capitalism led by failure of market fundamentalism
hegemonic states ● Sameer Amin (Book-> Capitalism in the
Liberal view: human desire for economic age of globalization)
betterment; ICT advancements; Hyper-
● Hamid Hosseini (Book -> alternative
globalist view
Marxist view: Immanuel Wallerstein; globalization)
186
search for profits will lead bourgeoise to o Highly ambiguous concept
settle everywhere and nestle everywhere o Nothing more than a new
(Marx). brand of capitalism
Structural marxists: ideological
o Growing power of MNCs;
dimension; TINA
Critical theorist: Culture of consumerism colossal growth of financial
and materialism; markets
3.NIEO
● Demand Presented by NAM in Aims
1970s - Economic Pressure Group
● Through UNCTAD and UNGA ● To address the developmental
● ZBy the middle of 1970s – concerns of South
Protectionism on rise - Econ issues ● To challenge neo-imperialism
most imp issues for NAM and neo-colonialism
● Political freedom - now wanted to ● Highlight the destructive role of
reduce the economic dependence on MNCs, not only on envt. but
the industrialized nations also in society and politics
● To gain voice in economic
institutions.
NIEO Demands
● Main tenets
o Total restructuring on economic order.
o Control over natural resources
o Regulating MNCs working in their territories
o Free to form Associations of primary goods similar to OPEC without any
economic or military resistance
o Reduce cost of Transfer of tech and capital from west
o Special treatment : Equitable and fair trade deals for developing world - non-
reciprocal preferences
o Representative of the 3rd world on boards of IMF and WB
o End of protectionism which arose after breakdown of Bretton Woods system.
● NIEO exhibited the idea of S-S Cooperation

● UNCTAD - Came up with reforms: Charter of Economic rights and Duties of a state was
also adopted
187
Challenges Way forward
● However - Stiff opposition from the ● Expand and strengthen

industrialized states; they argue that existing south-south
system is sufficient to take care of 3rd world cooperation.
demands.
● Use the platform of
● Lack of economic and military power
● Presence of insecurity dilemma among post- NAM
colonial societies. ● Work for securing the
● Declining significance of NAM and lack of expansion of UNSC
unity ● Adopt coordinated
● Rise of regional trading blocs like TPP, policies and collective
NAFTA, APEC etc. approach
● Poor regional cooperation. Ex. SAARC.
● Lack of solidarity
Does India’s rise as a major market power mean that it is no longer concerned with NIEO?
● There was a change in India’s foreign policy and world view with the end of Cold war
● Once it lost USSR —> Had to go for NEP — emerged as a market economy
● Currently seen as
o Moving closer to the West
o Member of BRICS - called as Neo-elites
o Once called the Trade union leader of the 3rd world — it is now going for
expansion of investment in G. South
o Its positions on Agri and CC - are seen as focusing on its own interest
o Overall - picture is that India has abandoned the developing countries
● But
o S-S cooperation has always been the long term agenda of India’s foreign policy
o New regionalism approach: IBSA, IORA
o Capacity Building
▪ Africa, CMLV, Central Asia, South America
● What is required is a new narrative - that India shares common interests and features with
the 3rd world countries
● And it is in a much better position to bring about concrete change.
● Vijay Prasad: new charter like NIEO.
4.WTO negotiations
See theory from Heywood.
188
Evolution
Due to counter-globalization movements, Nairobi summit, 2014

WTO has to acknowledge primacy of ● Developed Bali summit
development over trade. This led to countries called
Peace clause
for new
Doha Development Talk:
● Remain inconclusive approaches in agricultural
● Developed countries are trying to ● Effective collapse negotiations
push trade over development. of Doha round.
Negotiations
Agricultural negotiations have 3 pillars Non-Agricultural Market Trade in services

Market Access Access ● Mode 1: Export of
● Special Safeguard Mechanism services like BPO
● Special Products Disagreement over Swiss ● Mode 2: Services
Export subsidies formula, i.e. higher tariffs consumed abroad.
Domestic support means higher cuts Ex. Tourism
● Green box ● Mode 3: Commercial
● Blue box presence in importing
● Amber box: Total aggregate country. Ex. Banking
Measure Support: 5% for ● Mode 4: Movement
developed countries and 10% of people.
of other countries at 1988
levels.
Agricultural hypocrisy of developed countries:

● In the case of Malawi, the government agreed to eliminate the price support–backed
procurement operations for maize under the International Monetary Fund (IMF)–World Bank
supported programmes during 1998–2000 (IMF 2002). It led to a food crisis and the government
had to declare a food emergency in February 2002.
● Nepal also had price support–backed procurement policy for rice in the past, which was
discontinued in the 1990s. Given the importance of price support–backed public stockholding,
the Government of Nepal again announced this policy for rice in November 2016
● The US, United Kingdom and European Economic Community (EEC) have used price support–
backed procurement policy in the past to boost agricultural growth (South Centre 2015). At
present, the US is implementing the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) to
provide food-purchasing assistance for the poor living in the country
189
● However, the US does not procure from the farmers; instead, deficiency payment is given to the
eligible farmers. For instance, the government announces a target price of agricultural
commodities under the Price Loss Coverage (PLC) programme
● The Peace Clause is subject to a large number of conditionality.
● U.S. has shifted nearly 88% of subsidies under Green Box in inconspicuous manner.
● U.S. has filed complaint in WTO of India breaching 10% mark in AoA, disregarding peace clause.
Present direction of WTO:
Concerns Achievements
● Developed countries are undermining ● Reduced tariffs from 40% in
multilateralism. 1947 to 3% in 2000
● Rise of regional grouping like TPP, APEC, RCEP ● WTO has given prominent
● TRIPS-plus measures in negotiations. voice to post-colonial societies.
● Various contentious issues like Dispute ● Platform for South-South
Resolution, gender concerns, E-commerce, IUU collaboration to fight neo-
fishing are being pushed. Ex. In recent Argentina imperialism.
summit. ● Developed countries are not
● Rise of protectionism. U.S. has openly said that able to completely hijack the
it will support WTO only if it fulfills its national agenda.
interest. ● In 11th biennial conference in
● WTO suffering from legitimation crisis. Buenos Aires, none of offensive
● North-South debate. Developed countries are interests of India were fulfilled;
giving preference to trade over development. however its defensive interests
● Lack of unity among 3rd world countries. remained protected.
Grievances of USA:
● WTO failed to enforce the norms
● China continues to be protectionist.
● WTO has failed to deliver justice
o Dispute Settlement Body
o According to USA, DSB has become activist and going beyond its mandate.
o Exceeding the time limit of resolving the dispute within 90 days.
● Attitude of countries like India.
● New guidelines for recognizing country as developing country. China and India cannot receive
similar treatment as other countries.
190
Way forward:
● Currently is seems that either multilateralism will collapse or trading order will change as per
wishes of developed nations.
● It is to be noted that headquarters of WTO is located in same ill-fated building as LoN, which
died due to American isolationism.
● Robert Azivido: this is the time for anyone concerned with world trading system to
speak up
● Both the dispute settlement system and the functioning of its regular work programme need
significant reforms so that there is filling of democratic deficit in the system and a more
equitable distribution of its outcomes.
● China and India should take leadership within and outside WTO
o The comity of nations will have to work collectively for better governance of global
public goods; trade being one of them.
o India organized mini-ministerial meet in New Delhi after 11 th WTO summit.
● Multilateralism in era of complex interdependence is needed not only for developing countries
but also for developed countries.
o This will require much more pro-activeness and flexibility on the part of the US, EU,
China, India and other emerging economies.
o They should realise the importance of finding negotiated solutions to problems through
dialogues and that even with ‘give and take’, there can be ‘win-win for all’.
o Should not be considered as zero-sum game but positive-sum game.
“More than ever before in human history, we share a common destiny. We can master it only if we face
it together” – Kofi Annan, ‘Message for the new millennium’
191
0..Syllabus/ PYQ:
● 🛑🛑Topic 9 . United Nations :
● a. Envisaged role & actual record
● b. Specialized UN agencies - aims & functioning
● c. Need for UN reforms
● 👇👇
PYQ :
1. How far the efforts to maintain international order in the post Cold War period by the UN has
been successful ? (2011)
2. Do you agree that UN has failed to contain transnational terrorism ? Elaborate with examples .
(2014)(20m, 2014)
3. What are the major impediments to the UNSC reforms ? ( 2011 )
4. Has the reform of the economic & social arrangements of the UN been effective ?
5. Do you agree with the view that despite the limitations in the functioning of the UN , it has
distinguished & unique achievements to its credit ? ( 2017 )
6. Do you endorse that the United Nations needs major changes in its structures and functioning?
Suggest the changes for efficient improvements.(15m)
7. In what way does the predominance of the USA in the UN funding affect its decision-making?
(15m, 2019)
8. Discuss the relevance of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on the security of women in
conflict zones.(2018, Real 20m 🙄)
9. Analyze critically the major changes in the role of United Nations (UN) since the onset of new
millennium.(20m, 2007)
10. What are various Specialized UN agencies? What are their aims & Objectives? (30m, 5Pages, X
pyq)
11. Critically evaluate the Functioning of Various UN Specialized Agencies.(30m, 5pages, X PYQ)
12. Comment on: International Court of Justice.(2006, 15m)
13. Evaluate the role of the International Court of Justice in inter-State disputes.(15m, 2019)
14. Comment on: The compulsory jurisdiction clause under the statute of the International Court of
Justice. (2001, 15m)
15. Few agencies of International co-operation have been more successful in tending to the welfare
of humanity than the I. L. O Discuss the organization of activities of the International Labour
Organization in the light of the above statement.(20m) **IMP
16. Comment on: UNs peacekeeping role in domestic conflicts. (20m, 2004)
17. Critically examine the protection and enforcement of Human Rights under the U. N.
System(20m, 2003)
18. "The UN today is more of a social service organisation than an exclusively security oriented
body." Critically examine.(20m, 2010)
192
19. From the start, the United Nations became a microcosm of world policies, with developments
within the institution tending to mirror the atmosphere and happenings outside its walls.
Comment. [1995/20m)
IND & UN:

1. Bring out the objectives of India seeking permanent seat in Security Council(20m, 2013)
2. Is India's quest for a permanent seat in the Security Council a possibility or just a pipedream?
Elaborate with reasons.(15m, 2014)
3. Impediments in India's way to a permanent seat in the Security Council . (2018, 20m)
4. India has been the largest & consistent country contributing to the UN peacekeepers . Examine
India's role in the perspective . (2017, 15m) | Analyze the recent trends in India's role in the UN
peacekeeping operations(2019, 15m) || Evaluate India's participation in United Nations peace-
keeping operations over the years.(2014, 15m)(2008)
5. Bring out the role played by Indian armed forces in UN peace-keeping efforts in various parts of
the world.(20m, 2010)
6. Uniting for Consensus' also known as 'Coffee Club' has opposed the claims of India and other
countries over permanent membership of the UN Security Council. Point out their major
objections.(2017, 15m)
7. Critically analyze China's role in international politics against India's demand for permanent seat
in UN Security Council.(2016,15m)
8. The UN completes 75 years of its establishment in 2022 . What reforms is India asking for to
strengthen the global institutions of governance & why?(Real 20m, 2015)
9. Bring out India's perspectives and concerns on reform in the UN Security Council(20m, 2010)
1..Intro:
● United Nations represents the “liberal Institutional”model of “collective security” to ensure
peace… 14Point speech..Woodrow Wilson
● Set-up in the backdrop of World War 2, UN seeks to save the successive generations from the
scourge of war.
2..History:
● Emerged after the failure of LoN to prevent World War 2
● Brainchild of Franklin D. Roosevelt
193
3..Envisaged Role :
The principle aims of the United Nations as set forth in the Charter are:
1. PEACE: Safeguard peace, security & Justice

o to ‘save succeeding generations from the scourge of war’
2. HR: To reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights.
o To uphold respect for international law.
3. DEVELOPMENT: To promote social progress and better standards of life.
It envisages PEACE not simply as absence of war but presence of those conditions which promote
respect for human rights and development.
4. Principles:
The United Nations acts in accordance with the following Principles.
● Article 2(1): All member states are sovereign and equal.

● Article 2(2): All to fulfill their obligations under the Charter in good faith.
● Article 2(3): All to settle their international disputes by peaceful means and without endangering
international peace, security and justice.
● Article 2(4): They are to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force
against any other states.
● Article 2(5): They are to give the UN assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the
Charter.
● Article 2(6): Organization shall ensure that states not members of UN shall act as far according
to principles to maintain international peace.
● Article 2(7): The United Nations shall NOT intervene in matters which are essentially domestic
ones of any state except when it is acting to enforce international peace.
5..Actual Record :
Gareth Evans:
● former foreign minister of Australia (Article -> Valuing the UN)
● No other org. embodies as many dreams yet so many frustrations
● UNSC as the prisoner of great power maneuvering,
● UNGA as theatre of empty rhetoric,
● UNECOSOC as largely dysfunctional,
● UN secretariat as inefficient
● Still, UN is important
194
●
PEACE: Human Rights: DEVELOPMENT:

● Not entirely successful ● UN Preamble recognize ● X encouraging
Interdependence (Peace ● WHO, UNICEF
● Wars have
& HR) ● but
continued...intrastate, ● UNHRC estd ● Reluctance of
Interstate(Korean War, ● Many members to commit
Vietnam, IND-CHN, Arab treaties/conventions( resources.
-Israel, Iran -Iraq ● Yet ● US administration has
● Collective security ● HR Violations increasing openly criticized UN.
● Genocide ● small budget($6 per
paralysed throughout
rwanda,yugoslavia year per capita)
Cold War
● Syrian Crisis, Rohingya
● World remains Polarized crisis Myanmar
● Recent Armenia- ● Sexual violence against
Azerbaijan conflict women in both
● Emergence of war,peace(“silent
Peacekeeping pandemic” domestic
violence)
operations is
recognition of failure of
UNSC/Collective
Security
● Misuse of R2P to
interfere in domestic
matters
● Asymetrical Actors =>
PKeeping is difficult
● institutions cannot perform without political will

● We should not forget UN was created after millions of deaths in WW2
● UN may be in Phase of crisis but X complete failure
195
Dag Hammarskjold
● UN was not created to build a heaven on earth but to prevent it from becoming hell
● Ban Ki Moon:
○ We need more UN NOW, more than ever before
○ Global threats, Climate crisis, transnational terrorism, arms race,
● Kevin Rudd (former Australian Prime Minister)
o UN is not broken, yet it is in trouble

o Many strengths, yet many weaknesses too.
o World needs UN which not only deliberates but also delivers
o We need to reassign its functions, structures and finances.
Achievements of UN :
●
PEACE HR DEVELOPMENT:
● No World War-3 ● UDHR1948 ● Socio-Economic: MDG,

● Prevented ● Vienna SDG, UNDP; Page 453,
Horizontal nuclear convention 455
proliferation ● Refugee
● Liberal Convention ● Poverty, Hunger
institutionalism: ● SA ●
Apartheid ● UNESCO - Social awareness
Ceasefire between
● Women’s ●
India-Pak; Belgian- rights, ● Envt: Paris, ozone, Coal,
Congo education solar, HFC
● Functionalism ● ICJ,ICC role ● UNCLOS:
● Interdependenc ● UNHCR ● UNHCR
● WFP ● WHO: Polio, AIDS, small
● Awareness pox, COVID, Covax
initiative
● WB, IMF good gov
●
●
196
● Solve the tragedy of commons: Paris Climate Treaty
● Nuclear agreement with Iran JCPOA
197
Perspectives:
Institutional Challenges:
Realist(Kenneth Waltz): ● Principles and provisions have become
● Collective Security(UNSC) is outdated.
manipulated by Hegemonic o Ex. It still recognizes monistic
states. sovereignty. (Billiard ball >
● Ex. Power politics of P3+P2; cobweb )
● US influence in Korean war o It still calls Germany and Japan as
● Nuclear Weapons => stopped ‘enemy states’
WW3 ● UN institutions are not transparent
● Lack of funds and functions,
Social constructivist: functionaries
● International organizations are ● UN bureaucracy is dominated by west
product of ideas and ● Cumbersome process of amendment:
constructions; 2/3rd-> P5 consent -> ratification by
● thus reflect inter-subjective member-states.
consciousness of members.
● Dag Hammer S.K. Jold called it ‘Weird
Marxist and critical school: Picasso abstraction’
● UN Represents global capitalist o due to its large size and complex
organization.
system
● Divergence in the working of UNSC
Neo-realists(Waltz, Mearsheimer) Polarity (non-representative) and UNGA
of Power Thesis:- Multipolar world may (decentralized).
lead to Chaos, instability & similar fate as
LoN.
Issues in UNSC:
● Veto of P5 members (Substantive and
Joseph Stiglitz(insti. Of global governance Procedural) - Double Veto
suffer from Democratic Deficit) ● Not representative
o 1945: 51
Post colonial: lack of perspective of o In 1963: 113 members
developing world, Asian Values,
o Now: 193 members, no change
NAM countries wants Reforms o Every decision becomes
controversial
● No equality within P5; some members are
more equal than the other; as seen from
US-USSR influence in Suez war over UK.
198
6.Conclusion
Way forward:
Conclusion:
Jeffrey D. Sachs
● UN as most important
political innovation Truman: UN is a creation of member-states; it is
● Best bargain on planet malleable to their wishes of members.
Shashi Tharoor: UN is a mirror of society. It

3 fold reforms is not UN’s failure, it is our failure.
● Increased funding
● Reform of UNSC
● Improvement in internal
governance
7. UN REFORMs:
8.UNSC Reform
● Membership, (Permanent, Non Permanent)
○ Last time in 1963(113members=> 193)
○ Equitable representation
○ EU over represented, Asia Under represented
○ Actions in south but decisions by North
● Veto
199
Why India wants Reforms? Arguments for India
● With UN polarized between P2
(Harsh V. Pant: The challenge of and P3, there is need for a neutral
reforming UN) country like India which can act as
● India wants “broad-based and all- a bridge and take a principled
encompassing” UN Reforms stand.
● Acknowledgement of India as great ● 2nd most populous country
power. ● Democratic civilization
● To ensure UNSC is NOT used against ● Contribution to peacekeeping
India as happened in 1948 on Kashmir ● Leader of 3rd world, NAM
issue ● Vasudev kutumbakam(tolerant
● IND can stop sanctions against smaller cosmopolitan culture) is in line
countries. with liberal Institutionalism
● Developmental aid to Africa
G-4 countries IMPEDIMEMTS:

● Opposition not against india, but for
● India, Germany, Brazil, Japan expansion itself
● Great powers and rising ● Not signed NPT
economies ● Realists: P5 never would agree to power
expansion
● Prefer majority rule for UNSC
● David Malone: relying more on
expansion entitlements rather doing hardcore realist
● They will not ask for a veto for bargaining on UN platform => No free lunch
15 years.
● Formula A of Kofi Annan ->
G4 + 2 African permanent Coffee club
members with no veto ● Pakistan, Italy, Argentina
● G-4 are hegemonic power and regional
However, disunited 3 world is not
rd bullies
able to counter united West. ● Uniting for Consensus Resolution.
● Formula 2 of Kofi Annan -> semi-
permanent members for 4 years.
Ezulwini consensus in AFR -> 2 mem from AU.

Proposal to include from Muslim countries.
L69 -> membership for small island states.
200
Chinmay Ghare Khan
RC Guha
C Rajamohan
(“Let us be realistic about UNSC”)
● No need to be - semi-permanent membership
● Don’t allow itself to
race for
be bargained by
superstardom,
Western countries
focus on
internal
for the sake of Prof Ramesh Thakur
permanent
development
membership. Ex. ● NCM(Non coop) with UN
INDC
Kishore Mahbubani
● to let it realise the
● India is acting Shyam Saran importance of India
like Sisyphus, ● G20 is what UNSC should
pushing ● Instead of ideally be
immense illusionary goals,
boulder up a focus on
hill only to developing
witness it concrete basis of
rolling down power. More power cannot come without
more responsibility:contribution of
only 20M$
● 2015 Text based negotiations, USA, RUS didn’t respond

●
201
UN Specialized Agencies(SA) (Aims & Functioning)
Classification:
1. UN Principal Organs
2. Specialized agencies(SA)
3. Funds & Programmes
4. Related Org
(See structire, Aims in Onenote > GS2 > IR > Institutions
WHAT are SA:
● Specialized agencies(SA) are independent, autonomous organizations that are part of the
broader United Nations system.
○ Do not report to UNGA, ECOSOC
○ Different budget, governing body
● may implement projects or serve as international standard-setting bodies.
● have their own charters, Membership criteria independent of UN Membership.
● Specialized agencies are funded by BOTH voluntary and assessed (or mandatory) contributions
from their members
● have an independent agency Head & governing board
Why?
● Many highly technical issues (Law, Postal(IPU-1874), civil Aviation-(ICAO), telecom- ITU
● Some even predate UN(eg. 1874-IPU(postal), 1919-ILO-tripartite
● IMF, WB: set intl Monetary Policy, Facilitate Trade, Supports Eco Devpt
● ECOSOC: coordinate UN + SA
Funds & Programmes:
● Not fully autonomous

● financed through voluntary rather than assessed contributions
● UNICEF: humanitarian aid to children, mothers
● WFP(food): food, nutrition assistance
Related ORG:
● X part of UN
● IAEA, WTO
● OPCW, CTBTO
202
https://www.amun.org/specialized-agencies/
DATE: 4June21
time taken: 1Hr
Regionalism
See from Heywood
203
Regionalism 1
SYLLABUS: 2
Regionalization of World Politics: EU, ASEAN, APEC, SAARC, NAFTA 2
1.EU(European Union) 2
Europe has never existed; one has genuinely to create Europe – Jean Monnet 2
1.1Intro: 2
1.2Achievements of EU 3
1.3Issues 3
Internal challenges 3
Harold James (“Europe’s overly complex union”) 3
Harold James (“Europe’s Hard-core problem”): 3
Core economies vs. peripheral countries 3
Widening of EU has put substantial restrictions on its deepening. 4
Mark Leonard (“Are Europe’s populists calling the shots”): 4
External challenges 4
1.4 Way forward 4
George Soros (“How to save Europe”): 4
Instead of multispeed EU, goal should be multi-track EU. 4
Two-track EU, 4
1.5Conclusion 4
2.ASEAN 5
2.1 INTRO: 5
2.2 Compare EU Vs ASEAN? 5
2.3 Achievements(ASEAN Vs SAARC): 6
Kishore Mahbubani:- (The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace) 6
2.4 Challenges : 6
Kishore Mahbubani:(The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace) 6
3.APEC 7
204
INCOMPLETE ---See from class notes + Nov 2018, page 21 7
4.NAFTA: 7
4.1 INTRO 7
Economic interdependence theory as given by Thomas Friedman and Richard Rosecrance. 7
4.2 Scope 7
4.3 Achievements 7
4.4 Disputes and controversies: 8
4.5 Future of NAFTA 8
SYLLABUS:
● Regionalization of World Politics:
○ EU, ASEAN, APEC, SAARC, NAFTA
regionalism is both the successor to the nation-state and an alternative to

globalization.
1.EU(European Union)
Europe has never existed; one has genuinely to create Europe – Jean Monnet
1.1..Intro:
EU - Neo-Functionalism
● Supranational body of 27 member states(after Brexit)
● Based on Immanuel Kant’s ‘perpetual peace’
● Example of pooled sovereignty & disaggregated/functional sovereignty
205
● Since Eurozone crisis, fiscal policies are also being aligned.
● Copenhagen criteria for membership
o Democracy
o Rule of law
o Market economy
o Protection of minorities.
o Protection of human rights
o Ability to implement EU policies.
1.2..Achievements of EU
● Economic union; fiscal union; common security, judicial and foreign policies; common
market
● Rapid economic growth and prosperity of countries.
o In 5 years, EEC was the world's biggest exporter, biggest importer of raw material
and second largest steel producer after USA.
● EU charter on human rights through Lisbon treaty.
● Even during crisis, Ukraine and Lebanon were applying for membership. Shows EUs
power of attraction.
1.3Issues
Internal challenges
● Harold James (“Europe’s overly complex union”)
o Presence of both consensus and qualified majority
o Level of integration is not the same. Ex. Schengen, Euro, EU, EFTA etc.
o Based on both supranationalism and intergovernmentalism (Page 505)
▪ Qualified voting, binding decisions, powerful institutions
o Opt-out clause is given in Lisbon treaty
● Fissures in EU (Ex. Of Brexit)
o Europhobic (UK, Denmark) and Europhilic (France, Italy)
o Core economies vs. peripheral countries

▪ (Germany, France; Spain, Portugal)
▪ Harold James (“Europe’s Hard-core problem”):

o North vs. South (North is more prosperous; South has to face ire of immigration)
o Old Europe vs. New Europe
▪ (Old -liberal; New- conservative-former communist, ex. On immigration)
▪
● Difficulty in maintaining coherence and integration due to oversizing. Example of
Greece where to quicken its integration, its fiscal policies were overlooked: Page 510.
206
o Widening of EU has put substantial restrictions on its deepening.
● Criticism for being based on western neo-liberal ideology. Ex. Copenhagen and
Convergence criteria; Turkey not being allowed as a member.
● Realists have criticized functionalism as utopia. Nation-states cannot be expected to
forego their functions and sovereignty.
o Less integration in political and security terms: Heywood page 506, 508
● EU is facing economic slowdown and unemployment. Brexit is a result of that.
● Mark Leonard (“Are Europe’s populists calling the shots”):

o Rising right-wing conservative ideology challenging liberal values and
supranationalism.
o Ex. Marine Le Pen of France; Geert Wilders of Netherlands.
o EU’s liberal values, multiculturalism are being challenged. Eg. immigration
● Green Parties, Environmental activismGreta (Elon Musk unable to setup factory)
● (RUS)Belarus-luka shenko pushing immigrants => Poland
External challenges
● Chinese aggression(16+1, OBOR-BRI, Italy)
● Resurgent Russia(Oil Pipeline
● Islamic fundamentalism(terror Attack, Immigrants
● US protectionism and belligerence. Ex. Differences in G-7 summit;
o Trump asked EU to increase funding in NATO summit;
o pulled out of Paris Treaty => Cornwall consensus, Biden America is back, G7
Build back better
● Danger to the EU as security community. The trust which NATO shared has been
breaking down with U.S. demanding the EU to pay its fair share.
1.4 Way forward
● George Soros (“How to save Europe”):

o Most EU countries have rejected the EU goal of “ever closer union”
o Instead of a multi-speed EU, should be a multi-track EU.
o Two-track EU,
▪ i.e. different policies for Core and peripheral countries.
1.5Conclusion
● EU is like a bicycle which should keep moving, otherwise it will fall.
● Dream of Victor Hugo should not die.
https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-
international-institution/european-union
207
Robert Schuman
Jean Monet Victor Hugo
2.ASEAN
2.1 INTRO:
● Bangkok Declaration - ASEAN (10 members)
● Most Successful regional cooperation in the 3rd World,
● ASEAN is an example of security regionalism to ward off threat from communist USSR.
● 2nd most advanced regional organization after EU.
● 3 Pillars
o Economic
o Political and strategic
o Cultural
●
2.2 Compare EU Vs ASEAN?

● EU-no constitution; ASEAN- constitution
● EU-supranationalism; ASEAN-inter-governmentalism
● EU-regulate domestic policies; ASEAN- non-interference (ASEAN way)
● EU-mix of consensus and qualified majority; ASEAN- consensus
● EU-single currency; ASEAN- currency swaps
● EU-fortress; ASEAN-inclusive (ARF; EAS, RCEP)
● EU-mostly homogenous; ASEAN- great political and economic diversity
●
208
● Both EU and ASEAN are outward looking blocs building peace and security
architectures.
● Both examples of top-down approach & closed regionalism
●
2.3 Achievements(ASEAN vs SAARC):
● ZOPFAN (Zone of Peace, Friendship ● SA saw war in 1971

and Neutrality),1971
● Nuclear weapon free zone,1995; ● SA saw two nuclear weapon
● countries in 1998.
● Preferential Trading agreement, ● SAPTA-1997
1977; FTA-1992; ●
● Vision 2020 achieved target 5 years ● No such Vision thing in SA
earlier; ●
● ASEAN leader meet twice a year; ● SAARC supposed to meet once
● in 3 years
● Master plan on ASEAN-plus ● SAARC is struggling even with
connectivity; BBIN
●
Kishore Mahbubani:- (The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace)

● Despite diversity, ASEAN created UNIQUE sense of community & identity
● Role of strong leaders, geopolitical luck, market-oriented economic policy, and creating a series
of regional and extra-regional multilateral platforms that engages ASEAN with its dialogue
partners in ASEAN-led processes.
● ASEAN is now indispensable in the region. It has helped shape regional interactions with the
great powers including China, India, Japan and the US.
2.4 Challenges :
● Divided on Geo-strategic issues
o Rising China
▪ Indonesia, Malaysia - neutral
▪ Laos, Cambodia - Anti-China
▪ Philippines - going towards China
▪ Others - Pro west
● HRs - Rohingyas, ethic conflicts
● Political instability in Thailand, Myanmar military Coup
● Economic disparities and regional imbalance
● Rising fundamentalism. Ex. Indonesia, Malaysia
● Kishore Mahbubani:(The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace)

o greatest weaknesses: lack of natural custodian,
209
▪ a Southeast Asian country, accepting a common responsibility of ownership to
keep the organisation moving.
▪ Indonesia, only country capable of such responsibility is still unable to perform
such a role.
o Intra-ASEAN security issues that characterize this complex region, including the
Rohingya crisis, migration, human trafficking, pandemics, climate change, South China
Sea and piracy.
● Never has the same level of political urgency as in EU
3.APEC
● INCOMPLETE ---See from class notes + Nov 2018, page 21
4..SAARC:
●
5..NAFTA:
4.1 INTRO
● The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an
● agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States and
● entered into force on 1 January 1994 in order to
● establish a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
● Example of new regionalism, i.e., trading blocs.
● Economic interdependence theory as given by Thomas Friedman(Golden Arches

Theory, McDonald stand in line than war) and Richard Rosecrance.
4.2 Scope
● Immediate elimination of tariffs on more than one-half of Mexico's exports to the U.S. and more
than one-third of U.S. exports to Mexico.
● NAFTA also sought to eliminate non-tariff trade barriers and
● to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products.
● Implement labour and environmental safeguards.
210
4.3 Achievements
● Combined GDP makes it world’s largest free trade agreement.
● More than quadrupling of regional trade and cross-border investments.
● Successful in making these countries competitive in international market.
● All counties received a modest positive economic benefit as measured by GDP.
● Maquiladoras (Mexican assembly plants) that take in imported components and produce goods
for export) have become the landmark of trade in Mexico.
o These are plants that moved to this region from the United States
o Income in the maquiladora sector has increased 15.5% since the implementation of
NAFTA in 1994.
● Mexico's agricultural exports increased 9.4 percent annually between 1994 and 2001
● A 2015 study found that US welfare increased by 0.08% as a result of the NAFTA tariff
reductions, and that US intra-bloc trade increased by 41%.
4.4 Disputes and controversies:

● Affected US Workers and their jobs, since many US manufacturers shifted to Mexico. => Trump
call for renegotiating the agreement.
● Issues of trade deficit of U.S. with Canada and Mexico.
● 10 million illegal Mexican immigrants in U.S. It has recently become a human rights issue.
● Mexican farmers were not able to compete with cheap American exports.
● Negative impact on environment. Ex. Use of fertilizers.
● Maquiladora workers were exploited.
● Chapter-11: investor state dispute settlement obligations contained in Chapter 11 of the
NAFTA.
o allows corporations or individuals to sue the state for compensation when actions taken
by those governments violate the international law.
o criticized by groups in the U.S., Mexico, and Canada for a variety of reasons, including
not taking into account important social and environmental considerations.
4.5 Future of NAFTA

● USA demands
o Update NAFTA with high standards-> digital trade, IPR, cyber security
o Discourage outsourcing.
o Rules of origin tightening (in context of China)
o Immigration rules.
● Withdrawal may not be possible.
o However, Congressional pressure will be there
o Economically painful and will disrupt businesses
o It will raise prices for consumers
o It is only a gimmick in overall war on China’s rise.
● This is in context of rising protectionism and America First Policy
211
● The most likely and least disruptive action for 3 countries will be to meet at the ‘table of
diplomacy’. Wodrow Wilson’s vision is important in this regard.
0.SYLLABUS 3
11. Contemporary Global Concerns: 3
○ Democracy, Human Rights, Environment, 3
○ Gender, Justice, Terrorism, Nuclear Proliferation 3
1. Democracy 3
1.1 Significance of democracy: 3
1.2 Issues in democracy as a global concern: 3
Jan Aart Scholte 4
-Post-modern global democracy 4
Statism 4
Cosmopolitanism 4
1.3 Globalization and democracy: 4
2. Human Rights: 5
Globalisation and HRs: 5
Structural reasons => failure of HRs? 5
What should be done: 5
3. Environment: 6
Intro: 6
We have entered into ‘energy-climate era’ in international politics – Thomas Freidman 6
Poverty is the biggest polluter – Indira Gandhi 6
212
Conclusion: 6
There are no passengers on spaceship of earth; we are all crew – Marshall Mcluhan 6
Issues: 7
Global environmental debates: 8
North-South debate 8
Private property vs. Public property debate 8
Reformist ecology vs. Radical ecology debate 8
Climate change scientists vs. Climate change skeptics. 8
4. Gender justice: 8
Impact of globalization on women: 8
Negative impacts 8
Positive impacts 8
Global steps taken: 9
5. Terrorism 10
Intro: 10
Types of terrorism 10
New Terrorism 10
Islamic terrorism: 10
Global terrorism: 11
Catastrophic terrorism: 11
Approaches to terrorism: 11
Realist approach 11
Liberal approach 11
Radical theorists 11
Constructivist & Post-structuralist: 11
Countering terrorism 12
6. Nuclear proliferation 13
Why nations acquire weapon? 13
213
Cold-war era 13
Post-cold war era 13
Why nations do not use weapons? 14
Arms Control and disarmament regimes: 14
Should nuclear proliferation occur: 14
Kenneth Waltz: Yes, weapons of peace 14
Scott D. Sagan: No 14
0.SYLLABUS/ PYQ
○ Democracy, Human Rights, Environment,
○ Gender, Justice, Terrorism, Nuclear Proliferation
1. Is democracy promotion in developing countries a feasible idea(15m, 2020)

2. Discuss the importance of personal data protection in the context of human rights(15m, 2019)
3. Do you think that sustainable development goals are really attainable by 2030(2019, 15m)
4. Analyse role of UNFCC & other efforts of UN to address the global environment crisis . (2020)
5.
1. Democracy
1.1 Significance of democracy:
● Democratic peace theory
● Democracy provides an environment for the protection and effective realization of human
rights and human dignity
214
● Amartya Sen: good society itself in operation.
o Intrinsic value
o Educative value
o Institutional value- accountability
1.2 Issues in democracy as a global concern:

● Clash of civilizations: Cultural relativist view
o Amartya Sen vs. Lee Kuan Yew
● Dominant form of democracy is neo-liberal.
● Democracy interventions. Democratic peace theory
● Democratic deficit in UN, IMF
● Impact of globalization on democracy (quantitative expansion vs. qualitative decline)
● Reverse wave of democracy.
Democracy as a global concern mainly deals with making global political system more
democratic. Global democracy can be expanded by
Statism Cosmopolitanism
Jan Aart Scholte
● Multilateral ● Elevating the
-Post-modern global collaboration among
democracy pillars of
democratic nation Western
-Principles states Liberal
● Transculturalty ● Criticism : Identities Democracy
no longer territorial worldwide
● Transcalarity
based Criticism
● Plural solidarities.
o Supra state ● Cultures look
● Egalitarianism
o Sub state at western
● Eco-ship liberal
( Ecological o Non state
actors also principles
integrity) unfavourably
pay a role
1.3 Globalization and democracy:

● Mary Kaldor
215
o Spread of democracy is both the consequence and cause of globalization.
o Democracy in a substantive sense (qualitatively) in undermined since a lot of
decision that affect people’s lives are not taken at the level of state.
● David Held
o Institutions of global governance suffer from democratic deficit.
o Cosmopolitan model of democracy to address the democratic deficit of
globalisation
o Suggestion
▪ Set up world govt
▪ Reform UNSC,IMF, WB
▪ Grass root democracy
▪ Referendum at global level - on matters of deadlock
2. Human Rights:
http://www.e-ir.info/2011/07/30/human-rights-in-the-context-of-international-relations-a-critical-
appraisal/
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights- UN Declaration of Human
Rights, 1948
● HR - one of the most energizing ideas of our time.
● Dworkin - They are inalienable, permanent, universal and equal.
● 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights brought HRs in legal domain from a mere
philosophical and moral domain.
Globalisation and HRs:

● 2 Schools of thought
Globn as good for HRs Globn has undermined HRs
● Democracies inc ● Neo-liberal capitalism
● Proliferation of ● Anti-poor
Instruments, ● Weakened the social and economic
conventions, rights
institutions
● Rolling back of the state
● Growth of HR
consciousness o Feminisation of poverty,
agriculture
● R2p — RWP
216
How can HRs be promoted then
o Human rights regime: page 316-319
o Why states promoted human rights? Page 319-322
Structural reasons => failure of What should be done:
HRs? ● West should
● Communitarian and post-colonial depoliticise the issue
critic: Based on western ideology ● The principles must be
● Post-modern and Radical theorists: based on dialogue b/w
Seen as an excuse for interventionism civilisations
and promoting geo-pol aims ● Cultural relativist
● No clarity on what rights to be approach needs to be
constituted as HRs and who to be taken
considered human (Eg. - Terrorists) ● Capacity building of
● Realist view: Infringe on sovereignty of states of south so that
state. they can take can
counter negative
o Sovereignty as responsibility
effects of globn
o HR transcends national
● Capacity building of
boundaries and thus promotes
UN agencies involved
cosmopolitan solidarity.
in developing works
● Since no authority above the nation
● Transparency and
states - they are primarily responsible
democratic deficit in
for implementation of HRs. However,
UNHRC
human rights are entitlements against
states.
● Anti-immigration sentiments: Ex. U.K.
Windrush scandal
● Thus, though it is true that globn has resulted into weakening of states, but it does not
necessarily mean weakening of HRs.
● Today’s states, civil society and international community must work together to enforce
HRs
217
3. Environment:
Intro:
We have entered into ‘energy-climate era’ in international politics – Thomas Freidman
Poverty is the biggest polluter – Indira Gandhi
Conclusion:
There are no passengers on spaceship of earth; we are all crew – Marshall Mcluhan
● The phenomenon of climate change represents the classic case of Tragedy of commons
(Garret Hardins)
● The environment is often viewed as the archetypal example of global issue. This is
because environmental processes are no respecters of national borders; they have a
transnational character.
● Envt issues first emerged on the international agenda in the late 20th century with Rachel
Carson’s book “The silent spring”.
● Oil crisis of 1970s particularly drew attention towards finiteness of resources. Kenneth E.
Boulding argued that human beings had been living in ‘cowboy economy’; an economy
with unlimited opportunities.
● 1972: 1972 Stockholm Conference established UNEP, various principles and programs
which provided a framework for further development of responses to envtal problems
● In 1983, UN Commission on Environment and Development known as Brundtland
Commission in its report “Our common future” gave the concept of sustainable
development.
● Many Envt problems are inherently global and require a global response: Complex
Interdependence
● 1992: Major Landmark in CC negotiations: UNCED Rio Summit 1992
o Rio Principles - Took into account Equity, CBDR and Historical Responsibility
o UNFCCC
o Protecting Biodiversity (CBD)
o Agenda 21 - sustainable development
● Kyo Cop Can do Pari
● Kyoto Protocol
o Legally binding on the Annex-1 and Annex-2 countries.
o Mechanisms like Jt implementation, CDM and Carbon trading were established
o USA did not participate
● Copenhagen
o Against Climate justice as EU and USA worked together to put blame on
developing countries like India
218
o Dark hour for climate justice
o Voluntary commitments by USA and BASIC countries
● Cancun Summit
o Various new mechanisms like Technology transfer, Adaptation Fund, GCF set up
● Doha Amendment to Kyoto Protocol
o To extend the time period of Kyoto protocol from 2012 to 2020
● Paris Summit
o Historic achievement with a clear aim to reduce rise in Temp below 2 degrees of
the pre-industrial levels
o Legally Binding instrument
o INDCs to be submitted - not compulsory quotas - revised every 5 years to make it
more stringent
o View on the deal: See mam notes
o US exited the Paris Deal: See IR notes in India-US
o Dark hour for climate justice and as the biggest polluter refuses to comply and
reduce emissions
Issues:
● National Interest trump global interests.
● environment is a global common, no country is taking its responsibility.
● Democracy and welfare state has created further problem due to state’s obligation to
ensure growth. According to Indira Gandhi, “Poverty is the biggest polluter”.
● Security is being compromised. Ecological security as the 5th pillar of Barry Buzan’s
security view.
● Globalization and neo-liberal capitalism has been the main culprit in environmental
degradation according to radical ecologists.
● Feminists have pointed out the disproportionate impact of climate change on women.
Global environmental debates:
● North-South debate
o North has shifted production to peripheries, shifting the burden of ecology.
o Historical responsibility vs. current responsibility
o CBDR vs. self-assigned responsibility
o Aid vs. trade
o South favours top-down approach vs. bottom-up approach.
o Rights based approach vs. market based approach.
● Private property vs. Public property debate

o Aristotle said, “Everyone’s property is no one’s responsibility”.
o Thus liberals have argued for private ownership and discipline of market to
manage resources.
o Garret Hardins, ‘Freedom in a common brings ruin to all’.
219
o However eco-socialists have argued that it is precisely the private ownership that
has brought ruins to environment. Community ownership would engender respect
for environment.
● Reformist ecology vs. Radical ecology debate

o Page 395-397
● Climate change scientists vs. Climate change skeptics.

●
4. Gender justice:
● Realist critic: see from realism
● Security view: see from concepts
Impact of globalization on women:
Negative impacts Positive impacts

● Socialist feminists ● Modernization theorists
● Global feminization of work. Pink- have associated economic
collar jobs. development with
o Leads to exploitation, low emancipation of women
wages etc. from their traditional roles.
● Feminization of migration, i.e. nurses ● In Gender Inequality Index
for developed societies, house-maids. (GII), developed countries
● Boosted sex tourism constantly outperform
● MNCs have exploited women, paying developing countries.
them low salaries. ● Greater human rights and
● Feminization of poverty women rights awareness.
o 50% population, 67% working
hours, 10% income and 1%
property.
Commodification, Objectification
Global steps taken:

● The UN Secretary General’s campaign ‘Unite to End Violence against Women’
220
● ECOSOC has established Commission on Status of Women as its principle policy-
making body
● In 1979 UNGA adopted Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination against Women.
● UNGA declared 1975 as International Women’s year and organized First Conference
on Women. Subsequently 1976-1985 was declared international decade of women
o The move had profound impacts on countries including India, which established
its own Committee on Status of Women.
o Beijing Platform for Action (4th Conference on Women) declared women’s
rights as human rights.
● 2018 Nobel Peace Prize has been conferred to Nadia Murad, former ISIS sex slave and
Denis Mukwege, a Congolese gynecologist and women rights activist
A/q to the Global Gender Gap Report, about 32% of gender gap still exists to be closed as compared to
31.7% in 2016.On average; the 144 countries covered in the Report have closed---
o 96% of gap in health outcomes b/w men and women
o 95% of gap in educational attainment
o Only 58% of economic participation gap has been closed
o Only 23% of political empowerment gap has been closed.
o World Bank Report indicated a bias towards men over women in the workplace, both in terms of
hiring and salaries offered.
o Globally, the unemployment rate for women stands at 6.2% in 2017, higher than the male
unemployment rate of 5.5%.
o A/Q to a study by IMF, almost 90% of 143 economies have atleast one important gender-based
legal restrictions.
o
221
5. Terrorism
Fervour is the choice of weapon of impotent – Frantz Fannon
Intro:
● Definition of terrorism is globally debatable.
● it can be broadly described as unofficial and unauthorized use of violence.
Types of terrorism
● Nationalist terrorism. Gaining independence. Ex. LTTE
● Insurrectionary terrorism. Overthrow of govt. Ex. Free Syrian Army
● Global terrorism. Al Qaeda.
● Lone wolf attacks. ISIS
● Cyber Terrorism
● Nuclear terrorism
New Terrorism
● Until 1990s, terrorism was considered a security concern of 2nd order. However with
Global War on Terror, terrorism became prime security threat being dubbed as ‘new
terrorism’; ‘global terrorism’; ‘catastrophic terrorism’.
● Old terrorism was secular; New terrorism in religious.
● Old terrorism was strategic; new terrorism has become a sacred duty
● Old terrorism sought to achieve particular aims; new terrorism has very broad aims.
● Old terrorism was flexible in political solutions; new terrorism seeks nothing less than
final goal.
● Violence was means to an end; violence has become an end in itself
● Old terrorism was hierarchical and commanding; new terrorism is amorphous and has
diffused control structure. Ex. Suicide bombings and sleeper cells.
● Exceptions
● Muslim Brotherhood was found as old as 1928
● LTTE was equally fanatical
● PLO has diffused control structure.
Islamic terrorism:
● Clash of civilizations; basic incompatibility between west and Islamic values
● Political reasons; Islamic world was eclipsed after fall of Ottoman Empire; with U.S.
interventions, struggle to bring it back to its pristine glory.
● Ideological: Anti-westernism; similar to communism and fascism
● Crisis of government legitimacy; movement to topple apostate government.
● Failure of domestic jihad to achieve its goals; thus it turned global.
222
Global terrorism:
● Increased cross-border flow of people.
● M.K. Narayanan: cross-pollination of ideas and pooling of resources.
● Diaspora community has become an important source of funding.
● Technology is easily available now. Ex. in Pulwama attack in India, suicide bomber used
a ‘virtual SIM’ to contact his JeM handlers in Pakistan.
o This is leading to rise in ‘remote-control terror’ and ‘internet-enabled terrorism’.
● Backlash against cultural globalization.
● Solidarity among different terrorist groups.
● Samuel P. Huntington’s Clash of civilizations.
● Robert Cooper has given clash among pre-modern, modern & post-modern states.
● Criticism
o Not a single cohesive entity; different aims and goals.
o Terrorist attacks take place in relatively small number of countries.
o More as a result of how others have responded to it. Ex. Global War on Terror.
Catastrophic terrorism:
● T is particularly difficult to defend(clandestine secretive nature). Suicide bombings have
greatly exacerbated it.
● Scope of T has greatly widened(threat of WMD falling in their hands.
● Lesser moral compulsions on new terrorism.
● Criticism
o Doubts about military effectiveness; sporadic attacks
o New terrorism does not enjoy popular legitimacy among people; won’t be
successful.
o Fears are based on questionable assumptions about Clash of civilizations.
223
Approaches to terrorism:
Realist approach Liberal approach Radical theorists

● Motives are ● Motives are ● Noam Chomsky equates terrorism
strategic ideological with killing of unarmed civilians,
● Strong emphasis ● Ethical both states and non-state
on dichotomy dilemmas on ● War of terror as a means to
between actions response to establish US hegemony. U.S. has
of state and non- terrorism. perpetrated more terror.
state actors ● Even human ● Terrorism may advance the cause
● State’s response rights of of political justice.
should be terrorists should
uncompromising be upheld.
● Allow torture ● Attack on
Constructivist & Post-structuralist:
for national humanitarian
interest. values. ● Dangers of essentializing terrorism.
● Terrorism is a social and political
construct used to declare political
causes/groups as non-legitimate.
● Highjacking the movement
224
Countering terrorism
● Strengthening state security; border protection, surveillance, choking financial routes,
legislations, immigration control
o Criticisms
▪ Endanger human right.
▪ Often counterproductive
● Military repression. Ex. War on Terror
o Criticism
▪ Their record has been very poor. Ex. ISIS, Taliban etc.
▪ Resulted in greater retaliation by terrorists
▪ Human rights violation
● Political deals. Ex. Columbian government -FARC; NSCN-IM and India
225
o Counter terrorism with heart and minds strategy
o Ultimately all terrorism ends in political negotiations.
o Criticism
▪ Example of appeasement and moral retreat
▪ Ends up emboldening the groups.
▪ Islamic terrorism may be beyond the reach of political negotiations. Ex.
ISIS
▪
6. Nuclear proliferation
Now I am become death, the destroyer of world – Oppenheimer (father of atomic bomb) on Hiroshima
attack
● Why nations acquire weapon?
Cold-war era Post-cold war era

● Security dilemma ● Incentives have increased:
● Nuclear deterrence o Purpose of security (India; nuclear
● Balance of terror umbrella ended),
● Symbolic impact o diplomatic tool (Pak), and
and international o bargaining power (North Korea).
prestige. ● Bigger powers continue to deploy nuclear
● Proliferation weapons.
remained vertical. ● Proliferation is easier with globalization; with
● Robert Jervis called collapse of USSR, its nuclear technology was
it the nuclear released.
revolution. ● Dangers of nuclear capabilities of non-state
actors.
● Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty: Oct 2018,
page 19
● INF scenario has highlighted the lack of concrete
security architecture being detrimental to
stability in international nuclear domain.
226
● Why nations do not use weapons?
o Realists (Kenneth Waltz):
▪ Nuclear Weapons as weapons of peace
o Social constructivist (Nina Tannenwald):
▪ Role of norms, Tabbos, values, institutions.
▪ Many states with potential to develop nuclear weapons like Japan, Germany,
and Australia have chosen not to do so.
▪ Even, nuclear weapon states have not used it since Hiroshima.
● Ex. Vietnam war
▪ Non-proliferation regime has been getting stronger. Ex. Nuclear Prohibition
Treaty.
▪ Ex. although INF treaty seemed outdated, it still held the two powers
accountable.
Arms Control and Should nuclear proliferation occur:

disarmament regimes:
● Arms control- NPT; NSG; MTCR; Kenneth Waltz: Yes, weapons of peace
Wassenar; Australia ● Gradual spread is better than no
● Disarmament- Conference on spread
Disarmament; NPT; Nuclear ● Extremely high costs prevent their use
Prohibition Treaty ● Asymmetric capabilities are also ok.
Why nuclear proliferation still ● Relevant even for smaller states.
continues
● Security dilemma Scott D. Sagan: No
● National security trumps global ● Military displays organizational
security behaviour and has offensive culture
● Nuclear weapon states are the ● Weak capability of security of nuclear
most powerful and seldom weapons.
follow global norms. ● Multiple actors -> chances of
● Failure of non-proliferation miscalculations.
regimes and incapacity of ● Nth nation problem, i.e. endless
global actors like IAEA. proliferation.
● Usable nuclear weapons like tactical
weapons.
227
Finally the end of IR...YAY 藍藍藍
1.SYABUS: 5
Indian Foreign Policy(IFP) 5
a. Determinants of foreign policy 5
b. Institutions of policy making 5
c. Continuity and Change 5
2.Objectives and Principles of IFP: 6
Chinmay Ghare Khan: Any country’s foreign policy is a means 6
to ensure its global image and to further its national interest 6
3.CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN IFP: 6
Continuity: Kanwal Sibal 7
After Independence: 7
Post-Cold war era: 7
Gujral doctrine (5 principles) 7
Manmohan doctrine: 7
MODI DOCTRINE: 8
Shyam Saran 8
PBM 8
C. Rajamohan 8
Rajiv Sikri (“Indian Foreign Policy: Determinants, Issues and Challenges”): 9
Arul Louis 9
Harsh V Pant 9
Amitabh Mattoo 9
CRITICISM: 10
228
Happymon Jacob 10
No grand strategic blue-print 10
M.K. Narayanan: failed to change anything in substance 10
Changes in IFP (P.B. Mehta): 10
Shangri-La: 10
“Our friendships are not alliances of containment” 11
Free, open and inclusive regions and rules based order. 11
Asia of rivalry will hold us back, Asia of cooperation will shape this century. 11
Conclusion: 11
4.Determinants of IFP: 11
4.1.Historical Factors: 11
prisoner of history 12
4.3.Economy 12
4.2.Geographical Factors: 11
Napolean Bonaparte: Any country’s foreign policy is determined by its geography 11
Nehru: India is a bridge b/w East and the West 12
Vajpayee: One can change friends, but not neighbours 12
C. Rajamohan: Geographies are not static, they evolve, 13
George Heine and Prof. Ramesh Thakur call globalization as end of geography 13
4.4.Social Structure 13
Nehru: foreign policy is extension of domestic policy. 14
4.5. Internal Situation 13
4.6. Leadership 13
4.7. Culture 14
C. Rajamohan: culture in IFP should not result into cultural chauvinism as in inter-war
Germany. 15
5. Para-Diplomacy 15
229
Traditional Approach 15
Contemporary approach 15
John Kincaid 15
Harsh V Pant 15
Federalization of India’s foreign policy 15
Happymon Jacob 15
Economic Para Diplomacy: 16
Challenges 16
6. New World order 16
C. Rajamohan:- The current world order is in a state of flux 16
Harsh V. Pant:- Not only geo-politically, but also technologically world order is witnessing
flux. 17
Polarity of Power thesis by KW and Mearsheimer - consider multipolarity as the most

unstable (unipolar most stable) 18
Henry Kissinger 18
Book : World Order 18
Multipolarity is the most probable future world order 18
Mearsheimer - Multipolar world order with Russia, USA and China as the main poles. 18
Non-alignment 2.0: 18
India’s Role: 18
CRM 18
After a century of false starts and fatal unrealised potential India has emerged as a major
swing state. 18
Shyam Saran 18
How India sees the world : from Kautilya to 21st Century 18
-Only India possesses such civilisational values( Pluralism, humanity, Toleration,

cosmopolitan temper and collaborative attitude) that can lead to the stability & harmonious
New World Order 18
C. Rajamohan (“Rearranging the BRICS”): 19
230
BRICS no longer is ideological posturing in India’s strategic book-keeping but is a mode
to place itself in global power relations. 19
Suhasini Haider: 19
Rajiv Sikri (“India’s foreign policy challenges”): 19
First, India itself must have a strategic vision. 19
India has three security rings(immediate, extended and strategic neighbourhood) 19
7. Indian Ocean Policy: 19
Alfred T Mahan 19
-Whoever controls Indian ocean would dominate Asia 20
Robert D. Kaplan (“Monsoon”): Future of politics will unfold over Indian Ocean. 20
KM Pannikar 20
India needs to ensure that Indian ocean remains India’s Ocean 20
Harsh V Pant 20
Fortunately India has come out of its CONTINENTAL mindset 20
Geostrategic: 20
Geo-econ 21
Steps taken by India: 20
Quad & Indo-pacific: 21
Shinzo Abe (“Asia’s Democratic Security Diamond”): 21
Australia in QUAD: 21
India-reluctant multiple reasons: 21
YES, AUS Inclusion will help: 22
Should IND pursue QUAD? 22
YES 22
S. Jaishankar - India’s neighbours will feel more reassured. 23
Shyam Saran: Quad is an anchor for the Indo-Pacific 23
NO 23
231
Shiv Shankar Menon: The concept of free and open Indo-Pacific assumes significance of
only maritime region, while ceding continental power to China. For India, both are
important and thus focus should by on both 23
C. Rajamohan: USA, Japan and Australia have much deeper economic and political ties with
China than India and thus containment is not a goal. 23
Kanwal Sibal, quad is an arrangement of convenience. 23
Way forward: 23
C Rajamohan: Indo-pacific axis, comprising of France-India-Australia. QUAD is not about

rejecting China’s rise but engaging it in a system of rules and mutual respect. 24
Good strategy can manage poor tactics, but poor strategy cannot be redeemed -
Kissinger 24
IORA 24
8. Indian Diaspora 24
Evolution of Indian policy: 24
According to C. Rajamohan, Modi has made it a key area of national priority. For Modi, the
diaspora is an ‘asset’ rather than a ‘liability’ 25
Kanwal Sibal - core Foreign policy objectives 26
Govt steps 26
Issues: 26
What should be done - CRM 25
Conclusion: 26
9.India and World Economy 26
Space diplomacy 27
232
1.SYABUS:
Indian Foreign Policy(IFP)

🛑🛑Topic # 1. Indian Foreign Policy :
. Determinants of foreign policy
. Institutions of policy making
. Continuity & change
👇👇
1. Which determinant factors play an important role in making India's foreign policy?
Illustrate with examples. 20m) (2016)
2. Economic interest has emerged as the main component of India’s foreign policy.’
Comment.(15m) (2015)
3. Do you agree with the view that the Indian Foreign Policy is increasingly being shaped
by the Neoliberal outlook? Elaborate(10m)
4. The social structure of a country influences its foreign policy-making. How does the
social structure of India impact the course and direction of its foreign policy ?(15m)
(2015)
5. "Federal units are critical in the making of India's foreign policy." Critically
Analyse(20m) (2014)
6. Examine the increasing significance of maritime security in India's foreign policy.(2019)
7. Examine the Indian National Movement and geographical location of India as
determinants of India's foreign policy.(15m) 2017
-------
8. Examine the role of parliamentary diplomacy in India's foreigru policy(10m) (2019)

How does the Parliament determine and influence the making of India’s foreign policy ?
(2015)
9. The Ministry of External Affairs is losing its importance in the making of India's
foreign policy with the parallel rise of the P.M.O. Explain(20m)(2014)
10. Describe the structure and function of the national security council of India.what role
does it play in the formulation of Indian foreign policy?(2020)
11.
-----
12. Identify the NEW elements of change in India's foreign policy.(2013) 15m
13. India's current foreign policy marks significant qualitative shifts from that of the
previous regimes." Discuss.(15m)
14. Comment : virtual summit diplomacy | Role of tech in diplomacy/IFP (15m)
15. Comment : health diplomacy.
233
16. What have been the main challenges to India’s foreign policy in the last two decades?
Are these essentially ‘concerns’ with domestic politics or ‘strategic’ issues? 20m (2012)
17. Vision of a new world order has emerged as the major objective of India’s foreign policy.
Discuss the policy initiative taken by India in this regard and the challenges faced by it.
(20 Marks, 250 Words , 2015)
18. Evaluate India's vision of a new world order. (20m) (2019)
Geopolitics/Geo-strategy as defined by Alfred T Mahan is fusion of geography and politics

which determine where a country should put its military and diplomatic capital to further its
national interests.
● Say Syria – geo-political conflict between U.S. and Russia.
Geo-strategy: Strategy required in dealing with geopolitical issues

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kveyLou782w
2.Objectives and Principles of IFP:

● OBJECTIVES
● PRINCIPLES
● DETERMINANTS
234
Chinmay Ghare Khan: Any country’s foreign policy is a means to ensure its global
image and to further its national interest
Morgenthau - Supreme goal of any FP is the protection of its national interest
Hence India’s foreign policy has been to protect and promote what it perceives as
its national interests and to project India’s image at the global geo-political arena
How India Sees the World:

● Our national interests cannot be absolute.
● They have to be in a zone of relativity taking into account national interests
of other. Ex. Test ban in Indo-US nuclear deal
● A successful foreign policy is one which provides a country’s political
leadership with a range of options and expands its strategic space.
Conclusion - PEGH
● India’s foreign policy is governed by its PEGH(Polity, Economy,
Geography, History)
● Still common aim remains to achieve further well-being of its
citizen interest
3..Determinants of IFP:
● Granville Austin writes that India did not start from a clean slate.
○ Foreign policy is not made in vacuum, there are multiple factors shaping a
country's foreign policy.
235
4.1.Historical Factors: 4.2.Geographical Factors:
● Access to wisdom and collective (Geo-strategic Location)
experience of their predecessors. ● Napolean Bonaparte: Any country’s
● China - 2 centuries of foreign policy is determined by its
humiliation geography
o China - irredentist state - ● “we can change history but not
strategic culture -Middle geography”
Kingdom-expansion ● The most permanent and stable
Colonial Legacy element of the foreign policy
● Inherited 627 treaties as legal ● Dis-advantaged countries
and sacrosanct o Landlocked
● Foreign policy structure from o Tropical
British India
o Bordering superpowers
● C. Rajamohan: Curzon and
Nehru ● WORLD EXAMPLES
● Border Disputes; Aksai Chin, o USA – large landmass -
McMohan line helped follow Isolationist
policy
● Colonial Experiences =>
- territorial integrity and external o Britain - Naval superpower
sovereignty - NAM - Strategic o Russia- buffer states
Autonomy – Anti-imperialism
● Nehru: India is a bridge b/w East and
● Pakistan the West
● Treaty Diplomacy - ToP,F,C - and becomes inevitably involved in
Nepal, Bhutan major global issues
o ● Vajpayee: One can change friends, but
● The loss in the war with China not neighbours
continues to dominate Indian ● Non-Alignment: presence of USSR
prism of looking at geo-political and China in neighbourhood.
relations
● India’s unresolved borders - China,
● However, national interests Pakistan - conflict & Discord
always trump history. Ex. Japan’s
● India’s central position in Indian
closeness with U.S. despite
Ocean -
nuclear bomb; EU after World
Wars. o Pivot to Asia
● M.K. Narayanan: One should not o World trade and commercial
forget history, however, one intercourse
should not also be prisoner of
o Strong contender as a Net
history
security provider in the
● Other criticisms of historical Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
approach to comparative politics
236
● Contextual approach o Security of IOR important
4.3.Economy ● Basis of foreign policy. Ex. Look
● Reason for US hegemony east, west and north.
● Developed Countries : Highly ● India’s large size - cannot be easily

industrialized and economically defeated in war - lot of territory to
developed take over. Ex. - Hitler could not beat
Russia
● Requirement of raw materials
leads to mercantilist foreign ● Karakoram and Himalayas - natural
policy..- development of barrier in the northern frontier.
underdevelopment(Marx-Profits- ● India building Chabahar port to
bourgeoise-nestle-Everywhere- bypass tyranny of geography
settle-E) ● Determines the needs as well as
● Can use foreign aid as a means of capabilities of a nation to fulfill the
foreign policy needs of its ppl
● Economic progress has led ● Role of geography has declined due
to(FZakaria: Decline of West, to technological and scientific
rise of rest/ Transatlantic => advancements.
IndoPac)
C. Rajamohan: Geographies are not
● Japan and Germany as trading static, they evolve,
states.
sometimes slowly and quickly at others.
● India is storehouse of vast natural
resources: led to pacifist tradition The British Raj extended from Aden to
Malacca at its peak.
● Even war Eg. USA in middle east
“South East Asia” did not exist until the
● NAM was also a result of Second World War. The “Asia-Pacific”
economic compulsions: aid from came into usage only in the late 1980s.
both blocs
The “Indo-Pacific” was a novelty a decade
● South-South cooperation, NIEO. ago.
● Economic crisis in 1980s led to ● George Heine and Prof. Ramesh
new set of foreign policy from Thakur call globalization as end of
1991. geography
● Relations with Russia, West
Asia, East Asia etc.
● Manmohan Singh tried to use
economic interdependence to
improve relations with Pakistan
237
4.4.Social Structure 4.5. Internal Situation
● India is a subcontinent with ● Sudden changes, disturbances within
an extremely complex the internal environment influence the
heterogeneous society nature and course of foreign policy
● Diff - ethnic, religious & ● US - stability - but recent instability
linguistic groups present in like the white supremacist rally at the
India time of high tensions with N. Korea
● Domestic consensus is ● Too much focus on the domestic
considered as strength of politics leaves lesser scope to focus
Foreign policy of a nation. Ex. on the outside world.
Inter-war Germany ● Syria - Civil war
o But in ● Institutions, electoral system, social
a prismatic society like structure, government system etc.
India, it becomes
challenging to arrive at a ● India -> Role of parliament, coalition
domestic consensus politics, pressure groups etc.
o Complications increase ●
because of unnatural 4.6. Leadership
partition ● Thucydides in “The Peloponnesian
o Civilisational state War” showed contrast between noble
● Role of culture- buddhism- Pericles and self-seeking Alcibiades.
SEAsia ● Machiavelli, Sun Tzu, Kautilya have
● Role of economic structure of all focussed upon qualities of king.
society. Ex. Young ● Role of leaders like Wodrow Wilson,
demography; Workforce Churchill, Stalin, Gorbachev
Nehru: foreign policy is extension of ● Morgenthau based human nature and
domestic policy. statecraft as the basis of foreign
policy.
Various fp decisions
● In India, Nehru -> I. Gandhi ->
● Palestine: Talmiz Ahmed –
Vajpayee -> Manmohan -> Modi
secular; But CRM - sentiments
of minority ● With rise in mixed-actor model,
decision-making has become diffused
● SL: Tamil factor-> policy of
sailing in 2 boats ● Role is constrained by social structure
and institutions.
● Bangladesh:
Illegal immigration-> social ● Nehru, foreign policy is often
violence in north-east determined by domestic policy.
● Nepal: relation of kinship: Roti-
beti ka rishta (S.D. Muni)
o
India itself a Nation in Making : faces
238
secessionist movements
● Fact that same ethnic gps
are present in the bordering
areas impact both how India
looks at its neighbours and vice
versa
4.7. Culture
▪ Culture shapes our world view. Thus cross-cultural interactions between different world
views thus can produce conflicts (Clash of civilizations)
o Involved political, strategic and organizational culture.
o Amb. Shyam Saran (How India sees the world)
o India texts mention Jambudweep Mandal, of which India is one of the petals.
o Chinese texts consider it as the Middle Kingdom
o Kamandak’s Nitishastra mentions preference to mantrashakti (consultations) over
Utgahshakti (military means)
o States with uniform culture can pursue effective foreign policy due to support. Ex. Support to
NAM in India.
o India is a Civilizational state
o Salman Rushdie in his book - Midnight Children - there is no other place - “Yesterday and
Tomorrow have the same word”- shows continuity.
o Pt. Nehru acknowledged - Independent India’s FP has been shaped by its history and culture
▪ Pluralist (Buddhism) & pacifist (non-violence) culture,
▪ cosmopolitan (Vasudheva Kutumbakam) world view -
▪ Opposition to racism
▪ India’s culture has shaped Non-alignment and Panchsheel
▪ Nehru acknowledges - roots in policy of Ashoka
o Stephen P Cohen - Traces India’s realist legacy to Kautilya’s Arthashastra
o And there are other scholars who believe that phil and cultural underpinnings are actually
attempts to cloak India’s realist ambitions.
▪ According to A. Appadorai, deliberate use of Indian culture to gain leadership of
post-colonial societies.
▪ Culture also used as foreign policy tool to spread soft power. Ex. Yoga, Buddhist
linkages with ASEAN; Sufi linkage with CA.
o C. Rajamohan: culture in IFP should not result into cultural chauvinism as in inter-war
Germany.
o Other views about Indian soft power.
239
4.CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN IFP:
Q. What changes have we seen in our foreign policy in last few years?
● A. Sir, while the basis of our foreign policy remains same, i.e. our national interests;
● the style and energy in how we pursue them have changed.
● We have become more assertive of our interests and status as great power in the region.
● Also, we have raised India’s presence globally by more engagements and soft power projections
and have also been moving towards more pragmatism from ideological posturing.
Q. How can we differentiate Gujral doctrine with Modi neighbourhood policy?

● A. Both policies give significant priority to our neighbourhood and work towards sharing Indian
fruits of development with its neighbours along with ensuring their security.
● Only difference lies in that will Gujral doctrine was non-reciprocal in extending benefits, India’s
neighbourhood first is more transactional. Our expectations of what our neighbours can do for
us have increased.
● FP is based on long term Continuity: Kanwal Sibal
interests and reflects
● Ensuring Territorial Integrity and
continuity- reflects
sovereignty
foresightedness
● International peace and anti-
● However it is imperative imperialism
that nations adjust their ● Ensuring internal development and
goals and strategies well-being of its citizens
according to the ● Maintaining strategic autonomy
changing environment- ● Democracy: See archives
reflects pragmatism (Democracy as Indian foreign policy)
● Hence FP reflect change
and continuity
240
After Independence: Post-Cold war era:
● Non-alignment since ● Force to make structural changes on both
1947 domestic and external fronts as
● Panchsheel; o Most trusted ally disintegrated
● solidarity with 3 rd
o Economy in a bad shape
world o Globalization.
● Deciding on issues
based on merit Gujral doctrine (5 principles)
● Just world order and ● India does not ask for reciprocity
support to UN ● No South Asian country should allow its
● Strategic autonomy. territory to be used against India
o More ● No interference in internal affairs.
powerful a ● Respect territorial integrity and
country, more sovereignty.
autonomous it ● Disputes through peaceful bilateral
can be. negotiations
o Even
developing
Manmohan doctrine:
countries like ● Economics at the heart of the doctrine
India by ● India’s developmental agenda should
skillful use of guide its foreign policy
diplomacy
can gain o Greater integration with the
strategic world economy will benefit India
autonomy. o India to work with international
After 1962 war – Realpolitik community - to create a global
to achieve the aims Economic and security envt for
all nations
● Arms from USA
o More focus on regional
● Tof P&Friendship – institutional capacity and regional
USSR connectivity
● 1974 nuclear test How India Sees the world(Shyam Saran)
● Shift from defensive, reactive approach
to a more coherent and focussed posture.
MODI DOCTRINE:
● India first
● Engaging competing global powers (Quad-SCO; Israel-Arab; Saudi-
Iran)
● Focus on diaspora (Madison Square event)
241
● Modi government’s Panchamrit are:
o Samman — dignity and honour in global politics;
o Samvad — greater engagement and dialogue;
o Samriddhi — shared prosperity;
o Suraksha — regional and global security; and
o Sanskriti evam Sabhyata — cultural and civilizational linkages.”
C. Rajamohan
PBM ● ⬆️Increased
● Nehru’s shadow still decisiveness
Shyam Saran looms large ● ⬆️Increase
● Obsessed with India’s soft
Territorial integrity power
-Modi’s policies
are built on the ● Coalitions not Attitude of major power
past alliances ● 3rd largest
● Reluctant to use force economy in PPP,
3rd larges
-Difference - ● Working within military, 5th
Energy and style International law largest military
● Averse to Grand spending
strategizing ● ICJ; Chagos;
Palestine
Rajiv Sikri (“Indian Foreign Policy: Determinants, Issues and Challenges”):

● Earlier India indulged in moralistic posturing, and had an air of self-importance and self-
righteousness as it strutted on the world stage with lofty statements that did not match its real
strength.
● It is only under Prime Minister Modi that this deeply ingrained attitude has begun to change.
242
● Today IFP is not hobbled by ideology or sentimentalism.
● India is seeking friends and partners, though not as a supplicant or as a weak country that can be
manipulated and wants to be a "leading power,”
● not just a balancer or a "swing state” in the international system.
Harsh V Pant
Arul Louis
● Nehruvian
● Decisive idealism to Amitabh Mattoo
Break Realpolitik 5 elements of Modi Doctrine
● Instead of ● Modi doctrine - ● Strong, self-reliant and
Cold war replaces the long confident India
tactics -> term foreign
Open ● Peaceful, stable and
policy of non-
dialogue economically integrated
alignment
and South Asia
engageme ● Vigorous pursuit
● Emphasis on Soft power
nts of Maritime
– (Traditions, Talent,
powers
● Less talk Tourism , Trade,
of vestiges ● Continuity with Technology)
of Manmohan
● Multiple alignments with
colonialis Doctrine
all great powers instead
m - more on economic
of non-alignment
reliance in front
● Willingness to raise
India’s ● Helped India
issues of concern at
Traditions position itself in
bilateral level
and leading role
culture rather than just a
balancing force.
243
CRITICISM:
Happymon Jacob
1. -politicisation of national security issues P. Stobdan: Security
2. -Bureaucratic ad hocism centric zero-sum
3. -based only on Tactical considerations, Political game.
expediency
4. -No grand strategy, No Comprehensive National
Security doctrine M.K. Narayanan:
5. -Boxed up in South Asia(too much emphasis on failed to change
Pakistan) anything in substance
6. -terror fixated foreign policy
7. -messy alliance behaviour(preference for Manoj Joshi: Lack of
coalition , not alliances) coherent structure
8.
9. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Gazing-
at-a-longer-horizon/article16438377.ece
10.
Changes in IFP (P.B. Mehta):
● Embraced over pragmatism shedding cold-war idealism.
o Abandonment of Reflexive Anti-Americanism
● Significant ⬆️economic influence to foreign policy
o Improving relations with neighbours - Gujral Doctrine
o Look East Policy- India’s strategy and econ concerns
o Others - Look West, CCAP, Presence in Africa, Latin America
● Para-diplomacy
● Adopted realism: enthusiastic endorsement to cautious prudence- aware of international
currents.
● Crossing the Nuclear Rubicon - declared itself as de-facto nuclear state
Shangri-La:
● India would portray itself as independent power.
● “Our friendships are not alliances of containment”

● “India does not see Indo-Pacific as a club of (X limited members). Nor as a grouping
that (X seeks to dominate)
● India’s own engagement in the Indo-Pacific region from the shores of America to Africa
will be inclusive
● Free, open and inclusive regions and rules based order.

● “Rules and norms should be based consent of all and not powers of few.
244
● Asia of rivalry will hold us back, Asia of cooperation will shape this century.
● Emerging multipolar world is becoming too complicated for binary choices.
Zorawar Daulat Singh:
● Modi has combined Orthodox ideas from Cold war era with 21st century pragmatism.
Conclusion:
● Fundamental objectives of FP like economy and security remain same,
● what changed is the methods to achieve those objectives.
● India is today less of rule-taker and rule-breaker than before.
●
5. Para-Diplomacy
● Art 1 - IC - Union of States
o Even though federation not mentioned - federalism is the basic str
● Role of Federal Units in foreign policy making
245
Traditional Contemporary
Approach approach
● Once a unit
Harsh V Pant
joins a ● John Kincaid
federation - ● Federalization of
Liberalisation and Globn => India’s foreign
external
Para Diplomacy policy
sovereignty
ends ● Federal units ● Decentralisation
conducting of foreign policy
● Confederatio
international relations - because global
n vs
directly. politics= glocal
Federations
● No longer seen as
● IC - Foreign
obstacles but Drivers
Affairs -
of Growth
Union List
246
Economic Para
Diplomacy:
Happymon Jacob Vibrant Gujarat
States can play significant Telangana - MOEA in
role in state Challenges
● Economic States Division in MEA ● Competition
development among political
● Ltd to economic parties
● Resource issues
Managament ● Ruling party
● Huge scope for from a diff party
o Teesta strategic & than at the
water political too centre
● Security at Borders o Border
Need local participation states
● Kanak Mani Dixit
views
6. New World order

World order denotes the way in which power is divided among various stakeholders in the
International sphere. Kenneth Waltz views
World is at an inflexion point.
● New global disorder: Since the end of cold war, old order has crumbled but new order
has not yet come into existence (The New World Disorder & Indian Imperative-Shashi
Tharoor & Samir Saran)
● C. Rajamohan:- The current world order is in a state of flux
o Trump’s unilateralism and deviation from traditional American foreign policy.
o To hedge against current volatility, multiple alignments are taking place. Ex.
SCO, India-Japan, India-South Korea etc.
o U.S. allies are pursuing strategic autonomy.
o It has persuaded China to show greater flexibility towards India and Japan.
o If Sino-US tensions have opened up space for India, those between Washington
and Moscow shrink Delhi’s room for manoeuvre.
o U.S.-North Korea thaw has left East Asian region in vacuum.
o ASEAN (Indo-pacific) has become new battle-ground for great power games.
247
● Harsh V. Pant:- Not only geo-politically, but also technologically world order is
witnessing flux.
o Cyber-security and tech-race has become a new battle arena for countries.
o Technology has been disrupting relation between state and population and
creating new concerns like inequality.
248
● Polarity of Power thesis
India’s Role: Shyam Saran
by KW and
Mearsheimer - consider ● Whatever the
multipolarity as the order, India will How India sees the
most unstable (unipolar have a major role world : from Kautilya
most stable) to play due to its - to 21st Century
o civilization
Henry Kissinger al values -Only India possesses
Book : World Order o Ideological such civilisational
● Unipolarity can never power values( Pluralism,
be long term humanity, Toleration,
o Econ &
Military cosmopolitan temper
● Bipolarity is out of and collaborative
question power
attitude) that can lead
● Multipolarity is the ● India will to the stability &
most probable future definitely emerge
harmonious New
world order as a pole
World Order
Poses diff
scenarios(Kissinger) CRM
● After a century of -To achieve greatness a
● USA: pre-eminent nation must stand for
power but not false starts and
something greater that
hegemon fatal unrealised
itself
● China : Emerge as a potential India
has emerged as a P. Stobdan: India needs
great power but not at to follow Nagarjuna’s
par with USA major swing
state. non-dogmatic precept
● Cluster of middle of Madhyamaka
powers ● Modi’s informal (Middle path)
summit in Wuhan
o India, Jap, SK, and Sochi are
Vietnam, example of new
Australia nimble-footed
diplomacy towards
Mearsheimer - Multipolar
major powers.
world order with Russia, USA
and China as the main poles. ● It will play a
critical role in the
upcoming geopolit
Non-alignment 2.0: ical issues
Our approaches to ● However, India’s
international law [and] current ability to
international norms are overly respond is
inhibited by anxieties about constrained by
the potential implications that institutional and
for our options in the policy weaknesses
neighbourhood.’
249
in trade and
defence.
C. Rajamohan (“Rearranging the BRICS”):

● The world is no longer similar to 1990s when India readily entered into the RIC strategic triangle
to promote a multipolar world against American interventionism.
● World is shifting from US-led globalization to a Chinese-led one.
● BRICS no longer is ideological posturing in India’s strategic book-keeping but is a mode to
place itself in global power relations.
Suhasini Haider:
● At a time of flux across the world fuelled by America’s capriciousness, West Asia’s internal
combustion, China’s aggression and Russian inscrutability,
● India is certainly well poised to be a democratic, dependable leader of an alternative global
coalition.
● The government must, however, be more sure-footed and clear of its own principles of
engagement.
Rajiv Sikri (“India’s foreign policy challenges”):
● First, India itself must have a strategic vision.

● India has three security rings(immediate, extended and strategic neighbourhood)
● The innermost ring is from the Hindu Kush through the Himalayas to the Irrawaddy, the natural
geographic boundaries of the Indian sub-continent.
● What happens here is of direct and vital interest to India.
● The second ring extends from the Straits of Aden and Hormuz to the Malacca Straits, the choke
points of the Indian Ocean in the west and east.
● The outermost ring covers the expanse from Suez to the Pacific Ocean rim, the extremities of
the Asian continent.
250
7. Indian Ocean Policy:
KM Pannikar
Alfred T Mahan ● India needs to Harsh V Pant
-Whoever controls ensure that ● Fortunately India
Indian ocean would Indian ocean has come out of its
dominate Asia remains India’s CONTINENTAL
Ocean mindset
-Indian ocean is the
key to 7 seas ● India’s freedom ● More open than ever
depends upon in working with
domination of like-minded
Robert D. Kaplan the Indian countries.
(“Monsoon”): Future Ocean Gurpreet Khurana: India’s
of politics will unfold ● India must learn geo-strategic frontier is
over Indian Ocean. from its past expanding.
mistakes
Indian Ocean
251
Geostrategic: Steps taken by India:
● Choke points – Maritime Doctrine, 2015: Ensuring Safe Seas
Bab-al Mandab,
● SAGAR: security cooperation: Role of Net
Hormuz,
security provider
Malacca
● Tri-lateral security framework with Sri-Lanka
● String of Pearls
and Maldives
● China’s base at
● Multilateral cooperation on non-traditional
Djibouti
security
● Other major
● Blue economy: Sagarmala
powers like
USA, Britain, ● Cooperate with major power: Military
France exercises -> Malabar, SIMBEX, JIMEX,
● Non-traditional Konkan
threats-> Somali ●
Piracy, Drug
Collaborating with like-minded countries to ensure
Trafficking,
Migration and freedom of navigation, combat piracy, response to
human disaster management
trafficking ● U.S. -> Malabar, LEMOA, QUAD
Geo-econ ● Japan -> Malabar, QUAD, AAGC
● Singapore-> Logistics, SIMBEX, Changi
● Emerging
● France->Framework for strategic coordination
market
economies in in Indo-Pacific.
littoral states ● Indonesia-> Global Maritime Fulcrum Policy,
● World Trade
Jaypura naval base
● West Asia-> Duqm port, Chabahar
● Energy
● Africa-> visited littoral states.
Security
● South-Korea’s New Southern policy + Act
● Ocean resources
East
- Fishing, Poly
Metallic o
nodules ● Revitalizing IORA, BIMSTEC, IONS( Indian
Ocean Naval Symposium
● Sambandh initiative with 10 Indian Ocean
littoral states, involving maritime naval
exercises.
● Syed Munir Khusru: Act East Policy with
maritime cooperation and naval exercises
along with joint explorations.
● QUAD, concept of Indo-pacific.
● Engagement with Pacific-Island nations.
252
● JAI meet in Buenos Aires G-20 meet.
Quad & Indo-pacific:
● Shinzo Abe (“Asia’s Democratic Security Diamond”):

● Peace, stability and freedom of navigation in the Pacific and Indian Ocean are
inseparable. All four powers should work together.
● Abe referred to book by Dara Shikoh describing “dynamic coupling” of the Indian and
Pacific oceans as the “confluence of the two seas”.
● C. Rajamohan (“Samudra Manthan”): The seas of western-pacific and the Indian ocean
must be seen as a single integrated geo-political theatre, the Indo-Pacific
● The term Indo-Pacific itself denotes the centrality of India in regional security
architecture.
● USA has renamed its Pacific command as Indo-Pacific command.
● ARIA, a bill that attempts to counter Chinese hegemony and covers US relations with
India, Japan, South Korea, the Pacific Islands and the ASEAN countries among others.
ARIA authorizes $1.5 billion every year to be appropriated for the next five years for
enhanced diplomatic and economic assistance to countries of the region.
253
Australia in QUAD:
India-reluctant multiple YES, AUS Inclusion will help:

reasons: � First, despite all its economic and
� One, it was Australia political ties with China, Canberra has
under Prime Minister been very critical of Chinese activities
Kevin Rudd which had in the South China Sea.
decided to exit the quad � Second, Australia is mulling reforms
last time around in 2008, to its political donation laws in order
in deference to China’s to limit foreign influence in its
concerns. politics.
� Two, Australia’s � Third, Australia is a major maritime
economy is heavily democracy in the Indo-Pacific region.
dependent on commodity � Fourth, there are already three
exports to China. trilateral in operation—India-US-
� Three, Chinese money is Japan, India-Japan-Australia, and US-
deeply enmeshed in Japan-Australia. Coalescing them into
Australian politics owing one quadrilateral will not be a bad
to lax rules related to the idea.
foreign funding of � And fifth, the last time the
political parties. quadrilateral engagement was
� And four, unlike Japan attempted, it was successful in making
and India, Australia has China sit up, take notice, and register
no direct dispute with protest with all the members.
China.
254
Should IND pursue NO
QUAD?
� They argue that India is needlessly
YES dragging itself into the US-China
rivalry.
� U.S. is already a receding power
� India cannot solely
and by co-opting itself in US plans,
fulfill desired role in
India will stand to lose out.
'neighbourhood first'
� We need strategic autonomy.
policy.
India's independent decision-
� S. Jaishankar - India’s making may get impacted
� India should be focussing more on
neighbours will feel
Indian Ocean region than Indo-
more reassured.
pacific where it may stand to lose
� Insecurities out of
out its strategic leverage and image
India's competing
as a balancing force.
economy and delays in � Major Powers in region will further
projects are also likely
exacerbate regional rivalries.
to be assuaged.
� Natural evolution of Act � Shiv Shankar Menon: The concept of
East policy free and open Indo-Pacific assumes
significance of only maritime region,
� Shyam Saran: Quad is while ceding continental power to
an anchor for the Indo- China. For India, both are important
Pacific and thus focus should by on both
� Suhasini Haider has pointed out following issues:

o Individual countries of Quad are still not convergent on goals. Ex. BRI, focus on
Indian or Pacific ocean
o India is still confused and reticent on maritime security part.
o India is also part of SCO
� C. Rajamohan: USA, Japan and Australia have much deeper economic and political ties
with China than India and thus containment is not a goal.
� Kanwal Sibal, quad is an arrangement of convenience.

� According to C. Rajamohan, Quad is a flexible mechanism of cooperation and lacks
institutional heft.
� S. Jaishankar has stated that it is one among the many groupings. He also has pointed
that any rigid alliances are detrimental to Indian interests and we should pursue ‘open
minded' diplomacy.
255
� PM Modi in Shangri-La summit downplayed closed regional alliances and said that
India will chart its own path.
o “India does not see Indo-Pacific as a strategy or club of limited members. Nor as
a grouping that seeks to dominate
o India’s own engagement in the Indo-Pacific region from the shores of America to
Africa will be inclusive
o Free open and inclusive regions and rules based order. “Rules and norms should
be based consent of all and not powers of few.
Way forward:
� Gurmeet Kanwal: The Quad – the concert of democracies – should be gradually
enlarged.
o C Rajamohan: Indo-pacific axis, comprising of France-India-Australia. QUAD is

not about rejecting China’s rise but engaging it in a system of rules and mutual
respect.
� According to Suhasini Haider, Quad will need to be calibrated with concrete outcomes
on India’s concerns with terror from Pakistan, and a free hand to pursue ties with Iran.
� Shyam Saran (“The Quadrilateral: Is it an alliance or an alignment”): Given its history,
India will have to remain watchful, but at the same time not lose an opportunity to
leverage the forum to advance its interests.
� Amb. Prabhu Dayal: We cannot convert Quad into military alliance and we should be
moving forward very adroitly. We should not get drawn into USA’s strategy of making
us collide head on with China
� K.C. Singh: Strategic autonomy, multiple engagements and deft balancing
� Rory Medcalf (“Many belts, many roads at Shangri-La dialogue”): A long game is
unfolding in the region. The Indo-Pacific will be a region of many belts and many roads.
Good strategy can manage poor tactics, but poor strategy cannot be redeemed - Kissinger
IORA
Established in the 1990s, IORA is a IORA Summit in Jakarta 2017 - Drew
regional forum that has not attention to a range of issues
particularly been significant in ● Econ
shaping the choices of its 21 littoral
members. o Trade and investment and
Tripartite membership - Govt, economic cooperation
industry, academia come together o Fisheries Mgt - IUU
with Open regionalism fishing
Aims
o Blue Economy
● S Development
● Security
● Enhance economic
o Maritime security
association
o Drug and Human
● Mutually beneficial
cooperation through Trafficking
256
consensus based non- o Terrorism
intrusive approach o Piracy
Result ● Others
● No binding agreements o Disaster Risk Mgt
● Min Institutionalization
o P2P exchanges
● India has taken the initiative of revitalising IORA.
● PM - given the vision of SAGAR - Security and Growth of all in the region
● Final declaration - Jakarta Concorde - revitalising IORA and recognising India’s role
8. Indian Diaspora
Evolution of Indian policy:
● India was initially sensitive to the view that championing the cause of overseas Indians
might offend the host countries, who should be fully responsible for their welfare and
security
● Rajiv Gandhi was the first Prime Minister who changed the diaspora policy by inviting
Indians abroad, regardless of their nationality, to participate in nation-building. Ex. Sam
Pitroda
● The outreach to NRIs began institutionally through Pravasi Bhartiya Divas during the
time of Atal Bihari Vajpayee government.
● According to C. Rajamohan, Modi has made it a key area of national priority. For
Modi, the diaspora is an ‘asset’ rather than a ‘liability’
o 3 Cs: Connect with India; Celebrate heritage; Contribute to development of
homeland
● 31 million strong Diaspora over Issues:

100 countries- Indian diaspora
● Volatility in West Asia
have been found to be world’s
largest as per World Migration ● Labour rights in West Asia
Report 2018. ● Visa issues
● How India See the world: ● Domestic concerns that public
Throughout history, India was a money is spent on NRIs who left
remarkably cosmopolitan place India
with diverse ethnicities. Maybe
● People leaving to join ISIS.
this is Indian diaspora’s secret
of success. ● India does not have evacuation
policy and ad-hoc measures are
● Contributing significantly
undertaken.
o Investment
● T.P Srineevasan: Merger of
o Transfer of tech Ministry of Overseas Indian
257
o Foreign trade Affairs with the Ministry of
o Remittances - 5 lakh cr External Affairs;
o Act as Informal ● irregularity of diaspora

conferences
Ambassadors-> soft
power o
o Soft Diplomacy - lobbies What should be done - CRM

for Indian interests ● More of
● USA - Indian community
o New York - Madison
lobbying Square
o Kargil war support o London- Wembley
o Nuclear tests support Stadium
o Civil Nuclear deal ● Encouraging back into India -
● Kanwal Sibal - core Foreign significant skill sets and tech
knowledge
policy objectives
o Identify sectors of impact
Govt steps
o Identify individuals
● Emigration Bill 2019
o Identify technologies.
● Indian Community Welfare
Fund ● Encouraging to invest in social
sector - rural sanitation, health
● Online platform- MADAD
initiatives, edu - by easing the
● Pravasi Bharatiya divas rules and increasing efficiency
● PB Samman Awards ● Rescue efforts - SM, Rahat -
● Know India Program sense of entitlement in diaspora
● Study India Program ● Sreeram Chaulia: We will need
to do more to ease entry of
● OCI scheme foreign funds into the country
● Skill Banks through NRI routes
● Sreeram Chaulia: MoOI had ● Try to organize the fragmented
become office of patronage for Indian population in one country
politicians. Now it has been into one powerful lobby
done away with
● Embassies are now much more
sensitive to needs of Indian
diaspora.
Conclusion:
● While we need a coherent policy to engage our diaspora, it needs to be inclusive of elite
sections of USA and Europe, working class from Middle-East, farming community from
Africa etc.
258
9.India and World Economy
● The centre of global geo-economics is shifting from trans-Atlantic region to Indo Pacific
● Amb. Jayant Dasgupta: India’s economic profile may be increasing with growth, investment and
structural reforms; but still it has no impact on global trade (1.2% of total trade)
● Arvind Virmani: India is second after China in contribution to global GDP growth and thus its
impact on world economy is certainly increasing.
● Geopolitically, India is more internationally engaged but less so geoeconomically.
● Its narrow focus is on the World Bank, IMF, WTO and foreign investment issues.
● But India has much to contribute on issues like reconfiguration of global financial regulations,
design of a new framework for trade in services and the digital economy and establishing better
cross-border standards for transparency in financial flows.
● To make its G20 year a success, India has to address organisational challenges, where the
country has an infrastructure, management and intellectual gap
10. Vaccine Diplomacy/ Health Diplomacy:

● Even before covid19, India produces: World's 80% measles, rubella vaccine
● Dec2020: MEA Organized Visit of Envoys of 60 countries to Bharat biotech (Covaxin) in
Hyderabad
● Sreeram Chaulia:
○ WHO has pre-approved 47 vaccines of IND, Only 7 of CHN
○ Medical Tourism
○ Many are doing “Vaccine Nationalism” but PM Modi “Vaccine Internationalism”
■ Soft power,Goodwill > Global south, Neighborhood
○ India is Medical Superpower, Vaccine capital of world
○ Wuhan created the problem, New Delhi is solving it for the world
● Hydroxychloroquine, Remedisivir supply
● IND-AFR health Fund
Space diplomacy
Jan 2019, page 19
259
As the world is in state of flux, so is indias foreign policy. Inspite of the rapidly changing
landscape of the global geopolitics certain objectives of foreign policy such as 1. Territorial
integrity & Sovereignty 2. Peaceful Negotiation 3. Non violence, Tolerance 4. Non interference &
Non Aggression 5. Anti colonialism, anti imperialism have remained as constant.
Most of these objectives have their roots in the History & geography of the country.
INM > Foreign Policy:
● Liking for Socialism => better relations with Russia | Anti american reflexivism
● PArtition > Minority => PAkistan problem
● Gandhian ideals of Non violence, Tolerance
● Horrors of British colonialism led to Objective of Anti Imperialism
● Border disputes
● Value of SWARAJ, Hard fought independence => Conservative policies, Strategic
autonomy, concern for territorial integrity
Ciriticism:
● M.K. Narayanan: One should not forget history, however, one should not also be
prisoner of history
● Need for contextual approach
●
Geography:
● Napolean Bonaparte: Any country’s foreign policy is determined by its geography
● Karakoram and Himalayas - natural barrier in the northern frontier.
● Non alignment as geographical proximity to China, Russia (didnt want to alienate any 1)
● India building Chabahar port to bypass tyranny of geography
● Nehru: India is a bridge b/w East and the West
and becomes inevitably involved in major global issues
● Vajpayee: One can change friends, but not neighbours
● India’s central position in Indian Ocean -
o Indo pacific policy
o Net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
Criticism:
● Role of geography has declined due to technological and scientific advancements.
● C. Rajamohan: Geographies are not static, they evolve
● George Heine and Prof. Ramesh Thakur call globalization as end of geography
260
Even though INM & GEography has profound impact. Indias Foreign policy is a complex mix of
many other factors such as civilizational ties, Economy, Social structure, Internal politics,
Leadership style, Global world politics etc.
🔴🔴P2S2 Topic 2 🔴🔴
India's Contribution to NAM:
a. Different Phases, Current Role
👇👇
1. Discuss India's contribution to the growth and development of the NonAligned

Movement(20m) (2002)(2016)
2. Compare and contrast Non-alignment 1.0 with Non-alignment 2.0 (2019) (15m)
3. Explain the statement and elucidate their implications: “India's policy of nonalignment
was based on both idealist and realist calculations.” (20m) (2011)
4. Non-alignment’ has been the basic principle of India’s foreign policy since
independence. Discuss its relevance in the contemporary context.((2015)(15m)
5. Has the Non-Alignment Movement lost its relevance in the present day situation? And
how India has evolved its foreign policy goals to the changing international scenario?
(2001) (20m)
6. Comment on: India as leader of Non-Aligned movement (2005)
7. Was there any domestic socio-political basis for India to pursue the policy of
nonalignment(2007) |OR | India's policy of non-alignment has been guided by the genius
of the Indian people and their interests." Explain.(2014)
8. “India has moved from non alignment to Issue based multi alligment “ Comment (X pyq)
(15m)
1.South Asia 3
We can choose our friends, but not our neighbours- Atal Bihari Vajpayee 3
261
According to Kautilya, neighbours are our natural enemies; however in age of complex
interdependence, relations with our neighbours have become important. 3
1.1.Positives: 3
1.2.Concerns: 4
According to C. Rajamohan, it was Nehru’s realism masked as idealism. 4
Amb Shyam Saran in his book ‘How India sees the world: From Kautilya to 21st Century’ has
also pointed to India’s lackadaisical approach in pursuing regional FTA and its protectionism.
5
Shashi Tharoor (“Pax Indixa”): India’s prioritization of relations with global powers like the
United States and China and its disproportionate focus on Pakistan have come at the cost of
due attention to its other neighbours. 5
Shashi Tharoor (“Pax Indixa”): Domestic compulsions have also marred our relations as in
the case of Sri-Lanka and Bangladesh. 5
1.3.Way forward: 5
According to C. Rajamohan, India should leverage its digital capabilities to engage. 6
Harsh V. Pant, 6
enhance its engagements in the larger Indo-Pacific, thereby getting out of straitjacket of a
“mere” South Asian power. 6
1.4.Conclusion: 6
How India sees the world : From Kautilya to 21st century: Logic of Geography is unrelenting;
Friendly relations with neighbours will help India reduce its Security Dilemma. 6
Rajiv Sikri (“India’s foreign policy challenges”): India cannot follow a 'one-size-fits-all'
approach with its neighbours. 6
2.SAARC 7
2.1.INTRO: 7
S.D. Muni: SAARC was found on the premise that if economic integration happens, political
differences will subside, 8
Gunnar Myrdal: “economic decisions not taken in vacuum of politics. 8
Acc to Brookings India, 23% of population; 6% of global GDP; 2% global trade; but 40%
global poor. 8
2.2.India’s history with SAARC: 8
2.3.Issues: 8
262
C. Rajamohan: Pakistan is the camel that slowed the SAARC caravan. 8
2.4.Way forward: 9
PM Modi has called for two-speed SAARC 9
Shashi Tharoor: From unanimity to ‘consensus minus one’. 9
C. Rajamohan: 9
Bringing other regional players like China, Japan, Australia into SAARC to address concern of
small states. 9
Kishore Mahbubani book “The ASEAN miracle: A catalyst for peace’, India should learn from
ASEAN experience. 9
Suhasini Haider: India should be leading force behind SAARC 10
Shyam Saran: Regional connectivity 10
2.5.Conclusion: 10
S.D. Muni: SAARC is not history, it should be future. Given the historic integration of
region, we should be reconnecting the region and not just connecting it. 10
India has no reason to shed tears for the SAARC. It is no longer the only game in town. In
fact, it was never much of a game. Nor should it mourn the passing away of “South
Asia”. Change is the only enduring fact of life (C. Rajamohan: Farewell to South Asia) 10
3.BIMSTEC: 10
3.2.Criticism : 10
A. Rajiv Bhatia: It is wise to learn walking before trying to fly. We should first make BIMSTEC
running efficiently in economic domain before moving to security domain. Thailand was not
ready for this type of commitment. 11
1.South Asia
1..SYLLABUS :
● India & South Asia
263
○ a. Regional Cooperation: SAARC, past performance & future prospects
○ b. South Asia as Free Trade Area
○ c. India's Look East Policy
○ d. Impediments to regional cooperation:
○ River disputes | Illegal Migration |
○ Ethnic Conflicts, Insurgencies | Border Disputes
2..PYQ :
India and South Asia :
SAARC
1. SAARC Aim-Objectives? Past Performance? Challenges? Future Prospects? (20 marks / 5pages/ X
pyq)
2. SAARC opened the gates for mutual cooperation, India’s role in south asia region(2006)
3. “Since its inception the SAARC has failed to deliver on its promises". What
initiatives should be taken to reinvigorate the organisation? (2018)
4. Outline Constraints SAARC is facing to emerge as effective regional org- 2008,2003,2001(with
prospects)
5. Regional cooperation makes sense only in the event of there being, at least as the bottom line, a
degree of ideological cohesion and/or economic dependence. The SAARC members have
neither.(2004)
6. Evaluate role of BIMSTEC in multi-sectoral technical and economic co-operation.(2019)
7. Outline the reason of low volume of trade in SAARC region (15m) (2020)
8. What are the impediments in the development of South Asian Free Trade
Area(SAFTA) (2017) (15m)
9. SAPTA and SAFTA
India's "Look East" policy :
1. What are the hopes and aspirations of India’s Look East policy?-2016,2007
2. Analyse the significance of Look east policy in the light of concerns of indigenous people of
North-east India(2018) (15m)
3. Despite potentialities, LE policy require major course correction-2012
264
4. Do you think India’s LE policy would help a common ASEAN market unlike European common
market?-2009
5. Comment on: India's interest in ASEAN
river water disputes;
1. What are the current issues in Brahmaputra river water sharing between India and China?-2019
(15m)
2. Should India sign treaty with China for Brahmaputra river water sharing similar to what she did
Nepal and other nations-2011
3. Analyse the impact of hydropolitics in India-Bangladesh relations-(15m)2020
4. 2017 "Despite the differences between India and Pakistan on various issues, Indus Water
Treaty has stood the test of times." In the light of this statement, discuss the recent
developments over this issue.(15m)
5. (2015) River water disputes are emerging as a major source of irritation between India and its
neighbours. Identify the sources of conflicts and suggest the remedial measures. (20m)
ethnic conflicts and insurgencies;
1. Discuss the implications of ethnicity and nation-building in South Asia, and their impact in the
relations of states within South Asia (20m)
2. 2015 Ethnic conflicts and insurgencies in North-East India can be better managed by improving
relations with the neighbouring countries. Substantiate the statement with suitable examples.
(15m)
illegal cross-border migration;
1. 2012 Illustrate the issue of illegal cross-border migration in South Asia and its impact on regional
alliances and bilateral relations. (20m)
2. Problems being faced by India due to illegal migration(2010)
border disputes.
3. How does cross-border terrorism impede the achievement of peace and security in South
Asia(2020) (20m)
4. Discuss the future prospects of Indo-Nepal relation in context of new Nepalese map wrongly
claiming indian territory-2020
5. Explain the defence and foreign policy options for India to address the challanges emergeing out
of current India-China standoff at the LAC-2020
India-Pak
1. Do you think India’s capacity building role in Afghanistan has shrunk the space for pakistan
there? Discuss-2018
2. Discuss the shift of IFP towards Pakistan wrt Pathankot incident?-2016
265
3. Pol and enviromental context of Siachen glacier conflict? Possibility of env peacekeeping and
collabarative arrangements being worked out btw India and pak?-2012
4. Critically review the peace progress btw I and P since kargil war(2007)
5. Imp and limitations of recent confidence building initatives btw I and P-2005
6. 2000 Indo-Pak relationship veers around the peaceful settlement of the Kashmir issue. Critically
evaluate various alternatives for its solution (15m)
7. Prospects for cooperative and friendly relations btw I and P
India-Bhutan
1. Treaty of perpetual peace and friendship btw I and Bhutan needs to be revised with more
pragmatic , realistic obligations and responsibilities. Comment (2017) (15m)
India-Nepal
1. Discuss the strategic interests of India wrt landlocked countries of south asia.With regard to
Nepal to what extent has the involvement of China,Usa and EU impacted India’s strategic
interests(2009)
2. Distinguishing features of India-Nepal relations-2004
3. Major issues of conflict and co-op btw India,Nepal and bhutan- 2004
4. Discuss the future prospects of Indo Nepal relations in the context of the recent publication of
new Nepalese map wrongly claiming indian territory( 10m) (2020)
India-Bangladesh
1. Identify persistent points of friction btw India and Bangladesh at present-2007, Issues and major
area of co-op(2004)
2. 2003 Comment on: Indias role in the independence of Bangladesh
India-Srilanka
1. India bashing is result of internal social conflicts. Explain wrt SL

2. Role and consequences of IPKF in SL-2002
3. How is India responding to the idea of Indo-pacific(2019)
4. Decribe breifly China’s OBOR initiative and analyze India’s major concerns.-2019
Evaluate India's stand on the recent Rohingya refugee issue. (2018)
2002 Examine the recent developments in Sino-Indian relations
Critically assess the evolving convergence of India and China in the areas of trade and environment.
(2018) (15m)
266
Describe briefly China's One Belt One Road (OBOR)' Initiative and analyze India's major concerns.(2019)
(15m)
How is the 'Belt and Road Initiative' of China going to affect India-China relations?(2017) (20m)
2016 Illustrate the main causes of tension between India and China. Suggest the possibilities of
improving relationship
2014 "Some of the major changes that occurred in India's policy after the Sino - India war in 1962 were
within the larger framework of continuity." Discuss (15m)
Comment on: Impact of Sino-Indian conflict of 1962 on International Politics
Comment on: China one China policy (15m)
2008 The relationship between India and China is characterised by high levels of conflict and
cooperation.' Comment.
Q. How neighbourhood first policy differs from Gujral doctrine?

● A. Both policies give significant priority to our neighbourhood and work towards sharing Indian
fruits of development with its neighbours along with ensuring their security.
● Only difference lies in that while Gujral doctrine was non-reciprocal in extending benefits,
Modi’s neighbourhood first is more transactional.
● Our expectations of what our neighbours can do for us have increased.
● However, principles of non-reciprocity are gradually emerging in “Neighbourhood First” too.
Q. Has India done justice to its neighbourhood policy?

● A. We still have to go a long mile in achieving the intended goals for neighbourhood first.
● While our engagement with our neighbours remain robust, uncertainties continue due to lack of
connectivity, delay in implementation of projects and increasing presence of China in the region.
Q. Shouldn’t we focus on global issues rather than limiting ourselves in South Asia?
● A. Yes mam, we shouldn’t be limiting ourselves to South Asia.
● However, if we put the global politics in concentric circles, neighbourhood will attain largest
priority.
267
● A stable neighbourhood is the key to unhindered global engagement and neighbourhood
connectivity will help us to increase our engagements to extended neighbourhood.
Q. Is election of leaders like Sheikh Hasina, Ibrahim Solih, Wickramasinghe, a good thing for India?
● A. Sir, India should not be concerned about the leadership change in our neighbourhood and we
should be ready to engage with whichever leader is in power.
● However, the fact that with continuing leader, continuation of policy engagements with India
will be there and that, democratic institutions are functioning well in our neighbourhood is a
good thing for India.
We can choose our friends, but not our neighbours- Atal Bihari Vajpayee
● According to Kautilya, neighbours are our natural enemies; however in age of complex
interdependence, relations with our neighbours have become important.
● Muchkund Dubey: A country’s foreign policy can be judged by its relations with its
neighbours
● How India sees the world: The Westphalian world order has fragmented the subcontinent
to independent sovereign nations. However, our strategic concerns are still defined by the
sub-continental concerns that override political ambitions.
1.1.Positives:
● Modi has reached out to neighbourhood countries since his coming to power.
o Invitation at his swearing-in ceremony.
o Modi in his Raisaina Dialogue address articulated is vision for a ‘peaceful and
harmonious South-Asia’ and ‘neighbourhood first’.
● According to Amb. Veena Sikri, the relations between India and her neighbours are
multidimensional and interactive.
o Indian Cultural Centres run by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations in the capital
cities.
o India has enormous attraction in education field for neighbours.
o Medicak, Health tourism
o Trade ties with neighbours are also robust.
o Relief operations. Ex. Operation Insaniyat; Operation Neer; Operation Maitri .
o Space diplomacy: using SnT => South Asia Satellite.
● According to Veena Sikri, China may have deep pockets, but it doesn’t have support of history
and geography.
o According to Zorawar Daulat Singh, for the most part, it appears that homeland
security and geo-economic considerations rather than ambitious realpolitik or
normative concerns have shaped India’s neighbourhood policy.
268
1.2.Concerns:
● According to C. Rajamohan, it was Nehru’s realism masked as idealism.

o IND wanted South Asia as sphere of influence akin to Monroe Doctrine.
● Domestic upheavals in neighbourhood. Ex. Maldives, Sri-Lanka, Nepal.
o The Indian analyst Nitin Pai has gone so far as to argue that India’s neighbours know
that their own weakness is a source of implicit and explicit bargaining power.
● According to Kanwal Sibal, India has historically neglected the aspirations of its neighbours
playing out as ‘big brother’ which has given leverage to other large powers including China to
utilize the strategic space.
● S.D. Muni (“Pangs of proximity”): The historic narrative of Indian subcontinent has produced a
sense of nationalistic non-Indianess in our neighbours with the desire to establish a separate
civilizational construct. This results in India bashing.
● At the same time, India’s outlook has been marred by tactical considerations, ad-hocism and
increasing unpredictability in defence and strategic postures.
o According to Suhasini Haider, this is akin to Nixonian practice of ‘Madman Theory’.
● According to Happymon Jacob, India has led itself confined to regional issues and South-Asian
territories with China pushing it more in this direction.
● Even, India’s position in South-Asia is weakening due to rise in China’s power.
o China’s charm offensives, loans and infrastructural projects.
o China has been projecting its military and naval power more aggressively.
o China has recently started mediating in regional and domestic issues like between
Pakistan-Afghanistan, Myanmar-Rohingya, Maldives-opposition etc.
o Suhasini Haider: “policy of equidistance”; Zorawar Daulat Singh: “dual-track foreign
policy”
● According to P. Stobdan, India has been pursing security-centric ‘zero-sum game’ which has
impacted its regional influence benefitting China. Securitization of terrorism
● Amb Shyam Saran in his book ‘How India sees the world: From Kautilya to 21st
Century’ has also pointed to India’s lackadaisical approach in pursuing regional FTA
and its protectionism.
● India couldn’t translate all of its promises into action.
o The International Monetary Fund: India’s growth has had only a minuscule impact on
the growth of its neighbors.
● Lack of political will in resolving India-Pakistan issue.
● Poor connectivity among the countries is another factor which has subdued trade and people-
to-people relations.
● Amb. Shyam Saran: We have not created the capacity to engage with our neighbours on a
sustained basis and at multiple levels.
269
● Shashi Tharoor (“Pax Indixa”): India’s prioritization of relations with global powers like
the United States and China and its disproportionate focus on Pakistan have come at
the cost of due attention to its other neighbours.
● Shashi Tharoor (“Pax Indixa”): Domestic compulsions have also marred our relations
as in the case of Sri-Lanka and Bangladesh.
1.3.Way forward:
● C. Rajamohan (regionalization): Delhi must devote itself to other bilateral, sub-regional and
trans-regional groupings like BIMSTEC, SASEC etc.
● P. Stobdan (functionalism) says that a top-down waterfall approach pursued by China and
Russia is required.
● P. Stobdan (social constructivism): According to him, India needs to come out of zero-sum
mentality and engage its neighbours through geographical, historic, cultural, people-to-people,
economic and political ties.
o How India See the world: visa liberalization should ensue to allow transfer of people
● According to Suhasini Haider (liberal institutional),
o India must regain its role as a prime mover of SAARC
o India should stop interfering in domestic politics.
o India must use its soft power, as it has been doing with Afghanistan and Bhutan.
● According to Daulat Singh Zorawar (complex interdependence), what India really can do is to
shape the relationship of its neighbours and draw some redlines. Vivek Katzu: We need to
create a neighbourhood doctrine where certain redline have to be set.
● According to Amb. Sharat Sabharwal (economic interdependence),
o India needs to leverage its economic rise to share the fruits of its prosperity.
o Engaging our states bordering neighbour countries like UP, TN, WB etc.
o Fulfilling our promises and pending projects.
▪ How India sees the world: Creation of an autonomous Development
Cooperation Agency to expedite the projects being implemented by India.
▪ Pramit Pal Chaudhary: While India has a bad record in implementation of
projects, Japan has a good record. Thus partnership with Japan is required.
▪ According to C. Rajamohan, India should leverage its digital capabilities

to engage.
▪ China has already been racing ahead with its Digital Silk Road.
o How India sees the world: The globalization process is pitching India into ever widening
concentric circles of economic cooperation. In this architecture of concentric circles,
regional integration in South Asia may be seen as the innermost zone. India cannot take
full advantage of this web of economic integration while remaining isolated from its
own periphery. While asymmetry has caused conflict in political domain, it is an
advantage in economic domain where India can act as an engine of growth.
270
● Harsh V. Pant,
o The more India is seen to be reciprocating its neighbours’ grievances.
o enhance its engagements in the larger Indo-Pacific, thereby getting out of

straitjacket of a “mere” South Asian power.
● How India sees the world: South Asia is a continuous integrated ecological space. We need to
cooperate in managing rivers and climate change.
● S.D. Muni: If we want to invite China to SAARC, we need to first see what China did to ASEAN.
1.4.Conclusion:
● How India sees the world : From Kautilya to 21st century: Logic of Geography is
unrelenting; Friendly relations with neighbours will help India reduce its Security
Dilemma.
o Indian sub-continent is a single interconnected geo-political entity and ecological

space with a shared history, strong cultural affinities and dense economic
interdependencies.
● C. Rajamohan: India’s problem is not about competing with China in South Asia but
managing its messy interdependence with the neighbours with some strategic vision and a
lot of tactical finesse
● Rajiv Sikri (“India’s foreign policy challenges”): India cannot follow a 'one-size-fits-
all' approach with its neighbours.
o In the first category are small, vulnerable countries like Bhutan and the Maldives with a
high degree of dependence on India. India should not take them for granted, and has to
be extra careful to respect their sensitivities. Although they are friendly to us, they
understandably wish to reduce their dependence on India.
o In a second category are the middle-sized neighbours like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Afghanistan and Myanmar, comparable in size and population to Indian States. India has
to deal with them in a more subtle and sophisticated way. While giving them full respect
as sovereign nations, India has to adopt a non-reciprocal approach and treat them like
Indian States from an economic perspective.
o Pakistan and China fall in the third category of India’s neighbours.
● India needs to project itself as a responsible global country at the same time maintaining its
stated goals of regional harmony and fulfilling its regional aspirations.
o For this long-term strategy is required and proactive ironing out of all long-standing
issues with neighbouring countries.
o Only after a peaceful neighbourhood, India can concentrate on its global rise as a
significant power.
o Democratic peace theory and security community
271
●
2.SAARC
Q. Has SAARC lost its relevance?
A. The relevance of SAARC is still present, since it has 3 countries- Pakistan, Afghanistan and Maldives
which BIMSTEC doesn’t have. However, due to resistance from Pakistan in implementing any
connectivity project, we need to pick-up alternatives around Pakistan.
● First is SAARC minus one consensus mechanism.
● Second is BIMSTEC, BBIN and other bilateral mechanism, as well as regional groupings like India-
Sri-Lanka-Maldives, India-Myanmar-Bangladesh, India-Afg-Pak
Q. Is BIMSTEC an alternative to SAARC?

A. No. 3 countries are left out in BIMSTEC. Moreover, while BIMSTEC is bridge in regional connectivity
between South and South-East Asia, it cannot replace South Asia connectivity.
“Nation’s destiny is linked to its neighborhood”- PM Modi at UNGA
We have created institutions for regional cooperation but we have not yet empowered them adequately
to enable them to be more proactive.- Manmohan Singh at the April 2010 SAARC summit:
2.1.INTRO:
● Regional organization based on functionalist approach.
o S.D. Muni: SAARC was found on the premise that if economic integration
happens, political differences will subside,
▪ however that assumption was wrong.
o Gunnar Myrdal: “economic decisions not taken in vacuum of politics.

▪ Thus for regional integration, political consensus is required.
● Considered as weakest regional organization, no match even to African Union.
● Formed in 1985 by Bangladesh PM Zia-Ur-Rehman with security dilemma regarding India to
ensure balance of power and check India’s hegemony.
● Official objective of SAARC is to consolidate South Asia’s economic and geo-political potential
and promote welfare of the citizens.
● Concept of Panchsheel; consensus-based decisions; closed regionalism; top-down approach
● Acc to Brookings India, 23% of population; 6% of global GDP; 2% global trade; but 40%
global poor.
2.2.India’s history with SAARC:

● India’s initial attitude towards SAARC was, according to Pratap Bhanu Mehta in his book;
shaping the Emerging World: India and the Multilateral Order, “akin to the attempt by the
Lilliputs to tie down Gulliver.”
272
● However, as its economic clout grew in the mid-1990s, India began to assume a greater role as a
regional leader.
o The so-called Gujral Doctrine precipitated this change in large part.
● Subsequent governments – notably those led by Prime Ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and
Manmohan Singh – continued to engage with India’s neighbors in this spirit
● With Modi government, relations started with swearing-in ceremony bonhomie.
o In his address to the United Nations General Assembly he said that a “nation’s destiny is
linked to its neighborhood” and promised to give the “highest priority on advancing
friendship and cooperation with her neighbors”.
● But with deteriorating relations with Pakistan, SAARC’s future is also lost into ambiguity, with
India focusing more on BIMSTEC and IOR-ARC to isolate Pakistan.
2.3.Issues:
● Protectionism (35% tariffs) within the region. Intra-regional trade ($23 billion) is not beyond 5%
of total trade (1% of SAARC’s GDP- ASEAN trade is 10% of its GDP)
o India is still the most protectionist country in the region.
● Security dilemma between India and Pakistan. Both countries use the platform to perpetuate
their narrow national interests.
● C. Rajamohan: Pakistan is the camel that slowed the SAARC caravan.

o It throws wet blanket on any new initiative. Ex. Connectivity projects.
● Insecurity dilemma within the region, since the countries have very short history as nation-
states; hence not easy to transfer their sovereignty.
● Huge asymmetry between India and other nations. Hence security dilemma arises. Absence of
external balancer like China.
● Realists, utopian to expect nation-states to look beyond national interests.
● No push factor as with ASEAN or EU.
● No South-Asian identity as with ASEAN identity or European identity.
o Shyam Saran: South Asia’s political borders are artificial
2.4.Way forward:
● PM Modi has called for two-speed SAARC
o Shashi Tharoor: From unanimity to ‘consensus minus one’.

o Pramit Pal Chaudhary: With coming of China in Indo-Pacific, India cannot wait for
Pakistan to accede to regional connectivity. Thus, more prudent option is to keep lines
of dialogue open in SAARC and seek other channels like BIMSTEC, BBIN
● C. Rajamohan:
o Include South-Asian diaspora in Modi’s oversees Indian policy.
273
o Bringing other regional players like China, Japan, Australia into SAARC to
address concern of small states.
● Kishore Mahbubani book “The ASEAN miracle: A catalyst for peace’, India should learn
from ASEAN experience.
o SAARC should meet more often to bridge trust deficit. ASEAN meets 1000 times a year
on various issues of common concern.
o India should be more pragmatic when it comes to Pakistan and SAARC. Bilateral
differences should not trump regional prosperity.
o Smaller countries should be given lead as was done with Singapore in ASEAN.
● Suhasini Haider: India should be leading force behind SAARC
● Shyam Saran: Regional connectivity
2.5.Conclusion:
▪ S.D. Muni: SAARC is not history, it should be future. Given the historic integration of region,
we should be reconnecting the region and not just connecting it.
▪ India has no reason to shed tears for the SAARC. It is no longer the only game in town. In fact,
it was never much of a game. Nor should it mourn the passing away of “South Asia”. Change is
the only enduring fact of life (C. Rajamohan: Farewell to South Asia)
3.BIMSTEC:
● (BoB Initiative for Multi sectoral economic cooperation)
● Trans-regional grouping established in 1996 (Bangkok declaration) with

India+BD+Myanmar+Thailand - to promote broader economic cooperation
● Later in 2004 - Bhutan + Nepal + SL were also added
o making one of the strongest efforts of bridging gap b/w South Asia and South
East Asia
o 21 % population, GDP of US$ 2.5 trillion..growth rate 6 %.
● Sector driven cooperative organization
● 2010 - expanded scope - now includes – 14 sectors - write anything
● SAARC ending up being a hostage to India-Pak rivalries
● Recent BRICS Goa Summit 2016 - BIMSTEC outreach on the side
● Others
o IMT
o Kaladan
o BBIN MVA
274
oBlue economy
● Most imp driver - BIMSTEC FTA
o Signed but not yet come into force
o Quickly expand it beyond goods to include services and investment
3.2.Criticism :
● India’s engagement with them has been mostly episodic and ad hoc. We have not created
the capacity to engage with our neighbours on a sustained basis and at multiple levels.
● Indian dilemma - The connectivity platform also opens the door to China selling its
ambitious OBOR initiative.
o first ever military exercise of BIMSTEC, Nepal and Thailand did not send their
army chiefs, only observers. Nepal arranged military exercise with China next
week.
● Delivery Deficit -(Acc C Rajamohan IND Promises, CHN Delivers)
● Shyam Saran: Same projects reappearing as “fresh initiatives”...Our capacities and
institutions continue to lag behind our ambitions. It is time to move from an event-
oriented to a process-driven approach.
● According to envoys of member countries of BIMSTEC, the organization suffers from
lack of visibility.
●
● Given the geo-strategic importance of BIMSTEC countries - India should take a
proactive and pragmatic approach to the regional grouping.
● Could start by Creating a separate BIMSTEC division in MoEA
● Speedy conclusion of FTA to boost intra-regional trade from 7% to 21%.
● Amb. Shashank: There is no department set-up to oversee BIMSTEC. If we want to see
connectivity with neighbouring countries we need to integrate it in our own planning process.
Q. Views on Thailand and Nepal not attending military exercise.
A. Rajiv Bhatia: It is wise to learn walking before trying to fly. We should first make
BIMSTEC running efficiently in economic domain before moving to security domain.
Thailand was not ready for this type of commitment.
1.Intro:- 3
Shashi Tharoor - INTRO 3
Rajesh Basrur 3
Kashmir is more of a symptom than the cause 3
275
Stephen P Cohen 3
Salman Taseer in article “Why my father hated India” -=> 3
“idea of Pakistan thrives in rejecting Indian culture” 3
2.Why is Pak courted by international community? 4
3.Causes of Conflict: 4
4.Policy of Pak 5
5.Policy of GoI towards Pakistan 5
Suhasini Haider: 5
No overarching policy 5
Rakesh Sood: jhappi and katti 6
M.K. Narayanan: Yo-Yo diplomacy. 6
6.interview Q 7
7.Doval Doctrine (Realist approach) 8
Pax Indica: India cannot take Israel type actions since unlike Terrorist-designated Hamas,
Indian adversary is well-armed sovereign nuclear power. 9
Pulwama attacks -> Balakot strikes 9
Gains (Zorawar Daulat Singh): 9
Concerns: 9
8.India’s course of Action 10
C Rajamohan 10
Brahma Chellany 10
Shashi Tharoor 10
9.Response to Terror Attacks: 11
MK Narayan 11
(Complex interdependence) 11
Why relations should improve: 11
Conclusion: 12
10.Indus Water Treaty - 1960: 13
276
Dispute redressal: 13
Issues: 13
3 options(India ): 13
Why should India not come out (Suhasini Haider) 13
Way forward: 13
11. CPEC 14
Challenges to CPEC: 15
Gilgit-Baltistan: 15
12.China-Pak Relations: 15
Vivek Katzu: not joint partnership, but patron-client relationship 15
Relations on decline: 15
Not on decline: 15
Challenges: 16
Way forward: 16
Conclusion: 16
13.Pakistan and democracy 17
Mohd. Ayoob The speculation of (book:“Imran Khan and future of India”) is a waste exercise
based on false assumption that foreign policy of Pak is determined by its civilian
government. 17
Conclusion: 17
277
1.Intro:-
Shashi Tharoor - INTRO Stephen P Cohen
● Pak remains the biggest ● Shooting for the century

foreign policy ● Paired Minority Conflict
challenge to India ● Only other comparable conflicts -
Jews&Arabs, Shias&Sunnis
Rajesh Basrur ● Each side feels threatened and vulnerable
and resists negotiations and compromise
● Reason for India-Pak tensions - most
● Indian policy towards
untraceable
Pak - Oxford handbook
● Mutually hurting stalemate
on India’s foreign
● Nukes
policy
● Pak cannot win the war
● So far India - managed
● India cannot lose the war
reasonably well
● Resolution of Kashmir - not a soln
● Fundamental
● Issue is identity- requires extraordinary
Contradiction
will
● India - status quo on
● Mutual Blind spot - each other’s image is
Kashmir
identical to each other
● Pak - Determined to
● India - Secular
change status quo
● Pak - Homeland of minorities
● Kashmir is more of a ● Will be shooting for atleast 30 more
symptom than the cause years (Century)
Salman Taseer in article “Why my father hated India” -=>
● “idea of Pakistan thrives in rejecting Indian culture”

G Parthasarthy:
● promoting peace between India-Pak is like treating two patients whose disease is allergy to each
other.
Zia-ul-Haq when he was asked why you’re doing Nizam-e-Mustafa, ‘Islamisation’. He said if an Egyptian
stops being a Muslim, he’s still an Egyptian. If a Pakistani stops being a Muslim, he’s an Indian.
278
2.Why is Pak courted by international
community?
● Pax Indica: The tyranny of geography has ensured that international actors are dependent on
Pakistan for stability in Afghanistan.
● That along with China’s geo-political ambitions has made Pakistan the ‘pivot state’.
● However the appearance of fighting terror is to shore up funds from USA to be ultimately used
against India, a fact acknowledged by successive USA administrations.
● Also, Pakistan is a failing state with nuclear capabilities. Risk of N. weapons going in hands of
non-state actors which prompts international community to ensure stability in Pakistan.
3.Causes of Conflict:
Touquir Hussain Haqqani (Pak Sumit Ganguly (Security
Hussain (Social scholar) (Insecurity dilemma)
constructivist) Dilemma)
● The Deadly
● Former ● India vs. Pak : Why Impasse
Ambassador to can’t we just be ● Security dilemma
Pak friends and deterrence
● Relationship - ● Pathological don't work b/w
oppressed by obsession India and Pak
weight of past ● Paranoia of elites ● Nations -insecure-
history, ● Reductive rapproachment
domestic nationalism ● But not India-Pak
politics and o 95% - hatred ● Pak - revisionist
ideology tow India motivations
● Problem : o 5% - Love for ● Irredentist State
Relate to each Pak ● Pakistani army -
other ● Main problem is not parochial reasons
negatively - Kashmir
weakening ● Most lavishly funded
each other Pak Army
● Pax Indica: ● Ayesha Siddiqa
Hatred is also (“Military Inc”)
being spread Disproportionately
through media. well-resourced deep
state
● In words of Pakistani
commentator Cyril
279
Almeida, the army is
not strategically
interested in peace
4.Policy of Pak
How India see the world:
● Pakistan’s identity as ‘not India’. Different historical narratives.
● Its quest for parity with India has fuelled to become client state of first USA and then
China.
● Pakistan sees nuclear overhang as a shield behind which it can hide and continue cross-
border terrorism.
● Strategy of keeping India off-balance tying it to the sub-continent.
● Strategy of ‘death by thousand cuts’ and ‘bleeding India to death’.
5.Policy of GoI towards Pakistan

Rajesh Basrur Kanti Bajpai
Analysed since Suhasini Haider:
time of Nehru ● Modi’s Policy -
Nehru (Idealism) Pak and China ● No overarching
policy
● Miscalculat Before Modi
ed Pak’s ● Postures rather
ambitions ● Slow to anger than policy
and powers ● Prudential bilateral ● Inconsistency,
● Pak will diplomacy ad-hocism
collapse ● Non-alignment - ● Series of
under its Reluctant coalition missteps,
own weight; building misperceptions
280
Under Modi (Complex and
come back
interdependence) misunderstandin
to India
gs.
● Focussed on
● Started with
China ● Rakesh Sood:
neighbourhood
first jhappi and katti
Later
● Normal to Anger ● Suhasini
● Assertive bilateral Haider: neither
● I. Gandhi -
diplomacy jaw-jaw; nor
realist-
● More explicit war-war
Breaking up
coalition
Pak ● M.K.
diplomacy
territorially Narayanan: Yo-
● Going beyond
● Gujral
prism of Pak - Yo diplomacy.
Social
strengthening ● Ambiguity
constructiv
relations with West empowers
ist
Asia - especially subversive
● Vajpayee –
SA, UAE and elements.
Functionali
Qatar ● India loses its
st approach-
● India-Qatar stand in
Bus
Defence agreement Kashmir issue.
diplomacy –
- just short of a
confrontatio
military alliance Present Policy:
n was
● Tackle China-Pak
fraught with
Axis ● Blame and
risks of
Shame
unintended
Modi’s policy - (Terroristan; Ivy
consequenc
Cooperation Defection League of
es.
Cycle Terrorism)
● Manmohan
● Isolate Pak
– Eco.
● Willingness to (SAARC)
Interdepen
cooperation on ● Strategic
dence –
India’s terms restraint has
MFN status
● Defect when does ended now as
● Restraint -
not go its way shown in
asymmetric
● Not confusion- Balakot strikes.
al warfare
calculated choice ● Happymon
● Failed -
● Still no concrete Jacob:
consequenc
gain-rather strain securitization of
es of
Pak threat
nuclearisati
Reason for cooperation leading to
on of S.
containment of
Asia
● Value of keeping India within
the door of South Asia
To be used from
negotiations open ● Not successful-
this —>
● India’s image as a Pak -
281
● Pivot state
● Hard state
● Deep State
● Uptil now - Negatives of Coalition

● Defeating in responsible player Building
● Imperatives of
wars
● Containing nuclear stability in ● China — India
● Negotiating south Asia frontline state in
● Futility of military
● FP - USA’s policy of
significantly options to terrorist containing
constrained attacks China
- factors ● China’s
beyond Reason for defections motivation to
India’s contain India got
control ● Assertion that strengthened
● Pursued India will set ● China - pol,
‘Cricket agenda econ, military
Diplomacy’, ● Support of support to Pak -
‘designer International confidence
diplomacy’, community in gen
‘dargah and key gulf states Pak’s new target -
diplomacy’ - terrorism military establishments
- gain mileage lost in
Mumbai terror attacks
Seems that Modi Policy
is not resulting into any
concrete gain
Support to Pakistan
● CPEC
● US continue military
transfers, exercises
and aid.
● Iran has conducted
PASSEX and formally
asked to join CPEC.
● Russia conducts first
ever military exercise
with Pakistan.
● OIC support.
282
6.interview Q
Q. Is Kartarpur Sahib a good initiative?
A. Yes sir, it will allow easing of tensions between India and Pakistan and is a further steps
towards boosting people-to-people relations.
Q. Do you see any issues with the initiative?

A. One issue that is being raised is that Pakistan may use Khalistan issue to instigate further
trouble. However this is an issue which can be dealt with.
Q. What can be done to deal with issue?

A. On domestic front, India should ensure that instability does not occur, any anti-national
activities are monitored closely and curbed and Sikh community feels integrated with India and
that any grievances are addressed through constitutional means. This will give more confidence
to our citizens.
Also, India can use the corridor to find out Pakistani plans.
Q. Should India engage in talks with Pakistan?

A. Sir, backchannel talks have been continuing and they are good mechanism for preventing
escalation of tensions. Given the prospect of formal talks on Kashmir, it cannot be possible in
absence of overall peace initiative, especially when Pakistan aided terrorism continues in valley.
However, we can resolve other issues like Siachen and Sir Creek like we did Kartarpur Sahib, so
that it has spillover effect for overall peaceful environment.
Q. Should we prevent artists from Pakistan to perform in India?

A. Sir, I don’t think we should. An important point on which vested interests in Pakistan thrive is
the image that India wants to dismantle Pakistan and is not interested in peace. By preventing P-
2-P exchanges, we will let the vested interest win the argument. Moreover, cultural exchanges do
not pose a security threat to India and we are only increasing our regional soft power.
Q. Should we seek to resolve Kashmir issue with Pakistan?

A. Yes sir, it should be the ultimate aim of both countries; but, it cannot be possible in absence of
overall peace initiative, especially when Pakistan aided terrorism continues in valley. A Kashmir
solution can only be the end point of negotiations and not the starting.
7.Doval Doctrine (Realist approach)

oval Ali Ahmed Daniel Markey
● Defensive Offence ● India’s Doctrine ● Peace through

● No point in talking puzzle : Limiting Indian Style
peace with Pak - war in South Asia ● Not necessary
justify Riason d etat ● Till now -accused- that hardline
for existence no strategic culture approach will
283
● Working on
work in India’s
vulnerabilities of
or doctrinal favour
Pak - assumption
thought ● Pak’s - Tit for
that Paks vuls are
● Recently - def to tat manner
higher than India’s
off doctrines would make
● 3 things
● Cold Start the situation
● Reaching from
● Limited War worse
where offence is
● Hyper activism is a ● Missing
coming
recipe for disaster. negotiations is
● Use of weapons and
● Trigger happy not only
finance terrorist
reactive foreign profoundly
organisations
polices often do dangerous but
● High tech
not work counter
intelligence driven
productive
operations
Pax Indica: India cannot take Israel type actions since unlike Terrorist-designated Hamas,
Indian adversary is well-armed sovereign nuclear power.
The greatest danger that can befall is in coping with this problem… is that we shall allow
overselves to become like those with whom we are coping- George F. Keenan.
284
Pulwama attacks -> Balakot strikes
Gains (Zorawar Daulat Singh): Concerns:
● India has the right to pre- ● Upping the ante with Pakistani
emptive self defence- a right may lead to situations of war and
that has so far been the unnecessary wastage of resources.
exclusive privilege of ● We have been employing strategic
western powers. restraint till now.
● Challenging the costless ● Pakistan being a pivot state will
proxy war being waged by not attract permanent hostility of
Pakistan for past 3 decades. nations like USA and Saudi
● Active defence has now been Arabia.
incorporated in policy. ● India will risk internationalizing
● Gained global recognition of the issue since external powers are
the Pakistani terrorism and getting involved.
vindication of Indian stance. ● China is still not sanctioning
Masood Azhar.
8.India’s course of Action

● Stakeholders:
o Army
o Civil Govt
o Civil Society
o Saudi Arabia and the West Asia
● It needs to be understood that in the world of complex interdependence, if not

good relations atleast normalisation of relations should be a long term objective.
● Creative statecraft and out of box diplomacy are required to deal with hydra headed
Pakistan
285
Shashi Tharoor
(social constructivism)
C Rajamohan ● Pax Indica

● Peace process should continue otherwise
● Army is the real only option is war.
controller of the ● Back channel diplomacy with countries
state having leverage on Pak - US, SA
● Suggest engagement ● CCIT
with Rawalpindi ● Strengthen internal security
than Islamabad ● Maintain spirit of Secularism
● India should learn ● Increase the stakes of International
from Korean peace community in Indian economy
efforts ● India should work at two fronts- should
create international pressure against
●
Pakistan (especially creating pressure via
two largest donors China, Saudi and IMF)
and continue dialogue.
Brahma Chellany ● Use international levers like Resolution
1267, 1373 (binding requirement on
● No pro-Civil govt member states), 1624 (forbidding
gesture incitement)
● Will put it into ● Not engaging in dialogue will give the
trouble with Pak terrorists a veto over the relations.
Army - Red lines ● Increase people to people contact and show
● IWT - unique as magnanimity where our national interests
Upper riparian state are not impacted like tariffs, education,
at a disadvantage - agri etc.
needs to be relooked ● Engaging with Rawalpindi by economic
interaction with military-owned
enterprises, military exchanges and
exercises.
286
9.Response to Terror Attacks:
Suhasini Haider
Happymon Jacob (Complex
MK Narayan (Complex Interdependence)
Interdependence)
(Complex ● It is a game of chess,
interdependence) ● More it doesn’t always
nuanced and pay to use the same
● Act with guile in moves to frustrate
Restraint engaging the opponent
● Image as a stakeholders ● India should not get
mature in Pak into a copycat
country ● Military trap with Pak.
● Pak - basket option may
case like N. not be the Why relations should
Korea best option
Clausewitz -
improve:
● Adopt a ●
● Major Powers like
minimalist War is an
act of US, Russia, China
approach, i.e.
senseless are increasingly
limiting trade
passion engaging in regional
relations and
Better way to issues like
movement of ●
deal with Afghanistan.
people
● SAARC needs to be
● Counter-force Hydra-
headed revived which is
doctrine
Pakistan - important for
● Cyber-warfare
Creative regional
● Step-by-step ●
statecraft development.
normalization
● Ground needs to
with track-2 ● Out of box
diplomacy remain prepared for
diplomacy.
a possible re-
engagement.
K.S. Bajpai: India should adopt ‘the right, rational choice for a mature power’.
Simple Interdependence Functionalism Realist view (Rajiv Sikri):
(Vajpayee ● Continue with aggressive
287
diplomacy.
(Manmohan formula): ● Can’t bow down to
terrorism
Resume cross-border trade.
Emulate our relations with China. Cold Start Doctrine: Jan 2017,
Convert indirect trade to direct. Formula): page 36
Resume
In 2016- 17 to US$ 2.28 billion, with composite Sumit Ganguly
exports from India at $1.83 billion dialogue ● Deterrence by denial
and imports from Pakistan to India process (2+6 ● Adequate forces in
at $456.33 million framework) Kashmir
● Counter insurgency
Under MFN status, India has brought ● Address Kashmir
down tariffs to 5% alienation
● Stem radicalisation in
bud
Conclusion:
● India needs series of measured responses, rather than high pitched rhetoric. Our work is
largely at home, building our capacity and competence.
● Manoj Joshi: At the same time, we need not be pursuing resolving Pakistan issue, since
even a stable Pakistan will be malign to India. We need to know how to manage Pakistan
and have a policy on the same.
o Backchannel talks
o Dialogues with 3rd party stakeholders like USA and EU to put pressure.
o How India See the world: Maintain pressure points like Gilgit-Baltistan,
Balochistan and Afghanistan and maintain all levers including covert and overt.
Pakistan is a shrewdly capable state ensuring its survival and not a nearly failed
state and it should be dealt as such. Thus inflicting pain should not be out of
option.
o How India See the world: Collaboration as in dialogues, trade, banking networks,
power sharing, P2P relations, visa liberalization, joint basin management
● Amb Prabhu Dayal (Book- Karachi Halwa): There have been international examples
where two hostile neighbours have buried the hatchet like France-Germany and Israel-
Egypt. Japan and Russia are also uniting amongst geo-political uncertainties. India and
Pakistan should also strive for the same.
● How India sees the world: Improved relations with Pakistan can only be cumulative
outcome of a series of modest and incremental steps rather than the result of any big-
bang affair which disturbs the deep state.
288
10.Indus Water Treaty - 1960:
3 options(India ):
● World Bank - Indus River water ● Suspend PIWC meets -
system Pakistan cannot escalate to
● Brahma Chellany - its unique - other stages
upper riparian state has ● Maximize use of 20% water
disadvantage from IJC
● Pak - Western Rivers : IJC- 80% ● Come out of treaty - as China
of the water has built a dam on Indus in
● India - Eastern rivers : RBS- 20% Ladakh
of overall water
● India allowed to use 20% of CJI - Why should India not come
non-consumptive purposes out (Suhasini Haider)
● China - Brahmaputra
● International Image of India -
Dispute redressal: irresponsible player
● Permanent Indus water ● Lose the high moral ground
commission (PIWC) ● Nuclear strike - Pak has
● Neutral expert mentioned - water for nukes
● PCA ● Flooding
Issues: Way forward:

● Resentment in J&K people ● Brahma Chellany - suggest
● Pakistan’s obstructionist approach for renegotiating the treaty
on Kishanganga, Ratle: Zero-sum keeping in mind new
approach (India’s gain=Pak loss) geopolitical realities
● Tilak Devashar (Pakistan: Courting ● On renegotiation of the treaty:
the abyss) has blamed Pakistan’s Amb. Vivek Katju says that any
rising population and extensive attempt at renegotiations is
misuse and mishandling of river only going to further India’s
water. India becomes an easy target. interest as no more concessions
● Climate Change as global threat: are possible.
UNDP report published recently ● On future: TCA Raghvan says
called for India to share water deficit that treaty itself gives the scope
of western rivers during lean of future negotiations and a
seasons...Former Amb. TCA Raghvan joint river basin authority can
says that the proposal is against basic be on the cards for mutual
edifice of treaty which calls for ‘river’ benefits. Part of being
sharing, not ‘water’ pragmatic is being positivist
otherwise you will get stuck
where you are.
289
11. CPEC
● China-Pak didn’t have close relations till 1962 war, after which they grew
● Publicly declared as - Higher, Deeper, Sweeter
● 2006 - China-Pak - Treaty of Friendship, cooperation and good neighbour relations
Andrew Small (Importance of CPEC to

Christian Wagner (Importance
China)
of CPEC to Pak)
● China Pak Axis
● Additional strain on
● Utility of Pak
India-Pak relations
● Containing India
● Little interest in econ
● Security related - Xinjiang
coop
● Gateway into West & C Asia
● More free hand in
● Gwadar port - entry to Indian
Kashmir
Ocean
● Prolong negative
● Goes beyond India-China relation
cycles
● Transactional
● Neutral stand of China
● Lack of Sentimentalism -
on Kashmir ends
otherwise 2 front war - reality
Challenges to CPEC:
● The corridor runs through an area fraught with tensions.
o First, it's disputed territory of Gilgit-Baltistan, India has issues.
o Second, the Chinese are wary of extremism in the region. There was an attack on
Chinese consulate in Karachi.
290
o Third, Pakistanis are offended because of Chinese high-handedness in dealing
with locals in business as well as in security measures. (Chinese have been
picking up Pakistani nationals from Xinjiang region and sending them to re-
education camps)
● Pakistani debt crisis and low reserves. CPEC has put Pakistan deeper into debt.
● Saudi Arabia has pulled out of CPEC
Gilgit-Baltistan:
● The region had good gold resources in the past and has huge tourism and hydroelectric
potential.
● India has delayed in its vocal protests against CPEC since the time Karakoram highway
was being constructed.
● We have not had Gilgit-Baltistan in our strategic vision.
● Jan 2019, page 16
12.China-Pak Relations:
● Vivek Katzu: not joint partnership, but patron-client relationship
● China will bail-out Pakistan in a way that suits them (Tilak Devashar)
● Patrons never give freebies in abundance, they keep them dangling a thread (Vivek Katzu)
Relations on decline: Not on decline:

● China is gradually asking Pakistan to put its ● Danger of going
act together Malaysian way
● There are concerns on both sides- (Mahathir cancelled
extremism and economic mismanagement contracts): No, since
in Pakistan a concern for China and Pakistan is very
China’s debt trap and opaque projects a dependent on China
concern for Pakistan (Sushant Sareen)
● China has good handle over Uighur ● Pakistan's economy
problems and is not dependent on will not be allowed to
Pakistan. Even Pakistan has not spoken on collapse because of
atrocities on Islam in Xinjiang (Sushant nuclear power (Vivek
Sareen) Katzu)
● There are cracks appearing in relations ● Chinese also know
(Sushant Sareen) that Pakistan has no
alternative
291
Challenges: Way forward:
● Besides challenging India’s Economic interdependence

sovereignty it has many other ● Manoj Joshi and P.S.
consequences as well Raghavan: Participation on
● Geo-strategic Angle
condition that Islamabad
● Indian China- Containment and
Counter Containment and China open cross-
● China’s Malacca Dilemma ends ; South Asian trade routes.
India’s Gwadar Dilemma begins Realist view
● Geo-economic angle ● Hardeep S. Puri: no
● It will undermine the economic- compromise with Indian
interdependence between India and sovereignty; continue
Pak.
resistance against CPEC.
● Instead of INSTC, Pak on E-W
corridor Complex Interdependence
● Culturally West Asian ● Daulat Singh Jorawar & C.
● Economically in Chinese zone Rajamohan: Enhance
● No point in integration with South internal capabilities in
Asia block China in specific
● Policy of isolation of Pak will be territories. Benefit out of
irrelevant with CPEC
CPEC.
● CPEC - expression of New Economic
& Strategic Geography
Conclusion:
● cracks seem to be appearing between Pakistan and China on CPEC
● India can nudge China away from Pakistan through creative diplomacy and sustained
dialogue.
13.Pakistan and democracy

● Pakistan is officially a parliamentary democracy
● Example of state bonapartism or overdeveloped state.
● Morris Jones once famously commented that only political institutions in Pak were coup and
mob.
● 2nd time that transition of power has occurred from one democratically elected government to
another; according to Indian and European observers, elections were very fair.
● Nonetheless, the more things change the more they remain same
● Other states have army, here army has a state
● Large political violence, religious extremist groups like JuD fighting elections.
292
● Pak. Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency has shown that entire pre-poll
process was unfair.
● Mohd. Ayoob The speculation of (book:“Imran Khan and future of India”) is a waste
exercise based on false assumption that foreign policy of Pak is determined by its
civilian government.
● Christine Fair: In Machiavellian terms, any politician in Pak trying to have his/her own policy
with India will necessarily come to grief.
● Dilip Sinha: Trump’s policy may lead to low profile of army for some time and give India space
for maneuverability.
● Conclusion:
o Uncertain times are ahead.
o South Asia has been an exception to Democratic Peace Theory. Democracy in Nepal,
Bhutan, Maldives have made relations worse with India.
o China on the other hand has improved its relations.
o This shows diplomacy rather than democracy decided inter-state relations.
1.Introduction: 2
Sheikh Hasina “relation like flowing river, full of generosity” 2
S. Jaishankar describes current relations as fraternal friendship 2
Importance of Bangladesh: 2
Current Relations: 3
Collaborations: 2
Connectivity: 2
Boundary disputes: 3
Energy: 3
Economy: 3
Security cooperation: 3
Challenges: 3
Illegal migration : 4
293
Solution: 4
Teesta Water Issue: 4
According to Jaideep Majumdar, India’s case against China on Brahmaputra stands weak
in face of Teesta issue. 4
Way Forward 4
Prof. S.D. Muni: narrow domestic interests should not come in the way of strategic
national interests. 4
Domestic Politics: 4
“India must forget history and Bangladesh must forget Geography” 4
India’s current policy: 4
Issues in India’s policy: 5
Harsh V Pant 5
C. Rajamohan: With a border of 4096 km, India has no reason to see itself in competition
with Beijing. 5
Zia-Ur-Rehman 5
Way Forward:: 5
Harsh V. Pant: Sensitive towards Bangladeshi needs 5
C. Rajamohan: Leveraging soft-power and enhance people-to-people ties and bridge trust
deficit; (social constructivism) 5
Pinak Ranjan Chakraborthy: Create IOR as a security community 5
Conclusion: 6
1.Introduction:
● Excellent phase with Awami league in power
294
● Sheikh Hasina “relation like flowing river, full of generosity”
● S. Jaishankar describes current relations as fraternal friendship
● This relationship, rooted as it is in history and conditioned by geography, finds its rightful
place at the top of the foreign policy agenda in Bangladesh and a priority one in India.
● Still, India-Bangladesh relations are defined by uncertainty.
295
Importance of Bangladesh: Collaborations:
Geo-strategically :- Connectivity:
● External threats : closeness with
China - nightmare ● 2008 Maitree Express-Kolkata-Dhaka
● Internal threats : Porous border, passenger train
30 million illegal migrants - ● Coastal shipping agreement and Inland
security challenges Water Transit Agreement
● Counter-Terrorism - IS attacks- ● Improving the connectivity
North-East terrorists o Khulna-Kolkata train also
● Radicalism in Bangladesh
known as Maitree Express-2
Geo-economic :-
o Kolkata-Khulna-Dhaka bus
● Oil and Gas resources
● Large markets service
● Incentives of investment o India-Bangladesh Friendship
Geo-political Bridge over river Feni
● Enthu about Regional integration ● Akashvani Maitree: Aug 2016, page 24
- SAARC, BIMSTEC, BBIN ● 10,000 strong Indians in BGD
● Bridge to north-east
Boundary disputes:
Current Relations:
● Maritime Boundary Dispute (resolved)
● Counter terrorism - ULFA ● Land Boundary Agreement
terrorists handed over ● Exchange of 111 enclaves- Land
● Agreed to BBIN - Transit to NE Boundary Agreement
● High level exchange visits
● India providing line of credit to
Energy:
BD
Recent Visit of Sheikh Hasina: ● Power sharing: 500MW > 1100 MW
● 22 agreements after Modi’s visit
● $5bn Line of Credit (Total $8 o win-win(helps power shortages
billion) in BGD, helps IND gain political
● Nuclear Energy, Capacity
leverage against water dispute)
building, counter terrorism
● Indo-Bangla friendship pipeline from
● Agreement in defence - imp
o Chinese equipment - 80% Siliguri to Parbatipur for supply of high
of Bangladesh imports speed diesel as a grant-in-aid.
o New Delhi intends to ● Nuclear Energy (Rooppur Power Plant)
change the status quo
o $500 mn specifically for Economy:
defence purchases
● ● Reduced Tariffs, setting up IND SEZ in
● 50+ bilateral institutional BGD
mechanisms between India and ● Line of Credit
Bangladesh in the areas of security, ● Developmental Development projects
296
trade & commerce, power & in BGD Eg. Sylhet city
energy, transport & connectivity, ● Indian(FDI) in Bangladesh reached US$
science and technology, 88 million in 2015-16
defence,rivers & maritime affairs
etc
● Joint consultative commission Security cooperation:
● Trade has reached $7 billion ● Joint military exercises (Sampriti)
● Mutual legal assistance treaty
● Counter-terrorism and human
trafficking cooperation
Challenges:
● Domestic politics;
● Teesta water sharing;
● immigration (India’s Mexico problem- India and BGD share 4096 km of border);
● trade deficit (6.6 billion with 6 billion in India’s favour);
● China-factor;
● insecurity about India being Big Brother
297
Illegal migration : Teesta Water Issue: Domestic Politics:
Solution: ● Emotive issue in Bangladesh: ● Dom Pol of SA

● Better Border As the former Bangladesh nations - huge
management - High Commissioner in Delhi, impact in foreign
electrified Tariq Karim, put it, even if policies
wall( Secularity most of the agreements are ● Part of Pak - India
questioned - Open delivered, many in Bangladesh helped in freedom -
for Nepal and will “only ask why Teesta has but no follow up
closed for BGD) not been done.” actions
● Corruption
● According to Jaideep Majumdar, ● “India must forget
● Gujral Doctrine :
India’s case against China on history and
Help Bangladesh
Brahmaputra stands weak in Bangladesh must
address - poverty &
face of Teesta issue. forget Geography”
Unemployment
● National Register ● It may also jeopardize ‘Blue ● Bangladesh National
for Citizens to be Water Partnerships’ in the Party (BNP)
maintained & Indian ocean. o Safe haven to
updated terrorist
Way Forward groups
● Work Permits
● Gujral Doctrine o Projected
terrorists as
● Prof. S.D. Muni: narrow domestic freedom
interests should not come in the fighters
way of strategic national ● Mark of Nationalism
interests. - Anti-India
● Address water deficit of WB ● Using China to
● Bargaining transit agreement. balance the
● Use Joint River Commission Big Brother attitude
(not met since 2011) of India
● Sustainability.

● Increase defence linkages chipping away Chinese influence,
● build trust deficit,
● greater investment,
● collaboration in anti-terrorism,
● collaboration in power sector,
● bringing all stakeholders in table to resolve standing issues.
Issues in India’s policy:

● Lack understanding of internal dynamics,
● stuck with history,
● big brother attitude,
298
● issues in line-of-credit delivery,
● too much focus on north-west,
● domestic issues (WB)
Way Forward::
● Harsh V. Pant: Sensitive towards

Bangladeshi needs
Harsh V Pant
Zia-Ur-Rehman ● C. Rajamohan: Leveraging soft-power
-India has ignored and enhance people-to-people ties and
fundamentals of ->used Religion & bridge trust deficit; (social
IP (Anarchy = Anti-India card to constructivism)
Security Dilemma=> consolidate power ● India could do better in branding its
Balancing ) 👇 assistance with quality-advantage and
-India’ Encircles Party politics in similarity of developmental needs as
Bangladesh BGD compared to China;
-BGD uses China to 👇 ● increase investments in Bangladesh and
balance the Rise of accelerate its development (Jaideep
Big Brother attitude Fundamentalism Mazumdar);
of India 👇 ● Walk the talk on its developmental
Destroyed Secular promises and iron out Line-of-Credit
C. Rajamohan: With nature issues; (economic interdependence)
a border of 4096 km, ● Revive SAARC (regionalism)
India has no reason Started SAARC to
to see itself in contain India ● Pinak Ranjan Chakraborthy: Create IOR
competition with as a security community
Beijing. ● We need to increase strategic integration
with Bangladesh and explore new
avenues like cyber capability, energy
exploration.
Conclusion:
● A moderate, secular and stable
Bangladesh will go a long way in
stabilizing South Asia (Democratic
peace theory)
● India, being the bigger and economically

more powerful can and should take the
lead by taking generous and constructive
steps towards Bangladesh(Gujral
doctrine)
299
1.Intro 2
S.D. Muni -> relations of Roti & Beti 2
C. Rajamohan: Nepal-Punya Bhoomi; India-Karma Bhoomi 2
2.Importance: 3
Geo-Political: 3
Geo Econ : 3
Geo-strategic : 3
3. Issues: 3
Shyam Saran (“How India See the World”; “India and Nepal: A relation of paradox”): physical
proximity led to both positive bonds & points of conflict. 3
Crisis regarding Constitution 3
Treaty of Peace & Friendship 1950: 3
Territorial dispute:- 3
Chinese Influence: 4
Shyam Saran: Every ruling dispensation plays China card. 4
Brahma Chellany (Jan 2017): Nepal needs India, bec of geography. China can replace
IND(essential supplies) only by moving the Himalayas southward. 4
Lack of domestic stability: 5
4. Collaborations: 5
Hydro Power: 5
Brahma Chellany: India-Nepal-Bangladesh should jointly executive projects instead of

unilateral projects which China is implementing. 5
Education: 5
Modi: 5
300
Modi Formula 5
HIT 5
Development assistance: 5
Issues in Indian policy: 6
SD Muni-> Nehru’s policy considered India’s security as more imp than Nepal’s Sovereignty 6
C. Rajamohan has compared Nehru’s policy with Curzon 6
Suhasini Haider: Poor use of soft power 6
S. Jaishankar -> in an open border, our doors are never closed to our neighbour 7
Way forward: 6
India needs to shun its image of an interventionist hegemonic power and let Nepal
exercise its choice on basis of equality, mutual respect, trust and benefit 6
SD Muni - India’s Nepal policy needs caution and not Grandstanding 6
Prof SD Muni 7
India’s tendency to micromanage Nepal’s affairs 7
India’s Nepal Policy is a subset of India’s China policy 7
India’s Nepal policy needs caution and not Grandstanding 7
C. Rajamohan: Instead of demanding an “India first policy”, affirm that India’s strong support
for a “Nepal first” policy. 8
1.Intro
Jayant Prasad -> India and Nepal
are bound together by S.D. Muni -> relations of Roti & Beti
Nearly 6 million Nepali live and work in
● Language and religion, India
● Marriage and Mythology.
● Civilizational connect C. Rajamohan: Nepal-Punya Bhoomi; India-
Lumbini to Bodh Gaya, Karma Bhoomi
from Pashupatinath to
Kashi Vishwanath. Despite this, India Nepal have witnessed a
see-saw of relations; neighbours trapped by
301
apprehensions.
302
2.Importance:
303
Geo-Political: Geo Econ :
● India’s vision of Integrated ● Huge hydropower potential -
South Asia requires support 40,000 MW;
from all neighbours ● Trade and investment
● Countering China, UNSC
reforms Geo-strategic :
● India provided security to
● Buffer state b/w 2 Asian
Nepal against Mao’s theory
Rivals (Yam between two
of ‘Palm and digits’
boulders- Prithvi Narayan Shah)
304
3. Issues:
● Shyam Saran (“How India See the World”; “India and Nepal: A relation of paradox”):
physical proximity led to both positive bonds & points of conflict.
305
Crisis regarding Constitution Treaty of Peace & Friendship 1950:
● Attempts at constitution ● Seen as a modified version of Treaty

since Jan Aandolan 2 (2008) of SAGAULI,
which completed in 2015 ● Nepal - sov state
● Constitutional crisis ● National treatment to each other’s
regarding accommodation of nationals
various marginalised ● Nepal - give primacy to India - dev
communities e.g. Madhesis, of Industry, hydropower &
Dalits, Tharus exploration of natural resources
● Violent Protests by the ● Inform each other in any serious
groups misunderstanding with neighbour
● Further - resulted into o
economic blockade at India- ● Issue - secret letter
Nepal border - economic & o No Chinese arms w/o India’s
Humanitarian crisis consent
● Public anger against India - o Broken many times
using Madhesi’s to control o India given option of re-
Nepal negotiating
● India in official statement ● As if — Aimed at undermining
had ‘noted' and not Nepal’s sovereignty
welcomed the constitution ● Amb Muchkund Dubey
o Pushing for a broad
based consensus Territorial dispute:-
document
o Violence of Terai ● Kala Pani - triangular piece of land
could have spill over ● Strategically Important for India
to India ● Gujral Doctrine - recognise Nepal’s
o India felt ignored sovereignty but take Kala Pani on
and excluded in permeant lease
constitution building
process.
Chinese Influence:
Issues
● Delineation of
constituencies ● Shyam Saran: Every ruling
● Citizenship norms - Nepali dispensation plays China card.
women married to Indians - ● China has pledged 70 billion rupees
kids not Nepali citizenship ($661.63 million) in more than a
● Nepal, as a senior leader dozen mega projects in Nepal,
said, is a 'divided country' exceeding India's FDI commitment.
and the divisions will ● Trade and transit agreements ($8.2
continue to grow - billion investment): Kanak Mani
especially on the Pahad- Dixit -> Historically, Himalayas
Madhes axis. were a barrier, but now they can be
Consequences connector between Nepal and China.
306
● Violent protests - ravaged ● Construction of Dams and Pokhra
the post-earthquake Nepal Airport
Economy with essential ● Chinese Universities are preferred
supplies like food and destination
medicine disrupted. ● $1mn as flood relief
● Great Blockade - ● Sagarmatha Military exercise
China (Trade, transit ● Nepal joining BRI - indicating strong
and infrastructure agreement willingness to come out of India’s
s) sphere
● According to S.D. Muni, ● Shigatse-Kathmandu line during
India displayed knee-jerk Oli’s visit to Beijing.
reaction and intrusive
diplomacy which turned ● Brahma Chellany (Jan 2017): Nepal
whole generation of needs India, bec of geography.
Nepalese against India. China can replace IND(essential
supplies) only by moving the
Himalayas southward.
● S.D. Muni: Any help in Nepal should be
welcomed by India, however we should
be watchful and draw some redlines.
Having prepared to invest so heavily in
Nepal – in the political and strategic
domains – China will not easily let Oli
loosen his dragon hug.
Lack of domestic stability:
● Insecurity dilemma in Nepal w.r.t.

India.
● According to Rakesh Sood, when
Nepal’s domestic politics is
polarised, Indian policies become a
convenient punching bag
307
4. Collaborations:
308
Hydro Power: Modi:
● Feasible Hydro capacity - ● Power trading agreement- Joint

40,000 MW management
● Installed = 800MW
o Power shortages - ● Modi Formula
16hrs/day
o Imports electricity o HIT
from India ▪ Highway
o Pol opposition to ▪ Information ways
India’s involvement ▪ Transmission ways
o Chinese also coming o Oli visit (April, 2018): Rail
in to invest in dams line Raxaul-Kathmandu
o India’s projects are
seen as ecologically Development assistance:
and economically ● Upper Karnali
disastrous. ● Arun 3
● Exclusive management ● Pancheshwar dam hydroelectricity
power project (in process)
Brahma Chellany: India-Nepal- ● Hulaki road project (in progress)
Bangladesh should jointly ● construction of cross-border
executive projects instead of railways (in progress)
unilateral projects which China is ● building new skill development
implementing. centres (in progress)
● The total Indian relief assistance to
Education: Nepal amounted to approx. US$
67 million during 2015 earthquake
India provided 3000 scholarships to ● Government of India has also
Nepali students annually extended four lines of credit to the
Government of Nepal for US$ 100
million, US$ 250 mn, US$ 550 mn
and US$ 750 mn for execution of
infrastructure development
projects
Issues in Indian policy: Way forward:

● SD Muni-> Nehru’s policy ● India needs to shun its image of an
considered India’s security interventionist hegemonic power
as more imp than Nepal’s and let Nepal exercise its choice on
Sovereignty basis of equality, mutual respect,
trust and benefit
● C. Rajamohan has
309
compared Nehru’s policy ● SD Muni - India’s Nepal policy
with Curzon needs caution and not
● No independent Nepal Grandstanding
policy; subset of China
o Growing Nepal-China
policy
● Like Pak in Afg; trying relations should not create
‘strategic depth’ panic among India; nor it
● India followed multi-pillared should make any ethical
approach and couldn’t compromise
develop trust with any pillar. o Calibrated coercive
● Lack of professionalism
diplomacy.
● Ignored the grassroots
leadership, went for elites o India must not get into
● Short term tactical objectives playing a game of chess
followed
● Jayant Prasad:
● Suhasini Haider: Poor use of o Without compromising
soft power India’s security, the
● Lack of Nepal studies in challenge is to turn border
India; knowledge gap which into a bridge, not a barrier.
leads to Nepal being o India should empathize
considered as cultural with insecurities of its
extension of India. (Kanak small neighbour.
Mani Dixit) ● Shyam Saran (“From India-
● India follows multiple and locked to India open”)
often contradictory goals in ● Shyam Saran: Cultivating
Nepal constituencies with positive
o Inclusive constitution sentiments towards India. 6
and stable polity. million Nepalese who live and
o Preventing Chinese work in India; Gurkhas, Madhesis
influence in Nepal. ● Deb Mukherjee: difference should
● Reasons for increasing be made between cultural
Chinese influence connectivity and trade relations.
o Kanwal Sibal: Big ● Rakesh Sood: reducing trade-
Brother attitude of deficit and delivery deficit.
India -> China as a ● Kanak Mani Dixit
balancer o Rolling back of hyper-
o India’s inability to active bureaucracy of India
execute projects o Conceive a trans-
o India’s obsession Himalayan link among
with Pakistan India-China-Nepal.
o Due to cultural o Increased sensitivity to
linkages and patron- economic growth and
client relationship, social justice in border
India has taken Nepal areas.
310
for granted. o Joint ecology management.
India has softened its tone; Under Wuhan spirit, China has proposed
2+1 dialogue among India-China and
S. Jaishankar -> in an open border, Nepal. Manoj Joshi: We need to see if a
our doors are never closed to our trans-Himalayan railway is feasible
neighbour
Prof SD Muni
Shyam Saran
● India’s tendency Amb. Muchkund Dubey How India sees the world :
to micromanage From Kautilya to 21st
Nepal’s affairs ● Nepal - honest answers century
● If treaty is behind
● India’s Nepal discord, why not re- India should
Policy is a subset negotiated despite ● adhere to position
of India’s China India’s offers of principle
● Real problem - short- ● Advocate policies
policy
sightedness of Nepali rather than people
● India’s Nepal Politicians ● avoid playing
policy needs favourites
caution and not
Grandstanding
● C. Rajamohan: Instead of demanding an “India first policy”, affirm that India’s strong
support for a “Nepal first” policy.
● Need to shift from ‘special partner’ to ‘sovereign equality’. Need neighbourhood 2.0
1.INTRO: 1
2.Treaty of Peace, friendship and Cooperation: 1
311
3.IND Policy: 2
Modi Mantra: 2
B2B - Bhutan to Bharat and Bharat to Bhutan 2
Beyond diplomacy and strategy => Union of Heart and soul 3
4. Issues: 2
Zorawar Daulat Singh: South Asia is an exception to democratic peace theory 2
Suhasini Haider: Egg between two rocks 3
5. Conclusion: 3
According to Suhasini Haider, India must respect sovereignty of Bhutan at all costs. 3
Ashok Sajjanhar: Help Bhutan diversify its economy through high end tourism infrastructure.
4
312
2.Treaty of Peace, friendship and
1.INTRO:
Cooperation:
● Most successful
● India’s only all- ● Art 1
weather friend o India as natural partner
● Real meaning to
o Perpetual peace and Friendship
word, ‘strategic ● Art 2
partnership’ o India - not interfere in domestic
Strategic importance affairs
● Chumbi Valley o Bhutan agrees to be guided by India
● Buffer state in external affairs
Geo-political ● Not to undermine but to Protect Bhutan’s
● Contain sovereignty
insurgency in NE ● Not in strict sense - Bhutan taken
Geo-economic independent stands at various multilateral
● Hydropower forums
potential ● India - even allowed Bhutan to hold border
● Bhutan’s talks with China
topography is 2007 - Revised Treaty
favourable to India ● India from a guiding partner to a close
friend and equal partner
● However, Bhutan cannot permit any Anti-
India activity on its territory
3.IND Policy: 4. Issues:

● Great foresight of
Nehru; every ● China factor: P. Stobdan: India’s
government has traditional ‘sacred bond’ with Bhutan has
followed Nehru’s been disastrously allowed to erode and the
approach. Himalayan state merely remained as an
● India - supporting object of strategic play against China
Bhutan’s 5YP
o 1/3rd of Bhutan's imports come
economically
● India-Bhutan Trade from China
and Transit agreement, o China has been trying to make a
1972 deal for land swap.
● India is Bhutan’s o China has been trying to start
largest trading partner diplomatic relations.
o Main export of
o China has been giving Buddhist
Bhutan –
electricity scholarships
(3/4th) ● As former Foreign Secretary Jagat S. Mehta
● Educational and wrote in his book, “Negotiating for India:
Cultural Cooperation, Resolving Problems Through Diplomacy”: “The
313
Under Graduate and running anxiety during the 1960s for Bhutan
Post –Graduate was to steer its external relations with China
Scholarships, Nehru- by giving neither provocation nor the
Wangchuck impression of getting into a bear hug of
Scholarships,
dependence with India. Both could jeopardise
Ambassador’s
[Bhutan’s] autonomy.”
Scholarship, Aid-to-
Bhutan ICCR
Scholarship, ITEC ● Zorawar Daulat Singh: South Asia
Training Programme is an exception to democratic peace
Scheme are some theory
other important areas
of cooperation. ● =>Since democracy has been introduced in
Bhutan and internal power struggle began,
Modi Mantra: uncertainty has started coming. Previous
PM of Bhutan tried to engage China.
● B2B - Bhutan to o Parties in Bhutan are calling for
Bharat and Bharat to ‘self-reliant Bhutan’
Bhutan o Indian interference in Nepal, Sri-
● Modi - Bhutan key
Lanka, Maldives are carefully
priority in India’s
foreign policy watched in Bhutan.
● Bhutan is India’s o The party critical of India has won
natural partner with in 2018 elections.
organic nature of
relations ● Suhasini Haider: Egg between two
rocks
● Beyond diplomacy
and strategy => Union ● => Delay in hydropower project
of Heart and soul implementations + India’s self-reliance in
power and other renewable sources of
energy is creating debt situation(is cracking
egg😄)
● Trade deficit in favour of India and
mounting debt.
o In 2016, total bilateral trade between
the two countries stood at Rs. 8,723
crore with total imports being Rs.
5528.5 crore (82% of Bhutan’s total
imports) and exports recorded as Rs.
3205.2 crore including electricity (90%
of Bhutan’s total exports).
● BBIN - came out of it as Bhutan considered
that it would just increase pollution
314
● Bhutan maintained neutrality in Doklam
issue.
● Problems that Bhutanese traders face in
bilateral trade and third country exports due
to the introduction of Goods and Services
Tax and demonetisation of currency notes
by India, needs to be addressed by New
Delhi.
5. Conclusion:
● Bhutan cannot be taken for granted, since China is vying to make inroads
● According to Suhasini Haider, India must respect sovereignty of Bhutan at all costs.
● develop a stand-alone Bhutan policy which is independent of China.
● The EGG cannot be allowed to crack 😄=> Strategic buffer between IND & CHN.
● BIMSTEC to boost Bhutan’s growth (82% trade-GDP ratio)
● Ashok Sajjanhar: Help Bhutan diversify its economy through high end tourism
infrastructure.
● There is enough reason for Bhutan and India to explore cooperation beyond government
initiatives. When Bhutan is diversifying its economy, private sector can lead the way
forward.
● PM came with four agendas i.e. a fair tariff for the 720 MW bilateral Mangdechhu
project; seeking India’s support for Bhutan’s 12th Five Year Plan (FYP); starting the
2,560 MW Sunkosh Reservoir project and waiving off the Central GST for Bhutan.
These are critical for Bhutan’s economic future and commercial plans and India has to
adopt an open, participative approach to achieve them.
Visits:
● PM of Bhutan visit to India in December, 2018
1.Intro: 1
2.Importance: 1
3.Civil War & Tamil: 2
(Shivshankar Menon (“Choices”) 2
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Indo-Sri Lanka accord of 1987: 2
Aftermath of Civil War: 2
19th Amendment Act 2015 —> 2
Tamil Grievances 3
Domestic issues 3
Prof. Sriram Chaulia: We should engage with whoever is in power. 4
4.Fishermen Issue: 4
Concern: 4
5.China issue 4
(Brahma Chellany: Debt trap diplomacy) 4
6.Issues in Indian policy: 5
7.Future recommendations: 5
Suhasini Haider: India-Sri-Lanka dialogue comprises of 5 different dialogues(Delhi, Chennai,

Jaffna, Colombo) 6
8.Conclusion: 6
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1.Intro: 2.Importance:
● India-Sri Lanka Geo-strategic :-
relationship has deep
historical and cultural ● Stationary ship in the Indian ocean
linkages (more than Geo-economic -
2500 years old) ● Oil and Gas reserves,
● In recent ● FTA 2000 (In Goods)
years domestic politics ● Working on Economic & Tech
in both countries has Coop Agreement ( ETCA)
affected relationship o Trade in services
● In words of Sri Lankan o Investment issues
scholar Rajasingham o Coop in like technology
Jayadevan, the o Sri-Lanka is apprehensive
relationship between that ETCA will be
India and Sri Lanka is disproportionately beneficial
an inter twined to India.
historical bond
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Indo-Sri Lanka accord of 1987:
3.Civil War & 13th Amendment
Tamil: ● Sri-Lanka will not invite any

external power.
(Shivshankar Menon (“Choices”) ● Provincial autonomy
● 9 provinces - each - directly elected
● Reasons provincial council
o Citizenship
● Tamil - 2nd Official language ;
o Official language
English as connector
● Implementation
issue
o Implemented in all provinces
● Sinhala Only Act
● 3 decade long armed
except the Northern Province
conflict with LTTE ended because of LTTE activities
o Rajapaksa govt - resentment -
in 2009
● India supported the Sri
will go for a home grown
Lankan govt...while solution
o Tamils resentment - not a
expressing at the highest
levels deep concern at the federation
plight of mostly Tamilian
civil population
Aftermath of Civil War: 19th Amendment Act 2015 —>

New Govt - Steps taken under International
● India realised - Not much Pressure
pressure bilaterally -
started working with ● Constituent Assly
international community ● Establishment of Parliamentary form
● UNHRC wants to put of govt
sanctions ● Review of Preventive detention laws
● India, China protecting ● Possibility of converting Sri-Lanka
Sri-Lanka as of now into a federation
● Time given to address the
Tamilian issues ● Elected govt in the Northern
o Lessons, Learnt Province led by TNA - grievances
and Reconciliation o No land or police powers
Commission o No financial powers
(LLRC) o CM - no bill w/o governors
o Truth, permission
Reconciliation and o Governor by central govt -
Non-recurrence retd civil servants
Commission ● India is providing developmental
(TRNC) assistance to develop the civil
o Promoting ravaged Tamil area
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Reconciliation,
Accountability and
Human Rights in
Sri-Lanka
● India - strategic approach
- balancing China
Tamil Grievances Domestic issues
● Investigation for ● The implementation of rehabilitation and

war crimes reconciliation works has been slow.
● Missing persons ● Instability in coalition between President
● Army still
Sirisena and PM Wickremesinghe.
occupies
Tamilian lands ● Extremist Buddhist lobby is get stronger.
● Jaffna has been ● Rajpaksha is again gaining ground after
militarised - sweeping municipality polls.
difficult to get ● Northern Provincial Council has proven to be
back to normal ineffective in resolving grienvances.
life ● Many contradictions and loopholes in
● The Govt formed
constitution
after elections in
the Northern ● Institutional capabilities remain limited in
provinces Sri-Lanka.
o No land ● Polity of Sri-Lanka is divided, even the
or police armed forces
powers
o CM - ● Prof. Sriram Chaulia: We should engage
Cannot with whoever is in power.
present
any bill ● Rajpaksha coming back may not necessarily
w/o be bad. Even Wickramasinghe dilly-dallied
Central
on Indian projects and leased Hambantota.
govt
apptd We have seen firebrand anti-Indian like
Governor Prachanda in Nepal turning pro-India.
o No
financial
powers
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4.Fishermen Issue: 5.China issue
● Bottom trawling - ecologically ● China - look at Sri-Lanka from a
unsustainable fishing purely strategic point of view
Why trespass ● China docked submarines during
● Considered historic right in Rajpaksha’s regime.
waters ● Sri-Lanka in huge Chinese debt and
● Maritime Agreement of 1974 -
has leased Hambantota port
gave away Katchatheevu island
- no clear mention of fishing
rights ● (Brahma Chellany: Debt trap
diplomacy)
Concern:
● Sri-Lankan navy shooting Recent - MoU in Coop in Economic
Indian fishermen Projects
● Against UNCLOS
● Govt of India & Sri Lanka - ● Help in extracting natural gas
taken steps ● Infrastructure development
o Established a Joint o Railways, ports
working Group (JWG) (Trincomalee), Terminal at
on fisheries Colombo port; Mattala
▪ Hotline b/w coast airport
guards of both ● Better political relations yet fragile;
countries ● Maritime cooperation (SAGAR);
▪ NO violence and ● Nuclear cooperation;
loss of lives of
fishermen Trade deficit: bilateral trade in 2016
o Release fishermen and amounted to US $ 4.38 billion. Exports from
their boats on India to Sri Lanka in 2016 were US$ 3.83 billion,
humanitarian grounds while exports from Sri Lanka to India were US$
o Indian govt preparing 551 million.
Indian fishermen for
deep sea fishing
Solution
● Take Katchchatheevu island on
lease
6.Issues in Indian policy:

● India’s Sri-Lanka policy can be described as - Sailing in 2 boats (incoherent)
o Tried to woo both Tamils and Sinhalese.
● Shaped by domestic politics
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● Delay in completion of projects
● Reactive policy to China
● Micromanaging and intrusive diplomacy.
● India’s assistance to Tamil region has political consequences
● Centered on economic relations and maritime security and cooperation

● lesser on political affairs.
● India has cumulative investments of over $1 billion since 2003
Developmental credit of nearly $2.83 billion- 1/6th of India’s developmental loans go to Sri-
Lanka.
7.Future recommendations:
● India cannot be complacent as present government is neutral to India-China
● C. Rajamohan (Interdependence):
o deepen economic and military cooperation with Sri-Lanka;
o Walk the talk on its projects;
o India needs to correct perceptions about ETCA
● C. Rajamohan (social constructivism): Past Indian governments committed
o “monumental errors” in their Sri Lanka policy.
o India can “rebuild” the special relationship with Sri Lanka by
o “reclaiming the shared spiritual heritage
● G Parthasarthy (Liberal institutionalism):
o Utilize the platform of BIMSTEC to deepen relations.
o Evolve Bay of Bengal region to security community.
● Suhasini Haider: India-Sri-Lanka dialogue comprises of 5 different dialogues(Delhi,

Chennai, Jaffna, Colombo)
o Between New Delhi and Colombo, Delhi-Jaffna, Delhi-Chennai, Colombo-Jaffna and
Colombo-Chennai.
o The only way forward is to knit them together in comprehensive relations.
● Collaborate with like-minded countries and leave either-or approach adopting a dual approach
of mutual development (Amb. Shashank)
8.Conclusion:
● C. Rajamohan: We should not forget the importance of national interest. Carefully navigate
between the principles of non-interventions and security of the region.
● India should shed its image of an interfering big brother and actively take part to rebuild
the war torn country.
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● The two countries should recognise the legitimacy of each other’s concerns & operate in
a way mutually beneficial
1.INTRO:
● India Maldives have deep historical and cultural relations
● India’s neighbourhood first and Maldives India-first policies are complimentary.
I-M have had their highs and lows
2.Importance: ● India helped Maldives build its

Coastal Surveillance
● Securing sea lanes of Trade, capabilities
communication, Fighting piracy and ● first to rescue when Maldives
was left with no clean drinking
sea based terrorism, water
● Countering China’s string of pearls ● Net Security Provider to
policy Maldives: Opn Cactus-> 1988
● Making Indian ocean a conflict free - India had helped against
zone and restoring its status as sea of Coup from Lankan Militia
tranquil ● Relations deteriorated since
democracy in Maldives.
● Exploring blue economy and
● India-Maldives Airport deal
Enhancing trade. cancelled due to change in
● Male is closer to India than A&N. power.
● Security of Indian expatriates ● Maldives asked India to
working there. remove their defence supplies.
● Rajiv Sikri (“Rethinking India’s ● In last 4 years, Indian aid has
foreign policy”): former President increased 11 times from ~10
crore to ~110 crore.
Gayoom’s policies of using religion for
political purposes have created an
intolerant fundamentalist society
M. Gayoom Abdulla Yameen M. Nasheed Irahim Mohamed

‘Ibu’ Solih
● Old ● Democratically
322
elected prez -
2008
● Current ● Left Maldives
Dictat
Prez after after coup
or
dubious ● Framed and
● 30
elections - Convicted for
yrs
2013 15 years for
terrorism
charges
China’s presence:
● China has already set-up a maritime observatory on one of the northern island.
● However, China itself does not want Indian presence in the region and pulling levers in
Maldives to ensure that
● Acquired Feydhoo Finolhu island
● Maldives debt will rise to 75% of GDP, 70% of which is due to China
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Impacts on India
India’s options
● India fast (Nitin Pai: Panipat school vs. Hindukush school)
losing vital
strategic space ● M.K. Bhadra Kumar and Bharat Karnad have
to China recommended Diego Garcia formula.
● Islamic ● Economic sanctions - could backfire like in Nepal
Extremism on ● Cancelling joint developing projects
the rise (ISIS) ● Initiative at the international platform - boost India’s
● Piracy in IOR image as a regional power
● Security of ● According to Nandan Unnikrishnan, India should look at
Indian Maldives from the prism of national interest and not from
Expatriate moral perspective
(22000) ● According to Kanwal Sibal, IND do not bandwagon with the
community west on pro-democracy demands, must learn to deal with
● Vice Admiral
every govt
Shekhar Sinha:
Minicoy island ● According to Happymon Jacob, India should remain in a
is only 9 Goldilocks zone, not interfering in their domestic measures and
nautical miles at the same time maintaining its strategic interests.
from northern- ● Indrani Bagchi, India’s response must rely on smarts not
most island of brawn. An outside power attempting regime change by force is
Maldives no longer an option this century
● Pinak Ranjan Chakraborty: India’s strategic patience paid off in
case of Maldives. There was no need of intervention in recent
crisis and create an international situation when elections were
near.
Shyam Saran:
● There are occasions when safeguarding Indian interests requires swift action despite risks
involved.
● A wait and watch approach may sometimes undermine our interests through a relentless
attrition process.
● India should form an alliance with relevant stakeholders like the Quad to ensure that our
interests in Indian Ocean are not threatened.
● While we cannot intervene militarily, however power projection can take place in a multi-
pronged way. Alliance building, military exercises, diplomatic influence etc.
We cannot just sit around waiting for an opportunity in a strategic place like Maldives. When Yameen
started autocratic rule, imprisoning judges and deploying military, it was a valid ground for international
community to intervene. India could have done so with coalition of other players.
C. Uday Bhaskar:
324
● Given the strategic importance of Maldives and low amount of trade, we should have given
preferential treatment in trade.
● We should have treated Maldives similar to Afghanistan.
● India needs to be more pursuasive rather than coercive.
Way forward:
● Developmental aid,
● p2p contacts,
● Afghanistan like strategy,
● international consortium to reduce Maldives’ Chinese dependence;
● strengthen bottom-up democracy,
● institution building (especially judiciary),
● increase trade to reduce its dependency on China,
● climate change collaboration.
Conclusion:
● Only long term solution to expand our policy options is increasing our domestic capabilities.
● Do not intervene directly, but at the same time draw some red lines.
South Asia
● Impediments to regional cooperation:
● River disputes | Illegal Migration |
● Ethnic Conflicts, Insurgencies | Border Disputes
1. Discuss the implications of ethnicity and nation-building in South Asia, and their impact in
the relations of states within South Asia (20m)
● Vladimir Horowitz DEFINES ethnicity as a sense of collective belonging based on

common language, History, Culture, Race, Religion. Ethnic politics was earlier in
backwaters but now its the core area.
● Ethnic Diversity of castes, communities, tribes in South asian region meant that it had
profound impact on nation building a deep influence
Implications of ethnicity and nation-building in South Asia

● According prof SD Muni, As the ideology has lost its relevance, Political Parties started
using ethnicity based mobilization for nation building.
● The major approaches to nation building are Ethno-Majoritarian state like Srilanka-
Sinhala buddhist, Pakistan-islamic state which led to policy of majority appeasement &
exclusion of the minority. Other approach Ethno-neutral approach of
325
inclusive,egalitarian nation state(Eg. India. For many ethnic communities nation building
is a distant dream(Baloch wanting Balochistan, Sikhs-Khalistan, Tamil).
● According to Paul Brass, Ethnicity has led to enmity and friction at three levels Within
the group, Between different groups, Against the state.
● Recent examples: North Chakma problem in NE IND & Bangladesh, Myanmar Rohingya
vs buddhist, Pak: shia vs sunni vs minority Hindus, Srilanka Tamil vs Sinhala Buddhsit,
Nepal: Madhesis demanding constitutional change, India-Pak religious partition
● Insecurity dilemna - excessive focus on sovereignty => Arrest, detention, lack of freedom
● Lack of development => insurgency, Poverty, Violence,
● Separatism, terrorism both domestic & cross broder,
● Ethnic polarisation => loss of social harmony, focus on growth, Communalism
●
IMPACT OF Ethnicity on INTER STATE Relations in South Asia:
○ Ethnic conflicts across border => illegal immigration, security issues, breeds
hatred => provokes disaffection among people =>
■ Eg. Rohingya in Myanmar
● India- Pak relations affected due to historic hindu-Muslim religious polarization
○ SAARC integration has suffered( SA is least integrated region in world)..scholar
● Tamil problem Sri lanka =>Indo -srilanka relations suffer => Rajiv Gandhi killed
● India bangladesh has suffered from illegal immigration mainly due to ethnic clashes
○ Recent attack on hindu minorities in bangladesh led to
○ Martin Luther King’s phrase from a different context. Violence in one place will
spill over to another; freedom endangered in one place will inevitably corrode the
freedom of others.
● Transnational terrorism
●
What are the current issues in Brahmaputra river water sharing between India and China?-2019
(15m)
Some Pointers:
Mark Twaine: Whiskey is to drinking, Water is for fighting.

Rajendra Sing(Water man of India) : Water could be the basis for WW3
Mark Christopher : Water Wars - Brahmaputra River & Sino indian Relations
BASICS:
● Tibet - Chemayungdung Glacier > Yarlung tsangpo R. > brahmaputra R.
● India as a lower riparian state
● No formal agreement on water data sharing
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Recently, China plans to construct Hydropower Dam, divert water =>
● desecuritization of energy(aimed at turning threat into challenges, security into politics)
● Ambitious N-S River linking canal
● China having more than 20% of the world’s population has less than 7% of global
freshwater resource at its disposal.
● Moreover, the available water is unequally distributed, with Tibet having more water
than northern China.
● To relieve the enormous pressure on water resource in China’s north, the leadership
in 2003 launched a gigantic South-to-North Water Transfer Project.
● Energy Security
IMPORTANCE of BRAHMAPUTRA for INDIA:

● 29% of of river runoff => important for river linking project,
● Brahmaputra Basin accounts for 44% of Indias total Hydro power potential
CHALLENGES:
● No sharing of Hydrological data(didnt share during Doklam standoff) => difficulty in
Flood management
● Unscientific dams > Seismicinstability - Floods
○ Life and Property loss
○ Water pollution
● Used for strategic bargaining, military purposes- Disputed border region
● China is one of just three countries that voted against the 1997 United Nations
Watercourse Convention, which called for the regular exchange of hydrological and other
data
● Brahma Chellany: “Chinese Water hegemony in Asia”: future wars in Asia will be water
wars.
● Brahma Chellany: “Asia’s troubled water”: China heavily damming Mekong has already
created water crisis in Thailand and Vietnam
● Christophe Jaffrelot in Article called Indo-China Brahmaputra issues as “Water Bomb in
Himalayas” waiting to explode
● China aims at Water Hegemony
● China and India are water-scarce countries that will face significant
challenges to food and water security in the future.
● As lower riparians, India and Bangladesh rely on the Brahmaputra River
for water, agriculture and livelihoods. Upstream, China holds an
important strategic advantage over the river’s flow
327
Way Forward:
Need for a Joint institutional mechanism, and agreement similar to IWT.
Helsinki Rules for codification of transboundary water resources
● 🛑🛑Topic 4: India & Global South:

○ a. Relations with Africa & Latin America
○ b. Leadership in demand for NIEO & WTO Negotiations
● 👇👇👇👇
PYQ
South-South Cooperation :
1. 2019 How is India pursuing her foreign policy objectives through IBSA Dialogue
forum? 10
2. 2018 “India’s Research and Information System for Developing Countries” is a major
initiative in the area of South-South cooperation. Discuss.
3. 2007 Give a critical account of India's role in the affairs of the Third World Countries. 60
4. 1991 Examine the problems and prospects of South-South economic cooperation. 60
Ind -AFRICA Relations:

1. 2020 How do the guiding principles of India-Africa relations seek to enhance
harmony and mutual cooperation between India and Africa? 20
2. 2018 India’s capacity building programmes under Indian Technical and Economic
Cooperation (ITEC) has earned much goodwill for it in Africa. Discuss.
3. 2017 Suggest measures so that India’s partnership with Africa becomes a true symbol
of South-South cooperation, delivering clear cut economic and political dividends to both
sides of the equation.
4. 2009 Identify India’s contribution & assistance in the process of nation-building in South
Africa.
5. 1997 Give analysis of India’s Africa Policy.
🛑Latin America 👇
1. 2015 Discuss the factors for the decline of India’s presence in Latin America.
328
2. 2004 Describe, explain & suggest improvement in the state of India’s relationship with
Latin America.
NIEO
1. 2020 Explain the significance and importance of the demand raised by the developing
countries for NIEO. Are they likely to achieve their objective of NIEO in foreseeable
future? 15
2. 2000 Comment : The New International Economic Order 20
3. 1995 Analyze the unjust and hegemonic aspects of the existing International Economic
Order and the factors which perpetuate such an order. 60
4. 1997 Explain the role of the Third World Countries in the promotion of NIEO 60
5. 2008 Does India's rise as a major market power in a globalized world mean that it is no
longer concerned with the NIEO that it once championed? Discuss.
6. 2006 Comment : India and the emerging International Economic order
WTO
1. 2018 India’s coalitional diplomacy within the WTO has earned it wide appreciation.
What accounts for the success of India’s coalitional diplomacy? 20
2. 2017 Analyse the stalled progress of Doha round of WTO negotiations over the
differences between the developed and developing countries. 15
3. 2013 Sketch the leadership role of India in WTO negotiations. 10
4. 2008 The constant breakdown in WTO negotiations suggest too many disagreements in
world politics'. Would you agree? 60
5. 2005 How far the institutions like WTO and IMF have influenced India's political and
economic sovereignty? What has been India's response to these? 60
6. 2004 Comment : India and WTO 20
Intro Evolution of relations
329
● Tony Blair - Africa is a scar on the ● Had extensive relations during the
conscience of humanity 1950s over non-violence & Anti-
● Africa - Dark Continent however today as a imperialism.
continent of hope. ● But later during the cold war, the
● India-Africa relations are based on century relations became tepid with an
old ties of culture, kinship and commerce inward looking
● Both share the Spirit of cosmopolitanism with and protectionist India focussed on
the ideologies of its immediate neighbourhood
o Vasudhiva Kutumbakam ● 1990s saw Re-engagement by
o Ubuntu private sector
● Warmth and depth b/w Indian and African o NEP - investment and trade
countries have been the pillar of Indian o China had already made
foreign policy what PM Modi has called inroads
‘strong emotional link’. ● Recent
● Hamid Ansari- 4 imperatives for cooperation o Since 2008 India Africa
o Common historical experiences and Forum summit- 3rd summit
cultural links in 2015 (“Reinvigorating
o Complementarities in strengths and Partnerships-Shared
capabilities. Vision”)- all 54 countries
o Common approach in meeting participated - relations have
developmental challenges been on the upswing
o Convergence of views of global o Narrative changed from
matters. ‘what India can do for
Africa’ to ‘what can India
Importance of Africa and Africa do together’
o ITEC- $7.5 billion
● Geopolitical o Team 9 - 8 countries for
o South-South, UNSC, Countering their development
China, Indo-Pacific o Pan Africa E-network
● Geo-strategic - telemedicine and Tele-
o Security of sea lanes communication education
o China’s string of pearls o Scholarships for students
o Islamic Fundamentalism o India - 150 lines of credit
● Geo-economic ▪ Not linked
o Energy security- Nigeria oil with conditionality
o Food security- Mozambique pulses ▪ No intrusive agenda
o Source : Raw materials / Natural o UNPK missions in Africa
resources/Vast arable lands where o Solar Mamas & ISA
many Indians are undertaking o Pharmaceuticals from India
farming. o Modi visited 4 countries -
o Market - high per capita income - strategically important
automobile sector - huge potential - IOR
o Blue economy o IOR policy - Maritime
o Complementarity: India needs exports Security Doctrine
and Africa has rising purchasing o African Development Bank
330
power. meeting in India
o 6 African countries are among fastest o Africa-Asia Growth
growing economy Corridor
o Trade has seen 21% rise
● Improving situations
o Improving political governance
o Rapidly growing population
o Urbanization
o Better education and skill
o Young demography
331
332
Challenges
IOR importance
● India does not have an Africa Policy
o Like - Look West, Act East, CCAP ● India’s Maritime Doctrine :
● China - the Chinese presence in the region with 8 Ensuring Safe seas
times India’s investment remains a matter ● Emphasis on defence diplomacy
of concern to regain India’s space as net
o China-Africa Defence and Security Forum security provider.
vs. India’s presence limited to anti-piracy ● India’s maritime policies
operations. o SAGAR (Security and
o C. Rajamohan: The difference between Growth for all)
India’s promises and delivery in defence o Project MAUSAM to
diplomacy continues to grow. China has revive lost cultural
used peacekeeping to increase its military linkages with Indian
profile in the region. ocean world
o Chinese presence good for India o Sagarmala initiative.
o Provides momentum to work ● Important of Africa for India in
o Harsh V. Pant: No point in competing IOR
with china - Work on our strengths o Piracy
1. IT o Choke points – Bab- al
2. Pharma Mandab, Hormuz
3. Capacity Building & tech transfers o Drug Trafficking,
o Resentment against China’s extractive Organised crime
state-driven policies o China’s String of Pearls
● According to the “World Investment Report for o Chinese naval base in
2018”, issued by the UNCTAD, Indian FDI in Djibouti
Africa in 2016-17 at $14 billion was lower than it o Modi visited 4 countries
was in 2011-12 at $16 billion. - strategically important
o China’s investment has risen from $16 to – IOR
$40. o President visited ‘Horn
o According to Harsh V. Pant, India is of Africa’ countries.
finding it difficult to bring private sector
along.
● Multilateral treaties like RCEP are also eating into
India-Africa trade
● Political instability and failed states
● Radicalism, Terrorism and piracy
● Bilateral Trade = $72 bn (below potential) vs.
China’s $200 billion
● Recent attacks on African nationals: perception of
India being a far off land for ordinary citizens.
● Scams like that of Gupta brothers
https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-south-africa-relations-a-perennial-bond-47557/
Way Forward
Siddhart VaradRajan (Social const) Mahesh Sachdev (Frm Amb) Harsh V. Pant:
333
● Engagement with Diaspora
o at all levels; not just ● India needs to
elites ● Walk the talk ● No point in competing with china - Work
● Strengthen diplomatic ● address the delivery on our strengths-> IT; Pharma; Capacity
presence deficit Building & tech transfers
● Red lines for Pvt sector ● and change the ● Leverage geographical proximity and
o Land grabbing perception that India
ensure age-old ties get a modern
incidents promises and china
● CSR in Africa for Indian delivers imprimatur.
companies in Africa
● Sreeram Chaulia: We also Rajiv Bhatia: Action plan for Amb. Shiv Shankar Mukherjee: Every African
need a dedicated Indian cadre $100 billion trade and $75 country has unique requirements and we should
for capacity building in Africa billion investment by 2022. not adopt one-size-fit-all policy for Africa.
at grass root.
Sanjay Baru:
● We cannot remain imprisoned in dark-
continent stereotype.
● Greater people-to-people contact.
● India’s sub-continental drift needs to be
reversed.
Africa’s Agenda 2063: Adopted in 2015 with an aim of having strong, peaceful, integrated and
prosperous Africa by 2063; 100 years of African Union.
Amb. Rajiv Bhatia: India’s Africa policy is in line with Agenda 2063
With role of WTO declining, India needs to utilize opportunities like African Continental Free
Trade Area which will include all African nations to boost economic partnership.
Conclusion
● According to Suhasini Haider, it is the common problems that bring the two regions
together; described once by Nelson Mandela as “the golden thread woven in common
struggles against injustice and oppression”.
● Shyam Saran: Here it is important that India does not play a game of catch-up with
China. Rather it is more important to leverage India’s own unique strengths, such as its
contribution to capacity building, promotion of entrepreneurship, small and medium scale
industry and digital connectivity.
334
LATIN AMERICA
Intro Importance for India
● More recent than with any ● Geopolitically -

other country. o Reform of UN and UNSC expansion
● A. N. Ray: Last frontier of o Possibility of India-LAC dialogue on
India’s Foreign policy lines of India-Africa Forum Summit
● Approach - Out of sight o Latin America countries helped in
and so out of mind getting NSG waiver.
● Most neglected ● Geo-economically
● Analysts —> barrier - not o Market of 630 million people, $4.9
geography but trillion GDP and 3 G-20 countries.
psychology o Trade has grown 30% annually 2000-
● Amb R. Vishwanathan: 2014.
Latin America is closer to o Rich in resources: Iron; Lithium of
India than you think. batteries.
o Energy Security - 20% of India’s
requirement (Latin America has one of
the cleanest energy matrices; Venezuela
has more oil reserves than Saudi
o Food security - large fertile land & Less
population (Brazil- agricultural
superpower)
o High complementarity in energy, natural
resources, services, pharma etc.
Evolution of relations
● Cold War ● Recent
o Cold war saw only limited o 2012 - CELAC (Comm. for Latin
interaction with an inward American & Caribbean States ) -
looking and protectionist. First Pan LAC —> First outreach
India focussed on its summit in New Delhi
immediate ▪ Institutionalized dialogue -
neighbourhood MoEA and CELAC
o Limited interaction - only o FTA with MERCOSUR
on NAM or UNGA o India as the next big thing
▪ Closed economy o Tele-medicine, tele-education, e-
▪ Immediate governance
neighbourhood - o IT sector (30 companies), Agro-
Pak and China business, Pharmaceuticals,
▪ US influence in Entertainment -> employment
Latin America o Extending its space capabilities.
▪ Political Instability o Both want diversification of trade
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▪ Connectivity issue partners and access to new markets.
● Post-Cold war o West is increasingly getting
o Re-engagement by private unreliable and protectionist.
sector o LA is looking for energy markets
▪ IT & Pharma after US shale gas reserves.
o Later with groupings like o China - 1st one – Resentment (Amb.
BASIC, IBSA and BRICS R Vishwanathan)
- interaction increased ▪ China’s extractive policies in
mining
▪ High interest rates
▪ Chinese workforce and
setting up Chinese towns
▪ Chinese Mafia
▪ Land Grabbing policies
o Wants to replace China by India
▪ Appreciate work practices
▪ Completely employed locals
▪ Centres for Capacity
Building
Challenges Way Forward

There is a need to encourage student
● No high level visits - present govt. exchange, more high level visits and
completely ignored sustain the momentum of
● Even trade has marginally fallen ($42 institutionalized dialogue
billion against China’s $264 billion);
high tariff rate in India (65% compared to ● Promote Latin American
China’s 12.5%) studies
● India investment is $12 billion; further ● Capitalizing on the popularity
scope for improvement. of Bollywood to build soft
● Lack of a policy document power
o Much needed clarity ● Support pvt. companies
o Involve all stakeholders looking towards LAC
● No consulate presence in all LA ● Enter into PTA and FTA with
countries Mexico & Colombia
● Focus on few - Brazil, Mexico - BRICS, ● Need for pro-active trade
IBSA promotion: FTAs and line-of-
● No direct flight; no direct shipping credits.
service - India & LAC
● Low P2P contact; poor understanding of
each other’s language
● China has been a major competitor of
India. 10 times trade.
Amb. Deepak Bhojwani “Latin ● India needs to

America, the Caribbean and India: o Walk the talk
336
Promise and Challenge”
o address the delivery deficit
o and the perception that India promises
● Extend ties from economic
and china delivers
to political and strategic.
Amb Shyam Saran: An India-Latin America summit
V. Shivkumar: Look beyond Brazil
on lines of India-Africa.
in Latin America.
Conclusion:
Deepak Bhojwani: Political ties have reached an inflexion point from their limited levels during cold-war
era. Democratizing LAC and liberalizing India interconnected through communication revolution and
globalization. India should seize the opportunity with both hands.
IBSA
● Emerged out of dissatisfaction with the attitude of developed countries towards Doha
Dev Agenda agreed on 2001
● Geo Strategic move
o Ever since NEP - more focus on the developed world
o Lost traditional status as leader of the 3rd world
o New NAM - more practical approach to S-S cooperation
● Agenda of IBSA
o Reform in instis of Global governance
o Promoting S-S Cooperation
● 3 leading countries of 3 diff continents
o Democracies
o No conflicts
o Huge complementarity
● China’s attitude -
o Pressurizing India to include China —> CHIBSA
o India smartly kept out - Only for democracies
o China brought in S. Africa in BRIC - even though S. Africa economy too
small compared to BRIC
▪ All 3 members of BRICS
▪ IBSA - no need for a separate platform
● Actual scenario
o Pending since 2012
o India needs to keep the spirit - other 2 - pro-China - will not mind dissolving
IBSA
● Achievements
o IBSA fund - $1 mn annually each
▪ Waste Mgt
▪ Public Health Centre
▪ Irrigation projects in Vietnam
337
Sports complex in Palestine
▪
Capacity building in Burundi - to tackle HIV/AIDS
▪
o IBSA Fund - presently managed by UNDP - demand drive without
conditionality’s
● IBSA vs. NAM
o NAM - Geopolitical goals - WTO, UNSC, CC
o IBSA – Geo-economic goals - Funding, SS coop
5. India & Global Centres of Power:

a. USA, EU, Japan, China, Russia
PYQ
1. Discuss the significance of Indo US strategic partnership and its implications for India’s
security and national defence. (15m) 2020
1. What are the notable features of recently concluded pact or the (ACSA)acquisition and
Cross servicing agreement between India and Japan. how is likely to address the
security concerns of India? (15m) (2020)
1. Explain the defence and foreign policy options of India to address the challenges
emerging out of the current India- China stand-off at the line of actual control(LAC).
(20m) (2020)
2.
Intro: India & USA have come a long way Factors for relationship
from being estranged democracies
(Dennis Kux) to engaged democracies ● Shivshankar Menon (“Choices”): Rise of China was one of the major
Vajpayee - natural ally spurs.
Modi - Overcome the hesitations of ● India’s strategic location
history ● India’s huge market
Obama - most defining ● Indo-American Community (3.5 million; 1% U.S. population) -
S. Jaishankar: State of consolidation. wealthiest, biggest and strongest
David Malone: Proverbial Blind man & ● P2P contacts
elephant trying to understand each other ● Common values of democracy
338
C Rajamohan Harsh V Pant
● Non alignment of Indian was ● India’s moves towards USA are driven by China’s open hostilities against
not genuine India
● it was reflexive Anti ● Engagement with USA is India’s balancing act
Americanism ● India’s constrained relations with China not enough to drive US-In
relations.
Amitabh Mattoo o Interdependence of US-Ch
o China - UNSC, NSG
● Anti-Americanism is a thing o Trade - 5 times that with IN
of the past o Complex interdependence
● India-USA — quasi alliance ● So other factors also have a role
Phases of India-US relations
Before Independence
● Nehru - American imperialism worse than British Imperialism

o Pro-soviet and Anti-American
● S. Jaishankar: Historically, USA had made an ambivalent approach towards growth of
India’s power.
After Independence
Till 1960s: Conflict and Cooperation
Cooperation Conflict
● NAM
● 1962 war - US agreed to help India - arms ● Tilt towards Soviet
● 1965 war - didn’t intervene on Pak’s behalf ● Kashmir in UNSC
● Food Crisis ● China
o PL-480 o India - first to recognise Communist China
o Green Revolution - help o North Korea Resolution - no support
o Permanent seat to China in UNSC
339
1970s, 80s: Phase of Conflict (Strategic conflict) Since End of Cold War:
● Treaty of friendship with USSR ● Allowed refuelling of planes during Gulf War
o India-USSR-Vietnam Axis ● Disintegration of USSR - India forced to look west
● 1971 War - US & China supported Pak ● Opening up of Indian Markets
● Hyphenating India-Pak ● India as ideal swing state against China
● Pokhran 1 - Nuclear apartheid ● 1998 - Pokhran 2 - Again deteriorated
Strategic Partnership Collaborations
● Strobe Talbott-Jaswant ● Strategic

Singh Talks - 1998-2000 ● Strategic Partnership
o First time INDIA ● Trump’s South Asia policy
& US ● U.S. has renamed its Pacific Command as Indo-Pacific command.
understood each ● Counter terrorism.
other ● Trade and commercial
o Ex of Social ● $28.33 billion FDI in India
Constructivism ● $140 billion trade in 2017
o Kargil War - US ● Indo-US Nuclear Deal
- Pro-India stand ● 2017 Global Entrepreneurship Program; Silicon Valley Comes to India
● Strat Partnership - 2000 ● STA-1 (Strategic Trade Authorization) status for India after Japan and South
- Vision statement Korea for high tech sales to India- civil, space and defence. USA has kept only
● GWOT - 2002 - Pak as those countries who are members of 4 export control groups.
front state - Military and ● Defence
Econ Aid ● 2+2 dialogue
o India - Strategic ● 2nd largest supplier of sophisticated defence equipment ($13 billion in aggregate)
Partnership with ● Joint Development and Production
China 2003 ● Major defence partner under DTTI (Defence, Trade, Technology initiative) -4 key
● NSSP 2005 (Next steps pathfinder projects.
in Strat Partnership) ● End User Verification Agreement-LEMOA-COMCASA-BECA-
o Coop in High https://www.gktoday.in/gk/lsa-cismoa-and-beca-agreements/#What_is_BECA
tech and space ● Malabar exercises (navy), Yudh Abhyas (army), Cope India (air-force), talk for
o Vajpayee - special forces in tri-service exercise in 2019
Natural partner ● Developmental aid. Ex. Feed the Future program.
o Civil Nuclear ● According to Harsh V. Pant, India and U.S. are increasingly finding new grounds
Agreement - 123 for convergence on key regional and global security issues.
Agreement ● USA is proposing missile defence cooperation with India.
Relations since 2005 (After Nuke deal agreement)
● SP has reached a plateau There are strategic divergences
● (Shivshakar Menon (“Choices”): Emotional impact of civil nuclear deal between the two countries
raised the expectations too hard to fulfill. (Shashank Joshi).
● Shyam Saran: One leg of cooperation in terms of security partnership is
● U.S. has been focussing more
moving very well, whereas another of trade and commerce is infected. on East Asia rather than
South-East Asia.
340
● Strategic policy of US has not
● Trade Issues been coherent. Ex. With
● WTO and Agri sector China
● Climate Change ● While U.S. considers Indo-
● BIT - Investments Pacific as a ‘priority theatre’
● Trade deficit (~$24 billion in $140 billion trade) and ‘subset of broader
● GSP recall by USA. security strategy’ of U.S.
● Trade war and U.S. protectionism; SPS, non-tariff barriers by US. military, India has toned
o 16% of Indian exports go to U.S. down its rhetoric against
● IPR - China by terming Indo-Pacific
o Special 301 Report by US Trade representative office - Priority as a ‘Natural Geographical
Watch List Regions’; as iterated in 2018
o Indian Patents Act 1970 Shangri-La summit.
▪ Product as well as process patent ● India has been toning down
▪ Section 3(d) - Evergreening of patents (20 Years) Quad, S. Jaishankar:
▪ Patent will be renewed if increase in efficiency temporary arrangement.
▪ US - Efficiency is a vague term ● U.S. South Asia policy is not
▪ Section 84 - Compulsory Licensing going in favour of India with
▪ NEXAVER only anti-Pak terrorists
▪ Bayer(US)/ NATCO(India) targeted.
o New IPR Policy 2016 - Balance interests of various stakeholders
● Totalising Issue Concerns on India’s strategic
o US Social Security autonomy
o $28 bn
o US has with many countries ● Srinath Raghavan: India
● H1b Visas (specialized knowledge; multiple entry non-immigrant visa; duration bolsters American strategic
is 6 years; cap every year (85000 visas)) primacy with little to show in
o More than 60% of the Indian IT industry’s $108-billion export revenue return.
comes from the U.S. ● Dinakar Peri has also
o 67.4% of H1B visas in 2014 went to Indians. cautioned India. U.S. has set
o World Bank Report on global migration: In skilled migration worldwide, up a fund with China to
busiest route is India to USA. promote BRI.
● Civil Nuclear deal (Section 17(b) and Section 46)
● Strategic issues Any alliances should conform to
● BRICS, SCO, G-2 India's own national interest and
● Af-Pak-Kashmir; Good Taliban; Bad Taliban dichotomy in US policy should be
● Global Gag Rule: In 2015, USAID reportedly spent $21 million on Family closely observed.
Planning and Reproductive Health in India
● CAATSA (Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act)
Relations since Modi
● Qualitative improvement -> bringing new momentum

● “Chale Saath Saath”; “Delhi Declaration for friendship”, “Joint strategic vision for Asia-
Pacific and Indian Ocean”; Major defence partner- Guardian drones
Q. Is it bad for India-US relations that Trump is president?
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A. No sir, India-US relationship has reached an upward trajectory where any reversal is not easy.
Under presidency of Trump also India-USA relations has maintained its economic and strategic
content and there have been new elements like Indo-Pacific, South Asia policy, STA-1 status,
Guardian drones etc. However, what has changed is the increased transactionalism and
unpredictability in USA, for which Indian diplomacy needs to remain agile.
Uncertainty in India-US relations due to Trump’s election (P. Stobdan- “Averting India’s fall in
geo-political trap”)
● Firstly, it is forcing India to walk a tightrope between U.S., Russia and China
● Secondly, it has been enforcing trade and immigration restrictions.
● Thirdly, staying with U.S. can attract India to political quagmire and attract Islamic
fundamentalism to India.
● Lastly, process could end up making a Pakistan out of India.
Whether countries will be able to establish synergy between America First and Make in India
Rakesh Sood S. Jaishankar

Amb Kanwal Sibal
● India may suffer from collateral
● Living neither in the Age of ● Keeping a distance from another
damages of Trumps disruptive
o Hegemony country cannot be a primary
thinking even though India is not
o Multipolarity yardstick of policy independence
direct object of his grievances
● Rather in the age of of a confident power.
Uncertainty ● The less rigid global
Nandan UnniKrishnan
● Indian policy needs architecture allows for more
o Less red lines freedom of manoeuvre
● India should adopt Cautious
o Greater agility& ● Work with the US when required
optimism towards G2
pragmatism and differ with it when necessary.
What should be India’s way forward with USA - which says that Age of Strategic Altruism is at
end and India has to engage US to maintain strategic ties (Ashley J Tellis)?
Needs to be understood that Trump is a businessman - Foreign Policy is going to be transactional

- less chance of Strategic Altruism (although there was no altruism and USA always followed its
own national interest)
342
Pramit Pal Chaudhary: The major difference that has occurred is that earlier trade was
considered as a sub-set of strategic relations. However, now Trump has made trade a separate
agenda.
S. Jaishankar: "The United States is, generally speaking, reframing its terms of engagement with the
world. Let us be clear what is not happening: the US is not withdrawing from the world. On the
contrary, it is seeking to get what it hopes to be a better deal from the rest of the world.
"Don't demonize Trump, Analyse Trump."
● C. Rajamohan - India needs to be more skillful - traditional props and talks of shared
values alone will not do
o Strategic autonomy won’t help when post-cold war global order is breaking down
o Multiple alignments with a room for maneuverability.
▪ Harsh V. Pant: Convergence with Russia and China to maintain balance
o Delhi must now broaden its diplomatic activism to reduce the potential costs and
maximize benefits.
o While China is finding ways to manage multiple uncertainties posed by USA, like
Wuhan summit; India seems far away from a strategic coherent response.
o On trade
o Finally, the secret to successful engagement with the US involves two simple
propositions — never stop negotiating and keep making deals small or big. India
often can’t close a negotiation because it’s opening bid tends to remain the final
position. Americans, on the other hand, are always open to splitting the
difference, finding a compromise and moving on.
o We need to develop our own economic capability to be on a better negotiating
position and end protectionist measures.
o Diversifying our trade options, ex. finalizing BTIA with EU.
● Shyam Saran: USA is likely to be an enduring power and India should not dilute
relationship because of immediate concerns.
● M.K. Narayanan, hardly the time to be seen to be the ally of One Power, that too one
whose power seems to be waning.
● Samir Saran: India’s economic growth will have its GDP surpass USA soon; New Delhi
should thus be setting its own priorities.
● IP is considered as PROMISCUOUS - no permanent friend and no permanent enemy

● What to do
o India needs to be more mature and flexible
o Not necessary that India yields to whatever US wants.
Civil Nuclear Deal

● C. Rajamohan: Deal with Geo-political and Issues
geo-economic consequences
● Integrates India into global nuclear non- ● Section 17(b) - Right to recourse against supplier even if
proliferation regime w/o joining NPT or CTBT not specifically mentioned in the contract
o Accepts India as De-facto Nuclear state o for patent or latent defects in the equipment or
343
o Sound Non-proliferation record services provided
● Helpful to India o Modi - Will not make a difference as no contract
o Climate Change - INDCs will be w/o explicitly mentioning
o Energy security o Created Insurance pool under GIC Re
o Thorium - Commercialise in the 3rd ● Section 46 - Besides the liabilities under the Civil Nuclear
stage Liability act -
o Strengthens India’s claim to UNSC seat o other liabilities under
● India Obligations ▪ Criminal law
o IAEA Checks ▪ Any other law enforced in India
o Moratorium on Further testing o Modi - does not apply to the supplier
o Separation of Military and Civil ● Westinghouse - officially went bankrupt
facilities ● Shift away from nuclear after Fukushima and towards
o Sign Convention on Supplementary renewables.
compensation o In 2016, for example, global wind power output
● US Obligations grew by 16%, solar by 30%, but nuclear energy
o 6 AP 1000 reactors- Westinghouse only by 1.4%.
o MTCR, Wassenar, NSG, Australia Gp ● Trump administration is moving towards coal and oil.
o Transfer of Tech ● India announced building its own 10 indigenous Nuclear
o Special waiver from NSG Reactors
344
Shale gas U.S. South Asia Policy
● The shale revolution over the last few years has
transformed the US energy market from being the US stopped annual aid to Pakistan to retaliate against
largest energy importer to a net exporter of gas. Pakistan's continued support to terrorism. However, India
● And geopolitically, enhancing its position in the may not become complacent owing to following reasons:
world while challenging Russia’s positions.
● Pakistan has China as an all-weather friend. Worse,
● With the cabinet approval of the Shale Gas Policy
Trump's decision may tighten the Russia-Pakistan-
(2013), development of shale gas resources in China axis.
India. ● Pakistan still remains an important player in regional
● However, there are some limitations to Indo–US geo-politics which US cannot ignore for long.
cooperation. ● U.S. has condemned terrorist attacks in Afghanistan
o First, the US has increased shale gas and on its own forces and not terrorism in India.
exports to Ukraine and EU to counter ● Previously too, Obama administration has made
such statements, but remained just rhetoric.
Russian exports. Hence, limiting the scope
● The rash diplomacy of US president can be
for India. detrimental to region's security and peace.
o Second, India has to pay a high premium to ● India should avoid getting dragged into US-Pakistan
the US because of there being a large bilateral and should maintain its strategic autonomy.
number of buyers. On the other hand,
Russian gas is cheaper.
● India can use US shale as a potential bargaining
chip to trade with the Russians, and vice versa, for
the enrichment of its import basket, and
diversification of energy destinations
1.INTRO: 1
2.Importance of EU: 2
3.Evolution of relations: 2
4.Steps taken 2
Harsh V. Pant: Big Gap on main issues (Crimea, RUS, HR, CHN) 2
5.EU concerns on FTA 3
6.GoI Concerns 3
345
Harsh V. Pant: BTIA is important not only for India’s integration into global economy but also
to a give a boost to India-EU ties for full potential. 3
7.Scope of relations: 3
Kanwal Sibal (Natural Partners): Strategic relations are more real than rhetorical. 3
Harsh V. Pant, With Indo-Pacific becoming new centre of gravity => maritime cooperation. 4
Harsh V. Pant: With USA turning protectionist, Upending liberal Order, China’s aggression
=>> EU-India partnership is natural corollary. 4
8. Way Forward: 3
C. Rajamohan: India-close bilateral relations- Britain, France & Germany 4
9.Brexit: 4
Reasons for Brexit: 4
Effect of Brexit: 5
Impact on India: 5
Wayh forward for India (C. Rajamohan) 6
1.INTRO:
● The rise of India’s economic and strategic prowess and need for global recognition has
led India to think beyond simple mental map of concentric circles beyond neighbours.
● India-EU relations are known as loveless arranged marriage
● Name is “strategic partnership”, yet nothing strategic in the relation
● 14th India-European Union summit, the European Commission's president, Jean-
Claude Juncker, called the EU and India natural partners.
346
2.Importance of EU: 3.Evolution of relations:
● Geopolitically they share ● 1950 – Diplomatic Relations began

the goals of ● 2005 - Strategic partnership
o Non-proliferation o Political
and disarmament o Economic
o Climate change o Cultural
o Multilateralism o Strategic Dimensions
o Democracy Recent
● Geo-strategic - ● Largest trading partner (12.5% of
o Counter terrorism India’s trade > $86 billion)
o Free and open sea ● India is EU’s largest trading
lines partner.
● Geo-economic - ● Almost concluded BTIA
o Large market and (Broad Based Trade and
bilateral trade - Investment agreement)
Trading block ● Agenda 2020 adopted
Strategic Partnership is based on

4.Steps taken weak ideas like
● EU-India summit, 2017 ● Multipolar world order
o Joint declaration on counter- ● Strengthening multilateralis
terrorism m
o International rule based ● Counter terrorism
order and multipolar world
Harsh V. Pant: Big Gap on main
o UN reform; issues (Crimea, RUS, HR, CHN)
o JCPOA ● Crimea
● Investor facilitation mechanism for ● Russia - challenge to EU
seamless investment in India ● EU focus on China and
● BTIA talks are moving forward Asia-Pacific
● EU has brought out strategy ● EU sees India as regional
power and hyphenates
document on India advocating
India-Pak
importance of India. ● Conflicting positions on
HRs
347
5.EU concerns on FTA 6.GoI Concerns
● Dairy - EU - non-tariff barriers ● EU is commonly known as

on Indian goods and wants India ‘fortress’ for others.
to reduce tariffs ● EU’s own internal issues like
● Wine and Spirit - Liberalisation refugee crisis, economic
- India - no no slowdown, BREXIT etc.
● Automobile : Indian companies ● Because of crisis in Eurozone,
against tariff liberalisation as it EU’s ability to give concessions
will impact has declined.
o Job prospects ● EU is not coherent in its foreign
o Investment policy
o Make in India ● Data security status - jump in
● Pharmaceuticals - Indian BPO sector- GDPR
companies oppose the demands o Nearly 25% of IT exports
to amend IPR law and make it went to EU in 2016-17
tougher than WTO stds o Not yet granted despite
● Model BIT - the Amendments in the IT
o Taxation excluded - Act
Retrospective ● Liberalisation of Mode-4 services
o Investor state dispute - movement of professionals
settlement mechanism o Recognition of degrees
for domestic litigation ● Removing the SPS and TBT
● India’s policy paralysis and low which have been more to protect
EODB. local firms than for safety
● EU has traditionally shown a big
brotherly attitude and
condescending tone towards
India.
Harsh V. Pant: BTIA is important not only for India’s integration into global economy but
also to a give a boost to India-EU ties for full potential.
348
7.Scope of relations: 8. Way Forward:
● Kanwal Sibal (Natural Partners): ● GDPR- India-EU can

Strategic relations are more real than adopt “Privacy
rhetorical. Shield” framework of
USA-EU allowing
● EU’s new Global Strategy underlines unrestricted transfer
direct connection between European of data with promise
prosperity and Asian security of safeguarding
● Joint Communication by the European privacy of EU
Commission on India-EU partnership - citizens.
● EU - crisis -
''A Partnership for Sustainable
o Brexit
Modernisation and Rules-based Global
o Refugee
Order'' Crisis
● Preserving multilateralism; free trade; o Economic
global governance crisis
● Jointly working on Eurasian arc of
instability ● C. Rajamohan: India-
o Afghanistan will be a good close bilateral
relations- Britain,
starting point.
France & Germany
o Indian Ocean Region
● Protectionist USA
● EU is realizing its overdependence on
China. Jose Manuel Barroso
(Former President of
● Harsh V. Pant, With Indo-Pacific European Commission)
becoming new centre of gravity =>
maritime cooperation. ● Principled EU-India
cooperation, on trade
● Harsh V. Pant: With USA turning and on building
international security
protectionist, Upending liberal Order, and human rights,
China’s aggression =>> EU-India can represent an
partnership is natural corollary. essential contribution
● BREXIT to mankind’s future.
9.Brexit:
● Lisbon Treaty (Article-50)
349
Reasons for Brexit:
● Economic reasons
● According to Jayshree Sengupta, rising inequality of incomes between regions in Britain
and between the rich and the middle classes as well as the perception that immigrants
are taking away all the new jobs led to Brexit in June 2016.
● Britain's Trade with EU has not expanded in last 5 years.
o Britain is trading with emerging economies now.
● The technocratic hassles make the trade very slow with other countries.
o India’s FTA with EU is still under negotiation.
o Veto of all 28 states is there.
● EU’s policies were very protectionist
● Post sovereign debt crisis, EU put higher restrictions on National budgets.
● Security issues.
● EU’s laws on terrorism are lax.
● Immigration
● Sovereignty issues.
Hard Brexit: complete break despite disruptions
Soft Brexit: remain in single market (Norway model- European Economic Area) and customs union
(Turkey model)
Effect of Brexit:
● Britain is also politically significant for EU as it is UNSC member
o BREXIT => strengthen case of Germany in UNSC
● Britain is now more dependent on USA
o Britain limited response to Trump’s anti-Islamic tweet.
● may lead to break-up from liberal-democratic values of EU
o showing mercantilist signs of USA.
o Ex. giving arms to Saudi Arabia(putting profits before Principles)
● Strategic weakening of both Britain and EU to handle Russian resurgence
● May further breakup EU with neo-conservative, right wing parties getting increasingly anti-EU.
● Weaken globalization
● EU will be less equipped to tackle unilateralism of U.S.
● Brexit will have effect on Scotland and Ireland who want to remain with EU but are
economically linked on a greater scale with Britain.
o Political parties in Scotland have started calling for referendum to stay with EU.
● border-free movement between the north and south of Ireland that followed the historic 1998
Good Friday agreement may be in jeopardy
George Soros: Divorce will be a long process, but ultimately it is on British people, what they want to do.
It will be better if they can come on a decision sooner or later.
350
Impact on India:
Negatives
● Political fallouts
● Global growth impacts
● Demand of Indian exports will shrink and procedures will be confusing.
o Affect revenue of Indian IT companies by 10%
● British Indian companies can no longer treat EU as home market.
o 800 Indian companies employ 1.1 lakh people
o Imports of raw materials will be costlier in EU due to devaluing of Pound.
● Impact immigration negatively.
Positives
● India invests more in Britain than the rest of the EU combined. Thus it will be free from EU
restrictions.
● Devalued Pound means cheaper imports from Britain.
● India can separately strike FTAs with EU and Britain on better terms
● Make education in UK less expensive
Way forward for India (C. Rajamohan)

● New Delhi must strike strong solidarity with Britain and Europe and strengthen strategic
partnership.
● An early conclusion of Free Trade Agreement.
1.INTRO: 2
PM Shinzo Abe in his book “Towards a Beautiful country” “Natural Ally” 2
civilizational links...Warmth in relations of civil society…If any relation can be compared

to Indo-Soviet relations - it is India-Japan. 2
Special Strategic and Global Partnership 2
2.Importance: 2
3.Evolution of Relations : 3
After Independence(started on a good note) 3
Till 1985(David Malone-lukewarm) 3
1985 - Rajiv Gandhi(Normalization of relations) 3
Post-Cold war:- meaningful 3
2000-2006 (economic) 3
351
2007-14(security ) 3
2014(Special Strategic and Global partnership ) 3
4.Recent Initiatives: 3
Defence: 3
Infra & investment: 4
Strategic 4
Rajiv Bhatia: given expanding Chinese footprint, India and Japan should urgently push
AAGC 5
5.Alliance? 3
C. Rajamohan: “The case for alliance”) 3
Rajesh Basrur: No to alliance (entrapment) and yes to special strategic partnership

(flexibility) 4
6.US-Japan relations: 5
7.China-Japan summit 5
8.Challenges: 5
9.Way Forward 5
C. Rajamohan: they can together shape the regional order-Security architecture & not
simply accept results of US-China competition, collision or collusion. (Include Australia) 5
PM Modi said when Japanese businessmen will come, they will not find red tape, they will
only find red carpet”. 6
10.Civil Nuclear Deal: 6
Advantages to India 6
352
1.INTRO:
PM Shinzo Abe in his book
“Towards 2.Importance:
a Beautiful country” “Natural
Ally” ● Geo-political:
o UNSC reforms- G4
civilizational links...Warmth in o Both Democracies
relations of civil society…If any o Pacifist policy
relation can be compared to o AAGC(Asia-AFR Growth
Indo-Soviet relations - it is Corridor)
India-Japan.
● Geo-Strategic:
o Common Aggressive
● 2+2 neighbour in China
o Chanakya -friend of
● Special Strategic and
neighbour
Global Partnership
o QUAD
o Naval strength - freedom of
navigation in SCS
● Geo-economic
o JICA funding-investment =>
North East, Bullet, Infra
o Rare Earth Metals
o Huge scope for trade
o Complimentary(J-
Technology, IND needs)
o IND Demo Dividend -
JPN(Demo Deficit)
353
3.Evolution of Relations :
After Independence(started on a Post-Cold war:- meaningful
good note)
● India provided raw materials in ● Because
rebuilding Japan. o Liberalisation
● One of the first peace treaties in o Normalization of
the world. US-India relations
● Japan-ODA(Official o Rise of China
development assistance) to India.
● 2000-2006 (economic)
Till 1985(David Malone-lukewarm) o global partnership
o defining feature:
● strategic divergences
● Opposite camps ● 2007-14(security )
● Closed economy
o defining feature:
● India’s nuclear test
o strategic and global
partnership
1985 - Rajiv Gandhi(Normalization of o 2+2 Dialogue :
relations) Foreign+Defence
● Relationship b/w India-Japan in o Marked by degree
larger interest of humanity of hesitation
● towards open economy
● 2014(Special Strategic
and Global partnership )
● Institutionalized- trilateral
strategic dialogue
partnership with USA -
Malabar Exercise
● QUAD, JAI,
354
4.Recent Initiatives: 5.Alliance?
Defence: C. Rajamohan: “The case for
● US-2i amphibious aircrafts alliance”)
o Surveillance of India’s EEZ
o Faster response in A&N 1. Chanakya - Neighbour of
islands your enemy
● defence agreements-high-end
equipment from Japan. 2. Shinzo Abe-Confluence of 2
● 2+2 ministerial dialogue seas - Indo-Pacific binds
● Malabar Exercise India and Japan into one
● Plan to extend Malabar to air single theatre with common
exercise Cope India security architecture.
● ACSA(Acquisition and Cross- 3. India as primary driver in
servicing agreement) (like shift of BoP vis a vis China
LEMOA) ○ Japan was the only
● C. Rajamohan: languishing country to publicly
defence partnership needs a push. support India during
Doklam crisis.
Infra & investment: 4. Only India-capacity- net
security provider in the reign
● Currency Swap Agreement of $75 5. India’s rise as a major power
billion strengthens Japans own
● NE investment as a message to deterrence
China against CPEC 6. Japan is losing confidence in
● A&N islands - infra dev USA’s security commitment
● Japanese FDI in India (during 7. Japan has stakes in Indian
2016-17) was US $ 4.7 billion (an Ocean - oil imports
increase of 80% over the last year). 8. Complementarity: Japan has
● Civil Nuclear Deal - reinforces demographic deficit and India
claims to NSG has Demographic Dividend
● CEPA - increase trade volumes 9. Shinzo Abe wants to make
● JICA funded Bullet train - Japan a normal country and
Mumbai, Ahmedabad end post-war pacifism
● Cooperation in the Delhi Mumbai moving from only internal
Industrial Corridor balancing to also external
● Japan's -Official Development balancing-
Assistance
10. Japan is facing most acute
Strategic security situation in post-war
● Convergence of India’s Act East & period with North Korea and
Japan - Free and Open Indo- assertive China.
Pacific
● Initiative - against BRI Rajesh Basrur: No to alliance
355
● PQI (Partnership for Quality Infra)
● Asia Africa Growth Corridor- (entrapment) and yes to special
o Developmental projects- strategic partnership (flexibility)
quality infrastructure- Vision 2025
capacity building-people to
people partnership ● Coop in Maritime area
o Born out of consultative ● Working for free and open
process unlike state-led Indo-Pacific
BRI. ● Connectivity b/w Asia and
Africa - AAGC
● Rajiv Bhatia: given expanding ● Expansion of participation in
Chinese footprint, India and Japan PQI
should urgently push AAGC ● Collab in high end tech - US-
● Vision 2025 document has been 2i
signed
6.US-Japan relations:
● Japan was progressing under a USA led international economic order and USA’s security
umbrella.
● Both are under threat.
● USA is acting unilaterally in Korean crisis, with possibility of retrenchment of nuclear
umbrella.
● USA is acting protectionist with pulling away from TPP and difficult trade negotiations
with Japan.
7.China-Japan summit
● With USA retrenchment -security umbrella & CHN revisionist tendencies of China =>
Japan,China entered into “Tactical détente”.
● However, détente is short-term and does not indicate any major shift.
●
356
8.Challenges: 9.Way Forward
● Economic - 1. Deepening of Security
● CEPA - but still bilateral trade is partnership
only- $13.48 billion in 2016-17
(1% of Japan’s total foreign trade; 2. C. Rajamohan: they can
5% of Japan-China trade) together shape the
● China-Japan: $350 billion trade regional order-Security
o Protectionist U.S. has led architecture & not simply
to countries looking for accept results of US-China
diversifying partnership competition, collision or
o acc Pallavi Aiyer, any
collusion. (Include
China-Japan relation is Australia)
tactical at best.
3. Co-development of defence
● Reasons
equipment – Make In India
o Slowdown in Demand in
4. By Kautilya’s Mandal
Japan
Siddhant
o India - still not leading
5. EODB
recipient of Japanese
Investment
6. PM Modi said when
▪ Unpredictable
business Japanese businessmen will
environment come, they will not find
▪ Lack of proper Infra red tape, they will only
▪ Red Tapism find red carpet”.
▪ Difference in The two countries share a similar
corporate culture. vision for building peace and
o Competition from countries stability in the region and should
like Vietnam and Thailand. expand the scope of strategic,
● Divergent interests in RCEP. defence and economic cooperation.
● Hesitations on front against China.
Ex. India’s stand on Quad. Going beyond bilateral
Different China policies commitments, India and Japan are
● Deal on US-2i has been stuck on now eager to collaborate on areas
cost issues. of common interest at the regional
● Japan dragged India to WTO over level.
anti-dumping duties on steel
●
10.Civil Nuclear Deal:
357
Advantages to India
Cutting edge
● high end tech parts for nuclear reactors were not
Japanese Technolog
allowed to sell to India without a deal
y
● Japanese companies have ownership stakes in
these
● Would have held up the deals of the reactors
GE and
Westinghouse already proposed to be made in India
● Help smoothening deals with FRANCE AND
US
● Signing of the deal would show India's Nuclear

NSG member Prudence
● Would help in the bid for NSG membership
Bilateral Relations ● Will bring both the countries close

with Japan ● Increase the bilateral trade (nuke tech)
It will be helpful for Japan as well as its nuclear industry will show some movement especially
after the slump since Fukishima disaster.
358
INTRO:
● China’s Dream - ending 2 centuries of humiliation: Middle Kingdom
● As John J. Mearsheimer points out in The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, “(Asia) will
be an unbalanced multipolar system, because China will be much more powerful than all
other Asian great powers, and thus qualify as a potential hegemon… And when you have
power asymmetries, the strong are hard to deter when they are bent on aggression.
● Bertil Lintner (“China’s India War”):

● Asia’s two giants are destined to be rivals because they are simply too different.
● “It is hard to imagine two cultures that are more different than India and China in terms of
history, social structure and political culture” and the relations between them represent a true
“clash of civilisations.”
● Manoj Joshi defines the relation in terms of cooperation, containment, conflict and
competition.
● Amb. Rajiv Sikri (“India's Foreign Policy - Determinants, Issues and Challenges”): From China,
India faces challenges at three levels – globally, regionally, and as a neighbour.
o At the GLOBAL level, China is using its economic clout, and its status as P5 UNSC
Membership and a NPT-recognized nuclear power to thwart India’s rise in every possible
way
o At the REGIONAL level, so far China has been using Pakistan as a pawn to keep India
tied down in South Asia and to prevent India from becoming a serious challenger to
China’s ambitions to dominate Asia.
o Bilaterally, there is little trust between India and China.
359
Containment
Main cooperation :
● “The world is divided in two
● Panchsheel - 1954 camps,” Modi says in Tokyo.
● Rajeev Gandhi Visit 1988 - Broke the cold “One camp believes in
peace expansionist policies, while
● Agreement on Peace and Tranquility on the other believes in
Border - 1993 - Narsimha Rao - LAC development”
● Strategic Partnership 2003 — ● Balancing through Quad,
Institutionalization of relations Malabar, AAGC, Indo-pacific
● Working together for multipolar world strategy, maritime policy,
order, reform of global governance. ASEAN etc.
● Agreement on Guiding principles and
political parameters to resolve border Reasons why China has Issues with
disputes – 2003 India
● Pm Modi during Xi Jinping’s visit to India
talked about inch->miles (India-China 1. Dalai Lama; India’s support
millennium of exceptional synergy) for Tibetan activists
● Supported of AIIB; engaging in SCO, 2. BRI —> neo-colonialism
BRICS, RIC 3. SCS as Vietnam gave ONGC
● Wuhan Summit, Chennai Connect, Videsh 2 years contract for oil
Mammalapuram Visit exploration
● Astana Consensus: India China must not
allow differences to become disputes
India’s issues with China Key statements
1. CPEC, Azhar, NSG, Border dispute ● One of the overarching goals

2. Brahmaputra dams of Indian elites and strategic
o India thinks that China has plans to community has been to get
divert waters to scarce regions India its rightful place in
o Seismic Zones - Floods comity of nations
▪ Life and Prop loss o Aurobindo Ghosh also
o Used for military purposes- said that - Rise of India
Disputed border region would be for the
o China is one of just three countries benefit of humanity
that voted against the 1997 United ● Back in 1820, India and China
Nations Watercourse Convention, accounted for more than half
which called for the regular of world’s output.
exchange of hydrological and ● Simultaneous rise of India
other data China which are neighbours
o Brahma Chellany: “Chinese with a conflictual history -
Water hegemony in Asia”: future huge academic interest &
wars in Asia will be water wars. debate - proliferation of rich
o Brahma Chellany: “Asia’s literature
troubled water”: China heavily
damming Mekong has already ● Historical context
360
created water crisis in Thailand ● Historically 2 civilisations
and Vietnam. lived in peace and harmony,
o However - 70% of water in Indian there was trade, exchange of
side = rainfall ideas and movement of ppl
3. Trade o After independence,
o Economic interdependence India recognized PRC,
o Growing Trade deficit ($51 Korean crisis support.
billion) - cause of dispute - 47% of ● But ever since becoming
India’s trade deficit is from China nation states - relationship can
▪ Exports raw materials be explained through the
▪ Imports manufactured construct of Security
goods (dependency Dilemma
relations) o Border war in 1962;
▪ Pharma and IT sectors not 1962-1988 (cold-
opened up peace)
▪ Non-Tariff barriers: SPS on ● Changing strategic envt in
agri produce Asia-Pacific has impacts on
▪ Divergences in RCEP India-China relations
o Only way to address - Increase o Since 2008, rapid rise
Chinese investment - problematic of China w.r.t India.
due to high interest rates, China o U.S. pivot to Asia.
not interested and invests ~$5 o China’s aggression on
billion. SCS increased.
o China recently allowed export of o ASEAN countries
non-Basmati rice. looking to India as
o Rajiv Sikri: India must diversify balancer to China.
its imports of pharma APIs and o China ended informal
rare earth minerals. dialogue with Dalai
4. Peripheral diplomacy Lama and ended
o China released white paper on neutrality on Kashmir.
Asia-Pacific. o If India rises to level of
o Pak - Higher than Himalayas, China being a
deeper than oceans, sweeter than democratic country, it
honey and stronger than steel will threaten
o SL - Hambantota communist regime of
o BD - Infra, military exercises China.
o NP - Trade and Transit ● Approaches to deal with
Agreement China
o Bhutan - Winds of Change o Idealist - Nehru -
5. India-China Rivalry on oceans - String of opportunity – Asian
pearls solidarity, Asian
6. Shyam Saran (“The China Challenge”): century
The old adage of multipolar world no o Realist – Threat
longer counts in China’s strategic book (Irredentist land
keeping. China instead of engaging with grabbing state) -
other developing countries as it did in Balancing
361
Copenhagen dealt directly with USA for o Pragmatic – CRM,
Paris summit. Shyam Saran – Co-
engagement; remain
prepared for war as the
only means to avoid
war.
● India should continue to assert
strategic autonomy to navigate
the choppy waters of world
geo-politics
Wuhan spirit between PM Modi Support of Wuhan dialogue
and Xi Jinping.
● Strategic gap between India and China’s
● Strategic communication capability. Wuhan will ensure that China does
at highest level not see relations in a zero-sum game.
● Strategic guidance to
● Better to focus on India’s strategic redlines
respective militaries.
● Joint economic project in and ensure that they are not compromised.
Afghanistan ● Shivshankar Menon (“Good first steps, need
● Counter-terrorism actions next”)
● 2+1 dialogue with Nepal
● India asking its officials to Against Wuhan
stay away from 60th
anniversary of Dalai ● India may be losing strategic space to China
Lama’s arrival in India. ● It will also demoralize countries who seek
● Because of U.S. India as a balancer against China
protectionism to impede
● M.K. Narayanan: Wuhan dialogue does not
China’s rise.
add up to much in real terms. China’s
● With China facing
onslaught continues.
‘pressure cooker
● C. Rajamohan: Wuhan dialogue is China’s
syndrome’ and 2019
attempt to manage USA’s unilateralism. India
election in India, both
seems to be only reacting to new geo-strategic
countries want peaceful
shifts
neighbourhood.
● Dhruva Jaishankar: India-China reset was no
● India-China are coming
reset, rather a pause button similar to China-
together because of global
Japan thaw.
turmoil and geo-political
shifts and trade wars
Nature of India-China Relations.

Chinese American scholar Minxin Pei has shown how ‘ignorance, stereotyping and latent
hostility characterize India view of Chinese population’.
Kanti Bajpai John Garver - Intro Jagannath Panda
● China and Pak are ● Book: Protracted ● Book: India

the biggest Contest China relations : Politics
362
● India - China
challenges to India’s simultaneously asce of Resources, Identity
strategic community nding powers and and Authority in
● Border settlement - neighbours with a multipolar world
pre-condition for history of conflict ● Polygonal multifaceted
normalization multilayered relationship
● Old rivalries Common geopolitical space ● Too complex to be
o Border make for strategic conflict a defined the conventional
● New are emerging compulsion theories.
o Trade ● Reflect
differential Bertil Lintner (China’s o Conflict,
o Brahmaputra India War): great game is Coexistence
Dams unfolding between India- o Coop, Comp
o CPEC and China with border and o Convergence,
NSG hegemonic struggle. Collaboration
● Relationship of ● Due to multiple factors
complex like
interdependence o Domestic,
Bilateral
o Regional,
Continental
o Global
● Framework of reference
Zorawar Daulat Singh (“Anatomy of a reset”): main reason has been a systematic buildup of
negative images of how each side viewed the other’s foreign policies along with a collapse in
geopolitical trust.
Shashi Tharoor
Shiv Shankar Menon ( Fr NSA,
Frn secy)
● India-China
relations have never
● Existing Modus Vivendi
been warm
has been recalibrated with
● Cold peace has
rising Ultra-nationalism
prevailed, but lately
and weakening supportive
have taken an icy
envt.
chill
363
S. Jaishankar:
● ?
Global Implications of India-China relations

Peter E Robertson
US Admin Zhao Gancheng
● Clash of Titans :
● India and China ● Asia: Rise of Chindia Chinese and Indian
are at strategic & its impact on world Growth story
crossroads systems ● Emerged as shattered
● India as Swing ● Start their relationship Giants
State with worst case ● Both suffer from -
● H Clinton - USA scenario - internal & ext
Strategic bet on ● Prisoners dilemma challenges
India’s rise ● Old framework - ● Rise of China -
o Panchsheel - unprecedented -
● Mearsheimer -
Bait and Bleed idealistic mysterious
● Their rise is ● Lack a new exotic ambiguous
going to have framework ● Not clear -
o India looks at o China’s
global
implications for stronger china dream
Balance of with suspicion o India’s
power ● Rise of India & China rightful
- Cooperation and place
conflict ● can complement
each other
Social Constructivist school
● Like Idealists
● Asian Century
● Good not just for Asia -
entire post-colonial world
Realist
● Conflictual
● Competitors - markets,
resources
364
● Ltd War
● Acute security dilemma
● SS Menon -
ultranationalist trend
China’s Current Status needs to be understood to deal with it

● International community has used the term ‘Chindia’ to show parallels between two
countries, but the assertion has been premature owing to huge difference between the
countries.
● Pax Indica: India is a land of individual excellence despite the limitations of the system;
in China, individual excellence is product of system.
● Pax Indica: Knowledge and scholarship of China in India needs to be augmented.
● Choices: From India's point of view, it is China's silence or ambivalence about the rise of
India that poses a puzzle and a challenge. While the United States has moved from
opposition to India's nonalignment in the 1950s to encouraging India's rise in the twenty-
first century, China has moved in the opposite direction
Shyam Saran
C. Rajamohan Kanti Bajpai
● How India see the world: Kautilya to 21st century
● China remains poorly understood by India and this
● Power and ● Power is not
lack of familiarity can be costly.
Principle everything in
● Managing China needs
● India must IP
o Understanding of its civilisation and its
move away ● But Ignoring
world view
from the the massive
● Confucius - Harmony and hierarchy are intertwined
idea of power
● India considered the world as Bharatvarsha (lotus)
parity of differential -
with India as Jambudwipa (one of the petals). Instead
with China Strategic
China considered itself as middle kingdom
● GDP ($12 Blindness
● China is failing to recognize the contemporary
trillion) - 5 ● We can choose
international environment of multi-polarity.
times our friends but
● China has historically emphasized the written word
● Defence not our
and India spoken word. Thus there is rich Chinese
budget neighbours
literature through which Chinese interpret the
($150 ● We can change
contemporary world. India remains more flexible.
billion) - 3 history but
● Chinese culture readily advocates force as method to
times not geography
fulfill national interest, whereas force remains last
resort in India.
365
Sameer Saran: China wants to utilize its political and economic clout to emerge as sole
continental power. Multipolarity is for the world, not for Asia. According to an old Chinese
adage, “One mountain cannot contain two tigers”
C. Rajamohan: China is wrong to believe that asymmetry in power potential will automatically
lead to surrender. China could learn from Pakistan’s refusal to submit to the widening strategic
gap with India
How India Sees the World: India as a democratic country has advantage over China in battle of
perception as long as it remains an open and plural democracy.
Suggestions for Indian Foreign Policy
Idealist - Opportunity - cooperate

Realist - threat - contain
Pragmatist school - CRM, H.V. Pant – Co-engagement
● Strategic communication at high level and

● P2P contacts need to be promoted
● Peace and tranquility at border
Shyam Saran (Constructivism) India needs hedging

(Reset is required) strategies (Realist) (No appeasement)
● Readiness, despite ● Military power

differences, to seek areas of ● Re-establish closeness with
convergent interest and Russia
shared concern like regional ● US & Japan - upward trend
security, trade, inclusive ● Small concessions on border
growth, global threats, for overall gain
international organizations ● Selective engagement with
and platforms. China
● we must strengthen our ● Remind USA that India has
border defenses and other options also
capabilities, not rely on 3rd ● Sushant Sareen: China has
country more surpluses in trade with
366
● Policy of prudence not
provocation, caution and India than CPEC’s entire cost.
avoidance of bravado. We need to use economic
● High level exchanges, people levers to take leverage on
to people exchanges, trade China.
relations
C. Rajamohan: The longer India
Pax Indica: India and China trade in takes to act vigorously on its frontier
mutually exclusive product and have region development (ex. A&N),
complementary capabilities (IT and military modernization and regional
manufacturing). Thus elephant is economic integration, the greater will
already dancing with the dragon. be its difficulty in coping with
China’s rise.
Zorawar Daulat Singh (“Anatomy
of a reset”) Harsh V. Pant: Power by its very
nature is expansionist. Pandering to
● Adversarial relations amplify Chinese concerns will not yield any
security problems. result as it did not in the past
● Enhances Pakistan’s voice in
China’s strategy. Rajiv Sikri: India must not lose the
psychological war. China’s
● Reduces bargaining leverage
weaknesses must be exploited and
with USA highlighted like fragile economy,
● Economic cooperation can justice for minorities, neo-colonialism
only work in stability etc.
● Constrain India’s neighbours
in playing China card Shiv Shankar Menon (“Choices”):
● P.S. Raghavan (“The dragon With China there is a fundamental
problem, and that is both India and
beckons again”):
China are negotiating with the
Unpredictability in USA assumption that both will have a
posture requires countries to better negotiating position in the
hedge their options. future. And it’s true: both are rising
and therefore neither side is really
Shivshankar Menon: (Liberal seeing the negotiations through. We
Institutionalism) India and China have a successful mechanism for
should arrive at a new modus managing difference
vivendi at a political level.
367
Happymon Jacob (complex
interdependence)
● Smart balancing; since neither
Harsh V Pant (Complex straight-forward balacing will
interdependence) work owing to large power
gap and bandwagoning won’t
● Relations with US are imp, serve Indian interests.
but also imp to have normal ● Co-binding China in a
and mutually beneficial with bilateral/regional security
China
complex, i.e., coordinate on
● Expanding relations with
Washington, Delhi must regional security issues.
know how to manage ● At the same time, make a
Beijing security community in Indo-
● A tight rope act for sure, but pacific and contain China.
one that India will simply ● Frederic Grare (“India Turns
have to walk East: International
Engagement and USA-China
C. Rajamohan: If China makes it
clear that there is no room for rivalry”): Grare would like to
compromise, then India will have to see India ‘reinvent the concept
go for internal and external of strategic autonomy’. He
balancing. argues that India must avoid
past regional isolation in the
Shyam Saran: A relatively islolated name of non-alignment and
India will be more vulnerable to leverage US capacities to its own
Chinese pressure
benefit, without becoming
entangled in the rivalry between
Washington and Beijing.
Sun Tzu: To subdue the enemy without fighting is supreme excellence.

Pinak Ranjan Chakraborthy: We have to build trust with China brick by brick. Core issue of
mistrust is disputed border
Q. Given the Huawei incident, should India also stop Chinese technology in its market?
368
A. It will be counter-productive for India- dispute with China and deterioration of relations and
issue of cheap technology and mobile phones in Indian market.
● We should scrutinize any Chinese technology entering into Indian market.
● Develop our own domestic capabilities and diversify our markets.
● Data protection laws.
Border dispute:
A better big picture argument, developed by Allen Whiting’s Chinese Calculus of Deterrence, is that
Beijing was becoming increasingly nervous about its deteriorating ties with Moscow, Taiwan’s public
threats to launch an attack on its western shore and its continuing difficulties in holding Tibet. The India
border dispute was deemed part of a larger global conspiracy – and Nehru the weakest link in the chain.
The other reason was that in the 1950s, India under Jawaharlal Nehru had become the main voice for
newly independent countries in Asia and Africa.
Issues Cooperation
● For India, border issue; for China, ● 1954 -> first Confidence Building
Tibet issue Measure; Panchsheel; India
● Aksai Chin, Shaksgam valley, accepted Tibet as China’s.
Demchok sector, Doklam, Tawang. ● Deng Xiaoping initiated
● Sumdorongchu valley in 1987. engagement with India.
● China uses border dispute as a ● Special representatives for border
psychological tool to pressurize India. talks -> guiding principles and
Ex. Doklam. political parameters.
● Agreement on peace and
Tibet issue tranquility on borders: fair,
reasonable and mutually
● Mao theory of ‘Palm and Digits’; acceptable.
Tibet as palm of China ● Border-defence cooperation
● Forceful occupation of Tibet and agreement.
political, economic, cultural ● Wuhan Summit: Direct their
subjugation. armies to implement CBMs
● China does not recognize 1914 Shimla
Conference. Doklam Standoff
● India using Tibet as bargaining card.
● Brahma Chellany: India should not ● Most Serious standoff
shy away from using Tibet card to put ● India looks at it as - Dagger in
pressure on China. the chickens neck
● Huge chances of limited border
● Suhasini Haider: Tibet is now
war
modern, more China-centric and more
integrated with mainland; cut-off from Resolved by Xi-Modi meeting at the
369
India’s Tibetan population; rival
Buddhist factions. Thus, India’s Tibet sidelines of G20 Summit
card is futile now. Indian Tibetans
may be more willing to acquiesce to Shyam Saran: only solution can be a
“LAC+plus with limited concession to
China as Karmapa incident has India and Package Proposal without
shown. Tawang where Chinese pilgrims can
● P. Stobdan: 17th Karmapa flying to freely visit Tawang”
USA and denying return to India is an
indication that India’s Tibet Card Srinath Raghavan: We need a
against China is no longer effective. restraining pact with China as was seen
in entente cordiale in Europe.
● Shyam saran: India should be
particularly careful in not triggering a Shiv Shankar Menon: We need a new
Chinese reaction which it may not be modus-vivendi which includes hotlines
able to handle. India's efforts should between armies, CBMs like Border
be towards encouraging reconciliation Personnel Meeting, Hand in Hand,
between the Dalai Lama and the Border Defence Cooperation Agreement
Chinese rather than hoping to exploit
the differences between them.
Conclusion: Tibet population in India

remains a humanitarian issue for India. Any
move to use it strategically needs to look at
changed realities and more changing
situations on ground to realign India’s Tibet
policy. India needs to reassess what Tibet
population in India wants now. Also, India
should not rely on Tibet Card given the
asymmetric capability China has acquired and
focus on its border security and its internal
capability
Pax Indica: New Delhi has always sought to

distinguish between its humanitarian
obligations and its neighbour obligation to
China. We have given asylum to Dalai Lama,
but haven’t allowed political activities.
Shyam Saran: Chinese view has hardened

due to two reasons: 1) Power Asymmetry; 2)
Aksai Chin has lost relevance as a connecting
region between Tibet and Xinjiang.
Shiv Shankar Menon: “Boundary is not the

real issue, it is just a lever to regulate
370
temperature in relations”
Bertil Lintner (“China’s India War”): China

is not looking for a solution, it is just for
strategic advantage. Lintner has argued
against Neville Maxwell’s book “India’s
China War” which put the blame of 1962 war
on Indian provocations. He shows that China
had hardened its position militarily much
before Dalai Lama visit.
C. Rajamohan: Peace and tranquility on

border areas was different set of
circumstances, when India was integrating
itself with the world. Principle may not
survive in face of recent Chinese aggression.
See Doklam from IR notes
Conclusion:
● Our principles position is that agreements and understandings reached on boundary issues
must be scrupulously respected. Peace and tranquility in border areas is an essential pre-
requisite for further development of our bilateral relationship.
Q. What is Tibet Card?

A. Tibet Card is considered by some strategists as the leverage India has over China in
negotiations since India hosts many Tibetan exiles including Dalai Lama. Just like China uses
border as temperature regulator with India, India uses Tibet.
Q. Is India really using Tibet Card?

A. Sir, to some extent India has always kept its options open and has facilitated peaceful Tibetan
movement in India to maintain pressure on China. However, India does not rely on this strategy,
since in 2003 itself, we fully recognized Tibet Autonomous Region as part of mainland territory
of China. Also, India considers stay of Tibetans on humanitarian grounds and that movement of
Dalai Lama within India is India’s sovereign issue. Our position on Tibet as part of China has
remained same, and so is our conduct towards Tibetans staying in India.
Q. What should India do with Tibet card?

A. India should not rely on Tibet Card given the asymmetric capability China has acquired and
focus on its border security and its internal capability. Tibet card may not be as important for
China as it was some years back. We should not engage in escalation dynamics with China. Tibet
population in India remains a humanitarian issue for India. Any move to use it strategically needs
to look at changed realities and more changing situations on ground to realign India’s Tibet
policy. India needs to reassess what Tibet population in India wants now.
371
BRI
“Rules and norms should be based consent of all and not powers of few”- Modi at Shangri-La
● BRI is McKinder (Eurasia) Chinese Motivations

and Alfred T Mahan (Oceans) Geo-economic
together ● Slowing Economy
● China’s Marshall plan ● FOREX use
● China’s master stroke against ● Overcapacity in infra
USA’s Pivot to Asia ● Diversify market
● Sun Tzu: To subdue the ● Employment to Chinese
enemy without fighting is Geopolitical
supreme excellence. ● Build China’s Soft power
● Art of using economic o Deteriorating relations with
statecraft for achieving neighbours due to overuse of
o Geo-strategic hard power
o Geo-economic ends ● Sino centric world
● Reach ● Challenge to US hegemony
o 65% of world Geo strategic
population ● Counter USA’s Asia Pivot
o 30% of Worlds GDP ● Malacca Dilemma
● 2 Components
o Maritime Silk Road
o Overland Silk Route
● Better than USA’s Asia Balance Q. India’s non participation in
o Militaristic: (BRI - soft power and the BRI summit is called as the
economic) grandest failure of FP resulting
o Protects Chinese interests without into quarantine and splendid
the use of hard power isolation
o Military alliances x —> Financial
integration ● Idealist view, i.e. Asian
● Military meets x —> P2P meets century (Nehru and K.P.
● Impact on India Nair)
o India is caught between Sense and ● Realist view: Amb.
sensibility Harshdeep S. Puri
▪ Sense - Implications for (criticism from P.S.
national security Raghavan), Amb.
▪ Sensibility - Broad Vishnu Prakash (focus
perspective of long term on AAGC with Japan);
aspects of relations and T.C.A. Raghvan (China
mutual partnership is not going to show any
o India’s concerns quid-pro quo even if
▪ CPEC (China pledged $46 India enters BRI)
billion, now worth $66 ● Simple
billion) interdependence:
▪ BCIM - restive provinces Shyam Saran (2008
of NE financial crisis has
372
▪ Headway into India’s exposed the weakness of
traditional sphere of neo-liberalism); M.K.
influence (South Asia) Bhadrakumar: We
▪ China’s Malacca dilemma should not look at it only
ends and India’s Gwadar as highways, but global
Dilemma begins supply chain through
▪ Latin America and Central which Indian firms can
Asia benefit.
▪ Neo-colonialism - loans vs. ● Complex
land Interdependence: C.
▪ Lack of transparency in Rajamohan and Zorawar
planning Daulat Singh and Atul
▪ Not a single gesture is Aneja (Pull a leaf out of
favourable to India Japan’s playbook, where
● As many as 14% of BRI projects in terms Japan sent non-official
of number and 32% in terms of value that delegation to BRI
have run into some or the other kind of summit, showing
“trouble.” interest but not approval
● Vocal criticism in Myanmar and Pakistan in the scheme)
over unilateral decision-making,
financially unsustainable projects and lack Conclusion: While complex
of local participation- Mahathir interdependence situation is
Mohammed- OBOR is for China, by true, reciprocations should be
China and of China from both sides. Will China be
● Performance delays are being witnessed willing to…? (P.S. Raghavan
due to paperwork gaps, cost overruns, and view), Indian government view:
laborious land acquisition; and the responsible investment
pressures of Chinese domestic economy (Harshdeep S. Puri)
● 90% of projects are garnered by state-
owned entities of China. “…connectivity in itself cannot
override or undermine the
sovereignty of other nations.”
Vishnu Prasad: Our footprint in

South Asia may not be
shrinking since Chinese projects
are unsustainable are likely to
come under stress with change
of leadership as happened in
Malaysia
AAGC should gain pace to give

alternative to aggrieved
countries of BRI
Amb. Prabhu Dayal: We
373
should engage with our
neighbours at diplomatic level
to sensitize them about the
dangers which China poses,
both strategically and
economically
Srikanth Kondapalli: Where

will the connectivity projects be
set-up between both countries,
when entire boundary is
disputed.
CRM
Shyam Saran
● India should develop its own capabilities, ramp-up
● India could have participated and India would have
internal connectivity; multilateralism
been in a position to express itself
S. Jaishankar
Looking China in the Eye
● Conclusion
● Considering implications for India’s territorial
● India cannot be a party to its own destruction.
integrity - India had no option but to oppose
● Should stay away from China’s charm offensive
● However India needs a comprehensive strategy
● India should use its resources wisely and not on
rather than just opposing
Chinese projects
Q. Should India join OBOR?

A. Economic decisions cannot be taken in vacuum of politics. Till China does not address India’s
sovereignty concerns on CPEC, India cannot endorse BRI project. Moreover, India has been
highlighting the opaque, unilateral projects leading to debt-trap of country. India cannot engage
in any such project, where terms are either exploitative or non-transparent.
Q. So, India should not have gone to BRI summit?

A. India could have gone as an observer and could have raised its point of contentions in the
summit itself. We could have cleared our stand that we do not endorse BRI and could have
created an alternate narrative
Q. Doesn’t India stand to be isolated if it does not join BRI?
374
A. No mam, many countries like Bhutan, Malaysia, USA, and Japan have highlighted the
exploitative nature of these projects. Japan and India have been engaging with each other to
provide an alternative in AAGC. India should provide an alternative option to infra-deficit
countries through project-delivery and engaging with other like-minded countries.
Q. Won’t India be disadvantaged if it is not a part of infra project?

A. No mam, India is a capable country and has been boosting it’s infra domestically as well as
engaging globally through FDI liberalization. While, India has infra requirements, we should not
become part of any investment regime that is unsustainable. Maximum what we can do is, cherry
pick some projects with the agreement that, India has nothing to do with BRI and the project
remains as independent bilateral deal of India-China.
South China Sea Dispute

One who controls the oceans, controls the world- Alfred T. Mahan
Robert D. Kaplan: South China Sea is the future of conflict

● South China Sea is a major geo-political hotspot like Germany during world war.
GoI has expressed displeasure - Chinese attitude towards PCA ruling on SCS India interest in SCS
● Freedom of Navigation, over flight and unimpeded commerce based ● Large amt of trade passes-> 3 times
un UNCLOS laws of Suez Canal; $5 trillion shipment;
● Sea lines of SCS - critical for peace and stability 2/3rd of global LNG.
● Urges all parties to show utmost respect to UNCLOS ● India’s 55% shipment passes through
strait of Malacca.
Dispute ● U.S. $1.2 trillion trade passes through
SCS.
● Overlapping claims on the islands ● Oil and Gas exploration
● China constructing artificial islands - ecology impacted ● India’s security: presence of Chinese
● Assertive posture in not only SCS but also ECS - Senkaku Islands navy
Why China doing what it’s doing India’s moves to contain China
● China is a revisionist power ● Against String of Pearls - Naval diplomacy

● Domestic factors o IORA
o Economy slowing down o Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
o Legitimation crisis of CCP o India creating its own pearls - Andamans,
o Diverting attention Sittwe, Chabahar, Seychelles, Madagascar
o China’s dream ● Look East, West, South
o Ending 2 centuries of humiliation ● India’s stand on SCS
● U.S. department of defence: “Energy Futures in ● “India does not see Indo-Pacific as a strategy or
Asia” -> String of pearls. club of limited members.
● China’s Pearls - Hambantota, Maldives, Gwadar, ● India’s own engagement in the Indo-Pacific region
Djibouti from the shores of America to Africa will be inclusive
● USA wants multilateral; China wants bilateral ● Maritime doctrine: Ensuring Secured Seas: 5 fold
375
● China employing charm offensives to divide ASEAN framework
countries. o SAGAR: security cooperation: Role of Net
● Shyam Saran: China is employing cabbage strategy, security provider
where each individual layer seems harmless, but o Tri-lateral security framework with Sri-Lanka
when you see it as a whole the entire security and Maldives
architecture seems to have changed. Thus even o Multilateral cooperation on non-traditional
without waging a war they win the game (Sun Tzu) security
● Sameer Saran: Short-term stability in Asia does not o Blue economy: Sagarmala
matter to China, because it does not eye Asian o Cooperate with major power: Military
markets for its growth. China hopes to gain access to exercises -> Malabar, SIMBEX, JIMEX,
European market. No Asian country can create Konkan
incentives for China to alter its behavior.
Views:
● Abhijit Singh (ORF): India’s 55% trade passes through South China Sea. Moreover,
India is seeking to sit at global high table and thus should be pro-active in these issues.
Giving China leeway in South China Sea will mean, unhindered aggression in Indian
Ocean which is not good for India.
● Harsh V. Pant, India should respect maritime sovereignty of its neighbours.
● C. Uday Bhaskar: India should not pursue activities which alienates China more.
● Kanwal Sibal: India’s territorial interests are more important than its maritime interests.
● Srikant Kodapalli: India should pursue policy of mediation.
● M.K. Narayan: India should build up its own security and economic capabilities.
Conclusion: PM Modi’s speech at Shangri-La rightly reflects what India’s future course should
be. We need not be taking sides, but affirming our stand for free and open Indo-Pacific and open
lines of communication. Since, China’s position in South China Sea will reflect its stand in
Indian Ocean, India should be mediating for inclusivity in the region.
Mekong Ganga Cooperation

India has close cultural and historical linkages with CLMV countries.
But before India - China launched the G-MR - Greater Mekong region focussed around
infrastructure and security
MKG - is to regain lost strategic space to China by harnessing greater cultural linkages with
India
Launched in 2000 in Laos, aims
● Greater P2P contact ==> Economic and strategic interdependence

● Focus- > Education, Culture, Tourism, Communication, Transport
● For long - languishing - Act East Policy 2014 - new momentum

● Program of Action 2016-18
o Expand coop in Commerce, IT, Pharma, Automobiles
376
o Line of credit
o Motor Vehicle Agreement
o Trade has increased
o Nalanda University - strengthening Inter-Asian cooperation & facilitating
research on Mekong Ganga region
o India - repairing heritage sites
Asian Century
Asia of rivalry will hold us back, Asia of cooperation will shape this century- Modi, Shangri La
● 19th Century - Britain’s century ● However - challenges

● 20th Cent - American Century o Security
● It was said that 21st cent would be Asian century; ▪ China - revisionist power -
Fareed Zakaria: Decline of the west, rise of the rest Changing the status quo - assertive,
o Economic coercive, disputes with neighbours
▪ Growth rates of 7% and doubling of ▪ Boundary disputes - arms race
GDP every 10 years. ▪ N. Korea - deadly threat
▪ Japan - economic juggernaut 1970s ▪ Pakistan - epicentre of Terrorism
▪ China - Largest PPP ▪ India-China rivalry
▪ India- still a bright spot in Global o Economy
economic crisis ▪ China’s new normal
▪ The SE Asian Tigers ▪ Japan’s stagnant economy
▪ World Trade and Investment was o Demography
running due to growth in these ▪ Decreasing populations in - JAP,
o Global power is shifting to Indo-pacific from SK, Taiwan, Singapore
Trans-Atlantic. ● Still
o Africa - war torn
o Asian defence spending ($439 billion) is more
o ME - cold wars & terrorism
than Europe ($386 billion) o LAC - slowing economies
o Large Populations - DD o EU - Ageing population
o Culture o Asia - looks like the only place with
o Science proliferation - large no. of scientists potential to rise phenomenally
being Asian
● However, while China’s rise is acknowledged globally, India is at best a regional power.
● According to Harsh V. Pant, India needs to look beyond Pakistan at global issues.
● Xi thinks the era of China deferring to other nations’ sensitivities is now over. According
to Xi, it is now others’ turn to adapt to Beijing’s rise as the foremost power in Asia.
India-Taiwan relations
● Taiwan issue: Pax Indica (Page 109-112)
377
● Harsh V. Pant: Taiwan is seeking to diversify its dependence on China by seeking
options like India, USA etc. and playing a balance of power game in region to preserve
its autonomy.
● Ashok Sajjanhar: The narrative in Taiwan is changing. More than 55% from the earlier
15% consider themselves as Taiwanese.
● Ashok Sajjanhar: All the stakeholders want status quo and this is the best way forward.
PYQ
1. 2017 -The recent differences between Indian and Russia are the result of
misconceptions than facts. Elucidate.15
2. 2014- Analyze the drivers of Indo-Russian relations in the post-Cold-War era. 20
3. 2006 -Discuss the present state of Indo-Russian relations. 60
4. 2010- Comment on the recent trends in Russia's foreign policy.
5. 2003 Compare : Areas of cooperation between India and Russia. 20
378
Intro: Importance of RUS :
● Special and Privileged ● Geo-political
Strategic Partnership o Support on Kashmir in
● PM Modi - Russia has been UNSC
the pillar of India’s o BRICS
development and security. ● Geo-strategic
● PM Modi- India and Russia o Major power
relations have been constant in o Most important defence
the world that is constantly partner(>50% )
changing since 1947 ● Geo-economic
o Important energy
● Every child in India knows that partner - both nuclear
Russia is our best friend. and hydrocarbons
● Ours is a truly and unique
privileged partnership.
Evolution:
● Post-independence:
o STALIN -> Those who are not with us, are against us.
● Cold war - Though not formally allied, but leaned towards USSR
o Treaty of Peace, Friendship & Cooperation 1971 - quasi alliance
o Development of basic industries, defence; trading in local currency; economic aid.
● Post-Cold War
o From buyer-seller relationship to security partnership with mutual gains.
o RIC(Russia-India-China)-> promote multilateralism,multipolarity.
o Strategic Partnership 2000 (First Strategic P with France 1998)
o Special and privileged strategic partnership 2010
● Modi’s visit to Russia in 2017
Actual Relations
Srinath Raghavan: “The myth of idyllic India-Russia ties”
● Russian policy had always been based on realism and through its prism of geopolitical
competition with US and China.
● Russia supported Pakistan in 1960.
● After cold-war, the Indo-Russian relationship turned from strategic to transactional—centred
on military technology and spares.
Kanwal Sibal CRM Dictum
● Rhetorics apart, there ● Russia closer to ● Nations do not

is a definite decline in Pak&China will bring have permanent
379
Realism to India
friends or
India Russia relations ● India - understand the
enemies, only
● Putin - Russia State of necessity to improve
permanent
resurgence relations with Russia
interests 👇
● The biggest problem - ● Move towards a practical
● No surprise that
no serious problem relationship,
India and Russia
● Non-confrontationalist “✅transactional” is any
are growing
- complacent day better than
apart
“❌sentimental”
Russia’s NI
● West isolating
Russia
● Improve
relations with
Asian powers -
Pak and China
● China -
neighbour
● Pak - trade and
Indian Ocean-
strategic stability
Devi Rupa Mitra Nandan Unnikrishnan Rajan Menon

Russia’s attitude creates Problem lies in India’s attitude. India-Russia relations
problem. It looks Nostalgia of Soviet era. Ignoring lack versatility and
everything from zero- realism. dynamism.
sum prism.
P.S. Raghavan: There are two streams of perspectives, one nostalgia stream and others who
believe that only outer shell has remained in relations. Both are invalid. India-Russia still have
substantial drivers like defence, nuclear, strategic etc.
Positives Negatives
● Defence ● Geography
● Nuclear Energy ● Economic participation
● INSTC ● P2P contact
o Chabahar ● Lack of realism
● Space program ● Pak and China
collaboration ● Afghanistan - Taliban
● Kashmir ● US-India - LEMOA
Problems
1. Geo-Politics 3. P2P contact : Weak
380
o India-U.S.; Russia-China-Pakistan o In present age of smart
o 17th and 19th bilateral summit- both power, no relation can move
countries emphasized on strategic on G-G(Govt) alone.
collaborations and convergences on
major world views.
2. Geography - biggest barrier – Pak & China -
Trade and Security
o Working on INSTC
4. Defence - Decline of Russia’s monopoly Challenges: Russia’s share of Indian defense
o Russia’s resurgence - Energy and imports fell from 79 percent between 2008
defence exports are very imp and 2012 to 62 percent between 2013 and
o India’s Special & Priv SP is based on 2017.
robust defence cooperation
o Post 1971 Treaty of P,F & C - Russia - ● Russian Grievances
pillar of India’s security o No transparency
o Positives (70% of India’s defence o Image of Russia - when it
imports) loses tenders
▪ Hardware from Russia o India gives contracts to U.S.
▪ INS Vikramaditya which imposes much
▪ Su-35 conditionality.
▪ Akula 2 class ● Grievances of India
submarines o Cost Escalations
▪ Triumf S-400 Air
o Delay in delivery
defence system
o Poor servicing
▪ India-Russia Defence
Agreement 1997 o No spare parts
▪ Export of Equipment o Recent
▪ Transfer of technology ● China
▪ Joint development, o Offensive weapons - Su-35 &
marketing and sale o Amur class submarines
▪ Brahmos ● Pak
▪ Kamov 226T o Mi-35 Helicopters
Utility o Friendship 2017
helicopters
▪ T-90 Tanks First Tri-service exercise Indra-2017
▪ 5th Gen
Aircrafts Both countries are taking steps to address
▪ 19 bilateral summit in 2018
th
grievances, however as Shyam Saran says,
▪ Continuing with S-400 India needs to retain confidence of Russia.
triumf even after
CAATSA.
▪ The meeting of the
Indian-Russian
Intergovernmental
Commission on
Military-Technical
381
cooperation in
December 2018
o Significant enhancement in India’s
domestic production.
1. Energy 3. Economic Partnership
o PM Modi: o In present era of globalization, no relations can
“India and move forward without economic relations.
Russia are o PM Modi: “Partners in security are becoming
destined to be partners in prosperity”.
partners and o Dismal – Export $2.4 billion; Import $5.3 billion-
partnership is 2015 (1% of individual’s global trade)
from o Recent - Rosneft acquiring Essar - $11bn - largest
hydrocarbons to Russian FDI
hard carbons.” o Problems
o Huge natural gas, ▪ Poor law & Order
coal and oil ▪ Protectionist policies
reserves ▪ Strict Visa
o Geographical ▪ Poor banking infra
reasons- INSTC ▪ Transportation cost
o Indian ▪ Sanctions- Indian companies reluctant
companies lost o BRICS-Goa: Pledge to take economic ties to
bid - Sakhalin 2 “unprecedented level”.
o But Energy o 19th bilateral summit in 2018
prospects with ▪ Goal of $30 billion trade by 2025
Pak and Russia ▪ Strategic Economic Dialogue between NITI
are getting Aayog and Russian ministry.
stronger ▪ FTA with EEU being discussed.
o Modi has talked ▪ INSTC discussed
about Energy ▪ India-Russia Inter-regional forum
Bridge between o P.S. Raghavan: Economic engagement of major
India and Russia. European countries increased with Russia. Proper
2. Nuclear Energy structuring of business deals, trade and investment
o Most- Strategic needed.
vision in Nuclear
Energy
▪ Kudankul
am
▪ Joint
Uranium
Mining
▪ Nuclear
reactors -
sold to
3rd
countries
Russia-China cooperation Russia-China conflicts
382
● Treaty of peace and friendship in 1950
● Joseph Nye: end of cold-war -> ● Communism leadership
rapprochement ● Conflicts in Siberia
● Treaty of friendship and good ● Limited P-2-P
neighbourliness -> SCO ● Shyam Saran -> Tactical alliance
● Trade of $100 billion. o China expanding in Russian sphere.
● Congruence on geo-political issues. o Threat of rising and hegemonic
● Russia is interested in CPEC. China
● Defence supplies -> Amur submarines, o China’s nuclear arsenal
Sukhoi-35 o Russia wants multi-polar world
● Siberia pipeline: 38 billion m3 gas ● How India Sees the World: Mandal
annually. Siddhant comes into play in the dynamics
● P.S. Raghavan: compelling logic, of the region where Russia-China will
however, Russia was locked in a tighter remain enemies.
embrace than it had bargained for. ● However, India should not get complacent
Harsh V. Pant: logic of Russia-Pak relations. S.D. Muni: Only of concern of moves in strategic
territory
● Market to compensate losses
● Protect from extremism ● High tech and defence equipment
● Provides a gateway to Indian ocean for ● Russia card against USA
trade ● Weaken India’s confidence
● Paraphrase a famous dictum - No permanent enemy or permanent friend - NI

● Russia’s NI
o West isolating Russia; according to ANURADHA M. CHENOY, demonized by
the West, Russia has become a strategic partner of China
o P.S. Raghavan: Russia pursuing multi-vectored policy - Pak and China
Improving relations through bilateral summits- 19th summit when President Vladimir Putin
visited India.
Way Forward
● Remind - One old friend is better than 2 new ones

● India and Russia are natural partners. India is the country which will always benefit if
Russia gets stronger- partner, countering U.S., containing China.
● India and Russia must diversify engagement in other areas economic, cultural and energy
to maintain the warmth and depth of their relations
● K.C. Singh: Selective alignments and deft balancing.
● Shyam Saran-
383
o Pursue FTA with EEU; IT; pharma; healthcare; defence; space
o favour U.S.-Russia relations;
o strengthen RIC triangle;
o India should chart its own territory and not rely on Russian help in geopolitics
o Nostalgia may be useful, but it cannot make up for a lack of substantive drivers in
India-Russia ties.
● P.S. Raghavan:
o Pursuit of strategic interests in global geo-politics requires alignments along
multiple axes (C. Rajamohan: Pursue Europe option)
o India should draw red lines: Russia can develop relations with China and Pak -
but not at cost of India’s security
Good strategy can manage poor tactics, but poor strategy cannot be redeemed - Kissinger
🛑🛑 Topic #6 🛑🛑
India & UN System

Role in Peacekeeping &
Demand for seat in UNSC
👇👇👇
IND & UNSC

2015 The UN completes 70 years of its establishment in 2015. What reforms is India asking for
to strengthen the global institutions of governance and why?
384
2020 Explain the importance of India's claim for a permanent seat in the UN Security
Council. 15
2018 Discuss the various impediments in India's way to permanent seat UNSC. 15
2017 Uniting For consensus/Coffee Club has opposed the claims of India and other
countries over permanent membership of the UNSC. Point out their objections. 15
2016 Critically analyze China's role in international politics against India's demand for
permanent seat in UNSC 15
2014 Is India's quest for a permanent seat in UNSC is a possibility or just a pipedream?
Elaborate with reason. 10
2013 Bring out the objectives of India seeking permanent seat in UNSC. 10
2010 Bring out India's perspectives and concerns on reforms in UNSC. 20
2002 Comment : India's claim for permanent seat in the UNSC. 20
2000 In the reforms of the UN India's claim on the permanent seat in the security council is
natural and equally justifiable'. Elucidate. 60
IND & UNPKF

2019 Analyze the recent trends in India's role in the UN peacekeeping operations. 15
2017 India has been the largest and consistent country contributing to UN PKF worldwide.
Examine India's role in this perspective. 10
2014 Evaluate India's participation in UNPKF operations over the years. 15
2010 Bring out the role played by Indian armed forces in UN Peace Keeping efforts in various
parts of the world. 20
2008 Outline India's contribution to UN Peace Keeping activities? 20
2005 Evaluate the role India has played in UNPK activities and the cause of global
disarmament. 60
● Discuss the efficacy of India’s NFU (no first use) policy(nuclear weapon) in the context
of evolving strategic challenges from its neighbours(15m) (2020)
1. The war in Afghanistan is crucial from the point of view of India’s national security, if the
Americans withdraw and jihadis emerge with a sense of triumphalism, India will face
increasing onslaught of terrorism. comment. (20 M) (2020)
1. Identify the key sectors of cooperation between India & Israel since 2014 examine their
significance in strengthening the bilateral ties between the two countries. (15m) (2020).
385
● Critically examine the role of India in shaping the emerging world order (15m) (2020)
● Vision of a new world order has emerged as the major objective of India’s foreign policy.
Discuss the policy initiative taken by India in this regard and the challenges faced by it.
(20 Marks, 250 Words , 2015)
●
● Evaluate India's vision of a new world order. (20m) (2019)
SCO/BRICS vs QUAD (Suhasini Haider)

● India’s Geopolitical contradiction/anti-thesis
● Iran as new full time member of SCO =>Another QUAD=> Pakistan, Iran, Russia, and
China (PIRC)
● India: non alignment, strategic autonomy, multi-alignment
DIFFERENCES:
● SCO as seen as counter NATO, while CHN calls QUAD as Asian NATO against CHN
● SCO deals with India’s Continental neighbourhood, QUAD deals with India’s maritime
neighbourhood
● SCO countries accept Taliban stand, QUAD countries silent
● RATS-anti terror exercises vs Naval exercises
Has India bitten of more than it can chew?
● India not alone, in age of complex interdependence Countries Pak, Turkey, USA has
joined many contradictory groupings
QUAD DEALS WITH?
● Free open and prosperous Indo Pacific
● COVID , vaccine but Ind Demand for WTO Patent waiver not accepted
● Climate change, ISA, Paris, but IND X signed net zero, X ending coal
● Critical supply chains (IND X signed OSAKA Track data flow
SCO DEALS WITH?
● Taliban
● BRI - Chabahar
● Terrorism
Can India continue tight rope without taking side?
Zorawar Daulat Singh - Book (Power & Politics) IND foreign policy during Cold War
Zorawar Daulat Singh - Book - POWER SHIFT - ind & chn in multipolar world.
386
●
Intro - Alfred T Mahan

CRM - 2nd concentric circle -> extended neighbourhood
Land of great games
Conclusion
Multiple alignments remain the best way to navigate the choppy waters of complex West Asian
geo-politics
Importance of West Asia in IP

● Land of Great power politics
387
● See archives: Middle-east history
Alfred T Mahan Hamid Ansari Edward Luttwark
● Coined - Middle East ● Travelling through the ● Questions
● Middle East as critical to maintain conflict Importance
colonial possessions ● Curse of Centrality ● Centre of Gravity
● British Navy to be particular of West ● Involvement of major shifted to Asia
Asia’s safety powers in W. Asia Pacific
History of India-Saudi relations: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/saudi-crown-

prince-mohammed-bin-salman-india-visit-narendra-modi-5588441/
Q. Why is there rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran?

A. The rivalry stems back to 1979 Iranian revolution. Earlier both countries were part of American
alliance against USSR. However, the Islamic nationalists overtook the country and spread Shia-centric
theology against the narrative of Saudi-dominated Muslim world. This created a geo-political divide in
the region with Saudi in American camp and Iran working against American and Saudi influence in the
region.
The differences sharpened after Iraq war, 2003, when anti-Iran regime was brought down paving the
way for Iran to increase its influence in the region.
Arab Spring increased the rivalry further by proxy wars in countries like Syria and Yemen.
Q. Why is there a rivalry between USA and Iran?

A. 1979 Iranian revolution propped Iran against USA’s influence in the region. USA was concerned that
Iran will be a direct challenge to its regional presence. Moreover, nuclear plans of Iran pose a risk of
Nuclearization of the region.
Q. What are USA interests in West Asia?

A. USA interests began in West Asia in 1930s because of oil-rich area. USA started investing in oil fields in
Saudi Arabia. This interest further moved to security of region to protect its own interest and prevent
influence of other powers like Russia. After 1979 Iran Revolution, USA policy of twin balance was
upended. Scholars like Noam Chomsky have alleged that USA has arms interest in West Asia and thus
prefers instability and war in the region.
Q. So why is USA still in West Asia, now that it has started oil production?
A. The narrative in USA is gradually changing. President Trump seeks to pull out of Syria and so does his
constituency. However, USA still has many interests including investments from Saudis in US markets,
388
challenge to its superpower status by Iran and Russia in the region and fear of extremism taking its toll
on USA like it did in 9/11.
Q. Why is the proxy war happening in Syria?
A.
Syria has an important geo-strategic location. It is important for Iran as a conduit to its support for
Hezbollah in Lebanon. Moreover, Russia has a naval base in Syria in Tartus Sea. Thus, when civil war
started, other nations started intervening.
Q. Is USA pulling out of Syria right?

A. Sir, USA pulling out along with other nations will be a good thing in long term. However, in the current
situation of Syria, USA pulling out hastily may create two problems.
● One, while ISIS has been defeated, its presence sporadically has not been over and its
ideological influence has also remained in some proportions. Thus there may be a risk to ISIS
gaining its influence back.
● Second, USA was giving protection to SDF, an offshoot of PKK (Kurdistan’s Worker Party) from
Turkey’s aggression. PKK was instrumental in defeat of ISIS. US withdrawal may start a new geo-
political war.
Q. What should be the way forward?

A. USA should only pull out in an orderly fashion ensuring peace and stability is established. This will also
include coordinating with other actors like Russia and Iran for joint withdrawal and democratic elections.
Q. What is the future of Syria, now that Assad has nearly won the war?
A. Many of Saudi allies are seeking to readmit Syria in Arab League. Moreover, UAE is seeking to
reestablish commercial ties with Syria. Given, the lack of options, Saudi has in case USA recedes, it will
be forced to work along with Syria. Turkey will need Russian reassurance of keeping the Kurdish threat
at bay, and after that it may also reconcile with Syria.
The larger aim of all countries should be to establish democratic and stable polity in Syria.
Q. India-Syria relations.
389
A. The relations have been an important subset of India’s overall Arab policy. Syria is an important
source of oil for India and has relations since the time of non-aligned movement. Syria had been a
supporter of India’s stand on Kashmir.
In Syrian conflict, India has not called for forced end to Assad regime, but a peaceful transition. This
stance is made along with BRICS stand. Syria being important for India’s national interest and keeping in
mind the historic relationship cannot be ignored by India. While India cannot play negotiating role in the
conflict, it has called for Syria-led process and hasn’t supported foreign intervention in the region.
Q. Saudi-Qatar crisis.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9319_Qatar_diplomatic_crisis
India’s Policy towards West Asia

How India’s sees the world: India’s traditional contiguity to the region has been broken by
Pakistan.
Traditional Policy
Mental Map - too simplistic - 2
axes
● Arab & Israeli Conflict
Nehru ● Anti-imperialist Solidarity
● As far as possible The hollowness of India’s grand
from power rhetoric in the Middle East has
politics always been exposed by its timid
● India - not intend policies in the region.
to be the play Ishrat Aziz
thing of others 2nd concentric circle: India’s
Security & Prosperity —directly ● Wrong - Domestic Considerations
C Rajamohan interlinked to WA Peace and ● Self Interest
● Shaped by stability ● Secular Considerations
Domestic
Considerations S. Jaishankar o Geo-pol
and anti-west ● Till now focus on o Geo-Econ interests
Ideology
o Energy- 64% oil ● Considering India’s limitations and
● Seen through imports Capabilities
Pak’s prism
o Trade- $140 billion
● Never understood with GCC
- need - strategic
approach o Diaspora- 7 billion-
$40 billion
● Political diffidence remittance
● Think West - Build on
good will and develop
strategic dimensions
390
New Approach
Manmohan Singh
● Announced Look
West 2005
PM Modi S. Jaishankar
● Strat Part - S. Arabia
● Act East and ● Think West shall
● India’s interest in the Think West match Act East
region go beyond oil
● Huge scope for Broad
based interaction
Changing Strategic Landscape Why change in India’s policy towards Middle

Present landscape is linked to GWOT. US attacked Iraq east
and Afghanistan - altering the regional BoP and emergence of ● Importance of middle-east
new fault lines
● Why things are changing
1. Pax Americana is over
o NEP- Gulf countries are also
2. Russia - Resurgence preparing for post-oil world and
3. China - pro-active Role as - Interlocutor - Afghanistan thus have interest in India as a
and Iran- OBOR; greater investment means to modernize their
4. Intra-Arab conflicts - Qatar - independent foreign economies.
391
policy - Iran, Taliban, Muslim Brotherhood o Jaishankar - Changed status of
5. Proxy war - S. Arabia and Iran India
6. Non state actors o Net security provider- Indo-
Pacific
7. Israel Palestine issue - sidelined
o Stakes in Indian Ocean -
8. Sectarian faultiness - Kurd referendum increased
9. Talmiz Ahmed: West Asia seems to be experiencing a o China - massive economic
strategic vacuum at present. relations
Importance of W. Asia -> energy security (64% of its oil o Talmiz Ahmed: Growing
imports); diaspora remittances (7 million; $40 billion); trade expectation in West Asia and
routes; counter-terrorism; counter China’s rise; bulwark image of India as neutral.
against Pakistan; 2nd concentric circle; India as net security
provider in Indo-Pacific o Gulf countries are looking east
● What is India doing
o Consolidation of existing
▪ Econ relations
▪ Diaspora
o Entering strategic dimensions
● Geo-political winds are shifting in the
middle east which India has to think
about strategically
What should be the Policy

Passive Approach
Ranjit Gupta (Frm Amb)
● Mature Recognition of
Prof Girijesh Pant
o One’s Capability
● West Asia is a region to augment India’s
power rather than display it o Influence
● Protect diaspora, energy security. ● India’s Reticence is fine in
unpredictable volatile envt
● Stay away from taking sides.
● Speech is silver, but in some situations, Silence
is Gold
392
Pro-active Approach
Harsh V Pant Suhasini Haider (“India must find its Voice
● Greater display of hard power and security in West Asia”)
partnerships ● Play greater role since it has unique
CRM advantage of good relations with
different sections.
● Top-most priority -> security of our people and ● Constructive approach to promote
energy. dialogue.
● However, look beyond oil and diaspora too.
● Consolidate partnership with key counties Ishrat Aziz (Frm Amb)
● Greater political warmth by active engagements ● Diplomatic Initiatives
● Resume the role of net security provider ● India can act as interlocutor
Q. Should India play greater role in West Asia?

A. Yes sir, India should, but very cautiously. We have upgraded our mental prism of looking at
West Asia to strategic matters also. Thus maritime collaboration and defence collaboration with
countries have been increasing. Also, India enjoys credibility, neutrality and goodwill in West
Asian affairs. Currently we do not have the capability to act as direct mediator; however we can
initiate a series of steps:
● Create a Regional Centre of Excellence for countering extremism and terrorism based in
any city in India.
393
● Organise an annual West Asia Summit bringing experts, policy makers, officials and
academic community from the region. This could be a platform for dialogue on strategic
and economic issues.
● Initiate an annual regional energy dialogue which will bring all energy producing West
Asian countries and India together.
Evolution of approach - Present Approach

● India has done well in West Asia. We have been able to protect our vital national
interests and navigate through choppy waters of middle-east politics.
● Good relations with all poles. Not changed with change in regime.
● Counter-terrorism and counter-extremism has become an important pillar in relations. In
Pulwama crisis, Saudi and UAE played important part in keeping Pakistan in line.
S. Jaishankar (Raisaina dialogue) C Rajamohan Frm Amb Ranjit Gupta: Article

● After a Century of False India’s Relations with WA: A
● India - FP dimension -
Starts and Unrealised new era dawns
Changed status of India
potential, India is ● Extraordinary
o India aspires to be
● Emerging as - Swing State in Transformation
a leading power
rather a balancing global BoP. ● With WA relations -most
power ● Incoming yrs it will have satisfying
o India - shoulder oppty to shape outcomes on ● Cold war - Ideology
the most critical issues of 21st based FP
greater global
cent
responsibilities ● Post CW -
● India - critical role NI oriented FP
● India - going to be more
confident and assertive o Asian Stability ● Pragmatism - overriding
● No longer passive o Pol Modernitn of principle
recipients. M.East Changes
● Relatively recent as o Mgt of Globn ● Discontinued Rhetorics
compared to Act East ● Mental map - too simplistic ● Prism of Pak
● Till now - Relatively ● But now multiple challenges ● Not
autonomous of strategic
calculations. o Intra-Arab Conflict o Defensive &
● Till now driven by o Non-state actors Reactionary
o Market o Iran vs S.Arabia o Assertive & Pro-

active
o Individual o China
● Outreach to all W. Asia
Entrepreneurs o US-Russia - Proxy powers
● Till now focus on war
Relations
o Energy ● Persisting with Traditional
timidity - cost India dearly ● 2 way street because -
o Trade India
● Need to go beyond Oil &
394
o Diaspora
o Strategic element diaspora o Econ strength
missing ● Substantive engagement with o Major Asian
● New alignments have WA Power
given new scope for India Current Policy (3 axes) o Recognition Pak -
to manoeuvre
● Economic Growth Terrorism
● Think West - Build on
● Counter-terror operations. o US hegemony
good will
● Defence collaborations. decline
and develop strategic
dimensions
Criticism
According to M.K. Narayan,
● In West Asia, Indian diplomacy still lacks the nimbleness required to deal with fast-
changing situations.
● Despite its long time presence in the region, a 9-million strong diaspora, and the region
being its principal source of oil, India is not a major player today.
● Both Russia and China have overtaken India in the affairs of the region.
● This is particularly true of Iran where the Russia-China-Iran relationship has greatly
blossomed, almost marginalizing India’s influence.
● Ex. Despite being an important stakeholder, India has limited influence in Qatar crisis.
How Should India be dealing

Way Forward
● Relationship beyond buyer and seller in defence and security with UAE
● Steps to move beyond buyer and seller in energy sector
● Welfare and safety of diaspora
● Harnessing India’s soft power
Manish Rai Nicholas Blarel- Article Rajendra Abhiyankar
● Relations - Multilayered Recalibrating India’s Middle East (Frm Amb) (Article)
Policy India’s West Asia
● Old aspects Policy - searching
● Has to go for -Deft walk
395
on the tight rope
● Adroitly managed for a middle ground
relations with ● Strategic
o Levant & Maghreb - no interest
o Israel+Palestine imperatives
● New - Strat Investment in Gulf are such that
o Iran+S.Arabia
o S. Arabia India will
● Clear shift search for
o Iran
o Preference to Middle
o Israel ground,
o Multiple neutrality and
Caution is reqd
engagement Balancing
● India should not step on fault lines and
● India’s Look West —> ● Modus
continue multiple engagements
Balancing Act - New Vivendi to do
● Resist temptation to take sides Broader approach business with
Conclusion towards region any party
● Multiple- Alignment remains the best ● Strategic Perspective ● Maximisation
framework to deal with choppy waters of ● Approach of Trade and
complex West Asian geopolitics Econ
o From managing
India’s approach Relations -
relations to
Ballast
● Sound in theory, but leaden footed in o Driving Relations India’s
action Stakes and
Shiv Vishwanathan
Clout
● Extend India’s maritime
cooperation to West Asia.
Talmiz Ahmad: As a neutral player with legitimate security interests, India can play a role in
building the security architecture of the region to further its interests. With its multi-variate
interests in the region, there is no either-or approach.
Q. What should India do as a credible and neutral nation in middle-east conflict?

A. Pramit Pal Chaudhary: We should maintain relation with both poles and navigate through the
choppy water by maintaining a middle ground. Currently India’s profile in region and its
domestic capability needs a further boost to act as interlocutor in Shia-Sunni divide.
396
India-Palestine
Fundamental shift in India’s Policy
● Importance — generally and for India
o Palestinian - One of the first issues
o CRM -Concentric Circles
o Israel-Pal conflict - Mother of All conflicts
o India-Pal <=>interlinked<=> India-Israel
● Approach
● MEA: "India’s position on Palestine is independent and consistent. It is shaped by our views and
interests and not determined by any third country."
Pre-cold war Recent Changes (Pant vs. Rajamohan)

● Gandhi - Palestine ● Israel
belongs to Arabs o Strategic Partnership with Israel
like England to
English & France o Standalone visit - w/o visiting Israel
to French o UNHRC resolution against Israel - 2014(voted) - Modi - 3 times
● Nehru - Struggle Abstained 2015, 16, 17
for Palestine is o Goldstone report - no unverified endorsement
India’s own
o Kabir Taneja: India’s global stance against terrorism is
Struggle
increasingly closer to Israel.
During Cold war :
Nehruvian Consensus ● Palestine
● Palestine o Dropped “East Jerusalem” and “united and viable Palestine” as

Palestine capital in May 2017 Palestinian Prez visit
o Support
Palestine o India has Palestinian embassy, which none of European countries
Cause have.
o Solidarity o Developmental support: ITEC; techno-park; Palestinian Institute of

with Diplomacy; ICT
Palestinian o Increase development aid by 4 times in 2018.
s o We have no interactions with Hamas and do not support them
o Partnershi ● Factors
p with
Palestines o Internationally Orphaned
capacity o Countries in West Asia have started looking at India as a major
Building player - bold and confident moves
and devp
o S. Arabia + Israel against Iran
o Opposition
o No better moment
to creation
of Israel
397
● But Recognised
Israel in 1950
Post-Cold War
● 1992- Narsimha
Rao - Diplomatic
Relations
o Zero Sum
game
ended
o With
consent of
Palestinian
leader - Y.
Arafat
● Factors
o End of
CW - USA
as sole
superpowe
r - Israel as
its
satellite
o Rise of
China :
India’s
desire for
beefing up
India’s
security
Infra
o Reconcilia
tion b/w
Israel &
Arab
countries
P R Kumaraswamy Harsh V Pant Gopal
● Subtle yet unmistakable shift Krishna
● Earlie
Gandhi
● De-hyphenated r
appro ● Ill-
o Not apologetic advise
ach
o Deal independently- on d
both hypo
398
crisy
● New-
appro
ach -
● Change in Re-
evalu
o Ideologically driven,
ation
o Reflexively pro-
● Modi
Palestinian policy
Govt
gave
Israel
its
due
Talmiz Ahmad
Conclusion
● Independent relations Present policy marks the end of era when
● Zero-sum policy should not be ● Ideological Posturing and
pursued.
● Vacuous morality
● Palestine cause support
Rode roughshod over
o Principled stand
● Pragmatism and
● Israel closeness
● Realism
o National Interest
Kabir Taneja, fellow at ORF.

● Shifting from mere
symbolism towards one
driven by substantial
outcomes for its interests
on a global level.
● India voted against U.S.
resolution of Jerusalem as
Israel’s capital (See page 6
399
of new document)
● It also pulled up Palestine
when its diplomat shared
stage with Hafiz Saeed
Q. Palestinian issue is declining in calculus of Arab countries, which are witnessing greater
convergence with Israel against common enemy Iran. Why India is still considered about
Palestinian issue?
A. We have been able to maintain good relation with both poles in the conflict. As Israel has also
acknowledged, our stand on Palestine doesn’t affect our increasing ties with Israel. Thus, it is not
in our national interest to change our long held position and portray ourselves as unreliable
country, when we have nothing substantial to gain by changing our position.
Q. Are we moving towards Israel because Palestine is no longer important cause in West
Asian politics?
A. India has legitimate interests in maintaining ties with Israel and de-hyphenation of the
relations is something which we should have pursued. It may have little to do with decline in
significance and more to do with India adopting a more pragmatic approach to our national
interests.
Q. Should India act as an interlocutor in resolving the issue?

A. Yes sir, India has the credibility in eyes of all stakeholders. Moreover, the time is right since
new fault-lines have emerged in middle-east and the stakeholders will want this pending issue to
be resolved. However, India should not act unilaterally and act proactively as a member of
international community in seeking resolution to the issue.
Israel as India’s natural Ally
Vajpayee - Called natural Ally

Till now India’s Policy - Relations w/o Recognition and Still born for 40 years
Currently, India and Israel are going through diplomatic renaissance.
Modi - Strategic Partnership - Out of the closet
Bilateral ties have increased from $200 million to $5 billion in last 25 years (Trade in diamonds
constitute 53%)
India is world’s largest buyer of Israeli weaponry (11% of Indian imports)
Huge gas reserved in Mediterranean sea off Tel Aviv coast.
● CRM, H.V. Pant, Shashi Tharoor - Gesture was long overdue
● G.K. Gandhi - Ill advised
Why natural ally Matter of Debate
● Kashmir ● Ally - defence and security pact (US-Japan )
● Critical support during wars ● Rajendra Abhiyankar - strategic imperatives
● Multi-faceted relationship are such that India will have to go for middle
ground rather than alliances
o Defence equipment - leading supplier
● Though - Strat Partnership - question on depth
o Joint Working Group on Counter-
400
terrorism ● New fault lines -> between Israel and Iran. It
o 22 India-Israel Centres for will be increasingly difficult for India to ensure
cooperation in agriculture deft balancing
o 16% of Israel water comes from ● Too much hyped, high on optics, less in
desalinized water and 22% comes substance
from wastewater. ● Lack of direct flights, low cooperation by West
● P.R. Kumaraswamy: Joint research, Asia
production, development and export to third ● India’s dependence on West Asia is higher.
parties. ● India’s support for Palestine’s cause remains.
Challenges to Relations – Nicholas Blarel (Recalibrating India’s Middle East Policy) -> Deft
walk on the tight rope)
● Difference in strategic situation
● Different world views
● Lack of common enemy
Actual analysis
● Though both -
o Unfriendly neighbourhoods
o Radicalism and Terrorism
o Yet Israel’s engagement with India is commercial
● Strat Partnership - new context to bilateral ties.
Conclusion
● Cannot deny that we have overlapping strategic interests
● Relations are intimate but statements like “sky is the limit” remain a hyperbole
Nicholas Blarel
Benjamin Netanyahu
● No explicitly declared
● Marriage made in Heaven being
Shashi Tharoor enemy
implemented here on Earth
● Regional priorities
CRM: India’s Schizophrenia ● I2T2
made India-Israel relations ● Iran - Israel tensions
o India’s talent
look clandestine ● Closeness with China
o Israel’s technology
o No Strat - US
H.V. Pant: brought relations o India Israel ties for
pressure
out of the closet abandoning tomorrow
balancing act o Strat envt changing
● India-Israeli Industrial R&D and
- Rapprochement
Innovation Fund
with China
401
Recent visit of BN to India
● MoUs in Space,
Homeopathy,
Petroleum
● Invest India and
Invest Israel
India-Iran
● Connected by Culture and History
● PM Modi called the relations ‘dosti as old as history’
● India’s large Shia population has been an important variable in India’s interaction with
Iran
● India
o 70k Parsis - P2P links
o 25 million Shias
Importance of Iran
● Regional geo-politics ● Trade
● Amb. Dinkar Srivastav: Iran is also a gateway to Afghanistan for ● Exports from Iran are very
India, bypassing the Pakistan. Hence, it is of great strategic cheap to India due to
advantage also. geographical proximity and
o Iran’s proximity to Taliban makes it a potential stabilizer in Iran’s extended credit period.
the region ● Energy
● Iran is key player for India to balance China’s growing strategic ● 3rd largest producer; 15% of its
presence in the area through Chabahar Port (vs. Gwadar) and oil requirements; 2nd largest oil
INSTC (vs. OBOR) as well as keep an eye out on its activity in the imports
region (Pakistani trade unions have lost 70% of business since ● (Farzad-B gas pipeline)
Chabahar opened) ● Iran-Oman-India underwater
● Iran has unique geopolitical location with access to Central Asia, pipeline
Caucasus, West Asia and Persian Gulf. ● Turkmenistan-Iran-India
● Hamid Ansari: Iran is a land power on the other side of Pakistan pipeline
● P.R. Kumaraswamy: Iran is the only Muslim country recognized as ● Connectivity
regional power. ● Link to INSTC and access to
● Talmiz Ahmed: Energy is only secondary, primary importance is Central Asia and Europe.
strategic.
402
Evolution of Relations Post-Cold war
1. Rajiv Sikri Book: With the creation of 5. India-US relations & US-Iran tensions
Pakistan, India lost geographical
contiguity which it enjoyed for 6. Though relations remained extremely cordial
centuries. 7. During 1990s — India, Iran and Russia cooperated
2. During the 1950s-60s differences in supporting the Northern Alliance against Taliban
persisted on account of Shah’s pro US 8. US happened
tilt, and after 1979 revolution, it was the
● Axis of Evil and Rogue state
pro Pakistan tilt
● Pressure on India
3. Cold war relations were turbulent with
Iran in US camp and India in NAM ● US relations - more attractive considering
India’s Global aspirations
4. 1979-1989
● India’s vote against Iran at IAEA generated
● Pak on Kashmir
unhappiness in Tehran
● Relations remained transactional
Recent Developments Recent Visit by Iran Prez Rouhani (15-18

Feb, 2018)
1. Nuclear deal - ended the sanctions and opened space for
economic ties — IPI ● Joint statement: “Towards
Prosperity through greater
2. US - exit from Afghanistan - Rapprochement with Iran connectivity”
● Coordinated earlier with Northern alliance against ● Called for “a strong, united,
Taliban prosperous, pluralistic, democratic
3. Modi - visited Iran in 2016 - revitalise the relations and independent Afghanistan
(pluralistic and democratic newly
● 12 agreements
added).
● Shahid Beheshti port at Chabahar port - $500 mn
● Called for countries to do away
investment
with the “obstacles in land transit”-
● Trilateral Transit corridor pact (TTCP) reference to Pakistan.
1. Afghan ● Move from buyer-seller relation to
2. Iran long-term strategic partnership.
3. India ● India affirmed its support for
JCPOA.
4. TIR convention and Ashgabat Agreement
Challenges Lacuna in India’s policy
1. Pak-China-Iran Axis in context of stability in 1. India owes $6.5 billion in lieu of
Afghanistan oil imports.
2. Farzad B gas pipeline discovered by ONGC V ltd 2. Rakesh Sood: Delay in
3. Supreme Leader Khomeni - Remarks on Kashmir implementation
1. Vivek Katzu: While Iran is trying to balance Pak 3. C. Rajamohan: inability of India
and India, it is unwilling to take a joint position on to find practical ways to advance
Kashmir with India. the relationship.
403
4. Iran-S.Arabia relations 4. Srinath Raghavan: energy-centric
view of Iran; lack of strategic
5. Chabahar - China and Pak - lose the very strategic
purpose. leverage
1. Vivek Katzu: India should not worry about Iran’s 5. Trump’s approach - limits India's
invitation to Pak-China and focus on its own scope
commitments. By Iran’s view
6. Trade - $10bn only 6. India’s Growing relations with
7. According to Amb. Shyam Saran, while Iran is aware of USA, S. Arabia and Israel
India's balancing acts, it itself is pursuing balancing act 7. India’s delivery deficit -
between India and Pakistan Dissatisfaction
8. Kabir Taneja: Among divergences on critical issues like 8. Reduced oil imports
Kashmir, Pakistan and Taliban, strategic partnership is
hyped.
Q. What should India do when Iran is getting anxious of its increasing relations with Saudi
and Israel?
A. India should assure Iran that its relations with Iran and other countries do not hyphenate, nor
does it support one country over the other in regional geo-politics. India has played a very good
balancing role in the Middle-East and we should avoid taking any sides.
Opportunities
● C. Rajamohan- extraordinary strategic opportunity to reorganize the regional geopolitics.
● Energy - IOI pipeline though the Arabian sea bypassing Pak

● Trilateral Transit corridor pact b/w India, Iran and Afghanistan
● India’s soft power
● Iran has supported Indian involvement in Ashgabat Agreement connecting Central Asia and Persian
Gulf;
● security cooperation (joint navel drills)
● According to Ashok Sajjanhar, India and Iran identify convergences and divergences in their relations.
Hence they have taken to intensify and diversify high level exchanges
● According to M.K. Bhadrakumar, India-Iran relations have reached a maturity level where neither side
is making demands on each other’s strategic autonomy. India is comfortable with Iran-China and Iran
is comfortable with India-Saudi.
Kabir Taneja (“The reality of India-Iran ties”) -> Iran is difficult to deal C. Rajamohan (social
with having complex system of governance and competing power centres. constructivism): India will
● No reciprocity from Iran have to ramp up dialogue with
Iran and remove
● Appeasement - not serve national interest misunderstandings. While
● IR conducted on basis of reciprocity and mutuality of interests realism tells us that India
cannot influence Iran-Saudi
P.R. Kumaraswamy: Iran is more than an energy supplier; however it also
antagonism, it can certainly
has its own strategic liabilities. India should analyze its relations with Iran
404
beyond US prism and weigh the pitfalls in the relations. encourage emerging socio-
political moderation in the
region.
Harsh V. Pant (economic

interdependence): Given
Iran’s robust relations with
China across all 3 dimensions,
India should resist the
temptation of excessive
‘securitization’ of Chabahar
port. Economic linkages need
to be increased with Iran
Thus cross-currents of regional and global geo-politics always intersect India-Iran relations
Talmiz Ahmad: Relation with Iran may pull India out of the straitjacket of being a South Asian
power to global power.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second largest inter-governmental organization
after the United Nations which has membership of 57 states spread over four continents. It is an
organisation of the collective voice of the Muslim world. The main motive of the organisation is to the
safeguard and protects the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace
and harmony among various people of the world. The Organization was established upon a decision of
the historical summit which took place in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco on 12th Rajab 1389 Hijra (25
September 1969) as a result of criminal arson of Al-Aqsa Mosque in occupied Jerusalem.
Issues:
● Pakistan has been blocking India’s entry to OIC.

● OIC has several times taken Pakistan’s stand on Kashmir.
● OIC has been considered as an ineffective organization with no teeth and powers.
● OIC has struggled to contain multiple contradictions.
● Because of veto power to individual members, no concrete issue can be discussed on concluded.
● Politicization of organization away from welfare of Muslims and interference in internal affairs
of other countries.
● Issue of Shia/Sunni minority atrocity by the countries.
However, with Indian pro-activeness in the region, Pakistani narrative in OIC has been subsiding. In
February, 2019 OIC invited Indian foreign minister as guest of honor against Pakistani wishes. Kashmir
was also not part of the agenda.
405
Conclusion: From being stopped to attend the conference in 1969 to being invited as guest of honor in
2019 India’s diplomacy has gained victory, however moving forward we should remain cautious of ever
changing winds in Middle-East and the fragmented polity.
Afghanistan has been the land of great games

Be it the
406
● Persian and Ottoman Empire or
● USA-USSR rivalry
● the land has been a battleground and a graveyard of empires for centuries
Intro to relation:
● Strategic partnership (India was the first country); civilizational linkages

● Modi: thousands of ties and millions of memories; overcome past and build our future;
● Neighbor’s neighbour
● David Malone pungently observes, ‘psychologically, India and Afghanistan think of each
other as neighbours and friends
India’ policy towards Afghan has been driven by

● Security concerns ● Geography
o Fundamentalism and terrorism- spillover to Kashmir o Traditional silk route
o Part of golden crescent o Oil and Gas
o Rajiv Sikri (“Rethinking India’s foreign policy”): Mandal o Access to Central Asia as
Siddhant: neighbour’s neighbour. Friendly, stable regime in well as INSTC.
Afghanistan is an insurance against Pakistan’s deep-state.
Evolution of India’s policy

● India followed a cautious policy of Soft power ● 2011 - Strategic partnership with Afghanistan
diplomacy focussing on developmental and o Training to security forces
humanitarian aspect of Kabul o Providing offensive equipment
o $3 bn. developmental aid vs. China’s $500 ▪ Mi-25 (not Mi-17) attack
million, helicopters
o Salma dam and ▪ Tanks
o Girl’s schools o Economic stabilisation -
o Parliament building ▪ TAPI Pipeline,
o Pul-e-Khumri ▪ APTTA 2011 - India keen to join -
● It was encouraged to lay low on security cooperation by for overland access to Afghanistan
Bush and Obama administration to avoid annoying Pak ▪ Dedicated Air Freight Corridor
● 2009 - The Indian policy changed with announcement Service
by US fixing evacuation schedule and Pak’s proposal ▪ TTCP
of reconciliation with Taliban as solution - Theory of o Training local people in skills like solar
Good taliban and Bad taliban which US accepted equipments.
o More security role by 2014 - which was
discouraged later by US
Current policy
Recently Govt announced India’s future policy Criticism
● No boots on ground policy ● According to Harsh V. Pant, India was following Pakistan’s
● High impact community developmental policy channeled through USA. Steve Coll in his book
projects in 31 provinces “Directorate S: The CIA and America’s Secret War in
407
● India will train Afghan Police officers
along with Afghanistan soldiers Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2001-2016” has also mentioned the
● Supports Afghanistan-led and same.
Afghanistan-owned solution. ● According to Happymon Jacob, soft power cannot secure Indian
● Pax Indica: India wants capacity
interests in the region; does not have a contingency plan
building in Afghanistan, so that it can
effectively deal with back-stabbing in ● C. Rajamohan: Delay in project implementation (Chabahar)
case peace prevails. ● Rajeshwari Pillai Rajagopalan: A clear effect of India’s stand
(Afghan led and Afghan owned process) has been to isolate India
in the multiple ongoing negotiations for ending the war.
Pakistan and Afghanistan U.S. and Afghanistan
● Pakistan wanted strategic depth and India’s Srinath Raghavan in his recent book 'The most dangerous place: A
relations created security dilemma. history of United States in South Asia' has written that US policy to
● Because of boundary issues with Afg., disentangle the choke points of the region resulted in its own
separatist elements and India’s role in entanglement in the area; 1 trillion dollars; 2400 USA soldiers killed
Bangladesh, insecurity dilemma developed
too. Trump
● According to Rakesh Sood, Pakistan looks at
Afghanistan through prism of India. ● From time-based approach to condition based approach
● During Hamid Karzai time, strained relations o Our help is not a blank cheque
with Pak. ● US can no longer be silent about Pak’s safe havens for
● During Ashraf Ghani, first bonhomie and then terrorist organisations.
strain. ● Increase the footprints of soldiers
● Pakistan favours negotiations with Taliban ● Integration of all dimensions of power
● Stability in Afghanistan means that foreign ● Not for ‘nation-building’; but ‘killing terrorists’
fighters will turn to Pakistan to spread ● Ended hyphenation of India-Pak.
terrorism. Thus, Pakistan is trying to shift the ● However, right now South Asia policy lies in tatters with
terrorists more strong than ever and continued appeasement
battlefield to Kashmir as seen in Mumbai
of Pakistan
attack of Jihadi nature and Pulwama attack.
Russia and Afghanistan China and Afghanistan
● U.S. retrenchment from area ● Peace in Afghanistan -> Peace in Xinjiang region.
emboldened Russia. ● Increased its economic and strategic presence
● Supports China-Pak axis. ● Supports Pakistan’s position of good and bad Taliban
● According to Brahma ● Supports negotiations with Taliban
Chellany, Putin wants to ● Wuhan summit: joint projects in Afghanistan
expand its geopolitical
chessboard According to P. Stobdan (Realist), China finds Afghanistan another region where
● Russia has deep-seated India can be preoccupied.
suspicions that USA may use
According to Amb Shyam Saran (Constructivist), not all Chinese activism should
insurgency to destabilize
408
Central Asia and consequently
Russia. 2nd most used language be considered negative from an Indian perspective.
in IS circle is Russian
(Chechnya rebels) USA’s uncertainty, Russia’s limited capacity, ISIS threat.
Moreover, Pakistan will not allow Taliban to attack China-India projects; it will
Iran and Afghanistan: Against U.S. create cooperation in the region India-China-Pak
and ISIS => supports Taliban
Analysis of Trump’s South Asia policy
Arguments for Arguments against
● Realization of reality by U.S. ● Suhasini Haider: U.S. South Asia policy is not going in
● Other generic points. favour of India with only anti-Pak terrorists targeted
● Harsh V. Pant: India now part of decision- ● Srinath Raghavan: India bolsters American strategic
making apparatus. primacy with little to show in return.
● Kanwal Sibal: Trump has de-hyphenated India- ● M.K. Narayan: Pakistan still remains important in
Pak Afghanistan Matrix.
● Alok Bansal: Increase in troops though ● Vivek Katzu: Hard words break no bones; get tough on Pak
miniscule will have symbolic impact on ● Joshua T. White + Shiv Shankar Menon: See from below.
legitimacy of Afghan government that it is here
to stay.
Decision to withdraw forces from Afghanistan
● The first concern is about which forces will be withdrawn, training forces, air support or
counter-terrorism forces.
● It will have political implications. Pakistan’s strategy will be vindicated, as well as
China-Pak-Russia line of view will be more prevalent now.
● It will give security implications that Taliban’s hand will be further strengthened. US
pulling out troops from Afghanistan will have implications in the Kashmir Valley as
terrorist outfits there may feel emboldened.
● India should convince USA about the state standing behind Taliban, i.e. Pakistan. The
approach of fighting a protracted war with Taliban should give way to dealing with
Pakistani support to jihad and radicalism.
● Kalol Bhattacherjee in his book “The Great Game in Afghanistan” has also talked about
the rich heritage of knowledge and experiences that India possesses w.r.t Afghanistan and
how USA has remained aloof of it.
● Sushant Sareen: Ultimately, USA was in Afghanistan for its own interests. India should
increase its presence in Afghanistan security matrix and its capabilities to ensure that it
can preserve its national interests on its own.
409
● Sushant Sareen: Without interfering in Afghanistan’s internal affairs, India can still
build partnerships between various stakeholders and raise the capacity and capability of
its friends to resist the Taliban onslaught.
● Shriram Chaulia: India needs to use RIC platform to ensure stability in Afghanistan.
Why USA failed?

● Failed to establish robust institutions after 2001 Bonn Conference.
● Focussed on Iraq which allowed Taliban to recuperate.
● Relied on Pakistan, which continued playing a double game. Could have coordinated with Iran
like India is doing and involve all stakeholders like Russia, China and India.
o Hussain Haqqani (“To win Afghanistan, get tough on Pakistan”): USA accepted
Pakistan’s argument that it was supporting Taliban to counter against existential threat
from India. However, the argument was wrong since India never has offensive presence
in Afghanistan to wage a two front war against Pakistan.
o Vivek Katzu: USA is putting carrot and stick policy with Afghanistan, but it will not work.
Continuous pressure is far preferable.
● Took restricted help of India which had good knowledge of Afghan region.
● Focussed on top-down liberal society establishment.
● Multiple tribes and factions within Afghanistan did not allow stability.
Q. Will USA actually withdraw?

A. USA troops may withdraw, but USA itself may not. Something similar happened in Obama time. The
political window for USA remains very narrow. If President Trump is able to pull off an orderly retreat in
short time, then it may be possible.
Way forward for USA
● Zalmay Khalilzad Why Trump Is Right to Get Tough With Pakistan + Hussain Haqqani
(“To win Afghanistan, get tough on Pakistan”): take away ‘major non-NATO ally status
of Pakistan limiting military help; timeline and outcome-linked aid to Pakistan; sanctions
against individuals and institutions; USA would be acting as a friend bringing Pakistan
on right path
● Collaboration with China is very necessary because it holds levers of Pakistan and is the
only friend Pakistan has left.
● Zalmay Khalilzad: Improve governance in Afghanistan.
● Improve Afghan economy like mineral economy, infrastructure, alternative agricultural
avenues away from opium, energy security, and job security for youth going towards
Taliban.
Conclude: C. Rajamohan’s view (Seize the opportunity; chart out own path)
Soft power view Smart Power view Increase Hard power view
Rakesh Sood + Shiv CRM
Shankar Menon Harsh V Pant
● India should come out of its Panipat Syndrome
● No boots on ● Need to shift theatre
410
● Safeguard Afghan’s security
from Kashmir to
ground Afghanistan
Happymon Jacob: Integrate reconstruction with reconciliation,
policy to stay ● Seriously consider
otherwise all efforts are futile.
out of the greater military
Afghan footprint
Shanthie Mariet D’Souza: engaging Afghanistan without
quagmire ● Work towards Delhi-
damaging its carefully nurtured image of a trustworthy
Washington-Moscow
neighbour.
M.K. Bhadra Kumar: consensus
should not try to fish
Vivek Katzu: India should maintain quiet engagements with
in troubled waters. Shyam Saran: India should
Taliban to remain in loop.
kick-start new great game.
Q. Should India increase its boots on ground?

A. India should increase its boots only upto the extent of protecting our own interests in the
region like our embassy. Apart from that we should not increase our military presence beyond
training of Afghan forces. Rather we should focus on increasing our diplomatic presence in the
region.
Q. How can India increase its diplomatic presence? Should India talk to Taliban?
A. India should not talk to Taliban unilaterally like USA has been doing currently. We support
an ‘Afghan led and Afghan owned’ process and have huge credibility in eyes of Afghan
population, which desists Taliban. However, we should be present on diplomatic table when
future of Afghanistan is being decided as representative of Afghanistan government. Since, other
stakeholders have not been addressing issue of government; we can be the representative
element. We need to ensure that the future of Afghanistan is not shaped by those indifferent to it
or by those who are hostile to Kabul government.
Q. Will Taliban engage with India?

A. India with the help of its developmental aid and soft power has created enormous goodwill
among all sections of society, including Pashtuns, which comprise majorly the Taliban forces.
Thus, India has legitimacy in eyes of all stakeholders including Taliban.
Q. In light of recent talks between USA and Afghanistan, what will benefit India and what
should India do?
● Sir, currently USA is talking with Afghanistan on its own terms with the aim of leaving
the Afghan region.
o First, USA withdrawing from Afghan region will perpetrate instability and
strengthen Taliban hand;
411
o second, USA agreeing on Taliban terms will delegitimize Afghan government.
This is counter to Indian interests.
● India should first use its enormous soft power to press on Afghan population that USA
withdrawal is against their interests and put pressure on USA.
● India should collaborate with like-minded stakeholders like China and Russia and convey
the point that government on Taliban terms will bring instability in the region and that
Pakistan needs to be reined in for any concrete results.
● Second, India should increase its diplomatic presence in regional talks. This way we can
drive across our national interests and be an interlocutor from Afghan government side.
● Finally, India should remain present in region either through direct talks or backdoor
channels and remain prepared to engage even when a new government is in power.
CURRENT STRATEGIC SCENARIO

● Increasing power of Taliban Social constructivist
● Legitimacy crisis of the Afghan Govt approach
o Rampant corruption and senior posts held by warlords
● Lack of Constitutional Reforms Lievan Anatol: India should
● Weak Afghan national forces engage China-Pak
● Russia, Iran and China collaborating with Taliban against ISIS
● According to Rakesh Sood, international consensus on Afghanistan seems to be According to Joshua T.
breaking down. White of Hopkins University,
● Quadrilateral Coordination Group (Afghanistan, China, Pakistan and U.S.) has led Trump's policy has one big
to ‘Great Dirty Game’ within the group. lacuna of ignoring the
● Instead of being Afghanistan led and Afghanistan owned, the process has become conflicting interests among
Pakistan-led. various stakeholders in
● The narrative has changed from anti-Taliban to negotiation as the only viable Afghanistan including Iran,
solution. Saudi, China, Russia, India,
● Taliban derecognizes Afghan government and says will only talk to USA. US and Pak. Until these
● Mohammed Ayoob: India has to take into factor, the Pashtun demography of interests are reconciled peace
Taliban which was always opposed to external invasion. India not criticizing Russia in the region may be a far-
1979 invasion alienated them from India. Recently, with Taliban’s success against fetched objective.
fragmented polity of Afghanistan, Taliban legitimacy is regaining in Pashtun eyes.
● Prof Sreeram Chaulia: With situation in Syria and Iraq calming down, more and
more fighters are pouring in Afghanistan either for ISIS or Taliban. Thus situation is
going to get worse and India should get going both diplomatically and militarily
Should India support talks with Taliban

Yes No
● Harsh V. Pant: India can support the talks since Taliban has gained more ● Alok Bansal: Taliban will
ground and USA seems to be receding. If Afghan government deems it logical bring back conservative
enough to engage Taliban, then India should not remain isolated. Sharia law which will be
● Prof A.K. Pasha: We should find out lines of contact with Taliban to first, detrimental to Afghan
manage our own interests like release of kidnappings and second, in line with society.
Afghan government’s changed stance of engaging with Taliban ● Taliban-Pakistan nexus
412
● Vivek Katzu: Like in 1990s India cannot afford to be the last man standing and will be detrimental to
face IC-852 like situation. Talk does not mean endorsement. security in India.
● Conclusion:
o We should continue our Afghan-led and Afghan-owned process and stand behind
Afghan government even in talks with Taliban. But we should not endorse
Taliban as is being done by Russia-China-Pak.
o As scholars like Vivek Katzu, A.K. Pasha, Harsh V. Pant is convergent on; we
should start our point of contact with Taliban to ensure release of prisoners as
well as remain in loop and regional architecture.
o Taliban is also trying to remain independent of Pakistan. Thus we should first try
to break the Pak-Taliban nexus. Taliban may also break its nexus with Pakistan if
it gets alternative avenues.
Conclusion
C Rajamohan
The Trump Discontinuity (Delhi must bet on its own activism; seize the South Asia policy to
Ashley J. Tellis: increase its profile in Afghanistan)
India can help India needs to do 3 things
Afghan forces but
cannot change the 1. Economically - ramp up its eco diplomacy and bring immediate benefits to Kabul
strategic dynamics 2. Security Coop : Training of its police and army and intelligence
of the region. 3. Diplomatically : Counter the argument that Kashmir holds the key to peace in Afghanistan if
it emerges
Christine C. Fair:
India and China Unlike his predecessors, who asked India to downsize its presence in Afghanistan in order to placate
need to collaborate Pakistan, Trump is asking India to do more. That’s an invitation for India to adopt a vigorous
to ensure Afghan strategy in Afghanistan and take on larger responsibilities for regional security. There is no reason
development and why India would want to turn down this invitation.
stability.
Prof Sreeram Chaulia: India should also contribute to good governance of Afghanistan, so that
people do not get disillusioned of poor development and turn to radical elements
India is a small fish in the water, but its clout is growing (Shashank Joshi); New Delhi has so far shown an
unusual tenacity in its dealings with Afghanistan. It now needs to move beyond the binary of economic
cooperation and military engagement and evolve a comprehensive policy which involves all dimensions
of power (smart power). Afghanistan is a tough country. Only those who are willing to fight on multiple
fronts will be able to preserve their leverage
413
1. INTRO: 1
Prof Amitabh Acharya: ASEAN is a region, where India is punching beyond its weight. 2
2.Importance: 2
3.Evolution: 2
Prof Amitabh Acharya- phases of engagement. 2
3.1.Look East 1.0 > 3.0: 3
3.2.Act East, 2014 : 3
3.3.Act East Vs Look East: Debate 3
Rajiv Bhatia (Frm Amb) 3
CRM (Not just rebranding => Speed at which govt is engaging had not existed before ) 4
Steps Taken: 3
4.Challenges 5
According to Harsh V. Pant, India still prefers bilateralism over multilateralism. 5
Delivery Deficit(CRM: IND Promises, CHN Delivers) 5
5.Future Prospects 5
According to Kishore Mahbubani (Social Constructuvism), 5
Increase people-to-people exchanges. 5
6.Way Forward 6
1. INTRO:
● Except for major powers, there has been no other region except East Asia that has got
salience in Indian foreign policy
● India-ASEAN relations are one of the most successful of Indian FP.
● India has strengthened both its soft power and hard power in the region.
● ASEAN countries welcome India as a balancer to China
414
● Prof Amitabh Acharya: ASEAN is a region, where India is punching beyond its
weight.
2.Importance:
● Geo-political
o Reform of instis of Global governance
o UNSC reforms
o Countering China
● Geo-strategic
o Maritime boundary disputes with China
o Intersection of major land and sea routes
o India in the security architecture - East Asia Summit
o Counter terrorism - especially rising influence of ISIS
o Human and drug Trafficking
● Geo-economic
o ASEAN-India FTA (AIFTA) in goods and services —> 4th
Largest trading partner ($70 billion : $200 bn by 2020); declined
from $80 billion from 2011-12
o India-ASEAN $3.8 trillion GDP; $70 billion investment from
ASEAN to India and $40 billion investment from India to
ASEAN. ASEAN -> 12.5% FDI in India
o Energy Security - Oil and NG deposits in SCS
o RCEP = ASEAN + 6
o IMT Highway, Kaladan Multimodal
3.Evolution:
● Prof Amitabh Acharya- phases of engagement.
o Ancient India saw civilizational contacts of South Indian empires like Cholas and
ASEAN was considered as Suvarnabhumi which derived much of its culture from
Indian subcontinent and added its own genius to it.
o British India saw integration of Myanmar into India.
o Rabindranath Tagore gave concept of ‘Rise of Asia’.
o Cold war saw benign neglect,
▪ IND: protectionist; NAM; ASEAN pro-US
o Post-cold war: greater political, strategic and economic relations with the Eastern
frontier
● Thus PV Nar launched LookEast Policy which was built upon long cultural
& civilizational ties shared with the region.
415
● Sub-regional cooperation in BIMSTEC, MKG, SASEC
3.1.Look East 1.0 > 3.0: 3.2.Act East, 2014 :

● Not good relations in South Based on 3Cs
Asia - looked towards ● Commerce
Extended neighbourhood ● Culture
● 1992 - Look East 1.0 ● Connectivity
o Narsimha Rao Changes from LEP
o ASEAN ● Geography: Asia Pacific to
o Economic sphere Indo-Pacific
● 2000s - Look East 2.0 o ASEAN + Japan, SK,
o Vajpayee Aus, NZ, Pacific Island
o ASEAN + Bilateral nations
relations - Vietnam, ● More focus on Seas rather than
Japan and S.Korea land
o Multiple dimensions - ● India-US entered
connectivity, into Maritime security
economic, strategic dialogue
● 2005- Look East 3.0 ● Development of NE
o Manmohan Singh ● Special place for CMLV on
o ASEAN + bilateral Act East
o North-East Asia + Focus on
Australia + NZ ● Infra & Connectivity ($1
Why Look East: billion line of credit)
● NEP ● Partnership - MII, SI, Smart
● Disappointed in immediate City, ISA
neighbourhood ● 30 annual dialogues.
● Disintegration of USSR - New Why Act East
friends ● USA’s Pivot to Asia
● India-US relations ● China’s assertiveness
● Rise of China ● Change in Indian foreign
● Civilizational links policy style.
● SE Asia Looking West ● Significance of Indo-Pacific.
ASEAN-India commemorative summit- “Shared Values, Common Destiny”
416
3.3.Act East Vs Look East: Debate
Rajiv Bhatia (Frm Amb) Steps Taken:

New features
● Strat Partnership
● Focus on o Mongolia
o Tangible actions o SK
o Concrete results o Singapore
● Area of coop from BD to ● ASEAN-India Plan of action
East Pacific (Pacific islands) 2020
● Boldness on India’s part o Concrete steps in all
in security & defence 3 pillar
● More confident and hard-nosed in ▪ Econ Sec
protecting its rights in RCEP ▪ Pol Sec
negotiations ▪ Socio-cult
● North East Region would get high commty
priority in AEP ● Encouraging participation in
ISA
● Principled position on SCS
● FTA in Services since 2015
● Re-energising - BIMSTEC,
ISA, MKG
● Connectivity
● o IMT Highway
o Further - Vietnam,
Malaysia. Singapore
CRM (Not just rebranding => Speed at o Kaladan Multimodal
which govt is engaging had not existed Transport
o India supports
before )
Master Plan on
ASEAN Plus
connectivity
o ASEAN-India
Transit Transport
Agreement
● ●
Q. Implications of RCEP for India.

● A. RCEP is an immense opportunity for India to get integrated in global supply chain and
boost its MSME exports and capabilities.
● However, RCEP may also be a threat for domestic industries by increasing competition
and reduction in import tariffs.
417
● Thus, in ongoing negotiations we need to work on maximizing our opportunities and
minimizing threats.
Q. How can we do that?

● A. Negotiate for Mode-4 movement of labour in the deal.
● Also, IPR, buffer stocks etc.
● should have flexibility clauses as provided in TRIPS. TRIPS-plus should be avoided.
● We also need to work at home-front to boost our labour productivity and streamline
labour laws to make full advantage of trade liberalization.
5.Future Prospects
4.Challenges
● According to Kishore Mahbubani
1. According to Harsh V. Pant, (Social Constructuvism),
India still prefers bilateralism o Increase awareness of the
over multilateralism. cultural links.
2. High economic
interdependence of ASEAN on o Increase people-to-people
China (Charm offensives, exchanges.
bigger pockets)
o India’s soft power through
3. Competitor in some areas
o India & Philippines - IT Indian diaspora, Indian
sector films, projects etc.
o India & Vietnam - ● C. Rajamohan (Call from South-East
Cotton and textile Asia), work on 3 fronts
4. Chinese Diaspora > Indian ● Political: Bridge gap in its claim of net
5. Disappointed when India security provider.
withdrew from joint ● According to Harsh V. Pant, alliance of
exploration of gas & oil - on
like-minded countries.
China’s objections
● Moving from bilateral exercises to
6. Delivery Deficit(CRM: IND
substantive maritime cooperation ->
Promises, CHN Delivers)
Singapore (Changi Naval base,
7. Shyam Saran: Same projects logistics interoperability, SIMBEX)
appearing as fresh initiatives ● Syed Munir Khusru: Set of bilateral
8. Shyam Saran (“India-ASEAN maritime security and naval
ties: A cup half full”)- relations as well as the geographical
significant asymmetries familiarity and knowledge
o Political relations have accumulated over many decades by
outpaced the economic, Indian maritime forces. Ex.
commercial, cultural and Sambandh Initiative; mobile
people to people training team program.
relations. ● C. Rajamohan: defence diplomacy
o Lack of connectivity.
418
Kaladan project; IMT ● In his Shangri-La speech, Modi
highway are still in declared South-East Asia a the
progress. geographic core of Indo-Pacific
o Relations with few ● Economic: End protectionism, CECA,
countries have RCEP
advanced rapidly ● Ramp up domestic capabilities, end
compared to ASEAN as protectionism to create economic
a whole interdependence.
o Security relations have
lagged behind overall ● Infrastructure: IMT Highway,
political relations. Kaladan
9. Rohingya ● Similar challenges. Ex. Loss of jobs,
10. Disputes within ASEAN. Ex. rise of extremism, tackling piracy
Border dispute between ● With U.S. turning protectionist,
Myanmar and Thailand. India provides excellent new
11. Human trafficking, organized markets and trade partners.
crime, extremism etc. ● Servicification of manufacturing
12. Balance of trade is in favour of ● Technological: India can utilize its
ASEAN. space technology and digital
technology.
6.Way Forward
● These are early days of AEP. India must continue to further strengthen relations with the
ASEAN nations and others across various dimensions.
● In addition, Soft power such as Buddhism, tourism, P2P contacts and cultural ties with
the region must continue to be harnessed
419
1.Nuclear proliferation Treaties:- 2
2.NPT (Sumit Ganguly: India and the NPT After 50 Years) 2
Rajeshwari Pillai Rajagopalan:-> 3
“India and the NPT need each other” 3
Social Constructivists like Nina Tannenwald point out the importance of NPT. 3
3.CTBT 2
4.FMCT (Fissile Material Cut-off treaty): 3
5.Why India acquired nuclear weapons: 3
6.Criticism: 3
7.India’s nuclear doctrine: 4
8.CRITICISM: Rajan Menon (“A mismatch of nuclear doctrine”) 4
Gandhi: Nukes as diabolical use of Science 5
Nehru: Satanic, but If India is threatened, it will defend herself by all means at her disposal. 5
Stephen P Cohen 5
Nehru: “Future belongs to those who possess nuclear power” 5
C Rajamohan: 5
Question was not WHY, it was WHEN to acquire nuclear weapons. 5
IND = “reluctant nuclear power” 5
9. NFU Policy: 5
Rajesh Rajagopalan (“India’s nuclear doctrine debates”): 5
Leave NFU 6
Bharat Karnad:(Keeping in demated form is useless) 6
Vipin Narang: Pre-emptive first strike to destroy Pak’s Nuclear reserves 6
Stay with NFU 6
420
Shivshankar Menon (Choices): No need to revise NFU. Shows, India is confident of its second
strike capabilities. 6
Harsh V. Pant: Such a move will lower India’ NSG prospects. 6
10.Credible Minimum Deterrance: 6
AGAINST: 6
FoR: 6
Bharat Karnad disagrees with the very notion of “minimum” 7
NSG 8
1.Nuclear proliferation Treaties:-
421
2.NPT (Sumit Ganguly: India and the NPT 3.CTBT
After 50 Years) Indian diplomat, Arundhati
● Time-bound comprehensive nuclear Ghosh declared that India will
disarmament. neither sign CTBT now nor
● NPT is inherently discriminatory; will join NPT ever.
only as a nuclear-weapon state. ● Discriminatory;
● Creates “Nuclear haves” and “nuclear have- ● neither
nots.” comprehensive nor
● 1988- Rajiv Gandhi Action plan test-ban;
o Global Nuclear Disarmaent(time- ● does not ban
bound; binding; phased; verifiable; computer simulated
universal; comprehensive) testing
● Observing NPT norms better than NPT ● Goes against principle
members themselves. of sovereignty
● Quest for freedom of action in an uncertain ->India has put a self-imposed
regional strategic environment and an moratorium against further
asymmetric international system dominated by testing.
superpowers and China drove India to not sign Happymon Jacob: India should
the NPT and hedge, and to conduct the 1974 sign CTBT
test. ● India itself has
● Pokhran-II gave India the strategic space to computer-simulated
manoeuvre at the world stage, and to capability
showcase its international behaviour on the ● Ideological posturing is
rules-based system, even without being part of hurting India’s national
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. interests.
● Rakesh Sood: During the 1970s and 1980s, ● Strengthens India’s
India looked at the export control regimes as claim for NSG, UNSC
technology denial regimes that intended to ● Enhance credibility of
deny developing countries access to advanced India and its soft
technologies power.
● Put pressure on other
Rajeshwari Pillai Rajagopalan:-> countries to sign.
● “India and the NPT need each other” 4.FMCT (Fissile

● India can ensure non-proliferation better by Material Cut-off
staying the camp rather than staying out. treaty):
● Similar arguments as Happymon Jacob. ● Shannon Mandate-
non-discriminatory,
● Social Constructivists like Nina Tannenwald multilateral and
point out the importance of NPT. verifiable
● There is no global alternative to NPT. ● Deadlock due to India,
422
US and Pakistan.
●
5.Why India acquired nuclear 6.Criticism:

weapons: ● India should not have been
● Security vis-à-vis China the first country to acquire
● Disappointment with global non- nuclear weapons; it gave
proliferation regime. credibility to Pakistan’s
● Reports about Pak possessing nuclear program.
weapons. ● Pakistan in turn helped North
● Loss of nuclear umbrella of USSR. Korea.
● Pressure of US to sign CTBT ● It may also lead to
● New confidence India acquired after Nuclearization of West Asia.
NEP that sanctions will not continue in ● Nuclear weapons do not act as
globalized world. deterrent as seen in Kargil;
● Achin Vanaik has pointed towards Mumbai attack.
domestic compulsions. ● Danger of nuclear weapons in
o Rightist ideology non-state actors’ hands.
o Indian scientists wanted global
recognition.
7.India’s nuclear doctrine:

● Credible Minimum
Deterrence 8.CRITICISM: Rajan Menon (“A
o Jayant Prasad: India mismatch of nuclear doctrine”)
● Pak is developing tactical weapons and
must change it to
asymmetric response, hence massive
minimum credible
retaliation won’t work.
deterrence, since it is
● Go for flexible response.
difficult to define
● India’s approach is political (UNSC); Pak’s
what ‘minimum
approach is militaristic.
deterrence’ is.
● India’s position is too complex, taking
● No first use.
extra-ordinary precautions.
● Massive retaliation
o Indian weapons are in demated
● No use against non-nuclear
form.
weapon state
o India lacks robust transport
● Nuclear Utilization Target
Selection (destroy nuclear system.
stockpile of enemy) ● Lack of bureaucracy and military
423
coordination.
Recent chief of defence staff appointment is a

good step
Rajesh Rajagopalan:
● Instead of massive retaliation, need is of

modulated retaliation to deal with Paks
Tactical Weapons
C Rajamohan:
Gandhi: Nukes as ● Question was not

diabolical use of Stephen P Cohen WHY, it was WHEN
Science to acquire nuclear
● Nuclear weapons were weapons.
Nehru: Satanic, but always part of Nehru’s
If India is threatened, strategy to make India ● IND = “reluctant
it will defend herself a global power nuclear power”
by all means at her ● contradictory goals
● Nehru: “Future belongs of peace and global
disposal. to those who possess power
nuclear power” ● India’s nuke
program a
calculated risk
Manu Mathai:
“Nuclear Power,
Economic
Development,
Environment and
Disarmament”
424
9. NFU Policy:
Rajesh Rajagopalan (“India’s nuclear doctrine debates”):

● Indian perspectives on the nuclear doctrine => two camps:
● moderates: supports the current doctrine
● expansionists: revise it significantly, make it more aggressive.
425
Leave NFU Stay with NFU
Bharat Karnad:(Keeping in Shivshankar Menon (Choices): No need to revise

demated form is useless) NFU. Shows, India is confident of its second strike
● logistical, capabilities.
bureaucratic and
infrastructural Harsh V. Pant: Such a move will lower India’ NSG
hurdles. prospects.
● crisis management is
not India’s forte. Rakesh Sood: India does not have the first-strike
capability to decimate each and every Pakistani
Vipin Narang: Pre-emptive nuclear arsenal.
first strike to destroy Pak’s
Nuclear reserves K. Subramaniam: Deterrence is more about
perception than numbers, and as long as the other
P.R. Chari: side perceives a survivable nuclear capability,
NFU frees Pakistan from deterrence will hold.
fearing an Indian nuclear
riposte to either terrorism or Manpreet Sethi: less costly; onus on adversary; hair-
limited war. trigger alerts. NFU thus reflects India’s traditional
He believes that Pakistan abhorrence of nuclear weapons.
could even deploy TNWs
without fear that India might Admiral Verghese Koithara: NFU also reduces the
attack them difficulties and expenses associated with a
complicated command-and-control system and costly
Rear Admiral Raja Menon: tactical weapon mix.
"Eventually, I believe your ● First Use Doctrine could bring unwanted
arsenal will dictate your international pressure, spur an arms race, and
doctrine… In 1998, we didn't prevent confidence building between the two
have the technological sides.
capability to dictate a "First
Use" policy as it lacked Rajesh Basrur: Pakistan’s refusal to accept NFU
credibility. does not mean there is a great distinction between the
two sides in actual deployment patterns.
Manoj Joshi: Before any change in nuclear doctrine,

India should keep in mind not only Pakistan, but also
China.
10.Credible Minimum Deterrance:
426
AGAINST: FoR:
As deterrence optimists,
Bharat Karnad disagrees with the very notion of moderates are generally
“minimum” less concerned about the
● which he calls “a real military liability.” Karnad quantity or quality of
visualizes a much grander role for nuclear weapons in nuclear weapons.
India’s rise as a great power.
Jayant Prasad: “Credible Minimum Deterrence” change it to Subrahmanyam wrote that
Minimum Credible Deterrence. what matters is not so
much the “exchange ratio”
Rajesh Basrur puts it: “Because Indian thinking and practice of damage suffered by
lack clarity on minimum deterrence as a concept, particularly both sides, but how much
with respect to the operational aspect, there is a tendency punishment an adversary
towards drift.” calculates that it can
● India has moved from deterrence to compellence in accept.
the aftermath of the terror attack on the Indian
parliament in December 2001
Brahma Chellaney argue that India Needs (ICBMs) to

“underpin its doctrine of minimum but credible deterrence.”
He has also argued that Indian nuclear forces are being
allowed to deteriorate
Satish Chandra India’s threat of “unacceptable damage”

requires that the size of India’s nuclear arsenal be a function of
its threat perceptions, suggesting that size has to be open-
ended and not fixed.
China-Pakistan collusion,=> India should seek a capability
sufficient to inflict “unacceptable damage on both Pakistan
and China.”
For- use against Chemical and Against- use against Chemical and Biological
Biological Weapons Weapons
India’s nuclear doctrine states that India Manpreet Sethi disagree with this expansion,
can use retaliation against use of arguing that this did not work in the case of the
Chemical and Biological Weapons United States, and it “hardly makes the Indian
nuclear deterrent more credible
Change Command and control Same command and control

structure structure
India lacks operational capabilities and The command of nuclear
military should be in loop in decision- weapons should only remain with
making. political leadership, since they
Lack of chief of defence staff- Rajan have wider set of perspective.
427
menon
Bharat Karnad: Demated weapons are
operationally redundant, will be
unusable if enemy damages them and
will delay the response long enough for
international community to interven
Massive retaliation: ‘Massive’ may render deterrence unfeasible, since any calibrated attack by
enemy may not invite massive retaliation, as in case of tactical weapon. Thus, ‘punitive’ is more
appropriate.
Tactical Nuclear Weapons: India can change its doctrine to flexible response doctrine which
will require proportionate retaliation to something like Tactical Nuclear Weapons.
Gurmeet Kanwal: As TNWs lower the nuclear threshold and are extremely destabilising, Indian
diplomacy should ensure that international pressure is brought to bear on Pakistan to eliminate
TNWs from its nuclear arsenal. This India can do by signaling that its ‘massive retaliation’
doctrine is functional and well oiled.
Pakistani analysts (senior retired armed forces officers as well as diplomats and academics)
appear convinced that no Indian prime minister will authorise massive retaliation with nuclear
weapons if Pakistan uses ‘a few’ TNWs against Indian forces on its own soil
NSG
Why NSG membership?
● Pramit Pal Chaudhary:

o While we have NSG waiver, it can be revoked.
o Part of rule-making process in global nuclear regime.
o Becoming part of global supply chain
● S. Jaishankar: Currently India is in waiting room. It is better to be in drawing room.
NSG has set out five 'factors for considering' applications (Not mandatory criteria) of prospective PGs.
o the ability to supply items on NSG control lists;
● acting in accordance with NSG guidelines;
● a legally based export control system;
● support international non-proliferation efforts; and finally,
● membership of treaties like the NPT that require full-scope safeguards.
On what basis India can make its claim?
● Rakesh Sood: It has been conveniently forgotten that in the past many countries like France
were inducted into NSG without signing NPT. Moreover, China did not fulfill criteria of non-
proliferation.
Why India should not make its claim?
428
o In practical terms, Indians are not in the export market for nuclear materials, in that sense we
don't have much to lose.
● NSG Exemptions: Under Indo-US Nuclear Deal, NSG has given exemptions to India, so there is no
restriction on trade as such also.
● We are putting too much diplomatic resources and leverage into something as trivial as NSG.
● NSG doesn't gain much by India's membership either, because India since its nuclear history is
not a proliferating country. So, they aren't worried that if India is not admitted, it will start
proliferating.
Shyam Saran on criticism of making NSG a disproportionate issue by India: We had to engage in
energetic diplomacy as we had done in 2008 to assure allies of our commitment. The campaign could
not be done at a low profile.
Why China is opposing?
● Beijing wants NSG entry to be "norm-based" — in other words, whatever rules govern Indian
entry should apply to others too.
● Rakesh Sood: China's status as nuclear power state in international non-proliferation regime
from Asia seems to be threatened by India's request in NSG. The fact that India is now
developing long-range missile capability and SSBN capability will gradually bring a shift in official
Chinese thinking.
Way forward:
● Harsh V. Pant: NSG membership is not in horizon, but we should continue presenting our case
to remind other countries of our claim.
● Shyam Saran: We should not make NSG an elemental issue between India and China and pursue
a more quiet and calibrated diplomacy
● Shyam Saran: In discussion on NSG, we should ensure that the scope of discussions do not go
beyond the waiver conditions 10 years back and more onerous conditions should not come into
play. With tightening norms like E/R rule, the more we remain out, more difficult it will be to get
in
See NSG from IR material.
429
1.Eurasia: 2
2.Importance of Central Asia(CA) 2
Mckinder (Heartland theory): Whoever controls Central Asia control the world 2
3.Evolution of India-CA relations: 3
4.Current State: 4
5.Steps taken: 4
6.Issues: 4
“C. Rajamohan: India has not been able to convert its goodwill into strategic advantages” 4
7.Way Forward: 5
8.Conclusion: 5
9.SCO: 6
Robert D. Kaplan: Very soft anti-western and anti-democratic group. 6
10.Issues in SCO: 6
11.Potential of SCO 6
12.India and SCO 6
According to P.S. Raghavan (“India’s pivot to Eurasia”), when relations with neighbours are
acrimonious, it makes sense to strengthen relations with neighbour's neighbours (Mandal
Sidhdhant). 6
13.Advantages of SCO : 7
14.Challenges 7
Harsh V. Pant, while China might talk the talk; it is unlikely to push Pakistan to dismantle its
terrorist structures. 7
15. Quingdao Summit: 8
430
16.Way forward 10
17.Conclusion 10
1.Eurasia:
● Eurasia is a combined landmass of Robert D. Kaplan (“Marco Polo’s
Europe and Asia located in world”): Marco Polo, the 17th century
Northern and Eastern hemisphere. traveller will find that the world has not
● It represents 36.2% of total land, 5 changed from Europe to Asia.
billion people which is 70% of ● The situation is changing with
world population. o China’s OBOR and move
● Fast becoming the center of towards Pax Sinica.
gravity for world politics. o Globalization
● USA always feared trans- o Eurasian Economic
continental power and hence got Union.
involved in World War-2. ● Age of new medievalism
● Separation between Europe and o Furious mix of
Asia is a product of colonialism. Ex. connectivity and
Afghanistan a buffer zone anarchy
● Iron curtain and cold-war o Age of empire is coming
increased this separation. back.
o Dark side of
globalization: ethnic
conflicts fueled by USA.
Constructive strategic partnership P. Stobdan (“India’s foreign policy: challenges

Connect Central Asia Policy and opportunities”)
● Geo-economic
2.Importance of Central o Strategically position:bridge b/w
Asia(CA) Europe and Asia (Uttara Path)
o natural resources like crude oil,
● Heart of Eurasia natural gas, gold and uranium;
● Pivot of world politics. hydropower
● Strategic location: major ● Geo-political and
431
transit route in traditional
Silk route. o Mckinder (Heartland theory):
● USA- Great Games Whoever controls Central Asia
o Instability in Afg control the world
and Syria to check o M.K. Bhadra Kumar (“India and
rise of China and central Asian dawn”): Ibn
Russia. Batuta called Hindu-Kush as
● Russia - Strategic slayer of India
Backyard ● Geo-strategic:
● USA - Greater Middle o India’s security (Uttara Kuru)-
East volatility in Afghanistan may
● China - Far West spillover to peaceful Central
● India’s extended Asia.
neighbourhood o Developing strong defence ties
● How India’s sees the and military coop
world: India’s traditional ▪ Prevent radicalisation
contiguity to the region has ▪ Counter-terrorism drills
been broken by Pakistan. ▪ Military exercises -
Khanjar and Prabal
Since Sept 11 and GWOT - New Dostyk
Great games have started o Afghanistan
o India’s only foreign military
● Each country has its vested base is in Farkhor, Tajikistan
interests which is located in proximity to
● Any major development PoK.
will impact India’s ● Russia has traditionally been supportive
external and internal of India’s role;
security ● U.S. has been supportive of India’s role
● Sensitive region from to balance China;
India’s perspective ● CA nations have also supported India’s
role as balancer
● China is also open to cooperation with
India in the region.
3.Evolution of India-CA relations:

● India was among the first 2012 – S.M. Krishna —> Connect
countries to recognize and Central Asia Policy launched:
establish diplomatic relations
after they gained independence in ● Revive stagnated relations
1990s ● C4- culture, commerce,
● Historical and deep cultural connectivity, consulate
linkages Energy :
o P2P Oil, natural Gas
o Trade and commerce TAPI Pipeline
Cold war: Nuclear : Uranium
432
● India’s relations were mainly Markets :
cultural. Advantage of Energy resources
● Russian sphere of influence and Markets
● Russia was supportive of India’s Air connectivity to boost trade
role in CA. and tourism
● Good diplomatic linkages with a Culture : India’s soft power
consulate in Tashkent Univertisties
1995- Narsimha Rao - Look North Hospitals
Policy: IT - Tele-medicine and Tele-
● USSR disintegrated; umbrella eduction
lost. Very vibrant presence of India
● Challenges: among the people
o Involved in it immediate Strategic
neighbourhood - Pak Joint scientific research
o Absent in Regional Strategic partnerships in defence
security infra and security affairs
o Unstable Afghanistan and Prevent Radicalisation —>
problematic relations with Limit Pak Influence
Pak - deprived India - Not under exclusive Chinese
direct contact with CA influence
o Lack of a direct sea route
to India
o China
433
4.Current State: 6.Issues:
● Russia-China-Pak ● Dhruv C. Katoch: Land connectivity is

developing convergences a major issue- first Pakistan has
● CA an important component fragmented the connectivity and also
of OBOR instability in Afghanistan poses a huge
● Now or never scenario. threat to any material trade that may
take place + no boundary with CAR
5.Steps taken: ● Happymon Jacob (“Lonely and
Disinterested”)
● o Excessive focus on bilateralism.
● India’s full membership in o Ambitious China, resurgent
SCO Russia and opportunistic
● INSTC Pakistan ganging up on USA
● Chabahar port in Iran ● CCAP achieved nothing as it lacked
● Ashgabat Agreement- commitment.
promoting connectivity ● No material trade- $2 billion compared
between Central Asia and to $50 billion of China
Persian Gulf
● TAPI gas pipeline ● “C. Rajamohan: India has not been
● EEU able to convert its goodwill into
● India invest in IT sector - strategic advantages”
Tele-edu and Tele-medicine- ● Fast losing ground to China in terms of
ITEC soft power too.
● P2P contact - Education and ● Radicalism and extremism
research
● Military Exercises - 7.Way Forward:
Khanjar, Prabal Dostyk
● PM Modi has established ● C. Rajamohan: Just like India came to
Sufi linkages with CA. terms with idea of Indo-Pacific, India
needs to bring Eurasia in its strategic
1st India-Central Asia dialogue. book-keeping
● Invitation to Chabahar port ● Happymon Jacob: India should look at
● Proposal of regional bigger picture.
development group ● Radical extremist winds - Nurture
● Dialogue on air corridors peace
PM Modi - visited all 5 countries ● India - soft power - Indian movies and
● CRM - High Octane music - leverage it
diplomacy ● Trade (first G-to-G led and then private
● P. Stobdan- widened the sector can continue)
perimeters of Indian ● connectivity (air corridors, Chabahar),
strategic thinking P2P (tourism),
● Investment and infrastructure, regional
security architecture, EEU, skill
development and MSME
434
● Counter-terrorism measures
CCAP is a holistic policy not just about oil and

natural resources but cooperating in multiple
fields - game changer if realised in practice
8.Conclusion:
● Central Asia is important for us, not only in security and strategic terms, but also in
economic terms.
● While land connectivity is an issue in expediting relations, we should start off with what
we have- air connectivity, Bollywood, training and development, energy trade etc.
Individual Countries Eurasian Economic Union
● Kazakstan can help power ● pact with the EEU, which has
our nuclear reactors, oil, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan,
gas Kyrgyzstan and Armenia as
● Uzbekistan oil exploration, members.
uranium, gold, cotton, ● Integrated single market of 183
INSTC million people and a gross domestic
● Turkmenistan - Help in product of over 4 trillion U.S.
India’s energy security dollars (PPP).
through TAPI Pipeline ● An invitation to join the bloc was
● Kyrgystan help with green extended by Russia
technology and agriculture ● FTA will ensure the much needed
● Tajikistan: strategic push in India-Russia economic ties.
location, hydropower ● Vietnam became first country to
sign an FTA with EEU.
9.SCO:
● Political, economic and security organization
● Russia, China, C4 (except Turkmenistan), India, Pakistan
● 42% of the world's population, 20% of the world's GDP, and about 80% of Eurasia's
landmass.
● West -> critical of SCO -> collective defence counter-weight to NATO.
● However, SCO is not a defence pact but a security organization.
435
● Robert D. Kaplan: Very soft anti-western and anti-democratic group.
10.Issues in SCO: 11.Potential of SCO
● Couldn’t play much role in ● Countering terrorism

Afghanistan ● Developmental assistance
● Under-financed ● Evolving consensus that SCO is
● Lacks supra-national character
the best way to solve Afghan
like NATO.
● Shaped by narrow national problem.
interests ● Can evolve the region into
o China -> economic security community
agenda ● Building a multi-polar world
o Russia -> security order
o India -> connectivity ● Greater economic
o Pakistan -> India
interdependence in the region.
● Security dilemma among
countries
● Does not form security 12.India and SCO
community like NATO –
insecurity dilemma ● According to P.S. Raghavan
● Does not have economic (“India’s pivot to Eurasia”),
interdependence at the level of when relations with neighbours
G7 are acrimonious, it makes sense
● Protectionism in the region
to strengthen relations with
● Consensus based decisions
which hinder projects. neighbour's neighbours (Mandal
Sidhdhant).
436
13.Advantages of SCO : 14.Challenges
● Boost to India’s CCAP and FTA with ● India’s ability to assert

EEU itself will be limited with
● Energy Markets presence of China and
● Bilateral —> Multilateral arrangement
Russia.
● Soft Power
● Recognition of India as a stakeholder in ● China’s hegemony in the
Peace region is going to increase
● Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure: with U.S. reticence,
address terrorism Russian support.
● Engage with Pak on a wider regional ● Impinging India’s relation
setting with the West
o Liberal institutionalism
o India in recent Qingdao summit ● Harsh V. Pant, while
of SCO refused to mark Pakistan
China might talk the talk;
as sole perpetrator of terrorism.
o India appears to be balancing its it is unlikely to push
ties with Pakistan to ensure stable Pakistan to dismantle its
roadway and contact with terrorist structures.
Eurasia
According to Suhasini Haider
● C. Rajamohan: From Indo-Pacific to
Eurasia: Necessary step to balance ● Shanghai spirit of ‘good
India’s maritime strategy with neighborliness’ will deter
Continental India’s attempt to expose
● Address Afghanistan security Pakistan.
● Ensure strategic autonomy from US ● With regards to RATS,
policy. India might face
● Insurance against unreliability of U.S. as
difficulties as the Indian
a strategic partner.
● Ensure that China does not dictate terms understanding of
in Eurasia. terrorism is different from
the other members of
SCO.
● There is basic
contradiction in India’s
and SCO stand on OBOR.
● Areas of cooperation are
increasingly going to be
difficult.
P.L. Dash: India’s challenge is to
make itself relevant.
437
15. Quingdao Summit:
438
439
Quingdao Summit: PM
Modi coined SECURE 16.Way forward
w.r.t. india-SCO relations:
● S- security
● P. Stobdan
● E- economic
o India should project Chabahar as
development
● C- connectivity gateway to Eurasia.
● U- unity o Maintain regional presence
● R- respect for o Better convergence with China and
sovereignty and Russia
integrity
● C. Rajamohan (“A passage to inner Asia”):
● E- environment
protection
India will need a long-term strategy in light of
tectonic shifts.
Atul Aneja (“New Asian ● C. Rajamohan
Constellation”): Recent
summit was an o Prevent Pakistan-China axis on Kashmir
opportunity to showcase and Afghanistan.
Shanghai spirit when G-7 o Intensify engagement with Central
was presenting an ugly
picture Asian states
o Seize geo-political shifts in SCO in
longer term. Ex. China-Russia rivalry
o Maintain low profile and bide it’s time
for now.
17.Conclusion
Suhasini Haider: At a time of flux across the world fuelled by America’s capriciousness, West
Asia’s internal combustion, China’s aggression and Russian inscrutability, India is certainly well
poised to be a democratic, dependable leader of an alternative global coalition. The government
must, however, be more sure-footed and clear of its own principles of engagement.
CRM
● SCO Harsh V. Pant

Kanwal Sibal
● Limit damage from ● SCO will
Sino-Pak and Sino- continue to
● But should not
Russian Alliance make India
forget S in SCO
● Limit the negative do its
stands for
dialectics of India balancing
Shanghai
● Play both in the act.
heartland and the
rimland
440
Conclusion
Though there is not
much understanding
with China, SCO
can be used
constructively
P2S2(IND & NAM)

1. Compare and contrast Non-alignment 1.0 with Non-alignment(15m,2019)
2. Comment on India's contribution contemporary relevance.(15m, 2016)
3. Non-alignment’ has been the basic principle of India’s foreign policy since
independence. Discuss its relevance in the contemporary context.(15m, 2015)
4. India's policy of non-alignment has been guided by the genius of the Indian people and
their interests." Explain.(15m, 2014)
5. Explain the statement and elucidate their implications: “India's policy of nonalignment
was based on both idealist and realist calculations.”(20m)
6. Was there any domestic socio-political basis for India to pursue the policy of
nonalignment.
● “C. Rajamohan:
o India has not been able to convert its goodwill into strategic advantages”
♥️♥️THE END ♥️♥️
441
442

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COMPARATIVE POLITICS(CP):

6..Political Economy Approach:

1.Syllabus #2 STATE IN COMPARATIVE perspective:

5..State in SOCIALISTIC Societies:

6..State in ADVANCED Industrial Societies

7..State in DEVELOPING Societies:

6.. ELECTORAL SYSTEM:

2..Globalisation(Origin & Waves):

4..Winners & Loosers:

3.Functionalism (Peace by pieces)

Current state of Liberal World Order:

1.Role of Ideology in IP:

4.Systems theory (Positivist approach)

4..Polarity of Power Thesis:

Evolution of cold war:

India and cold-war:

Global governance &Bretton Woods:

2.Objectives and Principles of IFP:

4.CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN IFP:

6. New World order

7. Indian Ocean Policy:

9.India and World Economy

10. Vaccine Diplomacy/ Health Diplomacy:

5.Policy of GoI towards Pakistan

7.Doval Doctrine (Realist approach)

8.India’s course of Action

10.Indus Water Treaty - 1960:

13.Pakistan and democracy

3.Civil War & Tamil:

6.Issues in Indian policy:

1.Nuclear proliferation Treaties:-

7.India’s nuclear doctrine:

PSIR Paper 2_ ALL SYLLABUS

8. Evolution of International Economic System:

1. Indian Foreign Policy:

3. India & South Asia

Advantages of comparative politics(CP):

Limitations of comparative politics

Traditional Approaches CP:

Limitations (by R.C. Macridis)

Modern Approaches to CP:

David Easton (book: systematic analysis of political life 1965)

2.Structural Functional Approach :

Gabriel Almond and Powell

CRITICISM (Systems, SFA):

FW Riggs: developmental trap

Samuel P Huntington- Political DECAY

David Apter(book: Politics of Modernisation)

Samuel P Huntington (“Political order in changing societies”)

5.Political Culture Approach :

Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba

book: Civic Culture

6..Political Economy Approach:

Gunnar Myrdal : Decisions of economics are not taken in vacuum of politics

Adam Smith (book: Wealth of Nations)

● Godde(Authoritatian regimes are

Traditional Approaches CP:

Significance Limitations (by R.C. Macridis)

Modern Approaches to CP: