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    6 - The World of Regions

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    Marie Antionette Mondragon
    The document discusses the concepts of globalization, regionalization, and the global divides between the North and South. It describes how during the Cold War, countries were categorized as First, Second, or Third World based on their economic development and political alignment. Nowadays, the terms Global North and Global South are used instead, with the North referring generally to developed, wealthy countries and the South referring to developing countries. Key differences between the North and South are described related to factors like population, wealth, industrialization, and standards of living. Issues stemming from the North-South divide like unequal income distribution and competition are also summarized.

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    6 - The World of Regions

    Uploaded by

    Marie Antionette Mondragon
    39 views38 pages
    The document discusses the concepts of globalization, regionalization, and the global divides between the North and South. It describes how during the Cold War, countries were categorized as First, Second, or Third World based on their economic development and political alignment. Nowadays, the terms Global North and Global South are used instead, with the North referring generally to developed, wealthy countries and the South referring to developing countries. Key differences between the North and South are described related to factors like population, wealth, industrialization, and standards of living. Issues stemming from the North-South divide like unequal income distribution and competition are also summarized.

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    6 - THE WORLD OF REGIONS

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    The document discusses the concepts of globalization, regionalization, and the global divides between the North and South. It describes how during the Cold War, countries were categorized as First, Second, or Third World based on their economic development and political alignment. Nowadays, the terms Global North and Global South are used instead, with the North referring generally to developed, wealthy countries and the South referring to developing countries. Key differences between the North and South are described related to factors like population, wealth, industrialization, and standards of living. Issues stemming from the North-South divide like unequal income distribution and competition are also summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views38 pages

    6 - The World of Regions

    Uploaded by

    Marie Antionette Mondragon
    The document discusses the concepts of globalization, regionalization, and the global divides between the North and South. It describes how during the Cold War, countries were categorized as First, Second, or Third World based on their economic development and political alignment. Nowadays, the terms Global North and Global South are used instead, with the North referring generally to developed, wealthy countries and the South referring to developing countries. Key differences between the North and South are described related to factors like population, wealth, industrialization, and standards of living. Issues stemming from the North-South divide like unequal income distribution and competition are also summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 38

    THE WORLD OF REGIONS:

    THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH


    SOCSCI032 – THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
    INTRODUCTION
    GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
    GLOBALIZATION AND
    REGIONALIZATION
    The processes of globalization and
    regionalization reemerged during
    the 1980s and heightened after the
    end of the Cold War in the 1990s.
    At first, it seems that these two processes
    are contradicting – the nature of
    globalization is, by definition, global while
    regionalization is naturally regional.
    HISTORY OF REGIONALIZATION
    • It started during the
    Cold War, when
    Western • FIRST WORLD
    policymakers began
    talking about the
    • SECOND WORLD
    world as three • THIRD WORLD
    distinct political and
    economic blocks.
    FIRST WORLD
    Refers to the capitalist,
    industrialized countries,
    within the Western
    European and United
    States’ sphere of
    influence.
    SECOND WORLD
    Refers to the former
    communist-socialist,
    industrial states, the
    territory and sphere of
    influence of the Union of
    Soviet Socialist Republic.
    THIRD WORLD
    Are all the other
    countries, today often
    used to roughly describe
    the developing countries
    of Africa, Asia, and Latin
    America.
    FIRST SECOND THIRD
    WORLD WORLD WORLD

    When the Cold War


    ended, the category
    of Second World
    Countries become
    null and void.
    FIRST But somehow, THIRD
    WORLD the terms, “First WORLD
    World” and
    “Third World”
    They were stuck around in Came to be
    associated more the public associated with
    with rich, and
    consciousness. impoverished
    industrialized
    countries. states.
    Nowadays, the Social Scientists sort
    countries into groups based on their
    specific levels of economic productivity.
    FIRST THIRD
    WORLD WORLD

    “GLOBAL “GLOBAL
    NORTH” SOUTH”
    THE GLOBAL DIVIDES
    THE NORTH AND SOUTH
    THE BRANDT LINE
    In the 1980s, the Brandt Line was developed as a way of showing how the
    world was geographically split into relatively richer and poorer nations.

    • According to this model:


    • Richer countries are almost all located in the Northern Hemisphere, with
    the exception of Australia and New Zealand.
    • poorer countries are mostly located in tropical regions and in the
    Southern Hemisphere.
    GLOBAL NORTH

    GLOBAL SOUTH
    THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
    • As nations become economically developed,
    they become part of the “North”, regardless
    of geographical locations.
    • Similarly, any nations that do not qualify for “developed”
    status are in effect deemed to be part of the “South”.
    THE NORTH
    • The North, with one quarter of the
    world population , controls four-
    fifths of the income earned
    anywhere in the world.
    • 90% of the manufacturing industries
    are owned by and located in the
    North.
    THE SOUTH
    • The south, with three
    quarters of the world
    populations, has access
    to one-fifth of the world
    income.
    THE SOUTH
    • Refer to what used to be called the
    “Third World”. Countries that belong to
    developing and less develop countries.
    • The term Global South, “emerged in part to aid
    countries in the southern hemisphere to work
    in collaboration on political, economic, social,
    environmental, cultural, and technical issues.”
    THE SOUTH
    • In general, it refers to these countries’
    “interconnected histories of colonialism, neo-
    imperialism, and differential economic, and social
    change through which large inequalities in living
    standards, life expectancy, and access to resources
    are maintained.”
    IN COMPARISON…
    THE NORTH THE SOUTH
    • Less population • Large population
    • High wealth • Low Wealth
    • High standards of living • Low standards of living
    • High industrial • Low industrial
    development development
    • Industrial society • Agricultural Society
    IN COMPARISON…
    THE NORTH THE SOUTH
    • More developed regions • Poverty
    • Richer • War
    • 95% has enough food, shelter • Tyranny
    and functioning education • Lack well-developed domestic
    system market economies
    • Controls four-fifths of the • Lacks to evolve
    income earned anywhere in the
    world • Lacks appropriate technology
    • No political stability
    STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
    CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES
    (ACCORDING TO UNITED NATIONS)

    NEWLY
    INDUSTRIALIZED
    COUNTRIES (NICs)

    MOST ECONOMICALLY
    DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
    (MEDCs)

    MIDDLE INCOME
    COUNTRIES (MICs)

    LEAST ECONOMICALLY
    DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (LEDCs)
    LEAST STAGES
    ECONOMICALLY OF DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPED COUNTRIES
    (LEDCs)
    Many categories and explanation have been provided over the years of how
    countries move from one level of development to another.
    LEDCs or LDCs are low-income countries confronting severe structural impediments to
    sustainable development. They are highly vulnerable to economic and environmental shocks
    and have low levels of human assets.

    There are currently 47 countries on the list of LDCs which is reviewed every three years by the
    Committee for Development.

    The LEDCs’ Gross National Income is between $1,230 and $2,460.


    LEAST ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
    (LEDCs)
    MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES (MICS)

    • These countries are not really poor, but are not rich either. They are
    developing quickly, but not as quickly as NICs are.
    • Examples of this countries are Albania, Bulgaria, and Poland
    MIDDLE INCOME
    COUNTRIES (MICS)
    NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES (NICs)
    • NICs are those countries whose national economy has transitioned from being primarily based in
    agriculture to being primarily based in goods-producing industries, such as manufacturing,
    construction, and mining.
    • In most NICs, greater industrialization has led to increase trade, greater economic growth,
    participation in regional trading blocs, and attraction of foreign investment, especially from
    developed countries.
    MOST ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
    (MEDCs)

    • They are largely located in the Northern Hemisphere. They


    have the financial resources to provide a high level of
    education, healthcare and housing.
    MOST ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
    (MEDCs)
    FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF
    DEVELOPMENT
    ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC POLITICAL
    SOCIAL FACTORS
    FACTORS FACTORS FACTORS
    • Poor climate • Poor trade links • Spread of • Unstable
    • Limited water • Lots of debt illnesses and government
    supply • Too many diseases • Corruption
    • Few natural primary • Poor education
    resources products
    NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE ISSUES
    THREE ISSUES…
    1. Distribution of Income around the World.

    2. Economic Competition World Wide.

    3. Standard of Living.
    1. Distribution of Income around the World.

    • Liberalization of market occurs, most South countries lost


    to the competition from the North.
    • Encourage migration of people from South to North for
    having a more good income.
    2. Economic Competition World Wide.

    • Factors:
    • Appropriate infrastructure
    • Stable macroeconomic framework
    • Well functioning public and private institutions
    3. Standard of Living.

    • Factors:
    • Lack of trade and aid
    • Single crop farming
    • Abundance of debt
    • Neo- Colonialism
    CLOSING THE GAP
    • The United Nations has developed a program dedicated
    to narrowing the divide through its Millennium
    Development Goals. This includes:
    • improving education and health care

    • promoting gender equality

    • ensuring environmental sustainability.


    END OF TOPIC

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