HBO Module For Summer
HBO Module For Summer
HBO Module For Summer
MODULE IN
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
IN ORGANIZTIONS
FREDELYN VIDONIA
BSBA INSTRUTOR
Name of Student:
Year/Student:
Subject:
Instructor: FREDELYN B. VIDONIA
MODULE NO. 1
TITLE: FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
Assumptions:
1. Every person is significantly different from the moment of conception. From
the time an individual is conceived ‘’so much water passes under the bridge’’
so speak, that in all aspects physical, mental, social, psychological he
undergoes a plethora of changes as he grows and develops from childhood or
adulthood.
2. Every person is a constantly active, goal-seeking organism.
3. Every person is dynamic. Status quo does not characterize his state since he
is barraged by different forces around him.
4. The characteristics of an organization influence the behavior of the entire
organization and, to a great extent, the behavior of individuals within it as
well.
5. Behavior cannot be predicted with one hundred percent accuracy since it
arises from the varying needs and value systems of many different people.
6. There are no simple cookbook formulas for working with people.
Concepts:
1. Almost all behavior is learned. This applies to adults and children whose
learning can be altered.
2. Human beings adapt. In accordance with their needs and values, individuals
adjust to their environment. When their new learning’s are congruent with
their value system, they adopt them. What is adopted becomes part of their
culture.
Principles:
1. Thorndike’s law of effect works and is powerful. In essence, it states that
behavior which is followed by a satisfying state of affairs tends to be repeated
but that behavior which is followed by unsatisfactory conditions tends to be
extinguished.
2. Stimuli are those forces which impact the sensory organs of our five
sensory input channels: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch. The impact of
stimuli is a function of frequency, recency and felt intensity. Communication, in
all cases, consists of the creation of stimuli.
3. Behavior is caused but its causality is uncertain and usually multiple. In
terms of broad common definitions, it may be classified as having either a
rational (cognitive) or an emotional (affective) basis.
4. Classical conditioning is a powerful technique for altering the behavior of
others. But man’s freedom of the will makes him responsible for his actions.
5. There are not two individuals who are alike in all dimensions.
MOTIVATION
Motivation is the intrinsic inducement that propels an individual to
think, feel and perform in certain ways. It is internalized, and the
most important, yet elusive, determinant of work behavior.
Motivation predicated on needs and values of an individual that
direct behavior toward goal.
GOAL/
BEHAVIOR
EFFECT
NEEDS/VALUES MOTIVATION
MOTIVATION-BEHAVIOR MODEL
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
It is extremely difficult to study the motivation process since we can examine
only the outcomes of the motivation, that is, the actual behavior of the
individual.
SELF-REALIZATION
ESTEEM
SOCIAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL
4. The Motivated Man
Herzberg found out from his Pittsburgh studies that individual workers have
two different categories of needs that are essentially independent of each
other but affect behavior in different ways. His model is shown in the matrix
below.
6. The Achiever
Theory X Theory Y
1. The typical person dislikes work 1. Work is as natural as play or rest.
and will avoid it if he can. 2. People are not by nature passive or
2. With respect to managing people, resistant to organizational needs.
this is a process of directing their They have become so as result of
efforts and controlling their behavior experience in organization.
to fit the needs of the organization 3. The motivation, the potential for
3. Without this active intervention by development, the capacity for
management, people would be assuming responsibility, and the
passive, even resistant, to readiness to direct behavior toward
organizational needs. organizational goals are all present in
people.
Enumeration:
1. What are the 9 theories of motivation and explain each of them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
COMMUNICATION
A very significant dimension in behavior dynamics is communication as it
impacts on the self from outside stimuli and as it impacts on others from the
individuals. It is a basic component in one’s relationship with others.
Communication is the lifeblood of any organization. Communicating ideas and
information makes action and coordination possible.
Communication plays a major role in modifying behavior effecting changes, and
achieving goals.
PATHWAYS
SYMBOLS
SENDER DECODE
MESSAGE FEEDBACK ACCEPT
ENCODE RECEIVER
The more congruent the qualities and characteristics of sender and receiver, the more
likely the communication is taken and understood at the same time level and depth. Put in
another way, the ore consistent the perceptions and expectations of sender and receiver
are with each other, the more the message is accepted.
COMMUNICATION LOOP FROM TOP MANAGEMENT TO RANK AND FILE
PATHWAY: MEDUIM:
Chain of Mimeographed
Command Letter
The communication in the form of mimeographed memo by the President of a big form to
the rank and File is illustrated.
COMMUNICATI
ON
b. Interpersonal communication
This requires two people interacting with each other. The supervisor and an employee
talking to each other, for instance, can illustrate this type.
c. Group communication
The process involves several people. A meeting of the supervisor and the employees in his
unit would be a good illustration.
d. Mass communication
This takes place with an indefinite number of people which some would term as a faceless
audience. The use of television, radio, newspaper, magazines and billboards falls under this
category.
TOP MANAGEMENT
MIDDLE MANAGEMENT
SUPERVISOR
The message flows from top to bottom, from higher to lower authority. This is the best
exemplified in a work setting where leadership is autocratic and the workers’ group is shy,
timid or afraid.
b. Upward
TOP MANAGEMENT
MIDDLE MANAGEMENT
SUPERVISOR
Horizontal communication is communication across rather than along the formal chain of
command. Individuals communicate with others who are on the same level. The middle
managers group together to discuss common problems. The following activities utilize
horizontal communication.
d. Circular
Communication starts at any point or level; moves on to another point or level, moves back
and forth in either formal or informal progression or retrogression.
e. Cross-Channel/Diagonal Communication
The direction of information flow takes this type of communication in inter-unit exchanges,
or in co-orientation activities. Again communication flows across the chain of command.
TEST 1
Write word/words and phrase/phrases that describe communication in the circle.
TEST 2
DIRECTION: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. It refers to a major role in modifying behavior effecting changes, and achieving goals.
a. Interpersonal communication
b. Communication
c. Group communication
d. Mass communication
2. This occurs when the sender and the receiver of the message is one and the same person,
as in someone talking to himself.
a. Intrapersonal communication
b. Interpersonal communication
c. Group communication
d. Mass communication
3. This takes place with an indefinite number of people which some would term as a
faceless audience.
a. Intrapersonal communication
b. Interpersonal communication
c. Group communication
d. Mass communication
4. Communication starts at any point or level; moves on to another point or level, moves
back and forth in either formal or informal progression or retrogression.
a. Across-channel
b. Upward
c. Downward
d. Circular
5. The process which aims to transfer and implement the meaning of symbols from one
person, group or organization to another. Its ultimate goal is the sharing of meaning.
a. Interpersonal communication
b. Communication
c. Group communication
d. Mass communication
TEST 3
1. Describe the communication process and its elements.
RECEIVER
SENDER
FIELD OF EXPERIENCE
Symbol
Communication is largely symbolic. It is achieved through the use of symbols
both verbal (words) and non-verbal (pictures, actions or inactions).
Medium
The message can take various forms; a typed letter a bulletin board notice, a
lecture a, demonstration, a slide, a projected transparency, a radio broadcast, a
televised program, a telephone call, a drawing, a painting, a song, ringing a bell.
Pathways
The passage through which the message travels can either be clear or clogged up
with physical or psychological disturbances.
Information Overload
Due to fast technologies processes of accumulating and transmitting information
thru the radio, television, satellite network, telecommunications, newspapers,
etc., many our “managers are drowning in a flood of numbers ,data, information
and indices, and their failure to cope effectively with such information overload
will have serious and even disastrous consequences not only for their
organizations but for our entire economy.
Feedback
How do we know if communication has been successful? When we can say that
our communication is good.
The reaction by the recipient to the communication is, by and large, the main
criterion that determines its success or failures. When the message is received
and taken in the very same context and purpose that it is sent, communication is
considered good and successful.
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
Anything that can impede the flow of communication in any form and at any
point is a barrier to communication. Manifestation of problems or temporary
breakdowns may include some difficulties on what to say, how to say it, when to
say it, whom to say it, and where to say it.
1. Physical barriers
This includes impediments in relation to distance, timing, efficiency of modes
used like telephone, telegraph or post office amenities. Companies that have
branches all over the country need to set up regional offices whose vice-
president oversee the operations. While time is related to distance, timeliness is
another factor to consider particularly decision making.
2. Social Barriers
Differences between sender and receiver in certain factors like age, financial
status, educational and family backgrounds, intellectual ability, religion, health,
status may deter the flow or understanding of messages that are sent.
Young parents can communicate more easily, with their adolescent children than
the latter’s grandparents.
3. Psychological Barriers
The effective mode is the most difficult area to tackle in communication. Envy,
jealousy. Unpleasant feelings, and emotions caused by insecurity and conflict should
be given outlets for expression and those in charge should know how to manage
these outburst.
TEST 1
MATCHING TYPE WRITE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER IN THE SPACE
PROVIDED.
COMMUNICATION PATHWAYS
RECEIVER MEDIUM
SENDER PATHWAYS
FIELD EXPERIENCE
_______1. The passage through which the message travels can either be clear or
clogged up with physical or psychological disturbances.
_______2. It is achieved through the use of symbols both verbal (words) and non-verbal
(pictures, actions or inactions).
_______3. The message can take various forms; a typed letter a bulletin board notice, a
lecture a, demonstration, a slide, a projected transparency, a radio broadcast, a
televised program, a telephone call, a drawing, a painting, a song, ringing a bell.
_______4. Due to fast technologies processes of accumulating and transmitting
information thru the radio, television, satellite network, telecommunications,
newspapers, etc., many our “managers are drowning in a flood of numbers ,data,
information and indices, and their failure to cope effectively with such information
overload
_______5. By the same token, the person or the recipient his qualities, characteristics,
status, role, emotional state is a factor in the success or failure of communication.
_______6. While the ultimate goal of communication is to share meanings, it is also to
share them in order to arrive at the outcome for which communication is intended.
_______7. The person of the sender his qualities, characteristics, status, role affects
communication flow.
_______8. Differences between sender and receiver in certain factors like age, financial
status, educational and family backgrounds, intellectual ability, religion, health,
status may deter the flow or understanding of messages that are sent.
_______9. This includes impediments in relation to distance, timing, efficiency of modes
used like telephone, telegraph or post office amenities. Companies that have
branches all over the country need to set up regional offices whose vice-president
oversee the operations.
_______10. The effective mode is the most difficult area to tackle in communication.
Envy, jealousy. Unpleasant feelings, and emotions caused by insecurity and conflict
should be given outlets for expression and those in charge should know how to
manage these outburst.
TEST 2
1. What are Factors that affect the quality of communication, Explain each of them.
2. What are the differences of formal channels between informal channels?
3. What are the roles of effective communication in organizations?
4. When can we say that communication is most effective? (At least 100 words)
5. How some Filipino values affect communication effectiveness? (At least 100 words)
LEADERSHIP AND SUPERVISORY BEHAVIOR
Management people not only manage; they also lead. As leaders they take the
initiate and engage their followers in interactions toward the achievement of certain
goals.
Leadership is an important component in the existence, survival and functioning of
any group or organization. Many organizations have been aware of the fact that
their success is greatly dependent upon the quality and effectiveness of this
dimension.
b. Kahn and Katz found out that “high producing” supervisors were predominantly
employee-oriented’’.
3. Behavioral theory
The behavioral approach postulates that leaders adopt a particular leadership style
which exerts tremendous impact over individual and group behavior. Thus, four
types of leader emerge as Sharma describes:
1. Dictatorial leader
One with absolute authority and utilizes threats and punishment to induce
compliance.
2. Authoritarian leader
One who claims covenant sourced from authority to exact obedience
3. Democratic or participate leader
One who involves subordinates in considering organizational matters giving them
guidance in their work problems ang goal achievement.
4. Laissez-faire or free rein leader
One who offers information to the members but shows little involvement and
participation in group activities
TEST 1: ESSAY
1. Based on the review of literature on the nature and role of leadership, how do you
define leadership?
2. Cite some theories of leadership. Explain the tenets of each theory and point out its good
and bad aspects.
3. What main functions does a leader have to perform?
4. In what ways can the constituents help the leader in performing his tasks? Give concrete
examples.
TEST 2
Write word/words and phrase/phrases that describe leadership in the circle.