Dy - DX - F (X, Y) - in Each Case The Relation G (X, Y) - 0: Chapter 1 Introduction To Differential Equations

In Problems 45 and 46 the given figure represents the graph
of an implicit solution G(x, y) _ 0 of a differential equation

dy_dx _ f (x, y). In each case the relation G(x, y) _ 0
implicitly defines several solutions of the DE. Carefully
reproduce each figure on a piece of paper. Use different
colored pencils to mark off segments, or pieces, on each
graph that correspond to graphs of solutions. Keep in mind
that a solution _ must be a function and differentiable. Use
the solution curve to estimate an interval I of definition of
each solution _.
45.
12 ● CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
51. Discuss, and illustrate with examples, how to solve
differential equations of the forms dy_dx _ f (x) and
d2y_dx2 _ f (x).
52. The differential equation x(y_)2 _ 4y_ _ 12x3 _ 0 has
the form given in (4). Determine whether the equation
can be put into the normal form dy_dx _ f (x, y).
53. The normal form (5) of an nth-order differential equation
is equivalent to (4) whenever both forms have
exactly the same solutions. Make up a first-order differential
equation for which F(x, y, y_) _ 0 is not equivalent
to the normal form dy_dx _ f (x, y).
54. Find a linear second-order differential equation
F(x, y, y_, y_) _ 0 for which y _ c1x _ c2x2 is a twoparameter
family of solutions. Make sure that your equation
is free of the arbitrary parameters c1 and c2.
Qualitative information about a solution y _ _(x) of a
differential equation can often be obtained from the
equation itself. Before working Problems 55– 58, recall
the geometric significance of the derivatives dy_dx
and d2y_dx2.
55. Consider the differential equation .
(a) Explain why a solution of the DE must be an
increasing function on any interval of the x-axis.
(b) What are What does
this suggest about a solution curve as
(c) Determine an interval over which a solution curve is
concave down and an interval over which the curve
is concave up.
(d) Sketch the graph of a solution y _ _(x) of the differential
equation whose shape is suggested by
parts (a) – (c).
56. Consider the differential equation dy_dx _ 5 _ y.
(a) Either by inspection or by the method suggested in
Problems 33– 36, find a constant solution of the DE.
(b) Using only the differential equation, find intervals on
the y-axis on which a nonconstant solution y _ _(x)
is increasing. Find intervals on the y-axis on which
y _ _(x) is decreasing.
57. Consider the differential equation dy_dx _ y(a _ by),
where a and b are positive constants.
(a) Either by inspection or by the method suggested
in Problems 33– 36, find two constant solutions of
the DE.
(b) Using only the differential equation, find intervals on
the y-axis on which a nonconstant solution y _ _(x)
is increasing. Find intervals on which y _ _(x) is
decreasing.
(c) Using only the differential equation, explain why
y _ a_2b is the y-coordinate of a point of inflectio
of the graph of a nonconstant solution y _ _(x).
x : _?
lim
x : __
dy> dx and lim
x:_
dy> dx?
dy>dx _ e_x 2
FIGURE 1.1.6 Graph for Problem 45

FIGURE 1.1.7 Graph for Problem 46
y
x
1
1
1x
1
46. y
47. The graphs of members of the one-parameter family
x3 _ y3 _ 3cxy are called folia of Descartes. Verify
that this family is an implicit solution of the first-orde
differential equation
48. The graph in Figure 1.1.7 is the member of the family of
folia in Problem 47 corresponding to c _ 1. Discuss:
How can the DE in Problem 47 help in finding points
on the graph of x3 _ y3 _ 3xy where the tangent line
is vertical? How does knowing where a tangent line is
vertical help in determining an interval I of definitio
of a solution _ of the DE? Carry out your ideas,
and compare with your estimates of the intervals in
Problem 46.
49. In Example 5 the largest interval I over which the
explicit solutions y _ _1(x) and y _ _2(x) are define
is the open interval (_5, 5). Why can’t the interval I of
definition be the closed interval _5, 5]?
50. In Problem 21 a one-parameter family of solutions of
the DE P_ _ P(1 _ P) is given. Does any solution
curve pass through the point (0, 3)? Through the
point (0, 1)?
dy
dx _
y(y3 _ 2x3)
x(2y3 _ x3)
.
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In Problems 45 and 46 the given figure represents the graph

of an implicit solution G(x, y) _ 0 of a differential equation

FIGURE 1.1.6 Graph for Problem 45

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