A Supplementary Learning Material

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 FOREWORD
UCSP (Understanding Culture, Society And Politics)
A Core Subject Manual for SHS Students K-12 Curriculum-Based

This instructional material is intended for Grade 12 SHS students of

Bataan National High School-SHS crafted in the core course of the K-12
curriculum guide. The course "uses insights from Anthropology, Political
Science, and Sociology to develop students' awareness of cultural, social
and political dynamics, and sensitivity to cultural diversity: provide them with
an understanding of how culture, human agency, society and politics work;
and engage them in the examination of the country's current human
development goals. At the end of the course, students should acquire ideas
about human cultures, human agency, society and politics; recognize
cultural relativism and social inclusiveness to overcome prejudices; and
develop social and cultural competence to guide their interactions with
groups, communities, networks, and institutions."

This will enable students of K-12 to get acquainted with the disciplines
of sociology, anthropology, and political science. The students will be
familiarized and will be made to appreciate these social scientific disciplines
by discussing the major concepts, theorists, paradigms, and debates in
these fields. It consists of four parts: The Origin and Nature of the Social
Sciences: Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science; The Society in the
Individual The individual in Society; and The Culture and Society.

Through this learning material, the author hopes to assist SHS

students in understanding difficult terms covered in each section of the
course that might lead them to more successful ventures in the journey of
UCSP and the interest of the student in exploring the exciting fields of
Sociology, Anthropology, and political Science based on common themes
organized will augment their knowledge in internalizing the entire topic of
the course.

This learning material is not just a presentation of the simple

definitions of the terms but a provocative text that will engage the students
to think beyond the usage of the terms in a contextualized and localized
manner as well and ring the world -through Sociology, Anthropology and
Political Science.

The learning features terms to be unlocked and divided into topics

unlike the usual way of looking the words in either thesaurus or dictionary
that all words are arranged alphabetically from the very start. This includes:
Starting Points For The Understanding Of Culture, Society, And Politics;
Defining Culture And Society From The Perspective Of Anthropology And
Sociology; Looking Back At Human Biocultural And Social Evolution;
Becoming A Member Of Society; How Society Is Organized; Cultural, Social
And Political Institutions; Social And Political Stratification; Social, Social
And Political Change; and New Challenges To Human Adaptation And
Social Change: Responding To Social, Political, And Cultural Change.

In this world of inquiry, the author believes that teachers and students
alike walk through the same path to achieve the maximum teaching and
learning process.

-Beverly Porlante
Icons of this Supplementary Material

This part contains great philosophers that are set for

you to be familiar with the contributions of the great
philosophers as you go along the learning
instructional reference.

This part of supplementary learning material contains

pieces of information of little important that learners
can blow their minds.

An introduction to the new lesson through various

activities before it will be presented to you.

This part gives the learners the ideas of what the

lessons are all about.

These are terms being defined in the learning

material to deepen learners‟ discovery and
understanding of the concept.

This part is designed to share the experience of the

learners‟ knowledge gained and apply to the real-life
situation.
 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/FranzBoas.jpg/220px-FranzBoas.jpg

Franz Boas
July 9, 1858 – Dec. 21, 1942

Franz Boas was an American anthropologist and regarded as

the “Father of Modern Anthropology” and “Father of American
Anthropology”. He was the first to apply the scientific method to
anthropology, emphasizing a research- first method of generating
theories.

Boas established the theory of cultural relativism, which states

there are no absolutes among cultures; the beliefs and practices of a
culture can be examined only within the confines of that particular
culture.
Culture
Did you know that in some ASIAN COUNTRIES such as China, Korea
or Japan, a sign of approval and appreciation of someone‟s cooking is to
slurp the soup loudly - what is considered rude in most western countries?

https://image.shutterstock.com/image-photo/cute-asian-boy-eating-mushroom-260nw-308617835.jpg

Food Taboo
Did you know that in Jewish Tradition, pigs, vultures, hawks, owls,
herons and horses, fish without fins and scales, the blood of any animal,
shellfish and all other living creatures that creep are considered uncleaned
and not to be eaten?

Nationality
Did you know that in some Asian Countries such as Japan do not
allow their citizens to have dual or multiple nationality because of the
issue on loyalty.
Religion
Did you know that the Philippines is the one and only Christian country
in Asia and also have the most number of Catholic with a population of
86%?

Sociology
Did you know that the University of the Philippines was the first
university to offer a major in sociology?

The journey of Understanding Culture, Society and Politics!

Prepare yourself to discover how far you have gone in developing your
essential life skills in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
particularly in The Nature and Goals of Anthropology, Sociology and
Political Science and the Perspectives of Anthropology, Sociology and
Political Science. As a Senior High School learner, you have to deal
with a variety of learning skills in your daily life.
 A.
B. Starting Points for the Understanding
of Culture, Society and Politics

Cultural Variation

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=316&h=237

Bayanihan Culture of the Filipino Japanese Festival to Celebrate Bountiful

Catch of Fish and Good Harvest

This supplementary learning material is designed to help the learners

understand deeply the terminologies included in the topics. So, buckle up
along with the provided definition of terms while going through the following
topics:

1. Sharing of social and cultural backgrounds of students a social actors

2. Observations about social, political, and cultural behavior and
phenomena
3. Observations on social, political, and cultural change
4. Definition of anthropology, political science, and sociology
Anthropology refers to the study of human' past and present.

Culture is the customary belief, social forms and traits that defines a
specific racial, religious or social group.

Cultural behavior is exhibited by learned.

Cultural change is the dynamic process where the living cultures of

the world change and adapt to external or internal forces.

Cultural Variation is the rich diversity in social practices that different

cultures exhibit around the world.

Dynasties is a sequence of rulers from the same family.

Food taboo is a prohibition against consuming certain foods.

Elections is a part of democratic process wherein people vote on

their electable bet.

Ethnicity is a term that describe shared culture.

Exceptionality is a matter of culture and perception.

Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, attributes

and activities that a given society considers appropriate for men and
women.

Istambay is a Filipino word and a localized version of "standby" which

refers to a person who does not have work and who usually hang-out
on street corners.

Political change occurs when the rulers in a country lose power or

the type of governance in the politics whether internal and external.

Political identities describes a political approach wherein people of a

particular religion, race, social background, class or other identifying
factor develop political agendas and organize based upon the
interlocking systems of oppression that may affect their lives and
come from their various identities.

Religion is a unified system of belief and practices relative to sacred

things.
Social agents is an mediator in the human system, such a people,
nations, organizations, cultures, and ideologies.

Social actors any person who undertakes social action.

Social differences are the differences and discriminations that

occurs in the society.

Social Sciences is simply means the study of people and their

relationships and interactions in society.

Social change are changes happen in the society.

Socio-economic class the concept of class as a collection of

individuals share similar economic circumstances.

Sociology the study of the development, structure, functioning of

human society and social problems.

Transnational families is a family who live apart but who create and
retain a 'sense of collective welfare and unity, in short family hood,
even across national borders.

Youth volunteerism is the involvement of the youth in voluntary act

especially in community service.
 Let‟s Reflect!
After going through the definition of terms while studying the lessons, share
your learning by completing the sentences below.

I have learned that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I have realized that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I can apply what I have learned in

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffindadentist.ada.org%2Foh%2Fwarren%2F
mason%2Fgeneral-practice%2Fdr-robert-b-fox-3801832&psig=AOvVaw195llC61I_xGHYN5E
dmOQe&ust=1651834984256000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCLDx7Yy
byPcCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Robert B. Fox
(1918–1985)

In 1962, Dr. Robert B. Fox, Chief Anthropologist of the National

Museum, discovered the fossilized Pleistocene skull of the oldest man in the
Philippines inside the Tabon Caves of Quezon, Palawan. The discovery
drew international attention and recognition, thus placing Philippine
Anthropology in the limelight. As a result, the National Museum received
grants from the National Geographic Society and the National Science
Development Board for the production and publication of "Tabon Caves:
Archaeological Exhibitions and Explorations in Palawan Island, Philippines"
in 1968.
Attitude
Did you know that according to survey conducted in 2013 in other
countries, 21-25 years of age youth have different attitude towards life than
in the past? According to 72% of people agree that today‟s youth are selfish
and do not prompt to work quickly, but they expect much without putting any
effort in working or doing things.

Belief
Did you know that a very common line used by Filipinos when
knocking on someone‟s door is “Tao (person) po!“? Many assume it refers to
the knocker calling out to ask if there are any people inside, when actually, it
is said to stem from the knocker reassuring the people inside that s/he is a
person and not a possibly harmful supernatural creature.

Society
Did you know that the earliest society started 2,000,000 billion years
ago?

Religion
Did you know that the Hinduism is the world's oldest religion,
according to many scholars, with roots and customs dating back more than
4,000 years?
 Humans are interesting subjects to study. The human story has a lot
to say from their way of living to the associations they form. The two
interrelated scientific studies of society colloquially known as the twin social
sciences are anthropology and sociology.

Culture is something that helps us to differentiate one society from

the other. On the other hand, society is a community of people, residing in a
specific area, sharing common culture over time. Culture unites the social
structure, whereas society constructs it. Culture provides guidelines to
people on how to live. When talking about culture, we are mostly talking
about tangible factors which include language, technology, and
institutions−like our churches, schools, or houses. However, culture also
has intangible aspects such as our values and behaviors. It also includes
norms, the standards or rules of acceptable behavior.
 B. Defining Culture and Society from the
Perspective of Anthropology and
Sociology

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TRADITIONAL SOCIETY MODERN SOCIETY

This supplementary learning material is designed to help the learners

understand deeply the terminologies included in the topics. So, buckle up
along with the provided definition of terms while going through the following
topics:

1. Society as a group of people sharing a common culture

2. Culture as a “„complex whole and is:
a. Dynamic, Flexible, & Adaptive
b. Shared & Contested (given the reality of social
 differentiation and competing interests)

c. Learned through socialization or enculturation

d. Patterned

e. Integrated and at times unstable

f. Transmitted through socialization/enculturation

g. Requires language and other forms of communication

h. Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism as orientations

3. Politics as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and

consensus, and power
Attitude is somewhere between a belief, a stance, a mood, and a
pose

Artifacts an object made by a human being, typically an item of

cultural or historical interest.

Beliefs is something that is accepted as real or true by a person.

Common culture a belief or behavior that is shared between two or

more groups, people or society.

Communication is an act of transferring information from one place,

person or group to another.

Cultural heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by

a community and passed on from generation to generation including
customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values.

Cultural relativism is the ability to understand a culture on its own

terms and not to make judgments using the standards of one's own
culture.
Enculturation is the process by which individuals acquire the
knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that enable them to become
functioning members of their societies.

Ethnocentrism is a feeling of superiority towards one‟s own group

over other groups.

Knowledge awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or

situation.

Language is a system of communication used by a particular society.

Laws is something that governs the relationship between individuals

and the government.

Norms are society's standard of morality, conduct, propriety, ethics,

and legality.

Practices are the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or

method, as opposed to theories relating to it.

Socialization the process of learning to behave in a way that is

acceptable to society.
Social differentiation the distinction made between social groups
and persons on tge basis of biological, physiological, and sociocultural
factors, as sex, age, or ethnicity, resulting in the assignment of roles
and status within a society.

Social interaction is an exchange between two or more individuals

and is a building block of society.

Society pertains to a group of individuals involved in social interaction

or sharing the same geographical or social territory.

Symbols s an object, word, or action that stands for something else

with no natural relationship that is culturally.

Religion is a unified system of belief and practices relative to sacred

things.
 Let‟s Reflect!
After going through the definition of terms while studying the lessons, share
your learning by completing the sentences below.

I have learned that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I have realized that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I can apply what I have learned in

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
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no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/CharlesDarwin-5c2c3d7
e46e0fb0001a343e3.jpg

Charles Darwin
(1809-1882)

Biological Evolution
Charles Darwin, in full Charles Robert Darwin, an English naturalist
whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the
foundation of modern evolutionary studies. An affable country gentleman,
Darwin at first shocked religious Victorian society by suggesting that
animals and humans shared a common ancestry. However, his nonreligious
biology appealed to the rising class of professional scientists, and by the
time of his death evolutionary imagery had spread through all of science,
literature, and politics. Darwin, himself an agnostic, was accorded the
ultimate British accolade of burial in Westminster Abbey, London.
Citizenship
Did you know that a Filipino citizen can become a Spanish citizen
needs only to have a 2-year legal residency in Spain? This exception is also
applicable to former Spanish colonies.

Civilization
Did you know that bodies of water such as river contributed on the
birth of different civilizations in the world?

Democratization
Did you know that the goal of democratization is to have a fair and free
election?
 In this supplementary learning material, terminologies will be taken
back in time to when the environment was different from what we have
today, and when the first human walked on this planet. We will try to answer
from a scientific perspective bugging questions as to where we humans
came from. In religion classes, the more convenient answer given to us was
that God made the world, the plants, animals and humans. But how exactly
this happened is very vague. To delve deeper into seeking answers to these
questions, a number of scientists have done both field and laboratory work
over the years. Archaeologists, paleoanthropologists, primatologist,
geneticists, biologist, geologists, chemists, physicists, among others have
done extensive work in tracing back our human origins by looking and
analyzing evidences geological formations, fossil remains, DNA samples, as
well as excavated artifacts. General theories as well as results of scientific
studies shall be explored in this chapter in order to give us a broader view of
how we become human.
C. Looking Back at Human Bio-cultural
and Social Evolution

https://cdn.britannica.com/36/79536-050-BE1C475B/human-lineage-hominins-members-lineages-apes-interpretations.jpg

This supplementary learning material is designed to help the learners

understand deeply the terminologies included in the topics. So, buckle up
along with the provided definition of terms while going through the
following topics:

1.Biological and cultural evolution: from Homo habilis to Homo sapiens

sapiens in the fossil record
2. Cultural and sociopolitical evolution: from hunting and gathering to the
agricultural, industrial, and post-industrial revolutions
a. The Neolithic Revolution
b. Early civilizations and the rise of the state
c. Democratization
Biological evolution is the change in inherited traits over successive
generations in populations of organisms.

Citizenship is defined as the membership in a political community

which is personal and more or less permanent in character.

Civilization refers to the stage of human social and cultural

development and organization that is considered most advanced.

Cultural evolution is the idea that human cultural change.

Democratization is a process by which democracy expands within a

state or across the world.

Industrial revolution the process of change from an agrarian and

handicraft economy.

Post-industrial revolution society marked by a transition from a

manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy, a
transition that is also connected with subsequent societal
restructuring.
 Social evolution is actually the result of 'group selection.

Sociopolitical evolution defined as the permanent interplay between

the evolution of social order, cultural achievements and cognitive
ontogenetic development.

Let‟s Reflect!
After going through the definition of terms while studying the lessons, share
your learning by completing the sentences below.

I have learned that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I have realized that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I can apply what I have learned in

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Deputy_Prosecutor_
%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Deputy_Prosecutor_%28cropped%29.jpg

Fatou Bensouda
(1961-present)

The chief prosecutor at the International Criminal Court, Fatou

Bensouda is one of the world‟s most influential human rights lawyers
working today. Originally from Gambia, Bensouda received her Barrister of
Law from the University of Nigeria and became Gambia‟s first international
maritime law expert. For her work and status within the human rights
community, Bensouda has received many recognitions and awards. In
2009, she received the ICJ International Jurists award for her criminal law
work nationally and internationally.

In 2011, she was awarded the World Peace Through Law Award, and
in 2017, Time Magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in
the world.
Common Good
Did you know that the phrase “he painga mā te katoa” means respecting
the rights and responsibilities of all people? It is Commitment to the Catholic
social teaching principle of Common Good means working for the good of
all.
Deviance
Did you know that standing unnecessarily close to another person is
considered as an act of deviance? It is a deviant behavior that violates
informal social norms.
Discipline
Did you know that instead of corporal punishment, the Hindu religion
recommends using words, explanation, and personal example to motivate
and change the behavior of children? Children are considered to be a form
of God, according to Hindu tradition, and should be treated with love and
respect.
Gossiping
Did you know that gossiping or intriguing against honor which has for its
principal purpose to blemish the honor or reputation of a person is
punishable by imprisonment of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding
P20,000.00? It is based on Article 364 of the Philippine Revised Penal
Code.
The origin of modern humans can be explained by studying the biological,
social, and cultural evolution. Biological evolution explains the physical
transformation of modern humans from hominidsinto thinking modern
humans or Homo sapiens. Aside from biological evolution, modern humans
also underwent social and cultural evolution. Humans developed and
modified their culture through time as a response to the threats and
challenges posed by their environment. The cultural evolution humans also
included the social and political evolution of modern man.

The society is composed of group of individuals involved in social

persistent social interaction who play different roles in order to attain
economic development as well as peace and stability. Socialization plays a
very important role in every individual to develop holistic interaction.
 D. Becoming A Member of Society

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es-300x240.jpg
Street Children in the Society Feral Child

This supplementary learning material is designed to help the learners

understand deeply the terminologies included in the topics. So, buckle up
along with the provided definition of terms while going through the following
topics:
1. Enculturation/Socialization
a. Identity formation (identities, disciplines, and
aspirations)
b. Norms and values
c. Statuses and roles (e.g. age, gender)
2. Conformity and deviance
a. Social control (gossip, social ostracism, laws and
punishments)
 b. Forms of deviance (ritualism, retreatism, rebellion,and
innovation)
3. Human dignity, rights, and the common good

Common good refers to the general welfare of the citizens.

Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to

group norms, politics or being.

Deviance is the recognized violation of cultural norms.

Discipline to train or develop by instruction and exercise especially in

self-control.

Gossip is any talk about someone who isn't present, it's usually about
something can make a moral judgment about to approve of the
information or disapprove.

Human dignity is the belief that all people hold a special value that's
tied solely to humanity that has nothing to do with their class, race,
gender, religion, abilities, or any other factor other than them
being human.
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every
person in the world from birth until death.

Inclusive citizenship is a form of direct democracy in which all

citizens are involved in policy making and the government of their city
in a bottom-up way rather than top-down.

Identity formation has to do with the complex manner in which

human beings establish a unique view of self and is characterized by
continuity and inner unity

Innovation is creating new value and/or capturing

value in a new way.

Punishment is the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution

for an offense.

Rebellion is an opposition to one in authority or dominance. 2a: open,

armed, and usually unsuccessful defiance of or resistance to an
established government. b: an instance of such defiance or
resistance.
Retreatism involves rejecting both the goals and the means.

Roles is a comprehensive pattern of behaviour that is socially

recognized, providing a means of identifying and placing an individual
in a society.

Ritualism a common practice of going through the motions of daily

life even though one does not accept the goals or values that align
with those practices.

Social Control is typically employed by group members in response

to anyone it considers deviant, problematic, threatening, or
undesirable, with the goal of ensuring conformity.

Social Retreatism is ejecting goals, ways of achieving them, and

removing oneself from society.

State is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently

occupying a definite portion of territory
having a government of their own to which the great body of
inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external
control.
 Status a state or condition with respect to circumstances
the status of the negotiations.

Values are person's standards of behavior and are

considered as judgment of what is important in life.

Let‟s Reflect!
After going through the definition of terms while studying the lessons, share
your learning by completing the sentences below.

I have learned that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I have realized that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I can apply what I have learned in

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Robert_K_Merton.jpg/220px-
Robert_K_Merton.jpg

Robert K. Merton
(1910-2003)

Human Rights

Robert King Merton was an American sociologist who is considered a

founding father of modern sociology, and a major contributor to the subfield
of criminology. He spent most of his career teaching at Columbia University,
where he attained the rank of University Professor.
Cultural Institutions
Did you know that museums, churches, archives and libraries, churches
and art galleries are considered as cultural institution? It is because of the
cultural interaction occurs here.

Households
Did you know that Gambia and Senegal have the world's biggest
households? With an average person living with a dozen or more family
members.
 Sociologists distinguish between two types of groups based upon their
characteristics. A primary group is typically a small social group whose
members share close, personal, enduring relationships. These groups are
marked by a concern for one another, shared activities and culture, and long
periods of time spent together. The goal of primary groups is actually the
relationships themselves rather than achieving some other purpose.
Families and close friends are examples of primary groups. Unlike first
groups, secondary groups are large groups whose relationships are
impersonal and goal oriented. People in a secondary group interact on a
less personal level than in a primary group, and their relationships are
generally temporary rather than long lasting. Some secondary groups may
last for many years, though most are short term. Such groups also begin
and end with very little significance in the lives of the people involved.
 E. How Society is Organized?

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This supplementary learning material is designed to help the learners

understand deeply the terminologies included in the topics. So, buckle up
along with the provided definition of terms while going through the following
topics:
Groups within society
a. Primary and secondary groups
b. In-groups and out-groups
c. Reference group
d. Networks
2. Formal organizations
a. Bureaucracy
b. "McDonaldization" of society
Cultural institutions institutions with an acknowledged mission to
engage in the conservation, interpretation and dissemination
of cultural, scientific, and environmental knowledge, and promote
activities meant to inform and educate citizens on associated aspects
of culture,
history, science and the environment.

Descent an act of coming or going down in location or condition.

Household refers to a family or group of people living together. It's a

social unit under one roof.

In-groups is a social group to which a person psychologically

identifies as being a member.

Institutions consists of a group of people who have come together for

a common purpose.

Networks a group or system of interconnected people or things.

Out-groups a group that is distinct from one's own and so usually an

object of hostility or dislike.
 Primary groups is typically a small social group whose members
share close, personal, enduring
relationships.
Reference groups is a group that individuals use as a standard for
evaluating themselves and
their own behavior.
Secondary groups are large groups whose relationships are
impersonal and goal oriented.

Let‟s Reflect!
After going through the definition of terms while studying the lessons, share
your learning by completing the sentences below.

I have learned that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I have realized that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I can apply what I have learned in

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/health/60523/sen-juan-miguel-zubiri-pos
itibo-sa-covid-19/story

Juan Miguel Zubiri

(1969-present)
Cooperatives

Senator Juan Miguel "Migz" Zubiri who has been hailed as the father
of the new cooperative code was in Cagayan de Oro recently to grace the
anniversary of MASS-SPECC (Mindanao Alliance Self-help Societies -
Southern Philippines Educational Cooperative Center). In his speech, Zubiri
underscores the need to foster greater financial cooperation among
cooperatives in the region.
Alliance
Did you know that France is the oldest ally of America? Benjamin Franklin
traveled to Paris in 1776 to hammer out an alliance with France. Between
1778 and 1782, as a State Department history details, France “provided
supplies, arms and ammunition ... troops and naval support ... transported
reinforcements, fought off a British fleet, and protected Washington‟s forces
in Virginia.”

Alternative Healing
Did you know that acupuncture was proven effective by UNESCO? The
organization listed conditions which are high and low blood pressure,
chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, some gastric conditions,
including peptic ulcer, painful periods, dysentery and many more.

Animism
Did you know that animism was considered the original or first human
religion? Animism originates from the Latin anima, meaning “soul,” which
comes from the earlier Greek word animus, meaning “wind” or “breath.”
Authority
Did you know that Pope Francis is one of the most authoritative persons in
the world? It is because he was the head of the widely spread religion, the
Catholic and as well as the head of Vatican City.

Banks
Did you know that the Bank of the Philippine Islands is the oldest bank in the
Philippines? It is originally named as El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II
and founded in 1851.

Chiefdom
Did you know that the earliest form of chiefdom in Philippine history was
headed by a Datu? The famous datu who first fought the coonizers is
Lapu-Lapu, chief of chiefdom of Mactan.

Compadrazgo
Did you know that in the Philippines, returning of candle to the parents of
your godchild is a big issue? Because it means that you redraw your
relationship as godparent of that child.
 Every nation has its own culture, economics and political institutions to
preserve and promote. Cultural institutions play a pivotal role in the
maintenance, conservation, revitalization, interpretation, and documentation
of heritage, and in facilitating citizens‟ interaction and engagement with
heritage. As such, cultural institutions are important actors in the promotion
of cultural understanding, intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity, and in
the transmission of culture across generations.

An economic institution provides the distribution of goods and

services to the members of the society. In societies with a recognized
economic system, production and distribution of goods and services is the
most essential part of the system for it to function accurately.

Political institutions are organizations which create, enforce, and apply

laws; that mediate conflict; make (governmental) policy on the economy and
social systems; and otherwise provide representation for the populous. A
set of norms relating to distribution of power and authority concerning the
management and control of society to bring order in life. Examples of such
political institutions include political parties, trade unions, and the (legal)
courts.
 F. Cultural, Social and Political Institutions

https://m.facebook.com/Barasoain-ChurchMalolos-CityBulacan-Province-Philippine https://m.facebook.com/filipinosmabuhay/videos/philippine-ethnic-group-aeta-peopl
s-1626506137633902/ e/1670016906387907/

ff

https://www.verywellfamily.com/how-to-tell-your-family-you-wont-be-home-for-the-h
olidays-5088887
 This supplementary learning material is designed to help the learners
understand deeply the terminologies included in the topics. So, buckle up
along with the provided definition of terms while going through the following
topics:

Kinship, marriage, and the household

a. Kinship by blood Descent systems (matrilateral, patriline
al, bilateral)
b. Kinship by marriage
c. Kinship by ritual (Compadrazgo)
d. Family and the household Nuclear, extended, and re constituted
families (separated, transnational)
e. Politics of kinship (political dynasty, alliances)

2. Political and leadership structures

a. Political organization
i. Bands
ii. Tribes
iii. Chiefdoms
iv. States and nations
b. Authority and legitimacy
i. Traditional ii. Charismatic
iii. Rational
3. Economic Institutions

a. Reciprocity

b. Transfers

c. Redistribution

d. Market transactions

e. Markets and state

4. Nonstate institutions

a. Banks and corporations

b. Cooperatives and trade unions

c. Transnational advocacy groups

d. Development agencies

e. International organizations

5. Education

a. Functions of education in society (formal and nonformal)

I. Productive citizenry

ii. Self-actualization

iii. Primary education as a human right

6. Religion and belief systems

a. Animism

b. Polytheism

c. Monotheism

d. Institutionalized religions

e. Separation of church and state

7. Health

a. Culture-specific syndromes and illnesses (e.g.,

“bughat”, ”usog”/”buyag”)

b. Systems of diagnosis, prevention and healing

(e.g., traditional, western, alternative healing systems)

c. Health as a human right

 Alliances a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially
between countries or organizations.

Alternative healing refers to medical treatments that are neither part of

a country's traditions nor its primary healthcare system.

Animism belief in innumerable spiritual beings concerned with human

affairs and capable of helping or harming human interests.

Authority is the ability to control, influence or denote a power among

others.

Bands is a basic social unit found in many foraging societies.

Banks is a financial institution which deals with deposits and advances

and other related services.

Belief systems is an ideology or set of principles that helps us to

interpret our everyday reality.

Chiefdom a notional form of sociopolitical organization in which political

and economic power is exercised by a single person or a group.
Compadrazgo is widely practiced, godparents being chosen at
baptism and marriage.

Cooperatives is an autonomous association of persons united

voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs
and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled
enterprise.

Corporations is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from the

owners.

Church simply means: people assembled

Education is the process of teaching and learning.

Family is a group of people united by ties of blood or adoption which

provides for the rearing of he child and supplying his needs.

Global community a global development organization, working in

partnership with communities worldwide.

Inequalities the qualities of being unequal or uneven: such as. a :

social disparity. b : disparity of distribution or opportunity.

International organizations as an 'organization established by a

treaty or other instrument governed by international law and possessing
its own international legal personality.
Kinship as a basis for forming social groups and for classifying
people.

Legitimacy as the belief that a rule, institution, or leader has the right
to govern. It is a judgment by an individual about the rightfulness of a
hierarchy between rule or ruler and its subject and about the
subordinate's obligations toward the rule or
ruler.
Marriage a formal union and social and legal contract between two
individuals that unites their lives legally.

Minorities any small group in society that is different from the rest
because of their race, religion, or political beliefs, or a person who
belongs to such a group: ethnic/religious.

Monogamy is a form of marriage in which one man marries one

woman.

Monotheism the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.

Nation is a group of people who share the same history, traditions and
language.

Non-state institutions assume different functions and focus on a

specific objective. ... In general, they develop certain services needed
by members of the society for their progress.

Political dynasties refer to a family whose members are engaged in

politics and hold political position since time past.
Political Institutions are the organizations in a government that
create, enforce, and apply laws.

Polygamy is the marriage of a man to several women.

Polygyny the practice of having more than one wife or permanent

female sexual partner at the same time.

Polytheism the belief in many gods.

Polyandry is a form of polygamy in which a woman takes two or more

husbands at the same time.
Power is the ability held by individuals and groups in a society that
allows them to create and enforce policies for the community and
manage public resources.

Prestige widespread respect and admiration felt for someone or

something on the basis of a perception of their achievements or quality.

Social institutions are mechanisms or patterns of social order focused

on meeting social needs, such as government, economy, education,
family, healthcare, and religion.

State is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently

occupying a definite portion of territory having a government of their
own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience and
enjoying freedom from external control.
 Tribe comprises several bands or lineage group.

Wealth measures the value of all the assets of worth owned by a

person, community, company, or country.

Let‟s Reflect!
After going through the definition of terms while studying the lessons, share
your learning by completing the sentences below.

I have learned that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I have realized that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I can apply what I have learned in

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Max_Weber%2C_191
8.jpg/220px-Max_Weber%2C_1918.jpg

Max Weber
(1964-1920)

Power

Weber‟s definition of power in society has remained the starting point

for many sociologists. He defined power as being: “the ability of an
individual or group to achieve their own goals or aims when others are trying
to prevent them from realizing them” From this Weber identified power as
being either authoritative or coercive. Authoritative power is exercising
power which is seen as legitimate. By being legitimate it is effective because
those who are subject to the power do so with consent.
Minority Group
Did you know that based on the 2010 census, Tagalog is the number 1
minority group in the Philippines? It has 24.4% of the population.

Global Inequality
Did you know that in 2019, the World Bank recognized South Africa as
the most unequal country in the world? It means that South Africa's
economy does not equally benefit all of its citizens.

Social Mobility System

Did you know that there is a direct and linear relationship between a
country's income inequality and its social mobility score?

Power
Did you know that Vladimir Putin, the president of Russia, was hailed by
the Forbes Magazine as the most powerful man in the world?

Wealth
Did you know that Jeff Bezos, the CEO of Amazon? His March 2021 Net
Worth is $182B?
 Anything that is stratified has layers. Being in the bottom layer could
have different connotations, usually negative. It could mean less important,
powerful, wealthy, etc. Being in the top would have the opposite
connotations. Social stratification basically means lower, middle, and
upper class. Political stratification is basically about power. Conceived of
and measured as an absolute, or relative, entity, political stratification is
often used in studies on societal change, egalitarian opportunity structures,
democratization, the distribution of power and equality, and the efficiency of
social and political justice.
 G. Social and Political Stratification

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ault/files/styles/1200x800/public/d8/images/methode/2020/08/17/e53381ba-d15b-1 nes-has-growing-food-security-needs
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9

This supplementary learning material is designed to help

the learners understand deeply the terminologies included in the topics. So,
buckle up along with the provided definition of terms while going through the
following topics:

1. Social desirables
a. Wealth
b. Power
c. Prestige
2. Social mobility system
a. Open (Class)
b. Closed (Caste)
Ethnic minorities people who belong to an ethnic group that is a
relatively small part of a population.

Global community the people or nations of the world, considered as

being closely connected by modern telecommunications and as being
economically, socially, and politically interdependent.

Global inequality has not everybody has the same access to the
same rights, opportunities, or quality of life.

Open (class) system is the stratification that facilitates social mobility,

with individual achievement .

Social mobility system is the movement of individuals, families,

households, or other categories of people within or between social
strata in a society.
 Let‟s Reflect!
After going through the definition of terms while studying the lessons, share
your learning by completing the sentences below.

I have learned that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I have realized that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I can apply what I have learned in

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Henry_Dunant-young.jpg/
220px-Henry_Dunant-young.jpg

Henry Dunant
Armed Conflict (1828-1910)

During the 19th century, Swiss businessman, Henry Dunant, made an

effort to the development of modern international humanitarian law.
Because of being a witnessed of a bloody battle between the French and
Austrian armies in Solferino, Italy, Red Cross and International
Humanitarian Law was made during the Geneva Convention. The IHL is a
law which was enacted for the protection of war victims during an armed
conflict between nations.
Social Mobility System
Did you know that World War II was considered as the deadliest
armed conflict in the history? In this event, over 70 million people died.

Gender Issues
Did you know that the country which has the low gender issue is
Switzerland?

Protest
Did you know that the protest in Rome involved around three million
people? It is listed in the Book of World Records as the largest
anti-war rally in history.

Terrorism
Did you know that the Islamic State, also known in the Arab world as
Daesh and by the acronyms ISIS and ISIL, Islamic State has been the
deadliest terrorist group in the world for the past three years?
 Change is a state of becoming different from the status quo. Just like
humans that experience biological changes through time, societies are
subject to change through the instigation of various factors such as the
environment technology. Social change is a concept used to portray any
changes in human social systems (Stets and Burke, 2003). Social change
may happen in any social relationships, social structures, organizations,
and institutions. In general, all changes that take place in human society
that has a domino effect to all social systems are considered a form of social
change. This supplementary learning material unlocks terminologies
associated to social and political change.

The first part provides the meaning of cultural, social and political
change. The second part discusses the sources of cultural, social and
political change. The third part now focuses on the new challenges to human
adaptation and social change. Lastly, the fourth part provides responses in
addressing social, political, and cultural change.
 H. Social, Cultural and Political Change

https://images.summitmedia-digital.com/spotph/images/2017/02/24/Manolo_Marcos_E
DSA_inside.jpg

People of EDSA People Power Revolution to Political Change

This supplementary learning material is designed to help

the learners understand deeply the terminologies included in the topics. So,
buckle up along with the provided definition of terms while going through the
following topics:

1. Access to financial, social, political, and symbolic capital

2. Gender inequality
3. Marginalization of ethnic and other minorities
4. Global stratification and inequality (e.g., relationships between states
and nonstate actors in the global community)
 Acculturation is a process by which a group adopts the dominant
culture.

Armed conflict is a contested incompatibility that concerns

government. and/or territory where the use of armed force between two
parties, of which at least one is the government of a state

Assimilation refers to cultural blending of two or more previously

different societies.

Class struggle conflict between different classes in a community

resulting from different social or economic positions and reflecting
opposed interests.

Conflict a serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one.

Gender issues include all aspects and concerns related to women's

and men's lives and situation in society, to the way they interrelate,
their differences in access to and use of resources, their activities, and
how they react to changes, interventions and policies.
Protest a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to
something.

Social contradictions a just an inconsistent set of social attitudes.

Tensions is physical or mental strain, the force created by pulling something

tight or a strain in a relationship.

Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or

property to intimidate or coerce a government or its citizens to further
certain political or social objectives.
 Let‟s Reflect!
After going through the definition of terms while studying the lessons, share
your learning by completing the sentences below.

I have learned that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I have realized that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I can apply what I have learned in

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 https://cdn.britannica.com/22/212322-050-B21D24E1/Greta-Thunberg-School-Strike-fo
r-Change-Swedish-parliament-November-2018.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop

Greta Thunberg
(2003-present)

Climate Change

Did you know that the founder of “Fridays for Future/School Strike for
Climate “ is a young Swedish environmental activist? She is Greta Tintin
Eleonora Ernman Thunberg or known as Greta Thunberg. She was known
because of her attempt to spur lawmakers regarding the problem in climate
change. Before the 2018 election in Sweden, she missed school to sit
outside the parliament holding a sign stating “School strike for Climate”. In
the first day, she was by herself but on the succeeding days, she was joined
by more and more people and her story caught the international attention.
Because of her effort, climate change strikes also held in Belgium, Canada,
US, UK, Finland, Denmark, France, and the Netherlands.
Climate Change
Did you know that by 2060, the cost of inaction on climate
change is predicted to reach a staggering $44 trillion, with the highest
anticipated GDP losses in the Middle-East, Northern, and
Sub-Saharan Africa, and South and Southeast Asia?

Global Warming
Did you know that there is more carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere today than at any point in the last 800,000 years?

Migration
Did you know that the US, Germany, Russia, Saudi Arabia and
the UK were the top five destinations for migrants in 2015? The US
has about 46 million foreign-born residents, Germany about 12
million.
 Evolution is the only way that can describe how human societies
adapt to new challenges in the physical, social and cultural environment for
global climate change. Emerging erratic and extreme climate conditions are
just one of the many new challenges to human and social change.

Consequently, global modernization has dramatically changed the

demographic composition of most countries. Societies are in constant
change and current levels of intercultural exchange are transforming social
ecosystems. Destructive appraisals about the potential effects of these
changes have dominated recent and critical geopolitical events (e.g., the
election of Donald Trump as president in the United States, Brexit in the
United Kingdom, and the refugee crisis globally), but it is not yet known how
living in a socially diverse world affects the quality of people‟s lives. These
changes are just a few of the challenges to human adaptation and social
change.
 I. New Challenges to Human Adaptation
and Social Change

https://pixers.us/posters/climate-change-39142580

This supplementary learning material is designed to help the learners

understand deeply the terminologies included in the topics. So, buckle up
along with the provided definition of terms while going through the following
topics:
1.Invention (e.g., new of forms of media and social networking,
technological change)
2.Diffusion, acculturation, and globalization
3.Social contradictions, conflict, and change (e.g., inter-ethnic conflicts,
class struggle, armed conflict, terrorism, protests, gender issues)
4.Social movements (e.g., indigenous people‟s rights, environmentalism,
feminism, religious fundamentalism, revitalization movements)
5.Demographic change (e.g., transnational migration, Overseas Filipino
Workers)
6. Challenges to human adaptation (e.g., climate change
7.Inclusive citizenship and participatory governance
Agent in legal terminology, is a person who has been legally
empowered to act on behalf of another person or an entity

Climate change refers to significant changes in global temperature,

precipitation, wind patterns and other measures of climate that occur
over several decades or longer.

Cultural change modification of a society through innovation, invention,

discovery, or contact with other societies.

Cultural environment are environments shaped by human activities,

such as cultural landscapes in the countryside, forests, urban areas and
cities, fixed archaeological structures on land or water, constructions
and built environments from different ages, along with bridges, roads,
power lines and industrial and harbour areas.

Global warming is a gradual increase in the earth's temperature

generally due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of
carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.
Migration refers to the reducing of emission of and stabilizing the levels
of heat trapping greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere

Physical environment as the geographic area and factors around us

that influence what foods are available to people and how food is
obtained.

Political change occurs when rulers or the type of

governance changes.

Political environment is the state, government and its institutions and

legislations and the public and private stakeholders who operate and
interact with or influence the system.

Social change is way human interactions and relationships transform

cultural and social institutions over time, having a profound impact
of society.

Social environment refers to the immediate physical and social setting

in which people live or in which something happens or develops.

Transnational migration a process of movement and settlement

across international borders in which individuals maintain or build
multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the
same time settling in a new country.
 Let‟s Reflect!
After going through the definition of terms while studying the lessons, share
your learning by completing the sentences below.

I have learned that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I have realized that

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

I can apply what I have learned in

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
SHS-Core_Understanding-Culture-Society-and-Politics-CG.pdf.
2016. K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum – Under
standing Culture, Society and Politics. [online] Available at:
<http://deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/SHS-

Core_Understanding-Culture-Society-and-Politics-CG.pdf>
[Accessed 7 April 2021].

Lewis, E., 2021. Franz Boas, Father of American Anthropology.

[online] ThoughtCo. Available at:
<https://www.thoughtco.com/franz-boas-4582034> [Accessed 15
April 2021].

CourseHero. 2016. MODULE-10-UCSP (1) - Understanding Cul

ture Society and Politics. [online] Available at: <https://
www.coursehero.com/file/69510606/MODULE-10-UCSP-
1pdf/> [Accessed 7 April 2021].

Ramos, M., Bennet, M. and Hewston, M., 2019. Humans adapt

to social diversity over time. [online] Pinas. Available at:
<https://www.pnas.org/content/116/25/12244> [Accessed
13 April 2021].

Module ko, Module mo, Module niya, Module nating Lahat.

2019. UCSP - 2 Human Biocultural and Social Evolution.
[online] Available at:
https://sirdenzmodules.blogspot.com/2019/07/ucsp-2.html
[Accessed 14 April 2021].