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    Module 2 in Forensic

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    Shirven Ancajas
    This document discusses the historical evolution of forensic photography from its earliest beginnings to modern applications. Key developments include the discovery of the camera obscura in the 17th century, the first permanent photographs using silver salts in the 1820s and 1830s, the introduction of fingerprinting and mug shots in the 1860s, and the establishment of one of the world's earliest crime laboratories in the early 20th century utilizing photography. Photography has since become an important tool in criminal investigations and forensic science, with legal precedents established for admitting black and white as well as color photographs as evidence in court cases from the 1850s onwards.

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    Module 2 in Forensic

    Uploaded by

    Shirven Ancajas
    74 views5 pages
    This document discusses the historical evolution of forensic photography from its earliest beginnings to modern applications. Key developments include the discovery of the camera obscura in the 17th century, the first permanent photographs using silver salts in the 1820s and 1830s, the introduction of fingerprinting and mug shots in the 1860s, and the establishment of one of the world's earliest crime laboratories in the early 20th century utilizing photography. Photography has since become an important tool in criminal investigations and forensic science, with legal precedents established for admitting black and white as well as color photographs as evidence in court cases from the 1850s onwards.

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    This document discusses the historical evolution of forensic photography from its earliest beginnings to modern applications. Key developments include the discovery of the camera obscura in the 17th century, the first permanent photographs using silver salts in the 1820s and 1830s, the introduction of fingerprinting and mug shots in the 1860s, and the establishment of one of the world's earliest crime laboratories in the early 20th century utilizing photography. Photography has since become an important tool in criminal investigations and forensic science, with legal precedents established for admitting black and white as well as color photographs as evidence in court cases from the 1850s onwards.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    74 views5 pages

    Module 2 in Forensic

    Uploaded by

    Shirven Ancajas
    This document discusses the historical evolution of forensic photography from its earliest beginnings to modern applications. Key developments include the discovery of the camera obscura in the 17th century, the first permanent photographs using silver salts in the 1820s and 1830s, the introduction of fingerprinting and mug shots in the 1860s, and the establishment of one of the world's earliest crime laboratories in the early 20th century utilizing photography. Photography has since become an important tool in criminal investigations and forensic science, with legal precedents established for admitting black and white as well as color photographs as evidence in court cases from the 1850s onwards.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    MODULE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF FORENSIC

    2 PHOTOGRAPHY

    Introduction

    The history of photography is a matter of technical growth and of simultaneous


    communication growth.

    Photography is a technological invention that has become the most universal


    means of communication and artistic expression the word has known. It overcomes the
    barrier of language difference.

    SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

    At the end of the module the students must have:

    • discuss and traced the historical evolution of forensic photography;


    • identify and recognized the important VIP in the field of Photography;
    • explain the importance of light in photography;
    • recognize and discussed the behavior of lights and state the speed of
    lights;
    • explain transparent, translucent, and opaque materials;
    • distinguish law of reflection and law of refraction;
    • identify the sources of lights;
    • distinguish the classification of daylight according to intensity.
    EXPLAIN: Task 2.3

    I. The Basic Components of Photography

    1. Light (900 A.D.)

    ❖ Aristotle– in 4th century BC, described observing a partial solar eclipse in 330 BC
    by seeing the image of the sun projected through the small spaces between the
    leaves of the tree.

    ❖ Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen)-an Egyptian scientist, observed sometimes in 10th


    century that light passing through a small round hole, perhaps in a tent flap or wall,
    would create an image of the outdoor scene on an interior wall or screen. He wrote
    about observing a solar eclipse through a pin hole and he described how a sharper
    image could be produced by making the opening of the pin hole smaller.

    2. Equipment (1700)

    ❖ The portable camera obscura (Latin for dark chamber) was used by artist
    or painters to get accurate perspective of natural scene and scale of their
    subjects, from this we got our word camera was designed by Leonardo da
    Vinci for accurate perspective and scale.

    3. Chemicals (1726- 1777)

    ❖ Light sensitivity of silver nitrate and silver chloride solution were discovered
    and investigated. In 1800- Thomas Wedgewood and Humphrey Davy
    produced photograms” no camera was used but still can photograph by
    placing an opaque object such as shell or a leaf on paper with silver nitrate
    solution and exposing it to sunlight (but none of this work was permanent.)

    II: True Photography


    1839- is generally known as the birth year of photography. William Henry Fox Talbot
    explained a process he had invented (calotype) at the Royal Society of London.

    The “Calotype” used paper with its surface fibers impregnated with light sensitive
    compounds.
    Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre made a public demonstration in Paris
    “Daguerreotype” in collaboration with Joseph Nicephore Niepce.

    The “Daguerreotype” formed an image directly on the silver surface of a metal


    plate.

    With Talbots “Calotype” the fixation was only partial while Daguerreotypes,
    image were made permanent with the use of hypo.

    1848- Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor introduced a process of negatives on glass using


    albumen (egg white) as binding medium.

    1850- Louis Desirie Blanquart-Evard introduced a printing paper coated with


    albumen to achieve a glossy surface.

    1851- Frederick Scott Archer, published a “wet plate” process when collodion- a
    viscous liquid that dries to a tough flexible and transparent film-replaced albumen.

    1856- When John F.W. Herschel coined the word “photography”

    1861- James Clark Maxwell research on colors.

    1885- Gelatin emulsion printing paper was commercially introduced based films in 1889.

    1890- full corrected lenses were introduced.

    1906- a plate was placed on the market that could reproduce all colors in equivalent
    shades of gray.

    1907- Lummiere color process was introduced, a panchromatic film was used but with
    blue, green, and red filter.

    1914- U.S. Eastman Kodak made a color subtractive process called Kodachrome.

    1935- color process came out together with electronic flash.

    1947- Edwin H. Land introduced “Polariod” the one-step photography.

    1960- Laser was invented making possible Holograms (three dimensional pictures)

    1988- the arrival of true digital cameras.

    III: Criminal Applications


    1854- An Englishman, Maddox, developed a dry plate photography eclipsing
    Daguerre’s wet plate on tin method. This made practical the photography of inmates for
    prison records.

    1859- In the US., one of the earliest applied forensic science was in photography. It was
    used to demonstrate evidence in a California case. Enlarged photographs of signature
    was presented in a court case involving forgery.

    1864- Odelbercht first advocate the use of photography for the identification of criminals
    and the documentation of evidence and crime scene. (Rogues Gallery)

    1882- Alphonse Bertillion who initiated antropometric measurements for personal


    identification was also involved in various means of documentation by photography which
    developed into a fine science for criminalistics when he photographed crime scenes and
    formulated a technique of contact photography to demonstrate erasures on documents.

    1902- Dr. R.A. Reis, a German scientist trained in Chemistry and Physics at Lausanne
    University in Switzerland. He contributed heavily to the use of photography in forensic
    science and established the world’s earliest crime laboratory that serviced the academic
    community and the Swiss police.

    1910- Victor Baltazard developed a method of photographic comparison of bullets and


    cartridge cases which act as an early foundation of the field of ballistics.

    Victor Baltazard, professor of forensic medicine at Sorborne, used photographic


    enlargements of bullets and cartridge cases to determine weapon type and was among
    the first to attempt to individualize a bullet to a weapon.

    IV: Legal Foundation of Photographic Evidence


    1. For Black and White Photographs

    1859- Daguerreotype was used in a civil case, Lueo vs. Inited States, 23 Howard 515 to
    decide on the authenticity of photograph in comparing signatures.

    1874- In a criminal case introducing photograph as identification evidence, Underzook vs.


    Commonwealth, 76 Pa. 340.

    2. For Color Photography

    1943- Civil Litigations Green vs. City and country of Denver, 3 Colo. 390 142 P.2 D.277
    involving color photography of spoiled meat in violation of a health ordinance prohibiting
    the sale of putrid meat to the public.

    1960- In criminal case, State vs. Conte 157 Comm. 251 A.2d 81 showing the graphic
    wound of the victim.

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