Practical Research institutional, or ideological understanding of the

world. (Badke, 2002)

Research - a careful, systematic, patient study and
investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to Types of Research
establish facts or principles Based on Application of Research Methods
o “Re” = a new, over again □ Pure Research – Deals with concepts,
principles, or abstract things. Scientist curiosity
o “Search” = To examine closely
or interest in a scientific question
□ Scientific Methods consist of systematic □ Applied Research – apply chosen research to
observation societal problems or issues, finding ways to
make positive changes in society rather than to
o It can expand knowledge and new acquire knowledge for knowledge sake.
discoveries
Based on Purpose of the Research
o Helps us look for ways to allocate scarce
resources □ Descriptive Research - aims at defining or
giving a verbal portrayal or picture of
o Develops critical thinking and analysis something.
skills (Kothari, 2002) □ Correlational research - indicates the existence
of a relationship, the causes and ways of the
Ethics of Research
development.
Žukauskas, Vveinhardt and Andriukaitienė (2017) □ Explanatory Research (Causal) - Elaborates or
emphasize that the researcher must possess: explains not just the reasons behind the
relationship of two factors, but also the ways by
□ Honesty – They do not fabricate, falsify, or
which such relationship exists.
misrepresent data; □ Ethnographic Research - It refers to the
□ Objectivity – They avoids or minimizes bias or
investigation of a culture through an in- depth
self-deception; study of the members of the culture
□ Morality – They possesses the code of conduct □ Experimental Research - It is an objective,
that would be accepted by anyone; systematic, controlled investigation, for the
□ Integrity – They keeps their promises and purpose of predicting and controlling
agreements phenomena and examining probability and
□ Carefulness – They avoids careless errors and causality among selected variables.
negligence □ Historical Research – It is one involving
□ Openness – They is open to criticism and new analysis of events that occurred in the remote or
ideas recent past.
□ Respect to intellectual property – They learns □ Phenomenological Research - Its aim is to
to acknowledge ideas and give credits to the describe an experience as it is actually lived by
rightful owner the person.
□ Confidentiality – They discloses sensitive and □ Action Research - Ongoing practice of a school,
personal information to protect the identity of organization, community, or institution for the
the person purpose of obtaining results that will bring
□ Legitimacy – s/he gives accurate results of the improvements in the system.
study
□ Anti-discrimination – s/he does not Based on types of data needed
discriminate someone else’s culture, tradition, □ Qualitative Research - requires non- numerical
language, race, etc. data, which means that the research uses words
Inquiry – “Seeking for truth, information or knowledge” rather than numbers to express the results
□ Quantitative Research - presents research
□ It elevates your thinking power. findings referring to the number or frequency of
□ Solving problem does not only involve yourself something in numerical forms.
but other members of the society. o Primary Data – obtained through direct
□ It has been said that experience is the best observation or contact with people,
teacher. objects, artifacts, paintings, etc.
□ Whatever knowledge you have about your world
bears the influence of your cultural, sociological,
 o Secondary Data – such data have o The rationale, timeliness and/or
already been written about or reported relevance of the study. The rationale,
on and are available for reading timeliness and/or relevance of the study
purposes. to existing conditions must be explained
or discussed.
o Who are to be benefited and how they
Chapter 1
are going to be benefited.
□ Introduction □ Definition of Terms
o TOPIC : define and elaborate o Terms should be defined operationally,
o IMPORTANCE: cite the benefits that is how they are used in the study.
o REASONS: what motivated you o Definitions should a\be brief, clear, and
o PURPOSE: discusses the objective unequivocal as possible.
□ Background of the Study □ Qualitative Variable
o consists of statements on what led the o Categorical Variable
investigator to launch the study. o Not Numerical
o it is an overview of factors which have o It describes data that fits into categories
led to the problem, comprise the o Have no natural order
problem and historical significance
relative to the problem
□ Quantitative Variables have a value and they
□ Statement of the Problem can be added, subtracted, divided or multiplied
o There should be a general statement of □ Theoretical Framework
the whole problem followed by the o Foundation of the research
specific questions or sub problems into o Theories that are established and proven
by authorities
o An organized body that explains what
has been done and what has been said on
the topic or problem being investigated.
o Name/s of authors of the theory
□ Organization of the Study
o How the study was organized

Review of Related Literature

□ Related Study and Concept
□ Supports your claims

which the general problem is broken up. Citations - A way of giving credit to individuals for
□ Scope and Delimitation their creative and intellectual works
o The scope and delimitations should
Citation Style – Dictates the information neccessary
include the following:
 A brief statement of the general □ APA (American Psychological Association) is
purpose of the study. used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences.
 The subject matter and topics □ MLA (Modern Language Association) style is
studied and discussed. used by the Humanities.
 The locale of the study, where □ Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by
the data were gathered or the Business, History, and the Fine Arts.
entity to which the data belong.
o Delimitation – limit the scope and
define the boundaries of your study
o Limitation of the study – include the
weakness of the study beyond the
control of the researcher
□ Significance of the Study
Material In-text Bibliography
Type Citation
A book (Sapolsky, Sapolsky, R. M.
2017) (2017). Behave: The biology
of humans at our best and
worst. Penguin Books.
Chapter (Dillard, Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents
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an edited  M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, &
book J. Bryant (Eds.), Media
effects: Advances in theory
(If the and research (4th ed., pp.
chapter 115–129). Routledge.
is from
an
authored
book, us
e the
book
citation)
An article (Weinstein, Weinstein, J. (2009). “The
in a print 2009) market in Plato’s
journal Republic.” Classical
Philology, 104(4), 439-458. 
An article  (Grady et Grady, J. S., Her, M.,
in an al., 2019) Moreno, G., Perez, C., &
electroni Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions
c journal in storybooks: A comparison
of storybooks that represent
ethnic and racial groups in
the United
States. Psychology of
Popular Media Culture, 8(3),
207–217. https://doi.org/10.1
037/ppm0000185
A (Bologna, Bologna, C. (2019, October
website 2019) 31). Why some people with
anxiety love watching horror
movies.
HuffPost. https://www.huffpos
t.com/entry/anxiety-love-
watching-horror-
movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5
a5d57b59e