Chapter 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction MULTIPLE CHOICE What are the main components of attitudes? 1.

Which of the following answer choices is the best definition of attitude? a. Attitudes indicate how one will react to a given event. b. Attitudes are the yardstick by which one measures ones actions. c. Attitudes are the emotional part of an evaluation of some person, object or event. d. Attitudes are evaluative statements of what one believes about something or someone. e. Attitudes are a measure of how the worth of an object, person or event is evaluated. The belief that violence is wrong is a evaluative statement. Such an opinion constitutes the _____ component of an attitude. a. cognitive b. affective c. reflective d. behavioral e. reactive The _____ component of an attitude is the emotional or feeling component of that attitude. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. evaluative e. reaffective Jan is a security officer. Jan believes that it is important to know exactly who is in the office at any given time. She notices that some employees do not sign out of the office when they take lunch, which makes it impossible to keep track of who is actually in the office. Jan becomes frustrated with those employees. She makes note of them and reports them to their supervisors. In the above scenario, what is the behavioral component of Jans attitude to the employees who did not sign out of the office? a. Jan believes that it is important that she know exactly who is in the office at any given time. b. Jan notices that some employees do not sign out of the office when they take lunch. c. Jan finds it impossible to keep track of who is actually in the office. d. Jan becomes frustrated with those employees who do not sign out of the office. e. Jan notes which employees leave the office without signing out, and reports them to their supervisors. 5. Which of the following is an example of an attitude? a. Satisfaction with a job well done. b. The observation that most dogs have four legs. c. The opinion that it is never acceptable to steal. d. Anger at being unfairly accused of a wrongdoing. e. The avoidance of a restaurant where one once received bad service. The following are possible actions that an individual may take if they behave in a way that is inconsistent with an attitude that they hold: I: change the behavior II: change the attitude

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III: rationalize the behavior IV: ignore the inconstancy Which of these actions are the most likely to be taken? a. Either I, or II b. Either III or IV c. One of I, II or III d. One of I, III or IV e. One of II, III or IV 7. Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes results in _____. a. organizational dissonance b. cognitive dissonance c. attitudinal clarification d. values clarification e. affective reactance The theory of cognitive dissonance was proposed by _____. a. Maslow b. Festinger c. Hofstede d. Skinner e. Pavlov Dan strongly believes that it is important that he spends time with his children on the weekends. Which of the following situations would most likely result in a very strong desire to reduce cognitive dissonance? a. Being made by his boss to work weekends or lose his job. b. Working over the weekend in order to cover for a sick friend. c. Working over the weekend in order to secure a large cash bonus. d. Working over the weekend in order to free up time for a golf game later in the week. e. Working over the weekend in order to complete a project for a client vital to the company. Dissonance means _____. a. reactance b. constance c. resistance d. consistency e. inconsistency Festinger argued that dissonance is _____. a. monotonous b. confounding c. physically painful d. exhausting e. unpleasant Jo is a courier, delivering parcels throughout the metropolitan area. Although she considers herself law abiding, she often breaks the speed limit while making her deliveries. Which of the following statements does not reflect a likely response to the conflict between her attitude and her behavior? a. Its not a problem that I speed a little bit, its not much over the limit, and everyone else speeds some. b. The speed limits are just too low around here; anyone driving at a reasonable speed will

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break them. c. This speeding is irresponsible. From now on I am observing the speed limits. d. Ive got to drive fast sometimes, otherwise I will not make all my deliveries and Ill lose clients. e. Its wrong to break even minor laws, but Ill probably keep speeding anyway. 13. According to Festinger, people will seek a(an) _____. a. variable state with variable dissonance b. stable state with maximal dissonance c. unstable state with maximal dissonance d. unstable state with minimal dissonance e. stable state with minimal dissonance Festinger proposed that the desire to reduce dissonance is determined by three factors including the _____. a. values of the elements creating the dissonance b. degree of influence the individual believes he or she has over the elements c. degree of positive affect the person has toward the behavior d. fact that values and attitudes will vary over the short term e. awareness that dissonance exists The primary organizational implication of cognitive dissonance theory is that it helps to predict _____. a. overall job satisfaction for employees b. the likelihood of a given employee engaging in impression management c. the overall level to which the workforce will accept gender, racial or other types of bias d. the willingness of the workforce to accept company rules and work practices e. the inclination towards attitude and behavioral change of the workforce Which of the following is not a moderating variable of the A-B relationship? a. direct experience b. consistency c. specificity d. accessibility e. importance The attitude-behavior relationship is likely to be much stronger if the attitude_____. a. refers to something that the individual has direct personal experience with b. must be defended against the attitudes of society at large c. is perceived to be of little importance d. is related to organizational structure e. is not regularly discussed and examined The theory that attitudes are used, after the fact, to make sense out of action that has already occurred is best explained by _____. a. cognitive dissonance b. escalation of commitment c. self perception theory d. uncertainty avoidance e. organizational commitment Which of the following statements are best explained by self-perception theory? a. I think its wrong to steal, so I never have taken as much as a paper-clip home from the

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office. b. I wouldnt want an office job, all my life Ive worked outdoors, even as a child growing up on a farm. c. I may have cut a few corners when I wrote that new contract, but it was more important to get it in on time than worry about a few typos. d. I am a deeply religious person, so I do not want to work on any of the holy days my faith holds dear. e. It is important to be truthful, but not so much that you cause unnecessary offense. 20. Which of the following is not true concerning diversity programs? a. They almost always include a self-evaluation phase. b. They seek to change attitudes in response to shifts in perspective on diversity issues. c. Participants often take part in group discussions with representatives from diverse groups. d. They avoid making participants openly confront the stereotypes that they hold. e. The use of these programs is increasing. The E.M. Foster quote, How can I know what I think til I see what I say? reflects the notions captured by _____ theory. a. cognitive dissonance b. escalation of commitment c. self perception d. uncertainty avoidance e. social affirmation The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her performance as being important to self-worth is _____. a. job satisfaction b. job involvement c. job stability d. organizational commitment e. social embeddedness _____ refers to an individuals general attitude toward his or her job. a. Job satisfaction b. Job involvement c. Job stability d. Organizational commitment e. Social investment Which of the following statements would have been most likely made by an employee with a high degree of job involvement? a. My skills make me exceptionally valuable to the company. b. Im a harder worker than most of my colleagues, even to the degree I am carrying some of the lazier ones. c. It felt great to get promoted; I guess the guys upstairs really did appreciate the way I had been running things. d. I love my job, it is engaging, well-paid, and low pressure enough that I dont have to be always worrying about it in my time off. e. I enjoy working with my hands, so much so that on the days when my job requires me to actually physically build something time flies by without me even noticing it. In her work in the publishing industry, Vera seeks out new authors who she considers promising.

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In the past two years she has found a number of new writers whose work she thought was exceptional, and immersed herself in the task of helping them shape their manuscripts for submission to her managers for publishing. Although she was extremely proud of the results, none of the authors she worked with were chosen for publication. Vera believes that the decision not to publish these authors was based on personal rivalries within management, rather than the quality of her writers work. She is extremely frustrated, dreads coming into work each morning and is seriously thinking of resigning. How can Veras job attitudes best be described? a. low job satisfaction and low job involvement b. low job satisfaction and high job involvement c. high job satisfaction and low job involvement d. high job satisfaction and high job involvement e. low organizational commitment 26. The following answer choices are quotes from employees about their job at Healthy Eating, a chain of health food stores. Which quote most probably comes from an employee who has a great deal of organizational commitment? a. I am a great believer in the importance of a healthy diet, so Im glad I am working for a company that is trying to make simple, healthy food available to all. b. I like the fact that in my role as a buyer for Healthy Eating I get to make choices about which food is good enough for us to sell. c. Even though I only work in the produce department for now, its good to know that the suggestions I make about how the store could be improved are heard and considered by my managers. d. The challenging nature of the work and the thoughtful and generous way they treat their staff has made Healthy Eating the best place I have ever worked. e. With the benefits it provides, it is vital for me to keep my job. In fact, I will stay with Healthy Eating for as long as I possibly can. Organizational commitment is defined as _____. a. the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization they work for and its goals b. an employees belief that the organization they work for will go to considerable lengths to ensure that its employees are treated fairly c. the degree to which an employees sense of fulfillment and self worth is related to their job d. the amount of effort an employee will make in order to keep or advance their position in an organization e. the degree to which an employee believes their work impacts their organization Of a. b. c. d. e. the following, the best predictor of turnover is _____. job satisfaction job involvement organizational commitment cognitive dissonance affective dissonance

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It is suggested that with a weakening of the loyalty of employers to employees (and vice-versa) in todays workplace, organizational commitment may be replaced with _____ commitment. a. family b. occupational c. hierarchical d. department e. socially stratified Job satisfaction is best described as _____. a. a result

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a value an attitude causing high performance a valued discipline

The following are methods of measuring employee attitudes: I. a one-question global rating II. a summation score made up of a number of job facets III. a 360 battery Which of these methods are the best to use in order to measure job satisfaction? a. I only b. II only c. III only d I and II are equally as good e. II or III are equally as good

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Which of the following statements is not a finding from independent studies conducted among workers in the U.S. and other developed countries over the past 30 years? a. most workers are satisfied with their jobs overall b. U.S. trends are generally applicable to other developed countries c. employees tend to be most satisfied by the work itself d. rate of pay is strongly correlated with job satisfaction for almost all workers e. employees tend to be least satisfied with pay and promotion opportunities Which of the following is not generally true? a. Satisfied workers are productive workers. b. Productive workers are satisfied workers. c. Satisfaction is the major determinant of a workers OCB. d. Satisfaction comes down to fairness of outcomes, treatments or procedures. e. Enterprises with a greater percentage of satisfied workers are more effective than those with a smaller percentage of satisfied workers. Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism? a. There is a consistent positive relationship between the two. b. There is a consistent negative relationship between the two. c. There is a curvilinear relationship between the two. d. When fairness is controlled for, there is a direct relationship between the two. e. No relationship can be established between the two. Factors other than satisfaction that impact ones decision to leave a current job include all of the following except _____. a. labor market conditions b. length of tenure with the organization c. expectations about alternative job opportunities d. organizational citizenship behavior e. unionization The following statements are about the relationship between job satisfaction and customer satisfaction for frontline employees who have regular customer contact: I. employee satisfaction is positively correlated to customer satisfaction II. employee satisfaction has no correlation to customer satisfaction III. satisfied customers tend to raise employee satisfaction Which of these statements are true? a. I only

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II only III only I and III II and III

There has been a marked decline in job satisfaction in the United States in recent years. Which of the following statements about this decline is correct?. a. The decline is greatest in the high income brackets b. The decline is greatest in the middle income brackets c. The decline is greatest in the lower income brackets d. The decline is confined to middle and lower incomes workers e. The decline is confined to middle and higher income earners Which of the following statements is not true about attitudes in the workplace? a. Changing employee attitudes is necessary if you are to manage dissonance. b. High pay alone is not likely to create a satisfying workplace. c. Generating positive job attitudes helps lower absenteeism and turnover. d. Attitudes help determine how well employees perform on the job e. Attitudes give warnings of potential problems An important moderator of the satisfaction-turnover relationship is the _____. a. employees level of performance b. organizations culture c. managements style d. employees values and attitudes e. employees level of workplace deviance Attending union meetings as a response to dissatisfaction would be what type of response? a. exit b. voice c. loyalty d. neglect e. reification Quietly continuing to do your work when you know things wont improve, is what type of response to dissatisfaction? a. exit b. voice c. loyalty d. neglect e. social voice Maria is dissatisfied with the way that her manager treats her. She has quit her job and found a new position with another firm. She has expressed her dissatisfaction through _____. a. exit b. voice c. loyalty d. neglect e. social voice Steve is unhappy with his job. He takes every possible vacation and sick day and sometimes shows up for work late. He is expressing his dissatisfaction through _____. a. exit

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voice loyalty social voice neglect

There is a high level of job dissatisfaction amongst the workers on a certain production line. This is mainly due to the perception that the foreman always sides with the line boss when there is a dispute, no matter what the other workers say. Which of the following statements would most likely be made by an employee reacting both passively and destructively to this job dissatisfaction? a. Take this job and shove it, I aint workin here no more! b. Look, this situation is not acceptablewe need a formal grievance procedure so we can appeal to management above the level of foreman when we cant agree. c. That line boss isnt going to be here forever, as long as I just do my job and wait it out, things will get better. d. The line boss is a fool and the manager is a fools dog. I just cant wait to see how they are going to screw things up in the future. e. If the foreman and line boss wont listen, weve got to go around them. Thats why we have a union, I guess. Henry is dissatisfied with his job but believes that his supervisor is a good man who will do the right thing. Henry has decided that if he just waits, conditions will improve. Henrys approach to this problem is termed _____. a. exit b. voice c. loyalty d. neglect e. reification Early studies of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) assumed that it was closely linked with satisfaction. More recent evidence suggests that satisfaction influences OCB, but through perceptions of _____. a. fairness b. consistency c. productivity d. leadership ability e. out marketing Which of the following statements is not true? a. Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. b. Dissatisfied customers can increase an employees job dissatisfaction. c. In service organizations, customer retention and defection are highly dependent on how frontline employees deal with customers. d. Satisfied employees are likely to be more productive. e. The most effective way to improve job satisfaction is a raise in pay.

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