Digital To Analog Converters
Digital To Analog Converters
Digital To Analog Converters
where V0, V1, V2, V3, . •• , Vn-1 are the digital input voltage levels (0 or V)
and n is the number of input bits.
3 bit DAC.
• Each resistor in the network has a different value. Since these dividers are
usually constructed by using precision resistors, the added expense becomes
unattractive.
• Moreover, the resistor used for the MSB is required to handle a much greater
current than that used for the LSB resistor. For example, in a 10-bit system,
the current through the MSB resistor is approximately 500 times as large as
the current through the LSB resistor.
R-2R Ladder DAC
It is constructed of resistors that have only two values R and 2R and thus
overcomes objections to the resistive divider.
This circuit is having a unique property that the total resistance looking from any
node back toward the terminating resistor or out toward the digital input is 2R.
Beginning at node A, the total resistance looking into the terminating resistor is 2R.
The total resistance looking out toward the 2° input is also 2R.
At node B
R-2R Ladder DAC
. The value of resistance at point A can be determined using Thevenin’s theorem
So, Total resistance looking into the branch toward terminating Resistance is 2R, as is the
total resistance looking out toward the 21 input.
R-2R Ladder DAC
The same is true if one is standing at node C
or node D
R-2R Ladder DAC
Assume that the digital input signal is 1000. With this input signal, the binary ladder
can be drawn as shown
Since there are no voltage sources to the left of node D, the entire network to the left
of this node can be replaced by a resistance of 2R to form the equivalent circuit
Apply Thevenin theorem by cutting the circuit on the jagged line we have
The four flip-flops form the register necessary for storing the digital
information. Each flip-flop is a simple RS latch and requires a positive
level at the R or S input to reset or set it.
With this particular gating scheme, the flip-flops need not be reset (or set) each time new information is entered.
When the READ IN line goes high, only then data is read by the flip-flops.
REFERENCE
Digital Principles and Applications by D. Leach, A.P. Malvino and G. Saha, 7th Edition, TMH, New Delhi, 2011