TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
2 SYSTEM DESIGN ......................................................................................................................... 2
3 HARDWARE .................................................................................................................................. 4
3.1 POWER SUPPLY ........................................................................................................................ 4
3.1.1 TRANSFORMER ..................................................................................................................... 4
3.1.2 RECTIFIER.............................................................................................................................. 5
3.1.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR ........................................................................................................ 8
3.2 IR PROXIMITY SENSOR......................................................................................................... 10
3.3 RTC (Real Time Clock) ............................................................................................................. 11
3.4 LDR ............................................................................................................................................ 13
3.5 PIC MICRO CONTROLLER .................................................................................................... 15
4 SOFTWARE .................................................................................................................................. 22
4.1 mikroC PRO for PIC .................................................................................................................. 22
4.2 PICkit 2 v2.61............................................................................................................................. 23
5 WORKING OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................. 26
6 TERMINOLOGY......................................................................................................................... 28
6.1 TERMS RELATING TO LIGHTING INSTALLATION ......................................................... 28
6.2 PHOTOMETRIC TERMS ......................................................................................................... 28
6.3 ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENTS OF ROADS .................................................................. 29
7 ADVANTAGES ............................................................................................................................ 30
8 APPLICATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 31
9 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK....................................................... 32
REFERENCES

APPENDICES
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Lighting systems are an important facility of cities, increasing the safety of road traffic
participants on the one hand, and pedestrian’s sense of security on the other. A constant lighting
is the best solution in busy areas; however, it is definitely not in rural residential areas. In the
former case, a lot of people are walking around all night long, moving from their workplace or
a shopping tour to restaurants, cinemas. In the latter case, however, only a low number of
residents and passersby using the streets during the night, coming from their work and moving
to their homes (or the other way round). In such a scenario, the temporal need for lighted streets
are, in relation to a continuous illumination of streets, often incredibly small. As energy
consumption (or CO2 emission) is an issue of increasing interest, possible energy savings in
public street lighting systems are recently discussed from different viewpoints. With the
proposal of Smart Street Lighting System, the research focus followed in this work is twofold:
First, it recommends the application of improvements in light technology (e.g. the usage of
light-emitting diode (LED)’s instead of common light bulbs), and second, it introduces an
efficient, user-centered street lamp switching system. The potential for saving energy is quite
large, but relatively easy to exploit. Simply replacing common bulbs with energy saving LED
lamps can reduce energy consumption by up to 80 percent. A timely switching of street lights
according to pedestrians personal requests can add further energy savings.

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CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM DESIGN

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER

Fig 2.1 Block Diagram of transmitter

The system consists 5 IR sensors (4 sensors for the detection of vehicles and pedestrians
& 1 sensor for counting the frequency of the vehicles & pedestrians), RTC (Real Time Clock),
3 Led lamps and Zigbee transmitter interfaced with the microcontroller. The 1st IR sensor will
be at a certain distance from the first street light. The 2nd IR sensor is placed in between the 1st
and 2nd street lights. The 3rd IR sensor is placed between the 2nd and 3rd street lights and finally
the 4th IR sensor is placed at a certain distance away from 3rd street light.

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The microcontroller used here is PIC16F877A. There is one more IR sensor used to
count the frequency of vehicles/pedestrians. There is an LDR under each street light for the
purpose of fault detection. Through Zigbee the values of frequency count of the
vehicles/pedestrians & operating condition of street lights are transmitted.

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER

Fig 2.2 Block diagram of receiver

At the receiving end, the values sent from Zigbee transmitter is received by the Zigbee
receiver and finally displayed in the PC through GUI.

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CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE
3.1 POWER SUPPLY

All digital circuits require regulated power supply. The block diagram of the regulated
power supply is shown below.

Fig 3.1 Block diagram of power supply

Each blocks of the power supply are explained below.

3.1.1 TRANSFORMER

Fig 3.2 Circuit symbols of a transformer

A transformer consists of two coils also called as windings, namely primary &
secondary. They are linked together through inductively coupled electrical conductors also
called as core. A changing current in the primary causes a change in the magnetic field in the

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core & this in turn induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. If load is applied to the
secondary then an alternating current will flow through the load. Under ideal condition, all the
energy from the primary circuit will be transferred to the secondary circuit through the
magnetic field.

P Primary = P Secondary (3.1)

So

IpVp = IsVs (3.2)

The secondary voltage of the transformer depends on the number of turns in the primary as
well as the secondary.

Vs/Vp = Ns/Np (3.3)

3.1.2 RECTIFIER

A rectifier is a device that converts an AC signal into DC signal. For rectification

purpose we use a diode, a diode is a device that allows current to pass only in one direction i.e.
when the anode of the diode is positive with respect to the cathode also called as forward biased
condition & blocks current in the reversed biased condition.
Rectifier can be classified as follows:
1) Half Wave rectifier.

Fig 3.3 Half wave rectifier circuit

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When an AC signal is applied to it during the positive half cycle the diode is forward
biased & current flows through it. But during the negative half cycle diode is reverse biased &
no current flows through it. Since only one half of the input reaches the output, it is very
inefficient to be used in power supplies.

2) Full wave rectifier.

Fig 3.4 Full wave rectifier circuit

Half wave rectifier is quite simple but it is very inefficient, for greater efficiency both
the half cycles of the AC signal are to be used. This can be achieved by using a center tapped
transformer i.e. the size of the secondary winding has to be doubled & connection should be
provided to the center. So during the positive half cycle diode D1 conducts & D2 is in reverse
biased condition. During the negative half cycle diode D2 conducts & D1 is reverse biased.
Thus both the half cycles is obtained across the load.
One of the disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier design is the necessity of using a center
tapped transformer, thus increasing the size & cost of the circuit. This can be avoided by using
the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.

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3) Bridge rectifier

Fig 3.5 Bridge rectifier circuit

As the name suggests it converts the full wave i.e. both the positive & the negative half
cycle into DC thus it is much more efficient than Half Wave Rectifier & that too without using
a center tapped transformer thus much more cost effective than Full Wave Rectifier. Full
Bridge Wave Rectifier consists of four diodes namely D1, D2, D3 and D4. During the positive
half cycle diodes D1 & D4 conduct whereas in the negative half cycle diodes D2 & D3 conduct
thus the diodes keep switching the transformer connections so as to get positive half cycles in
the output.

Fig 3.6 Bridge rectifier circuit with a centre tapped transformer

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If a center tapped transformer is used for a bridge rectifier, both the positive & negative
half cycles are obtained which can thus be used for generating fixed positive & fixed negative
voltages.

3.1.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A Voltage regulator is a device which converts varying input voltage into a constant
regulated output voltage. Voltage regulator can be of two types
1) Linear Voltage Regulator - Also called as Resistive Voltage regulator because they
dissipate the excessive voltage resistively as heat.
2) Switching Regulators.
They regulate the output voltage by switching the Current ON/OFF very rapidly. Since
their output is either ON or OFF it dissipates very low power thus achieving higher efficiency
as compared to linear voltage regulators. But they are more complex & generate high noise
due to their switching action. For low level of output power switching regulators tend to be
costly but for higher output wattage they are much cheaper than linear regulators.
The most commonly available Linear Positive Voltage Regulators are the 78XX series where
the XX indicates the output voltage. And 79XX series is for Negative Voltage Regulators.

Fig 3.7 Voltage regulator

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After filtering the rectifier output the signal is given to a voltage regulator. The
maximum input voltage that can be applied at the input is 35V. Normally there is a 2-3 Volts
drop across the regulator so the input voltage should be at least 2-3 Volts higher than the output
voltage. If the input voltage gets below the Vmin of the regulator due to the ripple voltage or
due to any other reason the voltage regulator will not be able to produce the correct regulated
voltage.

3.1.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 3.8 Circuit Diagram of power supply

Circuit diagram of a regulated power supply is shown above. The 230V AC from the
main supply is fed to the primary of the transformer, 12V AC is obtained as an output. Then
the output of transformer is fed to bridge rectifier where the ac signal is converted in to 12V
DC. The capacitor C1 present at the output of the rectifier reduces the ripple present in the dc
signal. Then this signal is fed to IC 7805 (regulator) where 12V DC signal is converted to 5V
DC. The capacitor C2 present at the output of IC 7805 maintains the output level constant at
5V DC.

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3.2 IR PROXIMITY SENSOR

A proximity sensor is a device which detects objects when they get within a certain
distance from the sensor. The proximity sensor will then usually send a signal to an electronic
circuit to perform a simple action, such as opening a door, turning on a light or sounding an
alarm. Many proximity circuits detect anything that comes too close. Others are designed to
pick up on a particular type of object and ignore everything else. Proximity switches are
devices which detect when an object is nearby. When an object gets within a certain distance,
they will turn on a circuit to perform some basic function, such as opening a door or turning
on a light or an alarm.

3.2.1 Working Principle

A typical system for detecting infrared radiation using infrared sensors includes the
infrared source such as blackbody radiators, tungsten lamps, and silicon carbide. In case of
active IR sensors, the sources are infrared lasers and LED’s of specific IR wavelengths. Next
is the transmission medium used for infrared transmission, which includes vacuum, the
atmosphere, and optical fibers.

Thirdly, optical components such as optical lenses made from quartz, CaF2, Ge and Si,
polyethylene Fresnel lenses, and Al or Au mirrors, are used to converge or focus infrared
radiation. Likewise, to limit spectral response, band-pass filters are ideal.

Finally, the infrared detector completes the system for detecting infrared radiation. The
output from the detector is usually very small, and hence pre-amplifiers coupled with circuitry
are added to further process the received signals.

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Fig 3.9 Basic idea of an IR proximity sensor

Fig 3.10 IR proximity sensor

3.3 RTC (Real Time Clock)

3.3.1 FEATURES

 Real time clock counts seconds, minutes, hours, date of the month, month, day of the
week, and year with leap year compensation valid up to 2100.
 56 byte nonvolatile RAM for data storage.
 2-wire serial interface.

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 Programmable square wave output signal.

 Automatic power-fail detect and switch circuitry.
 Consumes less than 500nA in battery backup mode with oscillator running.
 Optional industrial temperature range -40°C to +85°C.
 Available in 8-pin DIP or SOIC.

3.3.2 PIN ASSIGNMENT

Fig 3.11 Pin diagram of RTC

3.3.3 PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC - Primary Power Supply

X1, X2 - 32.768 kHz Crystal Connection

VBAT - +3V Battery Input

GND - Ground

SDA - Serial Data

SCL - Serial Clock

SQW/OUT - Square wave/Output Driver

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3.3.4 DESCRIPTION

The DS1307 Serial Real Time Clock is a low power, full BCD clock/calendar plus 56
bytes of nonvolatile SRAM. Address and data are transferred serially via a 2-wire bi-
directional bus. The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and
year information. The end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months with less
than 31 days, including corrections for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or
12-hour format with AM/PM indicator.

3.3.5 OPERATION

The DS1307 operates as a slave device on the serial bus. Access is obtained by
implementing a START condition and providing a device identification code followed by a
register address. Subsequent registers can be accessed sequentially until a STOP condition is
executed. When VCC falls below 1.25 x VBAT the device terminates an access in progress
and resets the device address counter. When VCC falls below VBAT the device switches into
a low current battery backup mode. Upon power up, the device switches from battery to VCC
when VCC is greater than VBAT +0.2V and recognizes inputs when VCC is greater than 1.25
x VBAT.

3.4 LDR
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) also known as photoconductor or photocell, is a
device which has a resistance which varies according to the amount of light falling on its
surface. Since LDR is extremely sensitive in visible light range, it is well suited for
the proposed application.

Fig 3.12 LDR

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3.4.1 FEATURES OF THE LIGHT SENSOR:

The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is made using the semiconductor Cadmium
Sulphide (CdS).The light falling on the brown zigzag lines on the sensor causes the
resistance of the device to fall. This is known as a negative co-efficient. There are some
LDR’s that work in the opposite way i.e. their resistance increases with light (called positive
co- efficient). The resistance of the LDR decreases as the intensity of the light falling
on it increases. Incident photons drive electrons from the valence band into the conduction
band.

Fig. 3.13 Structure of a Light Dependent Resistor

3.4.2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

An LDR and a normal resistor are wired in series across a voltage, as shown
in the circuit below. Depending on which is tied to the 5V and which to 0V, the voltage
at the point between them, call it the sensor node, will either rise or fall with increasing
light. If the LDR is the component tied directly to the 5V, the sensor node will
increase in voltage with increasing light The LDR's resistance can reach 10k ohms in dark
conditions and about 100 ohms in full brightness. The circuit used for sensing light in
our system uses a 10kΩ fixed resistor which is tied to +5V. Hence the voltage value in
this case decreases with increase in light intensity.

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3.5 PIC MICRO CONTROLLER

High-Performance RISC CPU:

• Only 35 single-word instructions to learn.

• All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle.

• Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input DC – 200 ns instruction cycle.

• Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory

(RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory.

• Pinout compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX

microcontroller.

Peripheral Features:

• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep via external
crystal/clock

• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler

• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

- Capture is 16-bit, max resolution is 12.5 ns

- Compare is 16-bit, max resolution is 200 ns

- PWM max resolution is 10-bit

• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode) and I2C™ (Master/Slave)

• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit

address detection

• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin
only)

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• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

Analog Features:

• 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)

• Brown-out Reset (BOR)

• Analog Comparator module with:

- Two analog comparators

- Programmable on-chip voltage reference

(VREF) module

- Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage reference

- Comparator outputs are externally accessible.

Special Microcontroller Features:

• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical

• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical

• Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years

• Self-reprogrammable under software control

• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins

• Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming

• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation

• Programmable code protection

• Power saving Sleep mode

• Selectable oscillator options

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3.5.1 PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig 3.14 Pin diagram of PIC16F877A microcontroller

3.6 ZIGBEE
ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols used to
create personal area networks built from small, low-power digital radios. ZigBee is based on
an IEEE 802.15 standard. Though low-powered, ZigBee devices can transmit data over long
distances by passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones, creating a
mesh network; i.e., a network with no centralized control or high-power transmitter/receiver

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able to reach all of the networked devices. The decentralized nature of such wireless ad hoc
networks make them suitable for applications where a central node cannot be relied upon.

Fig 3.15 ZigBee

ZigBee is used in applications that require only a low data rate, long battery life, and
secure networking. ZigBee has a defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for periodic or
intermittent data or a single signal transmission from a sensor or input device. Applications
include wireless light switches, electrical meters with in-home-displays, traffic management
systems, and other consumer and industrial equipment that requires short-range wireless
transfer of data at relatively low rates. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is
intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.

ZigBee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys. In home
automation applications, transmission distances range from 10 to 100 meters line-of-sight,
depending on power output and environmental characteristics.

ZigBee was conceived in 1998, standardized in 2003, and revised in 2006. The name
refers to the waggle dance of honey bees after their return to the beehive.

ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard. The low cost allows
the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications. Low
power usage allows longer life with smaller batteries. Mesh networking provides high

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reliability and more extensive range. ZigBee chip vendors typically sell integrated radios and
microcontrollers with between 60 KB and 256 KB flash memory.

ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands: 868 MHz
in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide.
Data transmission rates vary from 20 kilobits/second in the 868 MHz frequency band to 250
kilobits/second in the 2.4 GHz frequency band.

The ZigBee network layer natively supports both star and tree typical networks, and
generic mesh networks. Every network must have one coordinator device, tasked with its
creation, the control of its parameters and basic maintenance. Within star networks, the
coordinator must be the central node. Both trees and meshes allow the use of ZigBee routers
to extend communication at the network level.

ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and media access control defined in IEEE
standard 802.15.4 (2003 version) for low-rate WPANs. The specification goes on to complete
the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, ZigBee device
objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer-defined application objects which allow for customization
and favor total integration.

Besides adding two high-level network layers to the underlying structure, the most
significant improvement is the introduction of ZDOs. These are responsible for a number of
tasks, which include keeping of device roles, management of requests to join a network, device
discovery and security.

ZigBee is not intended to support powerline networking but to interface with it at least
for smart metering and smart appliance purposes. Because ZigBee nodes can go from sleep to
active mode in 30 ms or less, the latency can be low and devices can be responsive, particularly
compared to Bluetooth wake-up delays, which are typically around three seconds. Because
ZigBee nodes can sleep most of the time, average power consumption can be low, resulting in
long battery life.

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3.7 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LED’s are used as

indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Early LED’s
emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet,
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

Fig 3.16 LED

When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to

recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This
effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of
the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LED’s are often small in
area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation
pattern. LED’s present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower
energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
LED’s powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise
current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting,

automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LED’s have allowed new
text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also
useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LED’s are also used in the remote
control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other
domestic appliances. Light emitting diodes, commonly called LED’s, are real unsung heroes
in the electronics world. They do dozens of different jobs and are found in all kinds of devices.

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Among other things, they form numbers on digital clocks, transmit information from remote
controls, light up watches and tell you when your appliances are turned on. Collected together,
they can form images on a jumbo television screen or illuminate a traffic light.

Basically, LED’s are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit. But
unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don't have a filament that will burn out, and they don't
get especially hot. They are illuminated solely by the movement of electrons in a
semiconductor material, and they last just as long as a standard transistor. The lifespan of an
LED surpasses the short life of an incandescent bulb by thousands of hours. Tiny LED’s are
already replacing the tubes that light up LCD HDTVs to make dramatically thinner televisions.

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SOFTWARE

CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE
4.1 mikroC PRO for PIC
PIC and C fit together well. PIC is the most popular 8-bit chip in the world, used in a
wide variety of applications, and C, prized for its efficiency, is the natural choice for
developing embedded systems. mikroC PRO for PIC provides a successful match featuring
highly advanced IDE, ANSI compliant compiler, broad set of hard-ware libraries,
comprehensive documentation, and plenty of ready-to-run examples.

4.1.1 FEATURES
mikroC PRO for PIC allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications:
 Write C source code using the built-in Code Editor (Code and Parameter Assistants,
Code Folding, Syntax Highlighting, Auto Correct, Code Templates, and more.)
 Use included mikroC PRO for PIC libraries to dramatically speed up the development:
data acquisition, memory, displays, conversions, communication etc.
 Monitor the program structure, variables, and functions in the Code Explorer.
 Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard HEX compatible with
all programmers.
 Use the integrated mikroICD (In-Circuit Debugger) Real-Time debugging tool to
monitor program execution on the hardware level.
 Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated Software
 Simulator.
 Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM and ROM map, code statistics, assembly listing,
calling tree, and more.
 mikroC PRO for PIC provides plenty of examples to expand, develop, and use as
building bricks in the projects.

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4.1 mikroC PRO for PIC working window

4.2 PICkit 2 v2.61

PICkit 2 Debug Express allows in-circuit debugging on selected PICmicro
microcontroller units (MCUs). In-circuit debugging allows the designer to run, examine, and
modify the program while the PICmicro MCU is embedded in the hardware, thereby assisting
the designer in debugging the firmware and hardware together. Debug Express interacts with
MPLAB IDE software. Programs can be run, stopped, and single-stepped. One breakpoint can
be set and the processor can be reset. Register contents can be examined and modified when
the processor is stopped. Debug Express requires MPLAB IDE version 7.40 or later.

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4.2.1 FEATURES
 PICkit 2 Development Programmer/Debugger
 44-pin demo board with PIC16F887 Midrange PIC microcontroller
 The PIC16F887 may be debugged directly without any additional hardware.
 A series of 12 Lessons on assembly programming that cover I/O, A/D converters,
timers, interrupts, and data tables (All source code files are provided)
 Easy to use Windows® programming interface for programming Microchip’s Flash
family of microcontrollers
 UART Tool software for direct serial communications with a microcontroller RX/TX
pins through the PICkit 2.
 Logic Tool software for simple logic signal stimulus and monitoring, with a 3-
channel logic analyzer.
 Code Examples in assembly and C

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4.2 PICkit working window

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CHAPTER 5

WORKING OF THE PROJECT

The project is mainly based on solving the real time problem faced with the operation
of street lights. So there has been a need to automatically control things from a distance
depending on a certain timing logic. For this Real Time Clock (RTC) is used so that at certain
time the street light gets automatically switched on i.e the street light will be OFF from 6:00
AM to 6:00 PM, then the street lights are triggered on by the RTC until 10:00 PM. After 10:00
PM the intensity of the street light is varied according to the detection mechanism. For the
detection of vehicles or humans IR Sensor is used. Street light used is LED Matrix.

Intensity Variation:

Initially the lights at 6:00 pm is at the maximum, but after 10:00 it should be in the
minimum level. Only when IR Sensor1 is cut the Street light1 intensity goes to the maximum
level but the remaining lights should be in the minimum level. Now when the same person cuts
IR sensor2, Street light1 and Street light2 goes high. When he cuts IR sensor3 Street light2 and
Street light3 goes high. Finally when he cuts IR sensor4 Street light3 goes high.

The IR Sensor is also used to have a count of vehicles that passes through that road and
displayed in the GUI via Zigbee.

On the receiving end information received by the Zigbee is displayed using the GUI. The
parameters displayed are

 Log of the lights (Time of Lights switched on and Off)

 Status of the Streetlights (Fault Detection)

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5.1 FLOW DIAGRAM

POWER ON

10 PM TO 6 AM

IR MODULE RTC
TO PC INTERFACE

6 PM T0 10 PM

NO
IS
XBEE
SENSOR
ON? MODULE
PIC16F877A

YES

STREET LIGHT MODULE

LDR

5.1 Flow Diagram of the project

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CHAPTER 6

TERMINOLOGY
6.1 TERMS RELATING TO LIGHTING INSTALLATION
Lighting installation: The whole of the equipment provided for lighting the highway
comprising the lamps, luminaries and other auxiliaries.
Lighting system: An array of luminaries having characteristic light distribution, sited in a
manner concordant with this distribution.
Luminaire: Housing for one or more lamps, comprising a body and any reflector.
Outreach: The distance measured horizontally between the centre of wall face and the centre
of the luminaire.
Overhang: The distance measured horizontally between the centre of the luminaire mounted
on a bracket and the adjacent edge of the carriageway.
Mounting height: The vertical distance between the centre of the luminaire and the surface of
the carriageway.
Spacing: The distance measured along the centre line of the carriageway, between successive
luminaires in an installation.

6.2 PHOTOMETRIC TERMS

Luminous flux: Light given by a light source or received by a surface irrespective of the
directions in which it is determined. The unit of the luminous flux is the Lumen (lm).
Luminous intensity: The quantity which describes the light giving power of a luminaire in
any particular direction. The unit of luminous intensity is the Candela (cd).
Illumination: The luminous flux incident on a surface per unit area. The unit of illumination
is the Lumen per Square meter (lux).
Luminosity: The attribute of visual sensation according to which an area appears to emit more
or less light. It is sometimes called as brightness.
Luminance: The luminous intensity per unit projected area of a surface. The usual unit is the
candela per square meter (cd/sq.mt).
Light output: The luminous flux emitted by a luminaire.

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TERMINOLOGY

Light distribution: The distribution of luminous intensity from a luminaire in various

directions in space.
Intensity ratio: The ratio of an actual intensity from the luminaire to the mean hemispherical
intensity.
Polar curve: Curve of light distribution using polar co-ordinates.
Color rendering index: It is the measure of the degree of color shift objects undergo when
illuminated by the light source as compared with the color of those same objects when
illuminated by a reference source, of comparable color temperature.
Glare: It is the sensation produced by luminance within the visual field that are sufficiently
greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted, which causes annoyance, discomfort,
or loss in visual performance and visibility.

6.3 ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENTS OF ROADS

 Class A1 (Highways): 30 lux
 Class A2 (Main city roads): 15 lux
 Class B1 (Local main streets): 8 lux
 Class B2 (Secondary roads): 4 lux
 Class C (Residential roads): 4 lux

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ADVANTAGES

CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES
The street light monitoring system reduces the energy consumption and gives
considerable energy savings up to 40%. It is the most economical method due to the use of
LED street lights and efficient system design. The other main advantages by using LED street
lights are low power consumption, high reliability and the longer working hours. Maintenance
cost of the system is low. The operation of street lights is automatic, and hence there is no need
of switching on/off the lights every day.

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APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 8

APPLICATIONS

8.1 STREET LIGHTING

It is very successfully used all over Europe, and many parts of Asia for reducing the energy
consumption of street / motorway / public lighting.

8.2 UNDERGROUND FACILITIES LIGHTING

It can be effectively used for lighting optimization in underground facilities like hotel
service areas, car parking, which typically have long lighting durations.

8.3 FACADE LIGHTING

It can be deployed as an energy saver for façade lighting of hotels, new generation building
complexes and monuments.

8.4 PUBLIC AND TOWNSHIP LIGHTING

The full luminance of the HPSV lamps is ideally required between 1800 hours and 2200
hours.

8.5 GENERAL PLANT LIGHTING, STOCKYARD AND

SWITCHYARD LIGHTING
Illumination with HPSV and MH starts at 1800 hours in the evening.

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SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

The street light monitoring system was designed to reduce the power consumption in
the street lights which is the major issue during late night. The use of LED street lamps and the
use of efficient system design have satisfied this criteria. Also with the help of this street light
monitoring system the faults in the particular street light can be detected. This system can be
efficiently used in rural areas where there is very less or almost zero traffic during late night,
hence saving the considerable amount of power.

Street light monitoring system can be implemented in areas which will be of very less
traffic during late night. As this system is limited to less number of lights as for now, in future
it can be extended for larger number of lights. Since the overall cost of this system for a
particular area is economical, it can be easily implemented.

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REFERENCES

REFERENCES
[1] Chen, P.-Y., Liu, Y.-H., Yau, Y.-T. and Lee, H.-C. (2008), “Development of an energy
efficient street light driving system”, IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy
Technologies (ICSET 2008), Singapore, 24-27 November, pp. 761-4.

[2] “Street Lighting Engineering”study, Ing. Eberl Street Light Engineering GmbH

[3] Indian Standards- IS: 1944(parts 1 and 2)-1970

[4] Lighting India Magazine (feb edition 2012)

[5] www.philips.com

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