ALL OOPs Concepts Using Java with 1 Tiny

Program - Explained!
PROGRAM: ENJOY COFFEE IN THE CAR!
Choose your luxury car and enjoy coffee or tea as per your choice while
driving.

CREATED BY

Rakesh Singh
A software professional with decades of experience. Author of 2 powerful
books for your career growth published on Amazon Worldwide.

1. OOP Concepts Booster

2. IT jobs Made Easy For Freshers

WEBSITE: https://www.interviewsansar.com/
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

I’ll demonstrate and explain all OOP features using this simple
application. I’ll not focus on designing the application but the simple
way, so you can understand clearly.

First, you need to have a look at the complete program, and then come back
while reading the concepts given after it, if required.

Table of Contents
COMPLETE PROGRAM IN JAVA................................................................................2
CLASS AND OBJECT..............................................................................................7
CLASS CONSTRUCTOR..........................................................................................8
POLYMORPHISM.................................................................................................9
METHOD OVERLOADING.....................................................................................9
METHOD OVERRIDING.......................................................................................10
INHERITANCE.....................................................................................................10
INTERFACE.........................................................................................................11
ABSTRACT CLASS...............................................................................................11
ABSTRACTION & ENCAPSULATION....................................................................11
COMPOSITION AND AGGREGATION..................................................................12
GENERALIZATION AND SPECIALIZATION............................................................12
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

COMPLETE PROGRAM IN JAVA

import java.util.Scanner;

//Driver class with driver's name and Drive

//functionality
class Driver {
String name;
int license;
int mobile;

public Driver() {
this.name = "Car Owner";
this.license = 11111;
this.mobile = 11111;
}

public void drive() {

System.out.println("Drive started..." + "Have a
nice drive!");
}

public void profile(String name) {

this.name = name;
}

public void profile(String name, int license) {

this.name = name;
this.license = license;
}

public void profile(String name, int license, int

mobile) {
this.name = name;
this.license = license;
this.mobile = mobile;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}
}
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

// Car class aggregated with driver and

// composed with in built feature beverages
// Tea and Coffee.
class Car {
Driver driver;
Beverages b;
String carChoice;

Car() {
this.carChoice = "SUV";
}

Car(String carChoice) {
this.carChoice = carChoice;
}

void GetInTheCar(Driver driver)

{ System.out.println("Hey " +
driver.getName()
+ " Enjoy driving with your " +
this.carChoice + " Car");
driver.drive();
}

void EnjobyBeverages() {
System.out
.println("Want Beverage?" + " Enter 1
for Tea/ 2 for Coffee!");
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
int choice = s.nextInt();
if (choice == 1) {
b = new Tea();
}
if (choice == 2) {
b = new Coffee();
}

b.getBeverage();
}
}
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

// Beverages abstract class and

// 2 subclasses Tea and Coffee.
abstract class Beverages {

private void addHotWater()

{ System.out.println("Adding hot
water");
}

private void addMilk()

{ System.out.println("Adding hot
milk");
}

private void addSugar()

{ System.out.println("Adding
Sugar");
}

public void getMixture() {

System.out.println("Your Beverage is " + "getting
ready...");
addHotWater();
addMilk();
addSugar();
}

public abstract void getBeverage();

public abstract void addIngredients();

}
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

// Interface to enforce subclasses to implement

// cleaning tea and coffee pot.
interface Clean {
void cleanPot();
}

class Tea extends Beverages implements Clean {

@Override
public void addIngredients()
{ System.out.println("Tea Bag
added");
}

@Override
public void getBeverage() {
cleanPot();
getMixture();
addIngredients();
System.out.println("Tea's Ready! Enjoy");
}

@Override
public void cleanPot()
{ System.out.println("Cleaning tea
pot...");
}
}

class Coffee extends Beverages implements Clean {

@Override
public void addIngredients()
{ System.out.println("Coffee Bag
added");
}

@Override
public void getBeverage() {
cleanPot();
getMixture();
addIngredients();
System.out.println("Coffee's Ready! Enjoy");
}

@Override
public void cleanPot()
{ System.out.println("Cleaning Coffee
pot...");

}
}
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

// SAMPLE CLIENT PROGRAM

public class Sample {

public static void main(String[] args)

{ System.out.println("Welcome for a nice
Drive!"); Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
Driver peter = new Driver();
peter.profile("peter");
Car c;

System.out.println("Want to Choose Car? "

+ "Press 0 for NO / 1 for YES");
int carType = s.nextInt();
if (carType == 1) {
System.out.println("Enter Car name");
String carName = s.next();
c = new Car(carName);
} else {
c = new Car();
}

c.GetInTheCar(peter);
c.EnjobyBeverages();
}

OUTPUT:
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

CLASS AND OBJECT

A class is a blueprint or template from which you create multiple similar
objects. For example, Peter, Jhon, and Linda, etc.

Form code:

Suppose we got a requirement to have a driver profile such as name, license

and mobile number, and a functionality drive. Then you can create a template
as a Driver class as shown in the program.

If you don’t have a template, then an object can try to put his/her age, gender,
etc besides the name, license, and mobile, etc. Right?

Objects:

You can see multiple objects created in the code, e.g. for Driver, Tea and
Coffee class, etc using the new keyword.

When you create an object using new, it gets created on heap memory. For
example,
new Car();
c = new Car(carName);
Driver peter = new Driver();

NOTE:
1) “new Driver();” statement creates an object on the heap and assigns its
reference to the variable peter which is on stack memory.

2) Note that a matching (empty or with parameter) constructor is always called

when you create an object of a class.

3) If you don’t have a constructor in a class, the default one will be provided
by the compiler. If you write a constructor even with a parameter only, the
compiler will not provide any constructor. So, you’ve to write one with an
empty parameter.
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

CLASS CONSTRUCTOR
Constructors have been used in the class Car and Driver to initialize objects.
In other words, their class fields.

Here are the constructors for the classes Driver and Car and why they’re
used:

The Driver class constructor is used to initialize with default values. So, if
you don’t supply value from outside of the class, the default one will be used.
Since, I wanted to give an option to set name, license, and mobile for the
driver profile, I used a constructor to initialize the fields.

For example, if you only supply your name in the profile, your name will
be used in the program. If you don’t then the default one will be used.

public Driver() {
this.name = "Car Owner";
this.license = 11111;
this.mobile = 11111;
}

The Car class contains 2 constructors: 1) with empty parameter, 2) with one
String type parameter.

NOTE: Having multiple constructors with different data types or different

parameters is known as constructor overloading (compile-time)
polymorphism.

From code: the Car class’s overloaded constructors are:

Car() {
this.carChoice = "SUV";
}

Car(String carChoice) {
this.carChoice = carChoice;
}

The matching constructors will be AUTOMATICALLY called, when the

statements c = new Car(); and c = new Car(carName); executes in the Sample
class.

Why used overloaded constructors in the Car class?

 https://www.interviewsansar.com

Because a driver has an option to choose a car. If he does not choose a Car and
say NO, the default “SUV” car will be automatically selected.
System.out.println("Want to Choose Car? "
+ "Press 0 for NO / 1 for YES");
int carType = s.nextInt();
if (carType == 1) {
System.out.println("Enter Car name");
String carName = s.next();
c = new Car(carName);
} else {
c = new Car();
}

POLYMORPHISM
“Simply, single functionality with the same name, with different
implementation”.

1. Constructor overloading – compile-time – already explained above.

2. Method overloading – compile-time
3. Method overriding – run-time

METHOD OVERLOADING
How you overloaded constructors, you can overload methods with the same
name as well.

In the Driver class, we’ve 3 overloaded profile methods, because wanted

to give options to users to use any of them. Users may want to set the only
name, or name and license, etc.

Why overloaded methods, if you can write different methods with a

different name?

Because, as an example, having 10 different method names for the same

functionality is difficult to remember, but with the same name with different
arguments is easier and readable.

From the below examples, you decide which one you’d love to use?
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

//overloaded methods
public void profile(String name)
public void profile(String name, int license)
public void profile(String name, int license, int mobile)

//Methods with different name

public void profileWithName(String name)
public void profileWithNameAndLicense(String name, int license)
public void profileWithNameAndLIcenseAndMobile(String name, int
license, int mobile)

NOTE: Method overloading is a compile-time polymorphism, similar to

constructor overloading.

METHOD OVERRIDING
You write a method with the same name in subclasses as present in the base
class. It can be from base classes: interface, abstract class, a normal.

Form code:

We’ve overridden and implemented the cleanPot() method of interface

Clean
into the subclasses Tea and Coffee.

We’ve overridden getBeverage(); and addIngredients(); methods of the

Beverages abstract class into the Tea and Coffee classes.

Same you can override the method from a normal base class and give it your
definition into the child class if you want to use functionalities from the base
class but don’t want to use some of them.

INHERITANCE
Re-use to functionalities of existing base class to save your time and efforts.
And more…avail the feature of inheritance to implement an interface or use
and implement the abstract class.

We’ve inherited and re-used the pre-built functionalities of the Beverages

class like addHotWater(), addMilk(), and addSugar(), etc.
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

INTERFACE
Simply, provide specifications (contracts) to child classes to implement
them.

The Clean interface is used to provide clean pot specifications to subclasses

Tea & Coffee to implement. In the program, it’s used to ENSURE that both
the classes Tea and Coffee implement that as a mandatory cleaning process
before preparing tea or coffee.

ABSTRACT CLASS
Abstract class acts as a base class and its primary purpose is to have common
functionalities of all subclasses at one place in the base class and defer
(postpone or force) some functionalities to subclasses to implement them.

In the given program, the Beverages abstract class has common

functionalities like add hot water, add milk and add sugar, so the subclasses
can inherit and use them. And the abstract class forces subclasses Tea and
Coffee to implement getBeverage() and addIngredients() functionalities.

ABSTRACTION & ENCAPSULATION

Abstraction means providing only essentials to the users, and Encapsulation
means hiding the complexities in whatever way you can hide.

Actually, abstraction is design-level concept where you decide what is

necessary information to provide to users, and encapsulation is
implementation level.

Form the code:

In the abstract class Beverages, we could have provided the functionalities

addHotWater(), addMilk(), and addSugar() to the users, Tea, and Coffee
subclasses.

But, I thought of abstraction, why give more responsibilities to users Tea and
Coffee classes to call 3 functions? Can’t we reduce their responsibilities by
providing only one getMixture() interface to them?

The abstraction says here: Only getMixture() method to users are enough.
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

So, I applied encapsulation at the implementation level design. Made all the 3
methods private and implemented one public method getMixture(). In this
public method, I wrapped all the 3 methods.

COMPOSITION AND AGGREGATION

These are the relationship among the objects. In composition, the main object
is destroyed, all the composed objects also MUST be destroyed whereas, in
Aggregation, the composed object must not be destroyed.

These are the concepts and totally up to you how you want to maintain
relationships between objects primarily to handle memory uses occupied
by the objects.

From the code:

In the program, the Car class composes the objects of Tea and Coffee. Give
special attention that the object of Tea and Coffee is created using the new
keyword inside the Car class in a method EnjobyBeverages(). So, when the
Car class object is destroyed, immediately the Tea and coffee class object
MUST also be destroyed.

In the Car class, the Driver is aggregated, its object is created using new
outside of the class in the Sample class. So, when the car is destroyed, the
Driver SHOULD NOT be destroyed.

GENERALIZATION AND SPECIALIZATION

Generalization means you move all the common functionalities of the child
classed to a base class to avoid duplicate code and make code cleaner and
readable.

All the child classes Tea and Coffee could have the methods add hot water,
add milk and sugar. But they are generalized and move to the abstract class
Beverages.

Specialization: The specialized functionalities are move to the child classes

to implement their own way. For example, the getBeverage() and
addIngredients() functionalities are given to the Tea and Coffee child classes
of the Beverages class to implement their own way.
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

Hope you Enjoyed Reading!

2 NEW BOOKS RECOMMENDATAION FOR YOUR

CAREER GROWTH
AVAILABLE @ AMAZON Worldwide & Flipkart

1- OOP Concepts Booster

You can make your OOPs Concepts rock solid with the book
OOP Concepts booster, so you can stand out from the crowd in
Job interviews or companies or college.

This book will teach you best utilization, purpose and uses of powerful
oop components with real time examples besides clarifying the oop
concepts doubts that you don’t find in tutorials book or internet.

Here's how it helps you Master:

This contains fine blended notes with important points on oops

topics, and 25 Q&A with practical Real-Time Examples to enhance
your coding skills up to industry-level code.
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

Here's the book content:

Quick Notes:
1. Class & Object, 2.Constructor, 3. Inheritance, 4. Polymorphism, 5.
Interface,6. Abstract Class & Abstract Method, 7. Abstraction &
Encapsulation, 8. Singleton Class.

OOP Questions:
Q-1) What are the memory view of the objects and the references of a class?
When is the memory allocated to them cleared and who clears this memory?
What is the lifespan of the objects and their references?

Q-2) What is the effect of a private constructor of a class and in what

scenarios can it be beneficial?

Q-3) Why are method overloading and method overriding called

compile- time and run-time polymorphism respectively? What can be
the code example scenarios to illustrate the compile-time and run-time
activities?

Q-4) What are the scenarios where a static method is mandatory?

Q-5) What can be the issue if you delete a base class method if a subclass
overrides it?

Q-6) Why use the interface reference for subclass objects while the subclass
reference works as well?

Q-7) How do polymorphism and inheritance provide extensibility?

Q-8) Why should anyone use constructor overloading? How does this help?

Q-9) How does inheritance help eliminate duplicate code?

Q-10) Why do you need to overload the method if methods with different
names do the task as well?

Q-11) What are the multiple ways to reuse the code in OOP?
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

Q-12) If we can’t create an object of an abstract class, then what is its

purpose? What can be the scenarios of uses?

Q-13) How does encapsulation provide security?

Q-14) Are both the concepts of encapsulation and abstraction really related to
hiding complexities? Can you Justify your answer?

Q-15) How should we update a new version of an interface, so the existing

client’s code does not break?

Q-16) Which one is a good choice if you have an option to choose between an
interface and an abstract class and why?

Q-17) What are the main aims of using an interface? Do we really use
interface variables? If so, for what?

Q-18) What are impacts if I don’t follow dictum – “Code to the interface, not
to the implementation”?

Q-19) How can an “interface” or an “abstract class”, be used to aid in

improving the degree of abstraction in the design of a class?

Q-20) Both the composition and aggregation follow the Has-A relationship,
then how are they different? Which one should you choose when?

Q-21) In what scenarios inheritance is indispensable? Is it true that

inheritance is used for code reuse only? If not, what are the other factors?

Q-22) Is really multi-level inheritance used? What can be an example of it in

real-time?

Q-23) How should an interface be designed so that no client is compelled to

depend on specifications that it does not use?

Q-24) How can inheritance break the client code, but composition cannot?
Illustrate the scenario example of this.

Q-25) What are the good guidelines to choose inheritance or composition?

 https://www.interviewsansar.com

2 - IT JOBS MADE EASY FOR FRESHERS: Experimented

Tips & Strategies to help you get IT jobs.

This book I wrote for freshers to share my working guidelines to get a

software job.

CSE Engg. students can read and prepare from their 3 rd year.

For long years, I experimented with my tips and strategies being with fresh
graduates, and all got job in 5 months. – ALL OF THEM…And that’s from
nearly ZERO preparation.

In these competitive world, it seems almost impossible to get a job as a

freshers, but its not… if you prepare and search for job in the right way.
Which is difficult to know at the fresher level.

Getting a job is easy if you know what recruiters, organizations, and job portals
are looking for. When you know…
 https://www.interviewsansar.com

 The simple activities, and writing your resume in such a way that engage
recruiters out of other hundreds of resumes, excite them, and makes them
call you for an interview. – writing objectives, address, project description,
photo, styling etc… simply DOESN’T work.
 What skills are enough and up to what level to get a job, so you can finish in
less time, and the tactics to handle the written test.
 How to answer correctly to impress any interviewer
 How to make yourself stand out from the crowd with simple and doable
activities, so you can land your job faster and easier.

…And so much more! In fact, 50+ practical tips – All is packed in your life-
changing book “IT jobs made easy for freshers”, to get hired in record
time, Published in 2020.

Few amazons book review is available because it’s a new book.

You can start reading the book if you’re a fresher to get a job faster.