UTS Module

EXACT COLLEGES OF ASIA
Suclayin, Arayat, Pampanga

Tel. No. 0925-870-1013
Email address: exact.colleges@yahoo.com
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

Course Module in UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
First Semester A.Y. 2021-2022
COURSE CODE : SSC111

COURSE TITLE : UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNITS : 3
MODULE 1 : Meet and Greet ( My home, My school)
INTRODUCTION
What is all about?
Why are you in this subject?
College life is said to be the most challenging and exciting phase of your
life. It is an entirely new adventure that everyone looks forward to. It is a world
different from your primary as well as junior and senior high schools. Since you
are in your freshman year, everything- including this subject – is new to you. Ask
yourself these questions:
 What is “understands the Self”?

 Is it important in the curriculum?
 How will it help me as a student and as a person?
You belong to this college/university so it is important to know and learn how to

interact with your fellow students. Learn to live together in peace and harmony
with yourself and whole school community.
Activity 1: SHARING ONSELF
Share yourself with others by providing the following information:
1. Your name
2. Your positive attribute or characteristic that begins with the first letter of
your surname (e.g.,Santos “ Sweet”)
3. The school where you came from
4. Your reason for studying in this institution
5. Your feeling to be in this class
Activity 2: YOUR ROLE IN THE COMMUNITY

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1. In college, each of you is expected to do something for the whole

community. You are now a freshman student. Can you identify the things
that you expected to do for the community?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. It may be good to start to sing your alma mater song. Then, you can add
more things in the list you already made.
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UNITS : 3
Module 2 : Concepts and Nature of Self
Activity 1 : Who Am I?
Find the following songs on the internet and make class sing them. Also
reflect on the song’s lyrics. Then, answer the questions that follow.
 “ Sino Ako” by Jamie Rivera

 “ Who am I” BY Casting Crowns
Questions:
1. Who are you?

2. How would you describe yourself?
3. Do you love yourself?
4. What are you most grateful for in life?
5. What are the biggest and most important things you have learned in life so
far?
Activity 2 : SELF-EXAMINATION
Look at yourself in the mirror and answer the following questions.
1. How can you describe yourself based on your own perspective on point
of view?
“ I am ________________________________________________.”
2. What aspect of yourself do you feel good about? Why?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. What aspect of yourself do you believe you have to improve? Why?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
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The Philosophical View of Self
Socrates: Know Thyself

Know thyself, for once we know ourselves, we
may learn how to care for ourselves. Think not those
faithful who praise all thy words and actions; but
those who kindly reprove thy faults. The only true
wisdom is in knowing you know nothing. It is better
to change an opinion than to persist in a wrong one.
Plato: The Ideal Self, the Perfect Self

According to Plato, man was omniscient or all-
knowing before he came to be born into this world.
With his separation from the paradise of truth and
knowledge he had. However, by constant remembering
through contemplation and doing good, he can regain
his former perfections.
Man who is now exile on earth has a guiding star, a model, or a divine
exemplar which he must follow to reach and attain his destiny. In practical terms,
this means that man in this life should imitate his former self; more specifically,
he should live a life of virtue in which true human perfection exists/ Happiness ,
which is the fruit of virtue, is attained by the constant imitation of the divine
exemplar of virtue, embodied in man’s former perfect self.
Immanuel Kant: Respect for Self

Respect others as you respect yourself. A
person should not be used as a tool, instrument, or
device to accomplish another’s private ends. Thus,
all men are person’s gifted with the same basic rights
and should treat each other as equals.
Rene Descartes: I think, therefore I am

Descartes states that the self is a thinking entity distinct from
the body. His first famous principle was “ Cogito, ergo sum,” which
means “ I think, therefore I am.” Although the mind and the body are
independent from each other and serve their own function, man
must use his own mind and thinking abilities to investigate, analyze,
experiment, and develop himself.
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John Locke: Personal Identity

John Locke holds that personal identity (the self) is a matter of
psychological continuity. For him, personal identity is founded on
consciousness (memory), and not on the substance of either the soul or
the body.
Personal identity is the concept about oneself that involves over
the course of an individual’s life. It may include aspects of life that man
has no control over, such as where he grew up or the color of his skin, as
well as the choices he makes, like how he spends his time and what he
believes. It also refers to the essence of a self-conscious person, which makes him or her
unique.
The Christian or Bblical View of Self

The Holy Bible
“ God created man in his image; in the divine image He created him; male and female
He created them. God blessed them, saying, “Be fertile and multiply; fill the earth and subdue
it. Have dominion over the fish of the seas, the birds in the air, and all the living things that
moves on the earth.”
Genesis 1:24-28
St. Augustine: Love and Justice as the Foundation of the

Individual Self
St. Augustine believes that a virtuous life is dynamism of

love. It is a constant following of and turning towards love while
a wicked life is a constant turning away from love. “Loving God
means loving one’s fellowmen; and loving one’s fellowmen
denotes never doing any harm to another” or, as the golden
principle of justice state, “doing unto others as you would have
them do unto you”.
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UNITS : 3
Module 3 : The Psychological View of Self
Sigmund Freud: The psychoanalytic theory of Self
Freud’s asserts that the human psyche (personality) is

structures into three parts (tripartite). These structures – the
ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO- all develop at different stages in
a person’s life.
Parts of Personality
1. Id (internal desire). Also called internal drives or instinctive drives, it

consists of the body’s primitive biological drives and urges which are
concerned only with achieving pleasure and self-satisfaction. Id lives
completely in the unconscious
2. Ego (reality). It is the “I” part of the individual that gives him/her the sense
of his/her own identity. The ego is the rational part of the personality.
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3. Superego (conscience). It is the part of the personality concerned with

morals, precepts, standards, and ideas. The superego is also the critical
faculty of the personality.
Freudian Stages of Psychosexual Development
Freud also argues that the development of an individual can divide into
distinct stages characterized by sexual drives. As a person grows, certain areas
become sources of pleasure, frustration or both.
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Erik Erikson: The Psychosocial Stages of the Self-development
Activity 3: Self – Description Essay
Instruction: Write an essay about anything that you wish to share about yourself.
You may use these suggested topics
 Me as I see me
 How other people see me
 How I would like other people to see me
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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UNITS : 3
Module 4 : The SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE
SELF
Introduction
In the realm of sociology, self-interacts with the social world. The self is self-
absorbed and is just concerned with its own.
No one could live by himself or herself alone. By extension, man will always look
for someone to commune with. The human person is a social animal; he or she will
seek others for commercial or personal reasons. These reasons will always be
equated with relationships.
Social Factors
- Political System - Economic Status

- Children - Physical status
- Partners - Religion
- School - Wealth
- Location - Family
- Education - Ethnicity
George Herbert Mead was an American philosopher,

sociologist, and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the
University of Chicago, where he was one of several
distinguished pragmatists.
George Mead’s Social Self

Self is something that is developed through social interaction. The self
is developed as one grows and ages, self is constructed by directly engaging
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in the world through interaction and through reflections on those

interactions. Mead's work focuses on the way in which the self is developed.
Mead's theory of the social self is based on the perspective that the
self emerges from social interactions, such as observing and interacting with
others, responding to others' opinions about oneself, and internalizing
external opinions and internal feelings about oneself.
The social aspect of self is an important distinction because other
sociologists and psychologists of Mead's time felt that the self was based on
biological factors and inherited traits.
According to Mead, the self is not there from birth, but it is developed over time
from social experiences and activities.
Development of Self
According to Mead, three activities develop the self: language, play, and games.
 Language
- develops self by allowing individuals to respond to each other
through symbols, gestures, words, and sounds. Language conveys others'
attitudes and opinions toward a subject or the person.
Emotions, such as anger, happiness, and confusion, are conveyed
through language.
 Play
- develops self by allowing individuals to take on different roles,
pretend, and express expectation of others. Play develops one's self-
consciousness through role-playing.
During role-play, a person is able to internalize the perspective of
others and develop an understanding of how others feel about themselves
and others in a variety of social situations.
 Games
- develop self by allowing individuals to understand and adhere to the
rules of the activity. Self is developed by understanding that there are rules
in which one must abide by in order to win the game or be successful at an
activity.
Two Sides of Self:

According to Mead's theory, the self has two sides or phases:
 'Me'
 'I.'
The 'Me' is considered the socialized aspect of the individual. The 'me'
represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and of
society.
This is sometimes referred to as the generalized other. The 'me' is
considered a phase of the self that is in the past. The 'me' has been developed
by the knowledge of society and social interactions that the individual has
gained.
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The 'I', therefore, can be considered the present and future phase of the
self. The 'I' represents the individual's identity based on response to the 'me.'
The 'I' says, 'Okay. Society says I should behave and socially interact one
way, and I think I should act the same (or perhaps different),' and that notion
becomes self.
The 'me' and The 'I'
The 'me' and the 'I' have a didactic relationship, like a system of
checks and balances. The 'me' exercises societal control over one's self. The
'me' is what prevents someone from breaking the rules or boundaries of
societal expectations.
The 'I' allows the individual to still express creativity and
individualism and understand when to possibly bend and stretch the rules
that govern social interactions. The 'I' and the 'me' make up the self.
Charles Horton Cooley

An American sociologist and the son of
Michigan Supreme Court Judge Thomas M. Cooley.
He studied and went on to teach economics and
sociology at the University of Michigan, was a
founding member of the American Sociological
Association in 1905 and became its eighth president in
1918.
One of Cooley's most important contributions to

sociology was his idea that by studying everyday social interactions between
people, one could begin to better understand why people behave as they do.
This is the basis of the interactionist perspective of sociology.
Cooley's major contribution to sociology was the study of primary
groups. Cooley coined the term 'primary group,' meaning that this is the first
group one is introduced to and is the most influential on our learning of
ideas, beliefs and ideals.
When observing society, Cooley noticed that the more a society
became industrialized, the more individualistic the members became. He
saw that the people became more distant from each other, more competitive
and were losing the connection to traditional family values and that of
community. It was through his study of primary groups that Cooley hoped to
instill more social unity and cohesiveness.
Looking-glass self is a social psychological concept introduced be
Charles Horton Cooley. In this view, the self is developed as a result of
one’s perceptions of other people’s opinion. (For instance, if parents or
teachers praise the child for his or her artistic skills, the child will infer that
he or she is artistic, this will boost the child’s confidence.
People are the way they are at least partly because other people’s
reactions to them and to what they do.
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The self is built through social interaction which involves three steps:
1. People imagine how they must appear to others;
2. They imagine the judgment on that appearance
3. They develop themselves through judgment of others.
The concept of looking-glass self provides an idea how the self
develops in relation to the perception of others. It should serve only as a
guide for reflection and should not be taken to end up living in accordance
with other people’s expectation.
Private Self, Public Self and Collective Self
 Private Self, or individual self, is the cognition that involves traits,
states and behaviors. It is an assessment of the self by the self. For instance,
“I am generous” and “I am ambidextrous” show one’s knowledge of his or
her attributes that differentiate him or her from the others.
 Public Self is the cognition concerning the generalized others view
of the self. It corresponds to an assessment of the self by the generalized
other. For instance, “People think I am religious” or “People think I am
corrupt” shows one’s relation with others and the role one assumes in that
relationship.
 Collective self is the cognition concerning a view of the self that is
found in the memberships in social groups (e.g., family, co-workers, tribe,
and professional organizations). For instance, a person may be identified as
feminist. Attributes of being feminist that are similar with other feminists are
emphasized forming the collective self.


UNITS : 3
Module 5 : Nature of the Self and Its Cultural Concept
Introduction
In any behavioral context, it is academically significant that the “ self”
will be studied, preserved and understood. It is vital to know where Filipino
adolescent came from and what cultural reason he/ she have embraced where
it is also personally necessary.
Teenagers’ interactions with people are sometimes slightly misjudged,
misunderstood or in other way around labeled as behaviorally complicated
could be form of defense mechanism according to Sigmund Freud.
It could also be a sudden response of adolescents’ conformity to the
norm of where he/ she live with. Likewise, parents’ rules and regulations
implemented at home like religious practices, proper behavior set by the
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school authorities, political values, beliefs or traditions are culturally-

blended. These are transparently transmitted from generation to generation.
Hint as you start rewinding our own history on self, a Philippine-

publishing book entitled, “Family: The Seat of Education” has a beautiful
message to every adolescents saying,
Every man, being made in the image and likeness of God, deserves a
minimum regard. But Filipino social acceptance has so strong a hold that it
can be watered down or reduced to a facility at getting along with others in
such a way to avoid outward signs of conflict.
When rejected or criticized, the Filipino’s attitude has never been
confrontational. He/she avoid being brutally frank. He / she do not push his / her
way around or broach his / her self –esteem (amor propio). Social scientist calls
this Smooth Interpersonal Relation or SIR.
Smooth Interpersonal Relation or SIR is required and preserved through
what is commonly called “PAKIKISAMA”.
Pakikisama came from the Tagalog root word “SAMA” which means to
accompany or go along with. It connotes giving in or following the suggestions of
others. In our dialect Pakikisama has two type of direction:
1. We can influence someone or

2. We will be influenced
These do not just happened to teenagers but even to adults conforming too much to
suggestions of others.
Another instance would be the group’s acceptance of responsibility for the
actions of its members. Like when anyone who has been offended grievously by
another may initiate a move to declare war or trouble.
On the other hand, Pakikisama may be expressed positively in the “lusong or
Bayanihan”. Example: if a person needs to accomplish a task but due to his
incapability he cannot do it alone then a group of person came to help him to
accomplish his task.
“UTANG NA LOOB” is first featured as part Philippine life in 1663.Utang
na loob is another tagalog word which means you have to pay in return or the
feeling of owing gratitude for a service or favor.
“HIYA” which means a painful feeling of humiliation or distress caused by
the consciousness of wrong or foolish behavior. Sometimes being matiisin sa hiya
is not just observed at home but usually experienced by many poor Filipinos in the
community where they belong, most especially sa Pang hihiram ng pera sa
panahon ng problema (borrowing money during their midst), in a certain point one
has to beg and promise for the payment where if in most cases, payment do not
warrant on the due date because of many reasons and the lender would get mad and
discuss things at the barangay or may sue the borrower in the court.
These are the things that teenagers did not know, that to overcome trials
within the limits of poverty gravely affects some dispositions in a family life. In
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most cases , parents pretend financial freedom rather of constraint while children
learned that bad situations occurred or occurring out of extreme needs and not a
necessity. Now, let’s be realistic, here comes what teenagers need to know that
most parents want to;
1. Prevent children from self-pity over impoverished situations

2. Preserve self-image of the family and
3. Maintain family survival.
Another interesting Filipino traits according to Southeast Asian Science

Foundation (1990) stressed that , other modes of behavior is often attributed to the
Filipino include:
1. Puwede na or okay lang (something below the standard or less than perfect
is acceptable)
2. Akala ko (not bothering to investigate or inquire or find out)
3. Kanya- kanya(me first mentality)
4. KASI (alibi) offer an excuse or defense.
Self-Awareness
According to Gardner (1982) as cited by Dela Cruz, Lazo & Mapue (2005,
p.30-31), “ there are a number of factors that the children should know about self-
awareness. They should:
1. Be aware of their own body, its appearance, state and size (body-size);
2. Be able to refer to themselves appropriately through language and be able to
distinguish description which apply to set and which do not;
3. Be aware of their own personal history, experiences they have had, skills
and abilities acquired, their own needs and wishes.
It is shows that anyone can have self-awareness if he/she will be able to

adapt and adjust from the impulse and pressures of people around. Likewise,
if we live up on the expectations and literally act on to society’s standards
then a well-balanced intrapersonal and interpersonal strength would later
develop into a positive performance.
Positive Emotional Self-Awareness

Mastering the self means being totally aware of who you are and what you
are capable of doing. This means you know your limitations and weaknesses. In
order to have a positive emotional awareness and strongly conform to people, the
best approaches that we can set are the following:
 If one knows his/her attitudinal boundaries and limitations;

 If one traces the source why the situations / conflict happen;
 If one pre-empts the possible way if he/she negatively respond;
 If one determine the possible positively understand ; and
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 If one counts a hundred before expressing emotions.
Self-Esteem
Based on the study of David, Astilla and Estela (1980) entitle Self-Esteem
and Family relationships found out that adolescents with close family ties and
mutually interacting were positively influenced that added high self-esteem. The
Family has a bigger impact into the child’s development of self-esteem if the
Family has poor relationship will results to a low self-worth.
According to Pedrosa (2006) , self-esteem is a result of an accumulated
negative and positive self-concept. The formation of self goes through a process
developed in the home and the environment outside as in the school and
community.
However , in the book of (Magalona and Sadsad, 2008) supports Pedrosa’s
findings that “ self-esteem is the confidence and pride you have in yourself. Self-
concept is ties to one’s self esteem, how you regard yourself is crucial to the
development of a stable and dynamic emotional well-being.
People with high self-esteem are happy and optimistic about life. We should
accept our individuality and uniqueness. We may not be contented with what we
have but we should be happy that we have the abilities and the qualities that are
distinctly ours alone.
ACTIVITY 4: ESSAY
Instruction: Understand the question comprehensively and discuss each of the

following;
1. Is it really a must that we have to trace back and understand our Traditional
Filipino concepts on Smooth Interpersonal Relation or SIR?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What is self-awareness?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Do we need self-awareness? why?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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4. Does our Family relationship affect the development of our self-esteem?

Why?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. What will happen if a person has a low self-esteem?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. Write and example scenario for PAKIKISAMA (positive and a negative

impact in a person’s life)
POSITIVE:____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
NEGATIVE:___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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UNITS : 3
Module 6 : Physical Self “The Beautiful Me”
Factors in the Development of the Physical Self

The development of the individual is caused by two interacting forces:
Heredity and Environment.
Heredity (Nature) is the transmission of traits or characteristics from
parents to offspring. It provides the raw materials of which the individual is
made up. Through the genes, hereditary potentials like physical, mental,
social, emotional and moral traits are passed down to generations.
Environment (Nurture) is the sum total of the forces or experiences that a
person undergoes from conception to old age. It also includes family, friends,
school, nutrition, and other agencies one is in contact with.
The Beginning of Life

Life begins at fertilization. Fertilization refers to the meeting of the female
sex cell and the male sex cell. These sex cells are developed in the reproductive
organs called gonads.
The Male sex cell is called Spermatozoa (singular: spermatozoon)
are produced in the male gonads called Testes.
The Female sex cells called Ova are reproduced in the female gonads
known as the Ovaries.
The fertilized egg cell known as zygote contains all the hereditary
potentials from the parents. The zygote goes to the uterus and continues to
grow during the gestation period of about 280 days or 36 weeks or 9 months.
Each parent contributes one sex chromosome to the offspring. A male
parent may pass either an X or a Y chromosome while a female always gives
the X chromosome.
When an X chromosome come from the father and meets the X
chromosome from the mother, the resulting combination of XX chromosome
which indicates a FEMALE offspring. However, when the Father produces
a Y chromosome which pairs the X chromosome from the mother, the
resulting combination of XY, signifying a MALE offspring.
Both male and female chromosomes contain several thousands of
genes. Genes are small particles in a string-like formation. They are the true
carriers of heredity characteristics of the parents. Within the gene is a
substance called Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) which is the code of
heredity. It contains information and instructions about the newly created
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organism, and programs the traits that should be inherited. Maturation is the
unfolding of the inherent traits.
Stages in the Life Span
An individual undergoes definite stages of development. In each phase , the
child experiences certain developmental characteristics to prepare him/her for the
next.
Development Stage Age
Pre-natal Period Conception to birth
Infancy Birth to end of the second week
Babyhood End of the second week to end of the

second year
Early childhood or preschool age Two to six years
Late childhood or elementary age Six to ten or twelve years
Puberty or preadolescence Twelve to thirteen or fourteen years
Adolescence Thirteen or fourteen to eighteen years
Early Adulthood Eighteen to forty years
Middle age Forty to sixty years
Old age or senescence Sixty years to death
ACTIVITY 5: FAMILY TREE

Instruction: Construct your family tree as far back as you can, using material that
you have. Be creative. Indicate the physical and non-physical traits that you can
identify among the members of your family.
Taking Care of My Physical Self

Since the self is inseparable from the body, you should take very good care
of your physical self. Whether you plan to lose, gain or maintain weight, the most
important thing to do is to keep yourself fit. To achieve this goal, a rigid plan has
to be made.
Balanced Diet
To keep fit and healthy, one needs to have a balanced diet. Eating a balanced
diet means consuming the right kind of food at the right time and in the right
proportion. One’s food intake should contain the necessary nutrients essential for
growth and survival.
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Water
An individual should drink at least eight glasses of water every day. It
allows the body to function efficiently. It also washes away wastes to keep the skin
clear and healthy. Liquids like coffee, tea, or milk should not be counted as water.
Although they contain lots of water, there is also a build-up of caffeine , acid or fat.
Sleep
Sleep gives the bones, muscles, and mind time to recover. An individual
needs eight or more hours of sleep a day. One very important requirement for
refreshing sleep is a firm mattress. If one sleeps in a slumped, uncomfortable
position in a mattress that is too soft, body aches may develop. Another way to
improve the bed is to raise the lower part of the mattress so as to elevate the feet. It
is an ideal position because the blood flows back towards the heart and away from
the feet.
ACTIVITY 6: DISCUSSION / ESSAY
1. What habits of yours contribute to a healthy living?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Are there things that you consider unhealthy but you cannot stop yourself
from doing? Give some examples.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Do you have a plan to become physically fit? Why?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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UNITS : 3
Module 7 : THE SEXUAL SELF
Introduction
Taking about sex should be deemed normal for there is a need for
people to learn more about their sexuality. Academic institutions are the best
space to educate people about sexuality and sexual behaviors under the topic
sex education. The goal of including sex education in the secondary level
curriculum is to battle ignorance of the youth on sex, sexuality, relationship,
and sexual health and thus help them make informed decisions as they grow
into sexually healthy adults.
Although sex education was opposed by the Catholic Church in the
Philippines claiming that it will promote premarital sex which could lead to
early pregnancies, this topic is necessary for understanding sex in different
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context. Education has been regarded as the key to combat ignorance.

Conservatism anchored on religious belief may hinder full understanding of
one’s sexual well-being.
Sigmund Freud and the Desire for Pleasure

Human being’s need for sex is not of the same level as the need for
oxygen, water, and foods. But without it, humankind will perish. Sex is not
simply for procreation but it is also a source of pleasure which is an
important part of sexual health.
For Sigmund Freud, all human behavior is motivated by the desire to
feel pleasure. Such motivation is organized and controlled by two instincts:
sexuality and aggression. Freund theorized that these instincts are driven by
a form of internal psychic energy called libido.
According to Freud, all human instinct continuously seeks the
pleasure of the flesh which can be satisfied though sex. The mind plays an
important role in one’s sexuality and sexual behaviors. When one is sexually
attracted to someone, it is expected that he or she will not aggressively act
on his or her urges so as not to be accused of harassment. Humans have the
ability to control their sexual urges. People may engage in sexual activities
because of feeling of love and admiration.
Development of Secondary Sex Characteristic and the Human Reproductive
System
During adolescence, boys and girls develop their secondary sex
characteristic along with other physical charges they experience in this stage.
Puberty - upon reaching this stage human growth and development,
an individual becomes physically mature.
Physical changes during adolescence are brought about by sex
hormones from the testes (male) and ovaries (female).
 Testosterone - is the sex hormone for males.

 Estrogen and progesterone - are sex hormones for female.
Usually, the increase in testosterone takes place at the age of 12 to 14

years for male while the increase in estrogen and progesterone takes place at
the age of 10 to 12 years for females.
Rapid growth and changes happen at the age of 16 to 17 years in
males and 15 to 17 for females. Males, physical changes includes rapid
increase in height and weight, growth of Adam’s apple, deepening of voice,
widening of shoulders, appearance and growth of public hair, and underarm
and facial hair, among others.
Males develop more slowly in terms of physical growth and
physiological changes but continue to grow for about six years.
Female, changes include raid increase in height and weight, onset of
menstruation, development of breasts and hips, among others.
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Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is
composed of the penis, testes, vas deferens,
scrotum, sperm, prostate gland, and epididymis.
The main function of the system is the
production of sperm for the fertilization of the ovum.
1. Penis – the primary male sex organ. It has a long

shaft and an enlarged tip called the glans penis.
2. Testes or testicle – the organ responsible for the production of sperm cells and
testosterone, the male sex hormone. The testes or testicles lie outside the
abdominal cavity of the male within the scrotum.
3. Vas deferens – the tube that connects the testes with the urethra. It serves as a
passageway of the sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts for
ejaculation.
4. Scrotum – the sac of skin that carries the testes. It protects the testes and is
responsible for maintaining the body temperature.
5. Sperm – the male sex cell. It is produced in the testes and matures in the
epididymis and passes from the vas deferens to the urethra. The sperm is released
out of the male reproductive system through the semen, the fluid that carries the
sperm along with a range of organic and inorganic constituents.
6. Prostate gland – a gland that surrounds the upper part of the urethra just below
the bladder. It secretes fluids that nourish and protect the sperm.
7. Epididymis – long-coiled tube located at the back of the testicles that stores and
carries sperm.
Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system is
composed of the ovary, ovum, fallopian
tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva.
The main function of the female
reproductive system is the production,
transportation, and fertilization of eggs and
the production of sex hormones.
1. Ovary - the female reproductive organ located in

the pelvic cavity which produces the ova (egg cells)
and secretes the female hormones, progesterone and estrogen.
2. Ovum – the female reproductive cell also called the egg cell. Once matured, it
unites with a male sperm to form a fertilize egg.
3. Fallopian Tube or Oviducts – extend from the uterus to the ovaries. The
primary function of the tubes is to carry the egg from the ovary to the uterus.
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4. Uterus – the thick-walled, pear-sized and shaped muscular organ that lies above
the urinary bladder. It nurtures the fertilized ovum that develops into the fetus and
it carries the baby until its birth.
5. Cervix – the lower part of the uterus. It directs the sperm into the uterus during
sexual intercourse.
6. Vagina – the elastic passageway from the cervix to the outside of the female
body. It receives the penis during sexual intercourse and it is where the baby passes
during childbirth.
7. Vulva – the external genital organ of the female. It consists the labia majora,
labia minora, mons pubis, clitoris, vestibule, and the vaginal opening.
Erogenous Zones
An erogenous zone is a part of the body that is highly sensitive and
stimulation of which leads to sexual responses such as relaxation, fantasies,
arousal, and orgasm. The stimulation of an individual’s erogenous zone is
considered an act of physical intimacy.
These zones differ between the male and female bodies (see Table below).
Male Body Female Body
Mouth Mouth
Lips Lips
Neck Neck
Ears Ears
Nipples Breasts
Scrotum Nipples
Perineum (the area between the Cervix (lower end of the uterus)
anus and scrotum) Vagina
Penis Clitoris
Knowing these zones or “hot spots” is important for every couple as it

would boost sexual satisfaction. In addition, knowing these zones will also
improve sexual health. Research shows that stimulating these spots may
produce different reactions to body such as relaxation of the muscle and the
production of the “feel-good” hormone called prolactin.
Human Sexual Responses

Sexual response cycle is the term used to describe the changes that
occur in the body as men and women become sexually aroused (Masters &
Johnson,1966).
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The cycle is divided into four phases, namely excitement, plateau, orgasm, and
resolution.
1. Excitement – This is when the body gets ready for sexual activity.
In this phase, male may experience an increase in heart rate, muscle tension,
increase in breathing, erection of penis and nipple, tightening of scrotum,
and release of pre-ejaculation fluid. For females, they may experience the
swelling of the clitoris and release of lubricating fluid.
2. Plateau – During this phase, intensified breathing high blood
pressure, and faster heart rate may be experienced as well as muscle
contraction in the face, feet, and hands. For males, testicles are withdrawn
up into the scrotum. For females, continued swelling of the vagina is
experienced and the clitoris becomes very sensitive.
3. Orgasm – this is also referred to as the climax of the cycle. During
this phase, breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate are further intensified.
Contraction of the muscles of the face, feet and hands continues. One or both
are breathing heavily and there is irrepressible and powerful release of
sexual tension. For males, release of the semen occurs. For females, muscle
contraction of the vagina is experienced.
4. Resolution – the body gradually returns to its normal level of
functioning. Some parts of the body return to their original size and color. It
is also during this phase that fatigue begins to be felt the overall sexual
activity is also expected to bring a sense of biological fulfillment.
Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, Attraction, and Attachment

Three stage of love according to Helen Fisher (1948) lust, attraction, and
attachment.
1. Lust (libido or sex drive) is characterized by the desire for sexual
gratification which is inherent to every living organism. For humans, this is
associated with the sex hormones, testosterone (for male) and estrogen (for
females).
2. Attraction (passionate or obsessive love, infatuation) is
characterized by the intense attention given to a desired partner. An
individual with a high degree of attraction towards another person craves for
emotional union with that person. Sometimes, when one is dominated by
passion, one tends to do stupid and foolish.
This stage is driven by chemicals and hormones like adrenaline,
dopamine, and serotonin.
 Adrenaline – is released by the body for “fight” or “flight.” For

instance, after surprisingly meeting one’s object of affection, this
hormone will activate one’s stress response such as sweating and
drying of the mouth.
 Dopamine – ignites an intense rush of pleasure when released. High
level of neurotransmitter like dopamine cause increased energy, less
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need for food and sleep, and focused attention to one’s desired
partner.
 Serotonin – is attributed to “falling in love” as this hormone makes a
person think of his or her desired partner at most time.
3. Attachment (companionate love) is characterized by the desire of

couples to stay together. A person who is already attached feels comfort and
security from his or her partner. This phase also includes behaviors anchored
on long-term companionship. This stage is driven by two major hormones,
namely oxytocin and vasopressin.
 Oxytocin (cuddle hormone) – is released during orgasm. The feeling

of attachment becomes more intense after a couple has sexual
intercourse.
 Vasopressin (snit-diuretic hormone) – is released after sexual
intercourse. Scientist discovered the role of vasopressin in attachment
by studying prairie vole, small creatures (like mice) that form
monogamous bonds like human. When male prairie voles were
injected a drug that suppresses vasopressin, they began neglecting
their partners.
What Turns People On and Off

Turn on and turn offs usually refer to another person’s physical traits,
attributes, attitudes, and conduct that one may find desirable or not.
 “turn on” refers to something that someone may find desirable, pleasant,
beautiful, likeable or any other positive quality.
A person may be turned on if he or she finds a particular quality of another
person desirable
 A “turn off,” on the other hand, is the complete opposite.
What turns people on and off are qualities and acts that people observe
and experience. It can be the different things that one comes in contact with
constantly.
The Diversity of Sexual Behaviors

Sexual behaviors and/or activities may come in the form of
masturbation, premarital sex, marital sex, extramarital sex, heterosexuality,
homosexuality, and bisexuality.
1) Masturbations - This is a sexual act of stimulating one’s own genitals done

alone by an individual. Both men and women masturbate although some
studies say that men do the act more often than women do.
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2) Premarital sex - This refers to the sexual activities people engage in outside
of marriage. For certain religion, this is considered unacceptable for there is
a belief that it is only through marriage that man and woman could partake
in sexual activities.
3) Marital sex - These are the sexual activities that happen within the bounds of
marriage. Sexual activities within marriage are accepted for marriage is
perceived to be a legal and symbolic binding of two people who agree to
only be with each other.
4) Extramarital sex - These are sexual activities that married people engage in
with people they are not married to. Extramarital sex happens among people
engaged in extramarital affairs. This is considered unlawful and
unacceptable in society for it is a practice of infidelity.
5) Heterosexuality - As a sexual behavior, heterosexuality happens between

persons of the opposite sex.
6) Homosexuality - Opposite to heterosexuality, homosexuality, as a sexual

behavior, refers to sexual attraction and activities that happen between two
persons of the same sex.
7) Bisexuality - This refers to sexual behavior of one who engages in sexual

acts with someone from the opposite or same sex.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) refer to health conditions that are

passed on from a person to another through sexual contact. STDs can be
contracted through having unprotected sex with someone who has STD.
1. HIV/AIDS (Human immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome) – a spectrum of conditions caused by being infected
with HIV. HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sex,
contaminated needle exchange and blood transfusion, and during pregnancy.
AIDS refers to the occurrence of specific diseases due to the contraction of
HIV.
2. Gonorrhea – a bacterial infection of the mucous membranes including the
eye, throat, genitals, and other organs. Usual symptoms in men include
secretion of yellowish-white fluid from the penis and painful urination. For
women, they may experience painful urination with discharge, accompanied
by fever, abdominal pain, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
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3. Syphilis – an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacterium called

Treponema pallidum that is transmitted through direct contact with a
syphilitic sore on the skin. It cause sores on the vagina, anus, rectum, even
on the lips and mouth. Syphilis is transmitted not only through sexual
activity but also by merely kissing an infected person. Syphilis may lead to
paralysis, crippling, blindness, heart disease, brain and organ damage,
dementia, and even death.
4. Genital herpes – is a viral infection that causes blisters on the genitals. It
also cause itching and a burning sensation on the skin. Unfortunately, there
is no cure for genital herpes, but there are medications to reduce its severity
and the frequency of outbreaks.
5. Genital warts - are warts caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) that
grows in the genital or anal area.
6. Chancroid – is a bacterial infection that causes sores or ulcers on the
genitals. Chancroid sores usually appear at the head of the penis for men and
on the labia majora for women.
7. Pubic lice (crabs) – are very small parasites that infest the genital area
which are primarily spread through sexual contact. The parasites are
attached to the pubic hair and may even be transmitted with contaminated
clothes, bedding, and other items.
8. Scabies – is a skin condition that is caused by infestation of tiny mites
called Sarcoptes scabiei. Symptoms of mite invasion include itching and
rashes. Similar to other mites, they lay and hatch egg in human skin. It is
usually transmitted through sexual intercourse and close body contact. These
mites cannot jump or fly but sharing of clothes and other washable items
may also lead to their transmission.
9. Trichomoniasis – an infection caused by a parasite called Trichomonas
vaginalis. Men infected with trichomoniasis may experience itching, genital
irritation with discharge, and painful urination and ejaculation. Women
infected with trichomoniasis may also feel itching, genital soreness and
irritation, painful urination with unusual discharge that can be yellowish or
greenish in color.
10. Molluscum contagiosum – another sexually transmitted infection cause by
molluscum contagiosum virus. It is a skin condition characterized by small
lumps (molluscum) which are pearly-white or slightly pink. These lumps,
when squeezed, release a white cheesy fluid. The virus can be transmitted
also through skin-to-skin contact and through sharing of clothes and other
personal things.
11. Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases (PID) – it is not a sexually transmitted
infection(STI) but a complication resulting from STIs especially Chlamlydia
and gonorrhea. Women infected with PID experience inflammation of the
uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The disease is caused by bacteria, fungi,
or parasites.
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12. Chlamydia – a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria

Chlamydia tranchomatis that do significant damage to the human
reproductive system. Chlamydia can infect the pens, vagina, cervix, anus,
urethra, eyes, and throat. Females infected with chlamydia suffer vaginal
discharge with strong smell, difficulty in urinating, and pain during sexual
intercourse. Males infected with Chlamydia experience discharge from the
penis, difficulty in urinating, and swelling in the testicle.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
Since there is no perfect method of contraception, one must take into
consideration the following factor into choosing a particular method of
contraception.
1) It should be safe enough. There should be no unwanted side-effect for every

individual using the contraceptive.
2) It should be affected in averting unwanted pregnancy.
3) It should be simple and easy to use.
4) It should be available at any time.
Some of the recognized methods in family planning are:

Folk Method
a. Postcoital Douche or Douching – Douching is a method used by

women to flush out the vagina with a medical solution to remove or
destroy the sperm. After sexual activity, the women will immediately
apply the solution. Some of the solutions used are water, vinegar, and
other commercially available product. However, this is relatively
ineffective because the sperm enters into the cervical canal within two
minutes after ejaculation and such access may occur before the
seminal fluid can be washed off from the vagina. Doctors claim that
frequent douching may affect the natural mucous of the vagina.
Moreover, women find it inconvenient to douche right after
intercourse.
b. Prolonged Lactation – this technique used by women is done through
breast feeding their baby for a longer period. Prolonged lactation,
according to doctors, helps delay ovulation
Behavioral Contraceptives
Behavioral contraceptives do not need any artificial devices.
Pregnancy can be prevented by altering the natural process of sexual
relations, thus impeding the union of the egg and sperm cells. However,
such methods require a high degree of motivation for partner or couples to
become successful.
a) Rhythm method – The rhythm method is a natural method supported

by the Catholic Church. Couples are enjoined to abstain for a certain
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period while the woman is fertile. A greater degree of reliability may

be obtained if the woman will keep track of her body temperature
every morning. During the menstrual cycle, the highest recorded
body temperature is the time that the woman is most fertile.
b) Ovulation method – This practice makes use of the observed mucous
discharge from the vagina at the beginning of a woman’s fertile
period. After menstruation, a woman experiences a feeling of dryness
in the genital area. These days are safe. When the woman feels that
she is no longer dry, this means that there is a mucous discharge from
the vagina, which normally appears three days after menstruation, a
sign that ovulation will take place. Sometimes, the woman may only
feel the wetness but not actually see it. The mucous initially appears
as sticky, yellow, tread-like substance in very small quantities. Later
on, it becomes thinner, clearer, stretchy, more copious, assuming the
appearance of raw egg white and having a slippery texture as that of a
lubricant. This is the sign of approaching ovulation. All the wet days
or mucous days are unsafe days. All days thereafter are safe whether
feeling dry or wet until the start of the next menstruation. Therefore,
before ovulation, as long as there is mucous discharge, it is unsafe to
have sexual intercourse. This is because the mucous is necessary for
the survival of the sperm cell as it nourishes the semen inside the
woman’s body from three to five days.
c) Withdrawal or Coitus interruptus – this is a process wherein the man,
during sexual intercourse, withdraws the penis out of the vagina
before orgasm.
d) Coitus reservatus – This is a practice in which the man withholds
ejaculation and let the erection subside inside the vagina.
There are other behavioral contraceptive methods such as oral or anal sex but these
are considered forms of perversion.
Mechanical Contraceptives
There are mechanical contraceptives of different forms that act as
barriers to prevent the sperm from entering the uterus, thereby preventing
pregnancy.
a. Condom – The condom is a thin material made of rubber used during

sexual activity. The man wears the condom on his penis to prevent the
sperm from entering the vagina. Most doctors usually recommend the
use of condom to men who are sexually active to prevent the spread of
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
b. Diaphragm – This is a shallow rubber cup inserted into the vagina.
The diaphragm is coated with spermicidal cream or jelly to prevent
the entry of sperm into the uterus. After intercourse, the diaphragm
should not be removed for at least eight hours. The diaphragm can be
inserted by the women alone without any assistance.
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c. Cervical caps – These are fitted over the cervix by a doctor. Usually,
cervical caps can be worn for a month starting after menstruation up
to the onset of the next menstruation.
Chemical Contraceptives
Chemical contraceptives, better known as spermicides, are used to
prevent pregnancy by stopping the sperm from entering the uterus.
a. Vaginal suppositories and tablets – A suppository is a small, bullet-

shaped dosage form containing chemicals used in destroying the
sperm cells. It is inserted into the vagina to melt before sexual
intercourse.
b. Contraceptive jellies, cream, and vaginal foams – these are applied
onto the vagina shortly before sexual intercourse. Vaginal foams are
packaged with butane propellant in a bottle or are sold with plastic
applicators. These spermicides immobilize and kill the sperms. They
are effective for an hour as long as the vagina will not be douched or
washed six hours after intercourse.
According to some doctors, the most effective spermicide is the

vaginal foam. The vaginal foam effectively covers the wall of the vagina
with a thick film of foam to prevent the sperm from entering the uterus.
Intrauterine Devices
An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small device of polyethylene plastic
or thin copper wire inserted into the uterus by a physician. IUD includes the
coil, the loop, and the Cooper T that are used to avoid pregnancy. IUD has a
nylon trail which can be felt at the cervical opening.
Pills
Taking the pill is completely dissociated from the sexual act. The pill
renders the woman infertile. She does not need to think about pregnancy.
When taken exactly as prescribed, the pill is almost 100 percent effective.
The pill contains hormones which prevent conception by inhibiting the
ovaries from releasing egg cells.
The development of the oral contraceptive pill is viewed as another
modern medical miracle. In contemporary society where there is a tendency
to regard drugs as a panacea for everything, from insomnia, headache, to
even boredom, it would be wise for a woman to remember that even medical
miracles have their drawbacks. Oral contraceptives are powerful and
effective drugs, but they have side effects on some users and should not be
used at all by some woman.
Sterilization
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Sterilization or surgery is done with comparative ease and is virtually

100 percent effective. Sterilization of the male is achieved through
vasectomy and sterilization of the female is through tubal ligation.
Vasectomy is a relatively simple procedure in which the vas deferens,
the tube through which sperm are transported, is tied off or cauterized,
causing the sperm to be reabsorbed, by the body instead of becoming part of
the semen.
Tubal ligation is a major surgical procedure in which the woman is
put under general anesthesia, a large abdominal incision is made and the
fallopian tubes are cut and tied off. Ovulation and menstruation continue as
usual but the ripened egg cannot enter the uterus. Instead, it disintegrates and
is absorbed by the body.


UNITS : 3
Module 8 : Material Self
Introduction
Many people earn money not just to buy basic necessities like food,
clothes, shelter, and the like. They also spend money to buy material things
that will bring them comfort, convenience, and pleasure. Some people buy
things to earn admiration, praise, recognition from other people while buy
some things to represent their status in life. Many people perceived material
things as the extension of their identities.
The attachment of human beings to material things is influenced by
many factors in the environment and in the present times, is greatly
influenced by media. Some people think that acquiring material things is the
key to improving their identity. They assume that their participation is the
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consumption of goods and services represents their material self as this

participation furnishes them a status and role in society.
Material Self
The concept of being fixated on acquiring material things as a way to
identify oneself is related to the concept of material self-introduced by
William James, (1890) defined the material self as the self consists of the
body, clothes, immediate family, home, and other things one considers to be
his or her own. According to James, people invest themselves in their
material possessions, thus feeling deeply connected to them. The more
people invest themselves in their possessions, the more attached they
become.
Materials possessions are objects of instinctive preferences that may
or may not be related with a person’s most practical interests in life. An
individual’s body is the primary component of his or her material self. One
has control over his or her body and how he or she would like to present it
for others to see. This includes the kind of clothes one prefers to wear and
what accessories and ornaments he or she would like to put on.
There are also instances when people opt to alter their physical
features by getting tattoos, piercings, or surgeries or other medical
procedures. They believe that altering their bodies improves how they are
perceived by others.
Immediate Family is also part of one’s material self. One’s family
members can be seen as an extension of one’s identity because the members
affect one’s actions and dispositions in the environment.
Another component of one’s material self is one’s home – a space that
one’s considers as his her own. It is also one’s home that an individual’s
material possessions can be seen, from different necessary fixtures to the
tiniest details of decoration.
The Consumer Culture on One’s Sense of Self Identity
Through credit cards, people can now buy goods or avails of services
even without cash or checks. In the early 2000’s
the use of credit cards became more popular and
more people started patronizing them. Credit
cards have brought convenience, security, and
comfort in the way people engage in the
consumption of goods and services in society.
Transactions are made simply by swiping the
card.
The use of credit cards also has disadvantages. There may sometimes
be hidden charges or unauthorized credit card transactions and frauds. These
issues are not always easily resolved and have caused some entirely avoid
using credit cards.
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Needs versus Wants

Need is something that a person must have in
order to live like Foods, clothes, shelter,
medicine, and other things necessary for
survival.
Wants is something that a person desires to
have but can live without like things that are
luxuries are wants
Despite this difference, it should also be
remembered that needs and wants are relative to each individual. “One person’s
wants may be another person’s need”.
As consumers, people different buying behaviors.
 Some are considered to be impulse buyers-buying anything without giving

mush thought to what they buy and consequences that may come later on.
 Some may also reason that they are working hard in order to buy things.
 Other people work in order to ensure that they have everything they need.
 Others work in order to have both needs and wants.
There are instances when some people spend more money on luxurious
things in order to keep up with the latest trends and end up living paycheck
to paycheck, with no saving allotted for needs that may arise in the future.
This is why there is a need to balance “ Needs from Wants”.
Note: a consumer should know what to prioritize that would benefit him or her in
the long run. Avoid being impulsive and instead be practical and prudent in
spending money.
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UNITS : 3
Module 9 : The Spiritual Self
Introduction
The spiritual self is quite difficult to discover as it is impossible for
every human being to know the true will of God. People rely on their faith
and their faith dictates that then reason for living is to follow the works and
examples of Jesus Christ. The life of Jesus Christ on earth is a perfect
example of what love is – loves that is unconditional and without limit, love
that is willing to endure all the pain. He sacrificed his life to save the
humankind and for being God, he became man and died on the cross. His
sacrifice shows selflessness. This is the self that Jesus Christ wants people to
follow.
For Christianity, there is no self. To be Christian, one has to deny
himself or herself, leave his or her family, gives all his or her possessions to
the poor and needy, and follow the example of Jesus Christ.
This is the self in the Roman Catholic Faith. God’s words are so
demanding yet fair. He wants his followers to live a selfless life, a life that is
free from attachment to material things.
Then what can be a spiritual self? It is a self based on God’s will and
commandments, a self that is higher than material, sexual and physical self,
and it can be simplified as a holy self.
The Practice of Religion

Does God really exist?
From the point of view of an atheist, He does not exist. God is dead and God is
irrelevant. However, using reason and logic, one may be convinced that He really
exists by answering such question as :
“ Why does it seem like everything in the universe is perfect?.
“ Why are distances between the Sun , the Moon and Earth very exact?,
“ Why does the human body seem to be perfectly designed from the brain up
to the bones, blood and internal organs?
With these questions, there has to be an “architect” who constructed and designed
all these things in the universe. This supposition leads people to the idea of a
“God”, or a “Supreme Being”.
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Religion introduces the concept of Supreme Being (God, Gods, or

Goddesses) as a cause or reason of all phenomena. The traditional concept
was based on the different kinds of religions that god is the creator of the
universe included all living organisms and non-living things. God is the
beginning and the end and lawgiver. God is the most merciful, most just,
most patient, and cannot be represented in any worldly form.
Religion is a set of rituals made to coordinate with the goal of either

obtaining or hindering changes in human condition and nature’s state. These
rituals or practices are usually justified by myths. ( Anthony Wallace, as
cited by Haviland , Prins, Walrath and Mcbride (2008)).
This requires the performance of ritual which is seen as a basic
expression of religion. Religion is a belief in supernatural beings and
forces. (as elaborated by Wallace)
Religion has many functions such as providing sense of the world,
strengthening norms and identity, setting sanctions for individual behavior
and giving serenity life challenges.
The Concept of Soul

*Monism is a view that there is only one substance and only one
being. It means that soul and body are one.
Contrary to *Dualism is a view that mind and body are two
independent substances.
Western Philosophers believed that the human person is a rational
being which constituted of “soul” and “body”. The “ Soul” is the superior to
the body and can exist independently without the body. It is invisible and
immortal and it directs the physical body.
Death is viewed as the release of the soul from the body, but death
does not mean the end of personal existence.
The soul is the Life-force of the body. It is the source of motion as
well as the intelligence or mind of a person that pre-exists bodily existence.
The Filipino term for “Soul” is “Kaluluwa”. It is believed that it has

two existences. One is Physical, in which the soul is connected to the human
body and its life, and the other spiritual, which exist on its own.
(Demetrio,Codero-Fernando, Zialcita. & Feleo, 1991).
Roman Catholic believed in the immortality of the soul and life after
death (Or Eternal life). Eternal Life can be attained by good deeds, following
the commandments of God, and avoiding sins. The soul can be purified
through confession. A Catholic who failed to live a moral life is believed to
be thrown to hell or impiyerno , a designated place for sinners, and a lake of
fire of eternal punishment.
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Dungan : The Bisayan Concept of Soul
“Dungan” is the Ilonggo term for the “soul”. It believe that dungan dwells
above the surface of the earth before inhibiting the human body. Ilonggos believe
that dungan cannot be seen by the naked eye but there are times when it separates
from the body and appears in the form of a butterfly, grasshopper or other small
animals.
For the people of Visayas, one’s dungan leave the body when a person can
see his or her dungan when dreaming. With such belief, Visayans warn people not
to bluntly awaken those sleeping to give chance for the dungan to return to the
physical body. For Visayans, dungan means “willpower”. A strong dungan has the
intellectual and psychological capacity to control and influence a person’s way of
thinking.
Religious Rituals
Rituals are patterns of behavior or practices that are related to the sacred
(Tischler 2011). Ritual is a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of
actions performed according to a prescribed order.
Example of Religious Ritual
 Baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on

the recipient's head.
 Marriage is a legal union between two persons that confers certain
privileges and entails certain obligations
Magic and Witchcraft

Magic is the power of apparently influencing the course of events by
using mysterious or supernatural forces. In the anthropological sense refers
to the use of means (as charms or spells) believed to have supernatural
power over natural forces. It can also refer to stage magic performed by a
juggler or an illusionist. Some practitioners of the use of supernatural magic
differentiate their practices from stage magic by spelling theirs as magic.
Witchcraft is a black magic practice that invokes spirits to inflict harm
against people.
Finding and Creating Meaning in life

People have different perspective in life. People have different opinions on
their religion but the most important thing is that whatever religion you have, you
do the right thing, do help others who need help, respect each other, motivate and
encourage people instead of persecuting them, don’t judge quickly instead try to
understand people why they did such act. Do good and what is right. Always think
of the Commandments of God.
Tel. No. 0925-870-1013
Activity :
1. Do you believe in the existence of God? Explain your answer

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Do you believe that life has a meaning or purpose? Explain your answer
_____________________________________________________________
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UNITS : 3
Module 10 : THE POLITICAL SELF
Introduction:
In the Philippines, Filipinos possess common values such as religiously,

hospitality, friendliness and compassion among others. These values contribute to
the formation of a unique identity.
The Constitution enumerates some ideal values that a Filipino should
possess and live for as a member of the body politic. This set of values, such as
nationalism and respect for the law and human rights, serves as guide and norms of
every individual to become ideal citizen.
Why is Politics Necessary?

People make decisions that affect all of them as a group. Like a family
sometimes decides on what course a family member should take in college, how
properties are to be fairly distributed among its members.
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The formation of a general policy for a group of people constitutes politics,

and the general question about these policies. Questions that affect both personal
and public interests.
Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture

Filipino political culture includes beliefs, feelings, group accepted practices,
language and paraphernalia shared by groups of Filipinos in their production,
allocation and usage of political powers alongside the interaction with the state
(Montiel , 2000).
Dominance of Family ties or kinship system

Political dynasties usually control the government. In the Philippines
where consanguinity (Blood relation) is given utmost importance, it does not
matter even if a political candidate is inefficient, immoral or corrupt. As long as he
or she is part of political dynasty found trustworthy by a community, he or she
would be trustworthy. This is because the family is seen to function collectively,
having shared values and beliefs.
Ritual Kinship or the Kumpadre system where the sacredness of
baptism or sacrament of marriage is used to get favors is evident in politics.
Politician are called to act as godfather or godmother is baptism or marriage for
mutual benefits. The inaanak (Godchild) looks at his or her ninong and ninang as a
possible connections in political affairs while the godparents look at their godchild
as investment to remain in power.
Euphemism
Official and employees in lower positions are not frank or
straightforward in criticizing officials of higher rank. They use parinig or
patutsada instead of confronting the officials to immediately address the
probles or issues in their area. They put more importance to their negative
comments or criticism might offend them. Thus, in the end, problems and
issues are not given immediate attention.
Utang na Loob
Filipinos feel obliged to repay immediately or in the future any
favor they receive from other person. They always look for an opportunity to
return any favor given to them.
In politics, Utang na loob ( dept of gratitude) is instrumental in
becoming a popular politician. Citizens often disregard the impact of their
votes to public interest when they elect corrupt and incompetent officials just
because they feel indebted to them. They disregarded their votes and public
interest as payment to their utang na loob.
Ex. The construction of roads, bridges and school buildings in one
locality is regarded that it came from the pocket of the politician and so
indebtedness arises. Filipino are often heard saying “ Malaki utang na loob
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natin kay _______ (Politician) kung hind dahil sa kanya wala sana tayong
nadadaanang tulay ngaun”.
Sense of over dependency
Some constitute rely on an elected official or a “patron”
politician for their personal and economic needs. This culture results the re-
election of incompetent officials whose means to stay in power is to provide
temporary relief to impoverish Filipino families.
This attitude of over dependency also manifests when citizens and/or
lower-ranked employees wait for orders rather than take initiative or be
active participants in policy making. This passive attitude is sometimes
abused by authorities to remain in power
Belief that majority of politician are corrupt
The term “ buwaya” (crocodile) has been used to describe
corrupt politicians in the Philippines signifying their greed for money and
power. It shows that the public perception towards politics is anchored on
the idea that it is evil for many politicians value more the money they can
get instead of actually being good public servants.
Lack of Political maturity
People elect official based on popularity and personality and
not on performance and platform. It seems that people are more interested in
entertainment rather than the serious presentation of platforms and plans of
action for the country.
Establishing a Democratic Culture
Culture define as the way of life followed by a people and which consists of
learned and shared values, behavior, traditions, etc. (Hunt, Quisumbing,
Espiritu,Costello & Lacar ,1994).
Democracy is a system of government in which all citizens are eligible
members of the state. In democratic country, it is expected that there is rule of the
majority, human rights are protected and the rule of law is upheld. Filipinos are
known to always fight for their freedom. They know that the suppression of rights
means running through freedom-loving people and dying to reclaim their rights.
That is why many have sacrificed their lives in order for democracy to be restored.
Ideal Citizen
Citizenship denotes the status of being a legal member of a nation-state. If a
child’s parents are citizens of the country, then the child follows the citizenship of
his or her parents. If a person is born also be a citizen through his or her birthplace.
If a person is born in a particular country or undergoes the legal process of
naturalization in order to become a citizen. Citizenship by birthplace is not granted
here in the Philippines.
Real self is being who you really are while ideal self is desire what you want
to be. Ideal Citizen can be person who follows the laws, protect and takes care if
the environment and contributes to the welfare of other people.
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Governance
Is defined as the tradition and institutions that determine how authority is
exercised in a particular country.
Good Governance
Principles that aim to eliminate the corruption in the government also
applied in the Philippines. (Nolan Principle)
1. Selflessness- it means caring for what the people need and want instead of
promoting personal interest.
Public service is nothing else but serving the people. Elected or
appointed officials have the discretion on handling government
resources for their maximum utilization. Ideally, these resources
should be allocated in ways that are most beneficial to the people.
2. Objectivity- it means being neutral and free from biases in making
decisions. The law must be applied as it is. Decisions must be based on
variable date and evidences for transparency and impartiality.
Officials should not favor those are close to them. They should apply
what the law dictates.
3. Integrity- it means maintaining a good name and character.
Public officials should follow the ethical standards of being public
servants and serve as good examples to their constituents. They have
to free themselves from illegal practices such as corruption and
unethical and immoral activities such as gambling, womanizing and
other similar practices.
4. Honesty- it means telling the truth, hiding nothing, and being transparent at
all times.
5. Accountability-it means being liable and responsible for one’s actions.
6. Openness-it means being transparent with whatever information one
handles. To free the government from false accusation and to inform the
public about what is happening in the government.
7. Leadership-it means being able to lead the way for development that would
benefits all. A leader must be a visionary who thinks of the future of the
nation, an astute politician with strong political will and not hesitate to
implement the law, and a good statesman who maintains healthy relations to
other states.
Filipino Values
Are the inherent traits that make Filipinos different from other nationalities.
Positive Filipino Values
1. Bayanihan – as a practice of the spirit of kinship and camaraderie. It is

observed by helping hand extended to accomplish a task as a group.
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2. Damayan- Filipinos always extend sympathy for people especially for

those who lost their loved ones or who were victims of calamities.
3. Familism or Close Family Ties- Filipinos are known to prioritize the
welfare of Family members above other things.
4. Optimism- Filipinos have the attitude of looking at all ways to be happy
and to maintain a positive outlook even in times of calamities and other
challenges in life.
5. Hospitality- Filipinos are identified to be warm, friendly, generous and
accommodating to other people, fellow Filipino or not.
6. Flexibility- Filipinos have the ability to adapt or conform to the
expectations or will of other people to achieve smooth and harmonious
relationship.
7. Religious- This is characterized by strong faith and submission to the
will of a supreme being.
8. Respects for Elders- Filipinos are thought to show courtesy towards the
elderly at all times. This manifested in the act of “ Pagmamano” “Kissing
the hands of elders” “Saying po and opo” when they are talking to
someone older as sign of respect.
9. Remedyo attitude – Filipinos are known for being creative and
resourceful. This is characterized by their ability to find usefulness in
things that may already be considered as junk by others.
10. Matiyaga- Filipinos are known for their frit and strong determination in
every undertaking.
11. Utang na loob - this is a feeling of gratitude, recognition of one’s
indebtedness, and obligation to repay someone who has extended
assistance to another.
Negative Filipino Values
1. Bahala na attitude – this is a Filipino trait of leaving to fate and luck the
outcome of a certain undertaking, hence the expression “bahala na”.
2. Colonial mentality or Blue-seal Mentality- it is a Filipino value of
giving high regard to foreign products and treating the local as inferior
and low in quality.
3. Crab Mentality- a attitude born out of jealousy and insecurity
characterized by an attempt to pull down those who are ahead of them in
life.
4. Euphemistic- an attitude of not being frank and straightforward so as not
to offend or hurt another person.
5. Filipino Time- Manifest through lack of punctuality.
6. Gaya-gaya attitude – this trait copying or imitating others’ work ,
product , type of business , fashion and the likes.
7. Jackpot Mentality- it characterized by an “ instant millionaire”
mentality of some Filipinos who would rather engage in fast ways if
acquiring money by betting in lottery, participating in a contest and
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sending entries in raffle draws rather than working hard to have a better
life.
8. Belief in Kapalaran- a trait believing and accepting that one’s fate is
already written in the stars. A practice of going to fortune-tellers and
palm-readers just to earn affirmation to their beliefs rather that planning
and pursuing their goals in life.
9. Mañana Habit- from the phrase mamaya na means “ I’ll do it later”.
10. Ningas Kugon - this is an attitude of being enthusiastic only at the
beginning of an work.
11. Oversensitivity- inability to withstand and accept criticism or negative
comments.
12.Pakikisama – an attitude of always adhering or submitting to the will of
the group they part of.
13. Lack of Sportsmanship - an attitude that they cannot seem to accept
being defeated.
14. Tsamba lang attitude- characterized by refusal to take the credit for
one’s own accomplishments, instead owing it to charm and luck.


UNITS : 3
Module 11 : THE DIGITAL SELF
Introduction
Tel. No. 0925-870-1013
Most of the people have their social media accounts, like Facebook, twitter ,
Instagrams and other social networking site that represent how he or she wants to
be perceived in a virtual space. The account contains personal information about
the users (maybe true or not).
The self that is present online can be regarded as one’s extended self .(Belk
1998)
I, ME, MYSELF and MY ONLINE IDENTITY

By looking at your friends profile picture, you may perceive how your
friends want themselves to be seen. You may see people with profile pictures taken
in a famous place, pictures with or loved ones, pictures with famous personalities,
or pictures with pets or other things like using other people personal pictures or
image, also posting or sharing other people works.
People’s profile pictures signify or represent many things about them.
Whatever reason they may have behind the use of these profile pictures are
definitely influence by how they want to be perceived by others on social media.
These profile pictures in any other networking site reflect the online identities
people want to establish.
Digital Self
Photos can be manipulated, can be edited and can be altered. Technology
can manipulate one’s physical appearances, what it manages to produce is
definitely not the authentic self. Manipulated images simply serve as representation
of one’s ideal self or what people wanted to be.
What not to post online
1. Sexy or revealing pictures- these kinds of photos should be kept in private

for security reasons. Some people may take advantage of these photos and
spread them without the knowledge of the original owner.
2. Pictures or videos showing private moments with loved one- Even
sometimes people are too showy of their feelings towards their loved ones,
kissing and intimate moments and activities must kept in private and should
not be divulged in online platforms.
3. Pictures or videos showing bad habits- like person drinking liquor and being
intoxicated , smoking cigarettes and gambling. It definitely sets a bad
example for other people present in the cyberspace.
4. Negative comments on another person’s attitude- It is indecent to post
negative comments and announce to the world what you think of another
person’s attitude. It can damage person’s reputation. This is considered
crime of slander.
5. Post announcing conflicts with other people- conflict with other people will
not be resolved by posting about them online. The best way to resolve this
kind of conflict is to face them.
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6. Post of the results of a particular competition with names of defeated

participants- it can damage the people’s reputation and it can also impact
their psychological well-being.
7. Comments showing strong opposition to certain issues- some social media
users engage in bashing, name-calling and other forms of inappropriate
behaviors.
8. Comments with foul, vulgar, indecent and offensive words
9. Pictures or videos revealing one’s financial status- we must be careful in
revealing about our or other people financial status for security.
10.Pictures or videos showing family trips- it may attract unwanted attention
from criminals
11.Pictures or videos displaying one doing good deeds
12.Posts of every single thing you do- social media is not a diary where you can
write down every single thing that happens to your everyday.
Question: Are you a responsible Netizen?

Some issues that needs to address if one wants to be seen as a responsible netizen.
1. Sharing fake news

2. Cyber bullying
3. Sharing Viruses
As a responsible netizen , you should know what behaviors are accepted

online and what behaviors you need to avoid. Everyone should be responsible
in making use of social media. A netizen should be responsible for whatever he
or she shares online and must always ensure that he or she will not post
malicious content that may damage other people in any way.
How to fight social media addiction?

If you are spending more than three hours of your time every day on social
media, then you can be considered as a social media addict. Social media has
many benefits but too much time to spent on it can be harmful. All addictions are
harmful. Too much use of social media had negative effects on our health.
To avoid social media addiction, you need to limit the time you use for
social media. The maximum should be less than three hours, the lesser the better.
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UNITS : 3
Module 12 : THE EMOTIONAL SELF
Introduction
Emotion is a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's
circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. We have different types of
emotions wherein they are connected to us. We encounter many circumstances or
events in our lives that we use our emotions.
Kinds of emotions
Anger emotions arise when we are blocked from pursuing a goal
and/or treated unfairly.
Disgust is a reaction of intense displeasure or revulsion to something

that is too revolting or offensive.
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Fear is an emotion induced by perceived danger or threat, which

causes physiological changes and ultimately behavioral changes, such as
fleeing, hiding, or freezing from perceived traumatic events.
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Happiness is a positive or pleasant emotions ranging from

contentment to intense joy
Sadness is an emotional pain associated with, or characterized by,

feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, grief, helplessness, disappointment
and sorrow.
Emotion Management Strategies
In social interaction, feelings may arise. These emotions maybe positive or

negative and may affect relationships as well. Thus, people should always keep
their emotions in check to avoid misunderstanding and miscommunication.
Tips on how to manage emotions, to avoid outbursts and negative

feelings towards others.
1. Smile to make yourself feel good

2. Smile to make other feel good
3. Get up and move
4. Check in with your body
5. Physically remove the tension
6. Breathe
7. Talk to someone
8. Disengage and re-engage emotions
Activity: Film Showing
Watch the film “Inside out” produced by Pixar Animation Studios. Then answer
the following questions.
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1. Describe each emotion character in the story.

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. How does the character show their positive and negative feelings in the
story?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What did you learn from the story?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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UNITS : 3
Module 13 : Managing and Caring for the Self:
Becoming a Better Student
Introduction
Tel. No. 0925-870-1013
If teachers ask his or her students about what they have learned in
class today, some might talk about new concepts and terms they memorized,
or the articles and other materials they read. But hoes does one assess
learning? Learning from the behavioral perspective is a noticeable, visible,
permanent change in behavior. Does it mean that if there is no change in
behavior, no learning occurs?
Learning Defined
- Learning involves changed. Changes in one’s behavior mostly occur

through experience. Generally, learning involves acquiring changes in the
present knowledge, skills, habits, behaviors, or tendencies through
experience, practice, or formal education.
Characteristics of Learning
1. Learning in Purposeful
– Every human action is motivated or inspired by one’s aims, goals, or
intentions. Goals can be short term or long term. Learning occurs because
it is planned, desired or even forced. But no matter what the case, there is
always a purpose why a person seeks more knowledge.
2. Learning is a Result of Experience
– Learning is often associated with a change is behavior as a result of
experience. This entails that learning comes with one’s interaction with
the environment.
3. Learning is Multifaceted
– The famous quotation “a sound mind in a sound body” exemplifies
the connection between the physical and mental well-being of a person.
For instance, in physical education, the objectives are not solely focused
on the psychomotor domain; the affective domain is also developed by
instilling teamwork and sportsmanship. The focused of learning is not on
the course alone. Incidental knowledge, skills and attitudes are also
thought and developed.
4. Learning is an Active Process
– Learners should not be mere passive receivers of information.
Teachers should not assume that learners can remember all the terms,
concepts, theories, laws principles etc. that they teach their students.
Learning is not rote of memorization. Teachers are also advised to
involve the students in the learning process. The principle of teaching
states that the students should be center of the learning process. Their
active participation in class activities must be solicited in order for them
to fully grasp certain concepts.
What Happens During Learning?
Brain Changes
- When a person learns something new, the brain undergoes changes. -
The changes in the brain during learning are
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1. New nerve cells may grow and new neural networks will then be
formed;
2. The strength of existing synaptic connections changes thus
functionally changing the connectivity (and activity) within the existing
neural networks in response to a sensory stimuli; and
3. New synapses are formed between neurons that were not connected
before, thus effectively creating new networks of neurons that, when active,
represent a new memory.
Behavioral Changes
- A student who received a zero grade and counseling from his or her
Technical Writing teacher after submitting a plagiarized paper will more
likely not to plagiarized again. What behavior has changed? It is dishonesty.
- Learning has been defined as a permanent change in behavior as a

result of experience. Thus, if a student still applies fallacies on
argumentation or plagiarized an article taken from the internet again, then
based on the definition, there is no learning because the change is not
permanent. Learning requires continuity of behavioral change.
Becoming a Self-regulated Learner
- Self-regulated learning refers to the learner’s ability to regulate or

control one’s own learning and behavior. This entails that one’s acquisition
of knowledge and a skill does not require external intervention.
- Barry Zimmerman, one of the researchers on the topic, emphasized

that selfregulation is not a mental ability or skill but a self-directed process
whereby learners transform their mental abilities to skills.
- An effective learner regulates one’s own learning by (1) planning

and setting goals, (2) using strategies and monitoring performance, and (3)
reflecting on one’s own performance and adapting strategies to achieve the
goals. (Sage 2YC, 2018)
Learning to be a Better Student
- Part Riley, one of the greatest basketball coaches of all time, once
said, “If you are not getting better, you are getting worse.” This mantra or
perspective can be applied to any context, whether in the field of medicine,
industry, sports, and academe. Riley is the head coach of Los Angeles
Lakers in the 1980’s Showtime era. His team won championships and
dominated half of the decade.
- In medicine, what does not cure you actually makes you sicker.
More often than not, complications transpire, sickness and diseases mutate,
making the patient worse than the initial diagnosis of his or her ailment.
- In any sports competition, there is only one champion. There is only

one person or team that dominates; the remaining participants are labeled
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losers and are more sometimes relegated. The story is more often focused on
the winners, seldom on the losing side. Through the stories of losing have
their own sets of valuable lessons to learned, the story of winning is
oftentimes considered as more inspiring than the story of the second or third
placer.
Good Study Habits
- Study habits refer to attitudes and behaviors of students when

preparing for tests or any leaning assessment. Below are some of the ways to
develop good study habits.
1. Get organized Plan ahead of time. Allot time to read everyday in

order not to cram days before the exam. Make a study plan. (prioritize those
subjects you have difficulty) Make an outline to organized thoughts, ideas.
Fix your study area, eliminate all distractions such as cellphones and other
gadgets and keep away from television.
2. Prepare your review materials Make review notes. Create

flashcards. Make mind maps and mnemonic patterns to easily recall terms
and concepts. Play the recordings before sleeping or while on the road.
3. Ask help If you do understand a particular lesson or topic, seek help

from your teacher, your classmates, your parents or your older brother or
sister.
4. Test yourself or ask someone to test you This can be done by

simply recalling your lesson and writing them on a piece of paper or by
asking someone to throw questions and answering as many questions as
possible.
5. Allot time to take break and eliminate stress Allot break time.
During break time short physical activities can be done such as stretching,
listening to music or drinking coffee.
6. Create or join a study group This enables you to take notes, discuss
thoughts, brainstorm ideas and tutor concepts. This helps you to calibrate
your understanding of certain concepts, rules, principles and theories.
7. Teach what you have learned This can be done by sharing what you
have learned to your younger brother or sister, neighbor or any other people.
As they say practice makes perfect.
Meaningful Learning
- The learning process should not end with students perceiving that
they are prisoners who are serving their sentence for a term (semester) on a
certain duration of time (class schedule) in a specific place (classroom), and
that after listening passively for almost five months, they are free men, free
from confinement in the classroom and to the teachers but not from
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ignorance. If that is the student’s perception on the end result or learning

then something has to be done to improve it.
- There is no one-size-fits-all effective teaching methodology, there

are some ways to ensure meaningful learning after the lesson such as :
1. Asking the students about the practical of their learning,
particularly what they can do for their family, school, government and
community;
2. Allowing students to demonstrate a new skill acquired from the
lesson;
3. Requiring students to write an essay or a reflective journal of what
they have learned’
4. Asking the students to relate the lesson to other sciences or fields of
knowledge;
5. Helping the student to find relevance of the lesson to their lives.
Through these ways the students can reinforce their learning, empower
themselves, express their thoughts, and make sense of those lessons to their
lives and to their world – and these exemplify meaningful learning.


UNITS : 3
Module 14 : Setting Goal for Success
Introduction
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All of us have our respective goals. Goals, whether short –term or long-term,
can be related to career, health, relationships and more. These goals serve as
impetus in order for us to work hard and maximize our abilities. Our existence is
anchored on the goals we set to achieve. Whenever one’s goal provides us
fulfillment and satisfaction; it empowers us and increases our self-esteem. It is
important, therefore, for us to clearly set our goals based on our skills and abilities.
The Importance of goals
- A life without a purpose is a wasted life. A life without a goal is a

pointless life. It is said that a person has two birthdays. One is the actual date
when one is born and the other day is when one finds his or her own purpose
in life.
- While everybody celebrates their birthday yearly, very few people

find their purpose in the early stages of their life. There are some who find
their purpose only towards the end of their life while there are some who
simply never find their purpose at all.
- A truly successful person finds his or her purpose in life and does
everything to fulfill such purpose.
- Imagine the futility of throwing darts without a dartboard. Without a

dartboard, there would be no target at all. Imagine the futility of golf ball
when there is no hole to ace it in.
- A life without a goal is similar to the scenarios enumerated above.

Such life is pointless and useless.
Albert bandura’s theory of self-efficacy
- In Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory, self-efficacy refers to

one’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situation or accomplish a
task. More often than not, one’s sense of self-efficacy can play a major role
in how one approaches goals, task, and challenges.
- The operative word in the concept of self-efficacy is “belief”. If a

person believes in himself or herself, then half the battle is already won. In
fact, some people would even have another word for this – “faith”. If one
has faith, then nothing is impossible.
- Bandura enumerated ways to strengthen self-efficacy. These are

mastery experience, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional
and physiological states.
- Mastery Experiences refer to first-hand or direct experiences that a

person acquires. When the frequency of success is high, there is a greater
belief in one’s personal efficacy. Likewise, failures discourage one’s belief
in accomplishing a task.
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- Vicarious Experiences emanate from observing people, especially

those that one regards as his or her model. People choose their own models.
When these models succeed through hard work, this increases one’s belief
that he or she can too succeed.
- Verbal Persuasion refers to motivation coming from influential

people such as parents, teachers. friends, coaches, and superiors. Statement
like “kayang-kaya mo yan” and “ikaw pa, maning mani lang yan sayo”
provide very significant motivation, in such a way that one exerts extra
effort so as not to disappoint these people.
- Emotional and Physiological States refer to the emotional and

physiological conditions that a person is in. A person suffering from
depression or undergoing stress will likely have a small percentage of
success as compared to those inspired and motivated.
Carol Dweck’s growth mindset theory
- Carol Dweck is one of the world-renowned researchers in the area

of motivation. She introduced the idea of mindset which she defined as the
implicit theories that individuals hold regarding the nature of intelligent
behavior. In the “fixed” theory of intelligence (fixed mindset) people
believed that the basic qualities such as intelligence and talents are fixed
traits. In the “growth” theory of intelligence (growth mindset), people
believed that talent and intelligence are developed through learning, effort,
training and practice.
- Dweck believes that educators must produce confident learners and

it can be done by giving positive reinforcement like verbal phrase and
recognition for their hard work.
Edwin Locke’s goal setting theory
- In the late 1960’s Dr. Edwin Locke conducted the first ever research
on goal setting and motivation. In one of his essays, he mentioned that
employees are motivated by clear goals and appropriate feedback. He
stressed that setting a goal provides a significant source of motivation which,
in turn, improves people’s performance.
- In Locke’s goal-setting theory, a goal (or outcome) has two sides:

(1) the mastery goals where the desire to gain knowledge and skills are
reflected, and (2) the performance goals where the desire to look competent
in other people’s eye is manifested.
- In 1990, Edwin Locke and Gary Latham published a book entitled,

A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance. In this book, they
enumerated the five principles of goal setting, namely, clarity, challenge,
commitment, feedback and task complexity.
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- Clarity simply means being clear and not vague. A goal must be
specific and the person must set a period for its attainment or completion.
- Challenge means that a goal must trigger the knowledge, skills, and
abilities of a person. A goal should require extra effort for its attainment.
- Commitment reflects a person’s dedication towards the attainment -

of the set goals. Attaining a goal requires sincerity and focus.
- Feedback serves as mechanism to ensure that everyone is sharing the

same goal is on the right track and all are in the same direction. Everyone’s
actions should be aligned with the set goals.
- Tax Complexity pushes the people to take the extra mile and work
hard. The more complicated the goal or task, the higher the motivation will
be.
Julian rotter’s expectancy theory
- Expectancy theory is focused mainly on the expectation that shape a

particular behavior in a particular situation. Learning creates cognition,
known as expectancies that guide behavior. For Julian Rotter behavior is
determined not only by the kinds of consequences that B.E. Skinner called
positive reinforcement but also by expectation that a particular behavior will
result in those consequences.
- Also, in this theory, Rotter classified people’s locus control into two:
(1) internal; and (2) external. If a person has internal locus of control he or
she believes that events are controlled by his or her own efforts.
- People with this locus of control believed that their achievements

and the reinforcement they receive come from the effort they make for
themselves. These individuals “make things happen”. They are active rather
than passive.
- On the other hand, if a person has an external locus of control, he or

she believes that the events are determined by external forces over which he
or she has no control. When these types of people succeed, they attribute
their success to chance and luck.
- There are also people who attribute their failure to be employed to

kapalaran or malas (fate and luck mentality).
Success
- Success is all about achieving something as a product of one’s

initiative and effort.
- Success is subjective. Conceptually, success is not limited to the
acquisition of material possessions or degree. Success is the feeling of
fulfillment of an aspiration or desire. The feeling stays and becomes a
permanent source of pride, and then a person may add other goals
Tel. No. 0925-870-1013
comprising new targets for success. People strive for success to capture that
feeling of fulfillment – such feeling that defines one’s essence and existence.
- King (2004) categorized success into mental, spiritual, personal,

career, financial, social, physical, and family success.
- Mental Success means understanding and accepting one’s

intellectual activities, feelings, and emotions.
- Spiritual Success equates to having a sound body and spirit. -

Personal Success comes with overcoming one’s physical or psychological
limitations such as overcoming a phobia.
- Career Success entails achieving milestones in one’s career such as

getting one’s “dream job” or the desired position in the company.
- Financial Success means financial stability – being able to acquire

material possessions that one desires and being free from debt and
acquisition of material possessions.
- Social Success reflects the respect and recognition one has from the
community.
- Physical success can mean possessing the desired qualities of one’s

body. - Family Success is to have a harmonious and happy family.
- While people are free to aspire to have these all successes, people
cannot “have it all”. But the continues chase for success makes life more
challenging.


UNITS : 3
Module 15 : Taking Charge of One’s Health
Tel. No. 0925-870-1013
Introduction
Medical professionals often encourage us to avoid stress in order to stay

healthy. Stress triggers life-threatening illnesses such as cancer, hypertension, heart
attack, high blood pressure and many others. It also causes an individual to make
hasty and risky decisions. Drastic actions whether physical or verbal, may also
arise from stress. Stress therefore has a lot negative consequences.
There is a need of high level patience and emotional quotient in order to deal
with everyday stressors. Solution-driven perspective and blame-free attitude
accompanied by positive outlook in life are some of the ways to maintain our well-
being.
Three domains that dominate the self
Based on the domains of biorhythm, the self is dominated by three

domains that operate in a cycle. These domains manifest regularly and one
may dominate the other. These domains are physical, intellectual and
emotional.
The physical domain includes coordination, strength, and well-being.

The intellectual domain includes alertness, analytical functioning, logical
analysis, memory or recall, and communication. The emotional domain
includes creativity, sensitivity, mood, perception and awareness.
Taken as a whole and as a framework of indicator of health, these

domains must be balanced by individuals. Based on this framework, any
imbalance result in incongruence and thus in an unhealthy condition.
Contemporary medicine prescribes that in order to be healthy, one

must be regularly exercise, control the intake of unhealthy food, and be in
forgiving mode, so as not to poison one’s mind. If there is physiological
poison, there is also psychological poison. In this entirety, such negativity on
all domains opens the possibility of occurrence of sickness or disease. To
avoid sickness or disease, a positive and proactive score in these domains
leads to a healthier life.
This is a reason why physical education is taught at a very young age.

There is a reason why there is a need to educate the youth as early as
possible. Foremost, there is a compelling reason why individuals need to
know themselves.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is a choice. Suffice it to say that being

physical active, intellectually hungry, and emotionally stable is healthy. This
mindset leads to a healthier life and a happier perspective in life.
Personal health responsibility

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Steinbrook (2006), stated that today, more than ever, personal health is
responsibility or taking charge or one’s own health is an essential step in disease
prevention as well as in protocols for healing and recovery from diseases.
Personal Health Responsibility involves active participation in one’s

own health and healing plan through education and lifestyle changes.
Although the concept of personal health responsibility seems simple, it is
often overlooked when people are diagnosed with an autoimmune disorder
and seeking quick fix.
One needs to be sensitive about the importance of good health.

Exercising every day, avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs, maintains
proper hygiene, having enough rest and sleep, eating on time, and ensuring a
balance diet are few things that one can do for the body.
Part of personal health responsibility is knowing one’s family history;

this is one way to determine hereditary illnesses which can be avoided in the
future. Examples are diabetes and high blood pressure which may be
inherited from parents. Another health responsibility is conducting research
on effective herbal medicines and food supplements. Prescription drugs
manufactured in laboratory are made up of chemicals which can be
detrimental to people’s health.
In the Philippines, several measures have been enacted to instill

health awareness and encourage personal heath responsibility like the anti-
smoking campaign, discouragement to take medicine without prescription,
encouragement to seek medical assistance and services from licensed
physicians, heavier penalty for people selling drugs for abortion and many
others.
Stress
- Stress refers to the reaction of our physiological and psychological

self to any kind of demand or threat. Right of the bat, one could already
claim that not all stress is negative and unwanted. Sometimes there positive
stresses that are aptly called eustress.
- Eustress is beneficial stress that can be in the form of physical and

biological stimuli. Literally, the Greek prefix eu means good, hence the
word “eustress” means “good stress”.
- Bad stress or distress is the exact opposite of eustress. Distress

occurs when there is a tension build-up which become unbearable and
difficult to cope with.
- A stressor is any event that compels a person to adjust or change.

Here are the common stressors that are described as unpleasant and life-
threatening.
Tel. No. 0925-870-1013
1. Catastrophic events and life-threatening experiences – are abrupt

unforeseen experiences or traumas such us, natural calamities, military
combats, terrorist attacks, accidents and physical and sexual abuses.
2. Life changes and strains - include separation of parents, illness in
the family, change of work place, transfer of domicile and other
circumstances that demand people to adjust.
3. Chronic problems - exist for a long period which include
circumstances such as suffering from a serious illness, having irresponsible
neighbors, and failure to acquire a lucrative or high-income job.
4. Everyday hassles – are irritations, pressures and annoyance that
may not be significant stressors by themselves but whose cumulative effect
can be significant. Examples are traffic congestion, waiting in a long line to
get a taxi, or just bad day when everything goes wrong.
Stress tolerance refers to the ability of an individual to endure stress.

An individual’s stress tolerance is dependent on his or her psychological and
physiological constitution; thus everyone reacts differently to stress. One’s
perception of stress is subjective. A eustress for someone could be a distress
to another. The reality is that one cannot really eliminate stress but one can
manage it.
Signs and symptoms of poorly managed stress.
- Several symptoms may be observe from people under stress.

Symptoms can be physical, behavioral, or emotional.
- Physical symptoms are characterized by one’s inability to sleep,
fatigue, headache, cramps, unpleasant aura and gastrointestinal problem.
Stress also causes aging and malignant diseases like cancer.
- Emotional and behavioral symptoms include lack of concentration,
irritation, nervousness, panic, lack of appetite in food, or too much intake of
food, low level of enthusiasm and desire, and mood swing.
- Some people who are unable to properly manage stress are
vulnerable to unhealthy habits like drug addiction, alcoholism, cigarette
smoking, or poor diet. When this unhealthy habits persist, those people are
led to undesirable behaviors.
Coping with stress
- People who have adequate coping resources and methods will suffer
fewer effects of stressors compared to those who lack them. In dealing with
stressful experiences, people may coping resources which may include
money and time. In relation to this, those individuals who are financially
disadvantage and those who have limited or no time due to work schedule
have lesser chance of eliminating the condition that stress them.
- The effect of stressors can also eliminated through the use of

effective coping methods. Most of these methods can be classified as
problem focused or emotion focused. (Bernstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart &
Roy,2012, quoting Folkman, 1986). - Problem-focused coping method
involves an attempt to change or eliminate sources of stress. Example are
Tel. No. 0925-870-1013
confrontation, seeking social support, and undertaking and deliberate

problem solving.
- Emotional-focused coping method is aimed at controlling the

negative emotional consequences of stressors. Example are self control
(keeping feelings to one-self), distancing (not thinking about the stressor),
accepting responsibility (attributing the stress as one’s creation), and wishful
thinking (thinking the situation will pass).
Social and cultural dimensions of stress
- Culturally and socially, stress is typically viewed negatively. Recent

research, however revealed that stress is a neutral concept. What was
originally seen as a negative factor can now be viewed otherwise.
- Similar to existential philosophy, a stress is relative. One’s

perception of stress depends on the perspective on the individual. This
perception is always subject to change; what is viewed as an asset can be
viewed as liability later on by another person. A typhoon could be menace to
some but for a rain-starved locality, it could be a blessing.
- In the Philippines, there are perennial stressors that frustrate most

people. Some of these are the (1) public transportation (e.g., MRT, LRT,
glitches) and traffic problems, (2) frequent increase in prices in basic
commodities and services (e.g., electricity and water bills), and (3)
unfinished projects (e.g., drainage, roads, etc.) that causes further traffic
congestion and risk to people’s safety.
- Another stressor is the frequent increase in prices of basic

commodities and services. The prices of rice, meat, vegetables, sugar, bread,
oil, and fish continue to rise. This causes so much stress to Filipino families,
especially those living below the poverty line, as they try to stress their
budget in order to buy these commodities. The increase does not go along
with the salary increase.
- In addition to prices of basic commodities, rates of electric and water

consumption also increase. Consumers are stressed each time that they hear
a notice of increase in water and electricity rate.
- Lastly, roads, manholes, bridges, and other government projects are

either left unfinished or taking a long time to be completed. Some
government projects with no warning signs pose road hazards that may
cause injury or even death. Unfinished government projects contribute to the
worsening traffic problem and may present hazards to health.
The need of self-care and self-compassion
- Self-care refers to all activities that a person does to maintain and

improve his or her physical, psychological, emotional, social, and spiritual
well-being. It has five dimensions, namely physical, psychological,
emotional, social, and spiritual selfcare.
Tel. No. 0925-870-1013
- Physical Self-care includes all the activities that one does to

maintain and improve his or her physical well-being like consistently
sleeping for at least 8 hours, drinking 8 glasses of water, eating healthy and
nutritious foods, taking vitamins, and exercising.
- Psychological Self-care includes all the activities one does to deal or

resolve mental health issues, address both positive and negative emotions,
and learn to deal with negative self-talk (self-criticism)
- Emotional Self-care includes all the activities one does to cope with
stress and deal with grief.
- Social Self-care includes all the activities one does to connect with
people valuable to him or her. It means spending time and having a great
time with loved ones, and other valuable people including family, friends,
neighbors, schoolmates, professional organizations and many more.
- Spiritual Self-care includes all activities one does to strengthen one’s

relationship with his or her beliefs. It also includes meditation and
contemplation about one’s purpose of existence according to his or her faith.
Benefits of self-care
1. Enhance productivity when a person distances himself or herself

from vices like drinking liquor, smoking and gambling, he or she will have
more time to focus on his or her goals in addition to improving his or her
physical well-being.
2. Improved vitality physical activities like exercising, eating the right

food, drinking enough water, and getting enough sleep, increase resistance to
diseases. Unhealthy habits make a person vulnerable to diseases.
3. Enhanced self-esteem avoiding self-breathing is very important.

Negative self-talk is damaging to how one perceives himself or herself and
may lead to anxiety and stress. It is important to a person to discover and
accept who he or she really is and be proud about himself or herself.
4. Increase self-knowledge after a person discovers and accepts who

he or she is, it is important for him or her to know what he or she wants or
what he or she loves to do. With this, one will be able to live life to the
fullest according to the purpose he or she has.
5. Mindfulness and compassion – knowing and being good to oneself stems

from goodness and compassion one directs people towards other people
Self compassion
- Self-compassion is defined as showing compassion to oneself. It

involves being open to and moved by one’s own suffering, expressing care
and kindness towards oneself, taking an understanding and nonjudgmental
Tel. No. 0925-870-1013
attitude towards one’s inadequacies and failures, and recognizing that one’s
own experience is the part of the common human experience.
- Some people would perceive themselves as stupid or as fools

because of certain actions or decisions they have made. This act of self-
recrimination ruins one’s selfesteem and is a sign of lack of self-respect.
Three components of self-compassion
- Self-compassion has three main elements, namely self-kindness,

common humanity, and mindfulness.(Neff,2011)
- Self-kindness means not being physically and verbally harsh to

oneself. Selfberation is a kind of verbal abuse directed to oneself. It involves
an act when one blames himself or herself for his or her actions or decisions.
Usually this is done by stating unkind words to oneself. Self-harm, on the
other hand, is the act of harming oneself through physical means which is
both physical and psychologically damaging to an individual.
- Common humanity means acceptance that one is an imperfect being,

one makes mistakes, along with everyone else, and does not always gets
what he or she wants.
- Mindfulness is the practice of being fully present in the moment.
One has to turn toward his or her painful thoughts and emotions in order to
embrace himself of herself with compassion.
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EXACT COLLEGES OF ASIA

Suclayin, Arayat, Pampanga

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

COURSE CODE : SSC111

What is all about?

Why are you in this subject?

 What is “understands the Self”?

You belong to this college/university so it is important to know and learn how to

Activity 1: SHARING ONSELF

Share yourself with others by providing the following information:

Activity 2: YOUR ROLE IN THE COMMUNITY

1. In college, each of you is expected to do something for the whole

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

COURSE CODE : SSC111

 “ Sino Ako” by Jamie Rivera

1. Who are you?

Look at yourself in the mirror and answer the following questions.

The Philosophical View of Self

Socrates: Know Thyself

Plato: The Ideal Self, the Perfect Self

Immanuel Kant: Respect for Self

Rene Descartes: I think, therefore I am

John Locke: Personal Identity

The Christian or Bblical View of Self

St. Augustine: Love and Justice as the Foundation of the

St. Augustine believes that a virtuous life is dynamism of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

COURSE CODE : SSC111

Sigmund Freud: The psychoanalytic theory of Self

Freud’s asserts that the human psyche (personality) is

1. Id (internal desire). Also called internal drives or instinctive drives, it

3. Superego (conscience). It is the part of the personality concerned with

Freudian Stages of Psychosexual Development

Erik Erikson: The Psychosocial Stages of the Self-development

Activity 3: Self – Description Essay

You may use these suggested topics

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

COURSE CODE : SSC111

- Political System - Economic Status

George Herbert Mead was an American philosopher,

George Mead’s Social Self

in the world through interaction and through reflections on those

Two Sides of Self:

Charles Horton Cooley

One of Cooley's most important contributions to

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

COURSE CODE : SSC111

school authorities, political values, beliefs or traditions are culturally-

Hint as you start rewinding our own history on self, a Philippine-

1. We can influence someone or

1. Prevent children from self-pity over impoverished situations

Another interesting Filipino traits according to Southeast Asian Science

It is shows that anyone can have self-awareness if he/she will be able to

Positive Emotional Self-Awareness

 If one knows his/her attitudinal boundaries and limitations;

 If one counts a hundred before expressing emotions.

Instruction: Understand the question comprehensively and discuss each of the

3. Do we need self-awareness? why?

4. Does our Family relationship affect the development of our self-esteem?

5. What will happen if a person has a low self-esteem?