2021-2022

Numerical
Analysis 4
Dr. Wissam Karam

Common Trunk
SEM 3
The Student Committee is a group of students dedicated
to working for the student body. As the book committee,
our job is to provide for the students all the materials
they need in a specific semester, starting from the
reference books till the exams of the previous years with
their solutions, and most importantly the course notes of
each course, whether they are slides or handwritten by
the teacher of the course or typed notes based on last
year’s lectures. Every single part of the package is
reviewed yearly to add the latest exercises and their
solutions, the latest notions and tips and tricks to ace
the course. And of course, all of this is made in
collaboration with the doctors giving their lectures.

For any questions regarding the contents of the package

don’t hesitate to contact your class delegate.
 Index
Chapter 0………………………………………………………………………………1

Chapter 1
Course…..…………………………………………………………………………..…13
Exercises……………………………………………………………………………...27
Solution………………………………………………………………………………..29

Chapter 2
Course….……………………………………………………………………………...43
Exercises……………………………………………………………………………...63
Solution………………………………………………………………………………..65

Chapter 3
Course…..……………………………………………………………………………..77
Exercises……………………………………………………………………………...88
Solution…………………………………………………………………………….....90

Chapter 4
Course…..……………………………………………………………………………101
Exercises…………………………………………………………………………….113
Solution………………………………………………………………………………115
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 Calculus III – Numerical Series
1. Express each of the following decimal numbers as a fraction of integers, the number under
the bar repeating itself infinitely:
̅̅̅̅̅067067067067....
(a) x = 3,067
̅̅̅̅̅123123123123...
(b) y = 0,123
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅10101010101010....
(c) z = 1.1010

2. Calculate the partial sum of order n then deduce the sum of each of the following series:
2 2 2
(a) 2 + 3 + 9 + 27 + ⋯
5 5 5
(b) 5 − 2 + 4 − 8 + ⋯
3 3 3
(c) + 5×6 + 6×7 + ⋯
4×5
1 1 1
(d) 1×2 + 2×3 + 3×4 + ⋯

3. Calculate the sum of each of the following series:

1 1 7
∑+∞
𝑛=0 ∑+∞
𝑛=0 ( 𝑛 − )
7𝑛 2 4𝑛
2 (−1)𝑛 −1 9
∑+∞
𝑛=0 (3𝑛 + − ) ∑+∞
𝑛=1
3𝑛 5𝑛 10𝑛
9 6
∑+∞
𝑛=3 10𝑛
+∞
∑𝑛=1
(2𝑛−1)(2𝑛+1)
40𝑛 1 1
∑+∞
𝑛=1 ∑+∞
𝑛=1 ( − )
(2𝑛−1)2 (2𝑛+1)2 ln(𝑛+2) ln(𝑛+1)
1
∑+∞
𝑛=1 𝑛3 +8𝑛2 +17𝑛+10

4. For which value of b, 1 + 𝑒 𝑏 + 𝑒 2𝑏 + ⋯ = 9?

5. For which value of a the following series is convergent:

𝑆𝑟 = 1 + 2𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 3 + 𝑟 4 + 2𝑟 5 + 𝑟 6 + ⋯
Calculate the sum when it’s convergent

6. Find the nature of each of the following series:

1 1
𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = 2𝑛 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑛+1
𝑒 𝑛𝜋 1
𝑑𝑛 = 𝑒 −3𝑛 𝑒𝑛 = 𝜋𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑛 = cos 𝑛
𝑛2 +𝑛 1−4𝑛 1
𝑔𝑛 = 𝑛2 −𝑛+789 ℎ𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛 = (2𝑛+3)(𝑛+7)
3𝑛
𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛! 𝑛!
𝑗𝑛 = (2𝑛−1) 𝑘𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑛7 .27
1 (𝑛!)𝑛
𝑚𝑛 = (ln 3)𝑛 𝑛𝑛 = 2 𝑜𝑛 = 𝑛! 𝑒 −𝑛
𝑛𝑛
1 1 1 4𝑛
𝑝𝑛 = 𝑛3 +7 𝑞𝑛 = (𝑛 − 𝑛2 )𝑛 𝑟𝑛 =
𝑛3 .3𝑛

Page 27
 2
2 1 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑠𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑒𝑛 (1 − ) 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑛 (1 − 𝑛)
1+𝑒 𝑛 𝑛
2
1 𝑛 𝑛2 1 6
𝑣𝑛 = (1 + 𝑛) 𝑤𝑛 = 2𝑛 + 𝑒 𝑛 𝑥𝑛 =
√𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
3−𝑛 (3𝑛)!
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+3) 𝑧𝑛 =
𝑛!(𝑛+1)!(𝑛+2)!

7. Precise if the following series are absolutely convergent, semi-convergent or divergent:

+∞ +∞ +∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑛+1
ln 𝑛 1 1 𝑛
∑ ∑(−1) . ∑( + )
√𝑛 𝑛 2 6
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
+∞ +∞
cos 𝜋𝑛 (−3)𝑛+1
∑ ∑
𝑛 √𝑛 𝑛 + 6𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
+∞ +∞
cos 𝜋𝑛 sin 𝑛
∑ ∑(−1)𝑛
6𝑛 𝑛2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

8. Discuss in function of α and β the nature of the following series of general term
1
𝑈𝑛 = 𝛼
𝑛 (ln 𝑛)𝛽

9. Let α be a real number, for every n≥1 we have:

1 1 1 1 2 1
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑛𝛼 ; 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑛𝛼 − (𝑛+1)𝛼 and 𝑤𝑛 = 𝑛𝛼 − (𝑛+1)𝛼 + (𝑛+2)𝛼
(a) For which valued of α the series (𝑈𝑛 ) is convergent?
(b) For which valued of α the series (𝑣𝑛 ) is convergent? In this case calculate its sum
(c) For which valued of α the series (𝑤𝑛 ) is convergent? In this case calculate its sum

PS: Check the French part for the solution.

Page 28
 TD Chap. 1 : Séries Numériques

Exercice 1 :
67 67 67
a) x  3, 067067067067  = 3  067  3 3
 3 2
 
10 (10 ) (10 3 ) 3

Somme d’une suite géom. de raison q = 1 et U0 = 67

103 10 3

U0 67 1 67 67 67 3064
 S       x  3 
1 q 10 3 1 10 3  1 999 999 999
1
10 3

Exercice 2 :

2 2 2 2 2
a) 2 
3
 
9 27
  n
3
 3
n 0
n

Suite géométrique de raison q =n 1/3 avec U0 = 2

  1  n 1 
1    
(1  q n 1)  3    1  n 1 
Sn = U 0  2    3 1    
1 q 2   3 
 
3

b)
  n
5 5 5 5 5  1
5       (1) n n
2 4 8 2
 
0 ( 2)
n
    5
0  2
n 1
 1
(1    )
10    1  
n 1

Sn  5  2   1     S  lim S n 
10
1 3   2  

n   3
1
2

c) 3 3 3  1 1 1 
    3    
45 5 6 67  45 5 6 67 

1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 
 3        3  
4 5 5 6 n n  1  4 n  1

3 3
 S  lim S n
n 

4
avec la série initale de la forme 
n4 n(n  1)

1 1 1 1
1 2

23

3 4
  
n 0 (n  1)(n  2)

Page 29
 1
Sn  1   S lim S n  1
d) n2 n 

Exercice 3 :

1
 
n 0 7n
suite géométrique avec U0 = 1 et q = 1/7

 1 
1 1  n 1 
 7  7  1  7
Sn   1  n 1   S  lim S n 
6 6  7  n   6
7

 1 7  
1 
1 1 1  22
   n  n
2 4 
  2n
 7
n 0 4
n
 1
1
 7
1

3
n 0 n 0
1 1
2 4


 2 (1) n  1  1 1 1 3 5
   n  n  n   2
1
 1
1
 1
1
 3   5
n 0 3 3 5  1 1 1 4 4
3 3 5


9 9 1
  10 n

10

1
 1
n 1
1
10

9 9 1 1
  10 n

10 3

1

100
n 3
1
10

9  9 9  99 1
Ou   10
n 1
n
   
 100 10 
 1
100

100


6
 n 1 (2n  1)(2n  1)

6 A B 2 A  2 B  0 A3
   A(2n  1)  B(2n  1)  6   
(2n  1)(2n  1) 2n  1 2n  1 A  B  6 B  3

 
6  3 3 

n 1 (2n  1)(2n  1)
 
n 1
  
 2n  1 2n  1 

Page 30
 3 3 3 3 3
Sn  3       
3 3 5 2n  1 2n  1
3
 3   S 3
2n  1

40n
 
n 1 ( 2n  1) ( 2n  1)
2 2

40n A B C D
   
(2n  1) 2 (2n  1) 2 (2n  1) (2n  1) 2 (2n  1) (2n  1) 2

1
n  20
 (2n  1) 2

 2
 B  B5
4
1
n  
 (2n  1) 2 2  5  D
A C
 n n

 0   A  C
2 2
si n = 0  0 = -A + B + C + D  A = C = 0


 5 5 
   (2n  1) 2
 
2 
(2n  1) 
n 1 

5 5 5 5 5 5
Sn  5 
 2    5
32 3 2
5 (2n  1) 2
(2n  1) 2 (2n  1) 2
5
 S  5  lim  5
n   ( 2n  1) 2

 
1 1
 
n 1 n  8n  17 n  10
3 2
  (n  1)(n  5)(n  2)
n 1

1 A B C
  
(n  1)(n  5)(n  2) n5 n2 n 1
1
 (n  1) n
1
 C  
4
1
 (n  2) n2
  B  
3
1
 (n  5) n
5
 B 
12
  
1 1   1 1  1 1 
            12  n  5 
n 1  4 n 1 n 1  3 n 2 n 1

Page 31
 
1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
                  
n 1  4  n  1 n  2  n  2  4 3  n  3  12  12 n  3 12 n  4 12 n  4 12 n  5 

1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 
                      
4  2 3 n 1 n  2  12  3 4 n  2 n  3  12  4 5 n  3 n  4  12  5 6 n  4 n  5 

1 1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1 
Sn                
8 4n 2 36 12  n  3  48 12  n  4  60 12  n  5 

1 1 1 1 43
S    
8 36 48 60 720

Ou
  
1 1   1 1  1 1 

n 1
   
 4 n 1

n 1
   
 3 n 2
  12  n  5 
n 1

  
1 1 1 1 1 1

4

n2
 
n

3
n 3
 
n

12
  n 
n 6

1  1 1 1 1  1  1  1 1 1  1  1   1 
               
4  2 3 4 5 n 6 n  3  3 4 5 n 6 n  12  n6 n 

1 1 1  1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 77 47 43
    
 4 3 12 
n 6 n
      
4 2 3 4 5
   
33 4 5
 
240 180

720
0

Exercice 4 :
1 + eb + e2b + . . . = 9 suite géométrique : q = eb et U0 = 1
1 8
S  9  9  9e b  1  9e b  8  b  ln
1  eb 9

Exercice 5 :
S r  1  2r  r 2  2r 3  r 4  2r 5  r 6  

= 1 + r2 + r4 + … + 2r ( 1 + r2 + r4 + … ) = (1 + 2r) (1 + r2 + r4 +
… )
Série géom. Conv. Si |r| < 1
1 1  2r
S r  (1  2r ) . 
1 r2 1 r 2

Page 32
Exercice 6 :
1 1
an  : série géom. q   1  conv.
2n 2

bn  2 n : lim bn   : CN non vérifiée  div. (ou série géom. avec q  2  1)

n

1 n 1
cn  : lim n cn  lim  1 : (cn ) et la série harmonique   : même nature  div.
n 1 n 1 n

d n  e 3n : série géométrique de raison e 3  1  conv.

n
e n  e  e
en    e  : série géométriqu e de raison 1  div.
 ne   e

1
f n  cos : lim f n  1  0 : CN non vérifiée  div.
n n 

n2  n
gn  2 : lim g n  1  0 : CN non vérifiée  div.
n  n  789 n 

1  4n
hn  : lim hn    0 : CN non vérifiée  div.
3n n 

1 1
in  : lim n 2 . in    : 2  1 ( Riemann )  conv.
(2n  3)(n  7) n  2

 n 1   n 1  1
n

jn    : lim n j n  lim    1  conv.

 2n  1  n  n 
 2n  1  2

(n  1)! n n
n
n! k  n 
kn  n : lim n 1  lim .  lim  
n n  k
n
n  (n  1) n 1 n ! n 
 n 1

x
x ln
 x  x x 1
Soit y    : ln y  x ln 
 x 1 x 1 1
x

x 1 x x 1

0 ( x  1) 2 x  x2
lim ln y  : hop   lim  1
x   0  1 x   x( x  1)
x2

1 k n 1 1
lim y  e 1  : lim   1 ( D' Alembert )  conv.
x  e n  kn e

Page 33
 n! (n  1)! n 7 .2 n 1 1
ln  ; lim     n7     1  div.
n . 2n
7 n  (n  1) 7 .2 n1 n! (n  1) 6
2

1 1
mn  : série géométriqu e de raison 1  conv.
(ln 3) n ln 3
n
( n !) n  n ! n!
nn    n  : lim n nn  lim n  0  1 (Cauchy )  conv.
n 
2
n  n  n
nn
n! (n  1)! e n (n  1)
o n  n !e  n  n
: lim n 1
  lim    1  div.
e n  e n! n  e
1
pn  : lim n 3 p n  1   :   3 1  conv.
n 7
3 n 

n
1 1  1 1 
qn    2  : lim n q n  lim   2   0  1 (Cauchy )  conv.
n n  n  n 
n n 

4n 4
rn  : lim rn    (  1)  div.
n 3 . 3n n  3

yx x y x 1 ( x  1) y x 2
lim  lim  lim  
n  x3 n  3x 2 n  3
2 2 2
sn  : lim s n  0 :  n Série géom. de raison 1< 1
1  en n  1 e n
e e
conv.
Termes ≥ 0 et majorée par conv. conv.
n
 1
t n  e n 1   : lim t n    div.
 n n 

n2 n
 1 1
u n  e n 1   : lim u n  e .   n
 1  div.
 n n 
e
n2
 1
vn  e 1  
n
: lim vn  e n . e n    div.
 n n 

n2 1 n2 (n  1) 2 2 n 1
wn   : : D' Alembert : lim  2   1  conv.
2n en 2n n 2 n1 n 2

1 1
n
: série géom. de raison < 1  conv.  somme de 2 séries conv est
e 2
conv
3
6 3
xn  : lim n xn 2
 6   :    1 ( Riemann )  conv.
n(n  1)(n  2) n  2

Page 34
 3 n 3 1
yn     conv.
n(n  1)(n  3) n(n  1)(n  3) (n  1)(n  3)

3
lim n 3  3   avec   3  1 : conv.
n   n(n  1)(n  3)
1
lim n 2  1   avec   2  1 : conv.
n   (n  1)(n  3)

(3n)! (3n  3)! n!(n  1)!(n  2)!

zn  : lim 
n!(n  1)!(n  2)! n   ( n  1)!( n  2)!( n  3)! (3n)!
(3n  3)(3n  2)(3n  1)
 lim  27  1  div.
n   (n  3)(n  2)(n  1)

Exercice 7 :

(1) n (1) n 1 1
 n
: Un 
n
: | U n |
n
: série de Riemann ,  
2
 1  div.
 n 1

 1
 lim | U n |  lim 0
n n  
n
U n : série alternée :   semi  conv.
| U |  1  1 | Un |
n 1

 n 1 n


ln n ln n ln n
 (1) n 1

n
: |Un | 
n
n  0 , lim n 
  n   n
   0 :   1  abs. div.
 n 1

 lim | U n |  0
n
U n : série alternée :  ln x 1  ln x  semi  conv.
soit f ( x )  , f '  0 : décroiss. | U  |  | U |

m 1 n
x x2

 n  n
1 1 2
   
n 1  2 6
  
n 1  3 
: série géom. à termes  0  abs. conv.



cos n 
(1) n 1 1 3
 n n
 n n
: |Un | 
n n
 3
: Riemann  
2
 1  abs. conv.
 n 1 n 1
n 2

(3) n 1 3 n 1 3 n 1
 n
3 1

n 1 n  6
n
: |Un | 
n  6n

6n
 3  
6
: géom. de raison
2
1
  conv.

Page 35
 
cos n 
(1) n 1 1
 
n 1 6n
 
n 1 6
n
: |Un | 
6 n
: série géom. : q   1
6
 abs. conv.

|Un| majorée par une série convergente absolument convergente


(1) n . (2n)! | U n 1 | (2n  2)! 4 n (n!) 2 (2n  1)(2n  2)
n 1 4 n ( n !) 2
: lim
n   | U |
 lim n 1
n   4 (n  1)!2

(2n)!
 lim
n   4(n  1) 2
1
n
 pt douteux


sin n sin n 1
  (1)
n 1
n
.
n2
: (1) n .
n 2
 2
n
: Riemann   2  1 : conv.  abs. conv.

Exercice 8 :
1
Un 
n (ln n) 


 0 lim U n     div.
n  

  si   0 div.
1 
 0 Un  n 1 si   0 div.
(ln n)   
0
 si   0

n1 / 2 1
lim    0 :  = < 1 (Riemann) div
n  (ln n)  2

0 1   /   1 :
n n  
lim   lim    0 :   1  div.
n n (ln n)  n (ln n) 

n  
 1    / 1   : lim  0    et   1  conv.
n  (ln n) 

l   ,   1  conv.
lim n U n  l 
n 
l  0 ,   1  div.

1 1
 1  Un  :   0 : f ( x)  décroiss. et  pr x  1
n (ln n)  x(ln x) 

Page 36
  1 dx  dv
 la série U n et  2 x(ln x) 
st de même nature , v  ln x  dv 
x
 
2 v

si   1  I  ln vln 2

    div.

v   1  v1  (ln 2)1 
si   1  I    lim  conv. si   1 et div. si 0    1
   1 ln 2 v   1   1 

(ln n)   0
1
si   0  U n   : div.  div.
n n
1
si   0 : Un   div.
n

1
 Un  conv. si   1 ,  et si   1 ,   1
n (ln n) 


Exercice 9 :
(a) (Un) converge si α > 1 (Riemann)
1
(b) Vn = Un - Un+1  même nature que  conv si α ≥ 0 et div si α
n
<0
0 si   0 

si   0 
1 conv
lim  1
n   n 
  si   0  div.


Sn = V1 + V2 + …. + Vn = U1 - U2 + U2 - U3 + …. + Un - Un+1

1 1 si   0
= U1 - Un+1 = 1 -  
(n  1)  0 si   0

1 2 1 1 1  1 1 
(c) wn  
 
      
n (n  1) (n  2) n 
(n  1) 
 (n  1)

(n  2) 
 Vn  Vn1  La série (Wn) même nature que la suite Vn

1 1 (n  1)  n
Vn    n  0 si   0 (diverge si   0)
n (n  1) n (n  1)  

1 1 1 1
W1 + w2 + …. + wn = V1 - Vn+1 = 1    = 1 
2 (n  1) (n  2) 2

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Page 58
 Calculus III – Power Series

1. Determine the radius and interval of convergence of each of the following power series:

+∞ +∞ +∞
𝑥𝑛
∑(𝑥 + 5)𝑛 ∑(−1)𝑛 (5𝑥 + 1)𝑛 ∑
(𝑛 + 5)𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
+∞ +∞ +∞
𝑛 (−1)𝑛 (𝑥 − 5)𝑛
𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝑥 𝑛
∑ ∑ ∑ 𝑛 2
𝑛+5 𝑛! 5 (𝑛 + 1)
𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
+∞ 𝑛 +∞ +∞
1 (𝑥 + 𝜋)𝑛
∑ (1 + ) 𝑥 𝑛 ∑(𝑛 + 1)! (𝑥 − 5) 𝑛
∑
𝑛 √𝑛 + 1
𝑛=1 𝑛=0 𝑛=0

2. Determine the interval of convergence and calculate the sum S(x) in this interval for each of
the following power series:
+∞
(𝑥 + 1)2𝑛
∑
4𝑛
𝑛=0
+∞
𝑥𝑛
∑ (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆 ′ (𝑥))
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛=2
+∞
(𝑥 − 1)𝑛
∑ (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆 ′′ (𝑥))
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)
𝑛=3
+∞
𝑛2 𝑥 𝑛
∑ (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑛2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑛)
𝑛!
𝑛=1
+∞
𝑥 4𝑛−1
∑ (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆 ′ (𝑥))
4𝑛 − 1
𝑛=1

3. Give the Maclaurin series development of the following series:

1 1 1
𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑓3 (𝑥) =
1−𝑥 2−𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥)
1+𝑥
𝑓4 (𝑥) = ln(1 + 𝑥) 𝑓5 (𝑥) = ln(1 − 𝑥) 𝑓6 (𝑥) = ln
1−𝑥
1 + 3𝑥 2
𝑓7 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑓8 (𝑥) = sin2 (𝑥) 𝑓9 (𝑥) =
(1 − 𝑥)3

4. Use power series to determine the following limits:

ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑒𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 𝑥2 − 4
lim lim lim
𝑥→0 1 − cos 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→2 ln(𝑥 − 1)

Page 59
5. Solve the following differential equations:
(a) 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 ; y(0) = 1;
′
(b) 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 ; y(0) = 1;
(c) 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(0) = 0;
(d) 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(0) = 2;
(e) (1 − 𝑥)𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0 𝑦(0) = 2;
(f) 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(0) = 0;

Page 60
 TD Chap.2 : Séries Entières

Exercice 1 :

  ( x  5)
n 0
n
: série géom. de raison x+5 conv si |x+5| < 1 : R=1 :

I= ]- 6 , - 4[

  (1)
n 0
n
(5 x  1) n : série géom. de raison - (5x+1) conv si |5x+1| < 1 :

1 1 1 2
|x+ |< : R = : I= ] , 0[
5 5 5 5


xn 1
  n  5
n 0
n
an 
n  5n
1 1
lim n an  lim  0   R   : I  lR
n  n  n5 R

n xn n
 
n 0 n5
an 
n5
a n 1 n 1 n5 1
lim  lim   1  : R 1
n  an n  n6 n R

-1 < x < 1

n
x=1  
n 0 n5
div. (CN non vérifiée )


n (1) n . n
x = -1  
n 0
(1) n
n5
: lim
n  n5
 1  0 : div.


(1) n ( x  5) n (1) n
 
n 0 n!
an 
n!
a n 1 1 1
lim  lim  0  : R  
n  an n  n 1 R

n xn
 
n 0 5 n (n 2  1)
a n 1 5 n (n 2  1) 1 1
lim n1  lim n 1
  lim  : R5
n  a
n
n  5 ((n  1) 2  1) n n  5 R


n n
x5  
n 0 n 1
2
: lim n .
n  n 1
2
 1  div.

Page 61
 
(1) n . n
x  5  
n 0 n2 1

(1) n . n
i) lim  0
n  n2  1

n 1 n n 3  n  n 2  1  n 3  2n 2  2n
ii ) U n 1  U n ?  
(n  1) 2  1 n2 1 ((n  1) 2  1)(n 2  1)
 n2  n 1
  0 pr n  1  U n 1  U n


 Série alternée conv. I = [-5 , 5[

 n
 1  1 1
 
n 0
1   . x
 n
n
lim 1    1 
n 
 n R
: R 1

n n
 1  1
x 1   1  
 n
: lim 1  
n 
 n
e  div.

n n
 1  1
x  1   1   (1)
 n 
n
: lim 1  
n
 n
e  div.

 I = ]-1 , 1[


a n1
  (n  1)! ( x  5)
n 0
n
: lim
n  an
 lim (n  2)     R  0 : I  {5}
n 


(x   )n a n 1 n 1
 
n 0 n 1
: lim
n  an
 lim
n 
n2
 1  R 1

 1
1 1 1
x  1  
0 n 1
: lim n .
n 
2

n 1
1 : div. ( 
2
)

  1 
 nlim    0
1    n  1 
x    1   (1) n
.
n 1
: série alt .   conv.
0  1 
1

 n2 n 1

 I = [-1-π , 1-π[

Page 62
Exercice 2 :

x  12n x  12 x  12
 
n 0 4n
: série géom. de raison
4
conv. si
4
1

U0 1 4
 3  x 1 : I ]  3,  1[ , S  
1 q
1
x  1 4  x  12
2

4

xn a n 1 (n  1)n 1
 
n2 n(n  1)
: lim
n  an

n (n  1)
1
R
 R 1


1 1
x 1  2 n (n  1)
: lim n 2 
n  n(n  1)
1    2 : conv.


(1) n
x  1  2 n (n  1)
: abs. conv.  I  [1,1]


x n 1  
1
S  
n2 n 1
, S   
n2
x n2  x 0
n

1 x

S    ln(1  x)  C  S (0)  0  C  C0

S ( x )    ln(1  x)dx   ln u du u  (1  x)  du  dx

 u ln u  u  C  (1  x) ln(1  x)  (1  x)  C  (1  x) ln(1  x)  x  1  C


xn
S (0)  0 : C  1 , (1  x) ln(1  x)  x  
n2 n (n  1)

 A  1/ 2

( x  1) n 1 A B C 
  n (n  1)(n  2)
: 
n (n  1)(n  2) n
 
n 1 n  2
B  1
n 3 C  1 / 2



1 ( x  1) n 
( x  1) n 
1 ( x  1) n
S ( x)  
n 3 2 n
 
n 3

(n  1)
 
n 3 2 n2


Xn
 ln (1  X )   soit X  x  1
n 1 n


( x  1) n ( x  1) 2 
( x  1) n
 ln (1  x  1)  
n 1 n
 ( x  1) 
2
 
n 3 n

Page 63

( x  1) n ( x  1) 2

n 3 n
  ln (2  x)  ( x  1) 
2


( x  1) n 
( x  1) n
  ( x  1)   ( x  1)  ln( 2  x)  ( x  1)
n 3 n 1 n2 n


( x  1) n 
( x  1) n  2 xn 


n 3 n2
 
n 1 n
 ( x  1)  2

n 1 n
  ( x  1) 2 ln (2  x)

 1
S ( x )  ln (2  x)    x  1 
x  12  x  1  x  12
   ( x  1) 2
 2 
 2  2 4

(2  x) 2 3x 2  8 x  5
  ln (2  x) 
2 4

n2 xn n2
 
n 1 n!
an 
n!

a n 1 (n  1) 2 n ! n 1 1
lim  lim  2  lim 0 : R   : I = lR
n  an n  ( n  1)! n n  n 2
R

n2 = n (n - 1) + n

n 2 xn 
n (n  1) x n 
n xn 
n(n  1) x n 
xn

n 1 n!
 n 1 n!
 
n 1 n!
 0 
( n 1)
n2 n!
 
n 1 (n  1)!

   
xn xn xn xn
 
n2 (n  2)!
 
n 1 (n  1)!
 x .
2

n 0 n!
 x
n 0 n !
 ( x 2  x )e x


x 4 n 1 4n  1 1
 
n 1 4n  1
5 : lim
n  4(n  1)  1
1
R
 R 1

1
x 1   4n  1
: div.

(1) 4 n1
x  1   4n  1
: div. I ]  1, 1[


1  1 1 x2
S  
n 1
x 4 n2 
x 2
.  (x4 )n
n 1

x 2
. x4.
1 x4

1 x4

Page 64
 x2 x2 A B C 1 1 1
S avec      
1 x4 1 x4 1 x 1 x 1 x2 4(1  x) 4(1  x) 2(1  x 2 )

1 1 1
S  ln(1  x)  ln(1  x)  arctan x
4 4 2

Exercice 3 :

1 
( x  0) n 
f1 
1 x
  n 0 (1  0) n 1
 
n 0
xn


1 xn
f2 
2 x
 
n 0 2 n 1

1  f1  f 2
f3   
(1  x)(2  x)  f1  f 2

 1  n
i) f 3  f1  f 2   1  2
n 0
n 1  x

  x n    n 
ii)   2 n 1
   x 
  C n xn
 n 0   n 0 

 
1 1 1  1
an  , bn  1 , C n   a k bn  k   1  
2 n 1 k 0 k 0 2 k 1 2 k 0 2 k

1
n 1 1
1 1 q 1 2 n 1 1
 U o   1  1
2 1 q 2 1 2 n 1
1
2

 1  n
 f3   1  2
n 0
n 1  x


x2 x3 x4 n
    1
n 1 x
f 4  ln (1  x)  x  
2 3 4 n

x2 x3 x4 xn
f 5  ln (1  x)  x     
2 3 4 n

1 x  x3 x5 x 2 n 1
f 6  ln    ln(1  x)  ln(1  x)  2x  2 2    2
1 x  3 5 2n  1

Page 65
   x 2 n 1  
x 2 n 3
f 7  x 2 sin x  
x2      (1) n
n
( 1)
 n 0 (2n  1)!  n 0 (2n  1)!

1  cos 2 x 1 1 1 1   (1) n (2 x) 2 n 
f 8  sin x2
   cos 2 x    
2 2 2 2 2  n 0 (2n)! 

1  3x 2 A B C
f9    
(1  x) 3 1 x (1  x) 2
(1  x) 3

x 1
 (1  x) 3    C4
 x x 


  3  A  A3
x0  1 A BC  B  6

3 6 4
  
1 x (1  x) 2
(1  x) 3


1
 1  x  x 2  .....  x n   x n
1 x n 0

 
1  1 
(1  x ) 2
 
1 x 
  1  2 x  3 x 2
 ......  
n 1
nx n 1


2  1  
    2  3  2  x  ......  n( n  1) x n  2 
2   n(n  1) x n2

(1  x ) 3  1  x   n2

  
f 9  3 x n  6 nx n 1  2 n( n  1) x n  2
n 0 n 1 n2
  
 3 x n  6 n  1x n  2 ( n  2)( n  1) x n
n 0 n 0 n 0

 x
n 0
n
(3  6( n  1)  2( n  2)( n  1))

 x
n 0
n
( 2n 2  1)

Page 66
Exercice 4 :

ln(1  x 2 ) 
(1) n 1 . x n
 lim or ln(1  x)  
n  1  cos x n 1 n


(1) n 1 x 2 n x4 
(1) n x 2 n x2 x4
ln(1  x 2 )    x2   cos x    1  
n 1 2n ! 2 n 0 2n ! 2! 4!

x4  x2 
x  x 2 1  
2 
2
ln(1  x 2 ) 2 
D’où    2
1  cos x x 2
x4 1 x2 
11  x 2   
2! 4!  2! 4! 

 x2 x3 
1  x      1  x
ex 1 x
lim  
2 3 1
 lim  
x 0 x2 x 0 x2 2

x2  4 (u  2) 2  4 u 2  4u u (u  4)
 lim  lim  lim  lim 4
x 2 ln( x  1) u 0 ln(u  1) u 0 u 2
u 3 u 0 u u2
u  u (1   )
2 3 2 3

Exercice 5 :
a) y  y  0 , y(0)  1  a0

   
y   an x n : y    nan x n1 : y   y  0   nan x n1   an x n  0
n 0 n 1 n 1 n 0

  

 (n  1)an1 x n   an x n  0
n 0 n 0
  ((n  1)a
n 0
n 1  an ) x n  0  (n  1)a n1  a n  0

a1 1
a0  1 , a1  a0  0  a1  a0  1 , a2   
2 2

a2 a a a0
a3    1  0  a n   1
n

3 3! 3! n!

 an  1 (1) n . a 0 (1) n 1
(n  1)a n 1  a n  0  a n 1   . 
n 1 n 1 n! (n  1)!

Page 67
Résolution de la manière ordinaire :

dy dy y
y  y  0   y    dx  ln  x
dx y c
y
  e x  y  ce  x  y (0)  1  c  y  e x
c

b) y   y  x , y(o)  1  a0
   
y   an x n
, y    na n x n 1   na n x n 1
  an x n  x
n 0 n 1 n 1 n 0

  
  n  1an1 x n
n 0
  an x n  x
n 0
  n  1a
n 0
n 1  a n x n  x

2
a1  a0  0  a1  1 , 2a 2  a1  1  a2  1 
2!

1 2 1 2
3a3  a 2  0  a3   , 4a 4  a 3  0  a 4  
3 3! 3  4 5!

2 a 2
 an   (n  1)a n 1  a n  0 , récurrence : a n 1  n  : vérifiée
n! n  1 (n  1)!


2 2 3 3 xn
y  1 x  x  x  1 x  2 
2! 3! n2 n!

  x n 
 1  x  2   1  x   1  x  2e x  2  2 x  y  2e x  x  1
 n 0 n ! 

Ou : y  x  y soit t  x  y : t   1  y

dt t 1
t 1  t   dx  ln x  t  ce x  1  x  y
t 1 c

 y  ce x  1  x  y(0)  1  1  c  1  c  2  y  2e x  1  x

Page 68
 c) y   y  0 , y (0)  1 et y(0)  0

y  a
n 0
n xn , y (0)  a 0

y    na n x n1 , y (0)  a1  2a 2 x  1  a1  1 ,
n 1

y    n(n  1)a
n2
n x n2

   

 n(n  1)an x n2   an x n  0

n2 n 0
  (n  2)(n  1)an2 x n 
n0
a
n 0
n xn  0



 n  2n  1a

n 0
n2  a n x n  0  (n  2)(n  1)a n  2  a n  0

n0  2a2  a0  0  a2  0 car a0  0

1 1
n 1  2  3a3  a1  0  a3  
23 3!

1
n2  12 a 4  a 2  0  a4  0  a2n  0 et a 2 n 1 
(2n  1)!

récurrence : (2n  2)(2n  1)a2 n 2  a2 n  0  a2 n 2  0

: Vrai
1 1
(2n  3)(2n  2)a 2 n3  a2 n1  0  a 2 n 3   :
(2n  1)!(2n  2)(2n  3) (2n  3)!
Vrai

x3 x5 
x 2 n 1
y  0 x0
3!

5!
   sh x  y 
n 0 (2n  1)!

Ou : y   y  0 : n2 1  0  n1  1 , n2  1 : y  ae  x  be x

1 1 e x  ex
y(0)  0  a  b , y (0)  1  a  b  b  , a  y  sh x
2 2 2

d) y   y  x et y (0)  1 et y(0)  2

y   an x n : y  a0  a1 x  .... , y (0)  a0  2  a0  2
n 0

y   na
n 1
n x n 1 : y   a1  2a 2 x ... , y (0)  1  a1

Page 69
   
y   (n  1)nan x n2 :  n(n  1)an x n2  a n xn  x
n 2 n2 n 0

  

 (n  2)(n  1)an2 x n
n 0
  an x n  x
n 0
  ((n  2)(n  1)a
n 0
n2  an ) x n  x

Identification selon les coefficients :

a0 
n0  2 a 2  a0  0 : a2    1 
2 
n 1  3  2 a3  a1  1 : a3  0 
 a2 n1  0
1 2 
n2  3  4 a4  a2  0 : a4    ( 1) n  2
3  4 4! a
 2n 
( 2n)!
n3  5  4 a5  a3  0 : a5  0 

2  2
n4  6  5 a6  a 4  0 : a6  
6  5  4! 6! 


 2  
 2 
y  2  x  x  ...  (1) n
2
x 2n   x  2 (1) n x 2n   y  x  2 cos x
 (2n)!  n 0  (2n)! 

e) (1  x) y   y  0 , y(0)  2  a0  2

   
y   an x n  y    na n x n 1  (1  x) na n x n 1  a n xn  0
n 0 n 1 n 1 n 0

     

 na
n 1
nx
n 1
  na n x n   a n x n  0
n 1 n 0
  (n  1)a
n 0
n 1 x   na n x   a n x
n

n 1
n n
0
n 0

  
  (n  1)an1 x n  a1   nan x n   an x n  2  0
n 1 n 1 n 1


  n  1a
n 1
n 1  na n  a n x n  2  a1  0  a1  2  0  a1  2

pour n  1 : (n  1)an1  (n  1)an  0 : an1  an , n  1 : a2  a1  2

2
y  2 (1  x  x 2  ....  x n )  Série géom. de 1er terme 1, de raison x qui converge
1 x
dans ]-1,1[

Page 70
 f) y   2 y   y  0 , y (0)  1  a1 , y(0)  0  a0

  
y  an x n
n 0
 y   nan x n1
n 1
 y    (n  1)na
n2
n x n2

  

 n (n  1) a n x n2  2 na n x n1   a n x n  0
n2 n 1 n 0

  
  (n  2)(n  1)an2 x n  2 (n  1)an1 x n   an x n  0
n 0 n 0 n 0


  (n  2)(n  1)a
n 0
n2  2(n  1)a n1  a n x n  0  (n  2)(n  1)an2  2(n  1)an1  an  0

n0  2  1 a 2  2  1 a1  a 0  0  a2  0
1 1
n 1  3  2 a3  2  2 a 2  a1  0  a3   an 
2 (n  1)!
1 1
n2  4  3 a4  2  3   a2  0  a4 
2 23
 
1 x3 1. x n
y  0 x x  0 x x 
n 2
 : y
n2 (n  1)! 2! n 1 (n  1)!


x n 1 
xn
y   n 0 n!
 x
n 0 n!
 xe x  y  xe x

1 1
Supposons que : a n  ; a n 1  vérifions pour a n  2
(n  1)! n!

1 1
(n  2)(n  1)a n  2  2(n  1)   0
n ! (n  1)!

1  2(n  1) 1  1  2n  2  n 
an2    
(n  2)(n  1)  n ! (n  1)! ( n  2)(n  1)  n! 

n2 1
  : vrai
(n  2)(n  1)n ! (n  1)!

Page 71
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 Calculus III – Series of functions

1. Study the simple and uniform convergence of each of the following series:
(a) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ]−1; 1] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [−𝑎; 𝑎] 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 0 ≤ 𝑎 < 1.

𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 ln(𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ ]0; 1[

(b) {
𝑓𝑛 (0) = 0

𝑛𝑥 3
(𝑐) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℝ.
1 + 𝑛𝑥 2

sin(𝑛𝑥)
(𝑑) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℝ .
𝑛 + 𝑒𝑥
𝑥
(𝑒) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = (𝑛 ≥ 1) 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℝ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [𝑎; 𝑏].
𝑛

2𝑛𝑥
(𝑓) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [0; +∞[ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [𝑎; +∞[ (𝑎 > 0).
1 + 𝑛2 𝑥 2

(𝑛 + 1)(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
(𝑔) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℝ+ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [𝑎; +∞[ (𝑎 > 0).
(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 + 1

1
(ℎ) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℝ.
𝑛2

𝑒 𝑛𝑥 + 2
(𝑖) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℝ; 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [𝑎; 𝑏] ⊆ ℝ+∗ ; 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [𝑎; 𝑏] ⊆ ℝ−∗ .
𝑒 +1

(𝑗) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 ln(cos 𝑥) 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [0; 1]; 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [0; 𝑎] 0 < 𝑎 < 1.

2. Give the interval of convergence of each of the following series:

+∞
1 2
(𝑎) ∑ (1 + ) 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛
𝑛=1

+∞
3𝑛 + (−2)𝑛
(𝑏) ∑ (𝑥 + 1)𝑛
𝑛
𝑛=1

Page 84
3. Study the convergence and calculate the sum of each of the following power series:

(𝑎) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 2𝑛 ; 𝑥 ∈ [0; 1]

(𝑏) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥)𝑥 𝑛 ; 𝑥 ∈ [0; 1]

(𝑐) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑛 ; 𝑥 ∈ [−1; +1]

+∞
𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
4. Show that the series ∑ ( − ) 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [−1; +1].
𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑛=1
Show that it converges normally over [0; +1] 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [−1; 0].

+∞
(−1)𝑛
5. Show that the series ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [−1; +1].
𝑛 + 𝑥𝑛
𝑛=1
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
(Indication: Use the series of general term: − ).
𝑛+𝑥 𝑛 𝑛

6. Let (𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)) be a power series defined over ℝ+ by:

𝑓0 (𝑥) = 0
{ (−1)𝑛
𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗
𝑛! (𝑥 + 𝑛)

(a) Show that the series ∑ 𝑓𝑛 is normally convergent over ℝ+ .

+∞

(𝑏) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑆(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ :

𝑛=0
1 𝑥
𝑥𝑆(𝑥) − 𝑆(𝑥 + 1) = −
𝑒 𝑥+1

Page 85
 TD3 - Series de fonctions

Exercice 1
1) fn (x) = 1 + x + . . . + xn−1 sur ] − 1, 1[
1 − xn
fn (x) =
1−x
1
lim fn (x) = = f (x)
n→+∞ 1−x
(fn )n est simplement convergente sur ] − 1, 1[

lim kfn (x) − f (x)k =?

n→+∞

1 − xn 1 −xn
fn (x) − f (x) = − =
1−x 1 − x n1 − x
−x xn
lim kfn (x) − f (x)k = lim k k = lim k k −→ +∞(x → 1)
n→+∞ n→+∞ 1 − x n→+∞ 1 − x

⇒ La convergence n’est pas uniforme sur ] − 1, 1[

• Si A = [−a, a] ou 0 < a < 1

an
kfn (x) − f (x)k = −→ 0 (n → +∞)
1−a
⇒ convergence uniforme sur [−a, a]

2) 
fn (x) = nxn lnx si x ∈]0, 1]
sur [0, 1]
fn (0) = 0
fn (0) = 0, fn (1) = 0

lim fn (x) = lim nxn lnx = 0 ⇒ f (x) = 0

n→+∞ n→+∞

kfn (x) − f (x)k = knxn lnxk

1
fn (x) = nxn lnx fn0 (x) = n2 xn−1 lnx + nxn = nxn−1 (nlnx + 1)
x
−1 −1
fn0 (x) = 0 ⇒ nlnx + 1 = 0 ⇒ lnx = ⇒ x=en
n
 −1   −1  −1 −1
fn e n = n e n lne n = ne−1 = −e−1
n
1
kfn − f k = 6= 0 ⇒ convergence non uniforme
e

Page 86
 nx3
3) fn (x) = sur R
1 + nx2
lim = x ⇒ convergence simple
n→+∞

nx3 nx3 − x − nx3

kfn (x) − f (x)k = k − xk = k k
1 + nx2 1 + nx2
−x x
=k 2
k = Sup| |
1 + nx 1 + nx2
x 0 1 + nx2 − x(2nx) 1 − nx2
yn = yn = =
1 + nx2 1 + nx2 1 + nx2
1 1
yn0 = 0 ⇒ x2 = ⇒ x = ±√
n n
1 1 1 1
x= √ yn = √ = √
n n 1 2 n
1+n
n
−1 −1 1 −1
x= √ yn = √ = √
n n 1 2 n
1+n
n

1 1
kyn k = √ lim kyn k = lim √ = 0 ⇒ convergence uniforme
2 n n→+∞ n→+∞ 2 n

Page 87
 sin nx
4) fn (x) = ex + sur R
n + ex
lim fn (x) = ex = f (x) (sin x étant bornée) ⇒ convergence simple
n→+∞

sin nx 1
kfn − f k = k x
k≤| | −→ 0 (n → +∞)
n+e n + ex
⇒ convergence uniforme
x
5) fn (x) = sur R
n
lim fn (x) = 0 = f (x) ⇒ convergence simple
n→+∞
x
kfn − f k = k k −→ +∞ 6= 0 ⇒ convergence non uniforme
n
N.B : pour la convergence uniforme, la limite doit exister indépendement
de variable x alors que pour la convergence simple x est fixée

x max(|a|, |b|)
−→ Sur [a, b] bornée, k k = −→ 0 (n → +∞)
n n
⇒ convergence uniforme sur [a, b]
2nx
6) fn (x) = sur [0, +∞[ puis sur [a, +∞[ a > 0
1 + n2 x2
2
lim fn (x) = lim = 0 = f (x) ⇒ convergence simple
n→+∞ n→+∞ nx
2nx
kfn (x) − f (x)k = k k
1 + n2 x2
0 2n(1 + n2 x2 ) − 2nx(2n2 x) 2n + 2n3 x2 − 4n3 x2 2n(1 − n2 x2 )
fn (x) = = =
(1 + n2 x2 )2 (1 + n2 x2 )2 (1 + n2 x2 )2
 
1 1 1 2
fn0 (x) = 0 ⇒ x2 = 2 ⇒ x = ± et f = =1
n n n 2

⇒ kfn (x)k = 1

Page 88
 kfn (x) − f (x)k = kfn k = 1 6= 0 ⇒ convergence non uniforme
−→ si x ∈ [a, +∞[ (a > 0)
Théoreme de Dini :
2na
kfn − f k = fn (a) = −→ 0 (n → +∞) ⇒ convergence uniforme
1 + n2 a2
1 1
N.B. : a > car (n → +∞) → 0 et a > 0
n n
(n + 1)(x + x2 )
7) fn (x) = sur R+ puis sur [a, +∞[ a > 0
(n + 1)x + 1
x + x2
lim fn (x) = = 1 + x pour x 6= 0
n→+∞ x

0 si x = 0
fn (0) = 0 ⇒ f (x) =
1 + x si x 6= 0
⇒ convergence simple non uniforme sur R+ car f n’est pas continue

−→ sur [a, +∞[ a > 0 f (x) = 1 + x

(n + 1)(x + x2 )
kfn (x) − f (x)k = k − 1 − xk
(n + 1)x + 1
(n + 1)x + (n + 1)x2 − (n + 1)x − 1 − (n + 1)x2 − x
=k k
(n + 1)x + 1
−1 − x 1+x 1+x
=k k=k k yn (x) =
(n + 1)x + 1 (n + 1)x + 1 (n + 1)x + 1
(n + 1)x + 1 − (n + 1)(1 + x) −n
yn0 = 2 = <0
((n + 1)x + 1) ((n + 1)x + 1)2
⇒ yn est décroissante, or sur [a, +∞[ yn (x) > 0
1+a
kyn k = yn (a) =
(n + 1)a + 1
1+a
lim kfn − f k = lim kyn k = lim = 0 ⇒ conv uniforme
n→+∞ n→+∞ n→+∞ (n + 1)a + 1

N.B. : si yn (x) < 0, il faut examiner le valeur absolue

r
1
8) fn (x) = x2 + 2 sur R
n
√
lim fn (x) = x2 = |x| = f (x) continue
n→+∞

√
r
1
kfn − f k = k x2 + 2 − x2 k
n

Page 89
 q
1
√  q 1
√ 
x2 + − x
n2
2 x + n2 + x2
2
1
=k q √  k = k q √ k
x2 + n12 + x2 n2 x2 + n12 + x2
1
= car la borne supérieure correspond à x minimale ⇒ x = 0
n
1
lim kfn − f k = lim = 0 ⇒ convergence uniforme
n→+∞ n→+∞ n
 
x 1

 (n + 1)a
 − x2 si 0 ≤ x ≤
9) n+1 n+1 a ∈ R, sur [0, 1]
1
 0 si <x≤1

n+1
1
0≤x≤ ⇒ n → +∞ ⇒ x −→ 0
n+1
 
a x 2
lim fn (x) = lim (n + 1) − x = 0 = f (x)
n→+∞ x→0 n+1
1
⇒ continue sur [0, 1] car fn (x) = 0 si ≤x≤1
n+1
⇒ convergence simple
 
0 a 1
kfn (x) − f (x)k = kfn (x)k fn (x) = (n + 1) − 2x
n+1
1 1
⇒ fn0 (x) = 0 si 2x = ⇒ x=
n+1 2(n + 1)
(n + 1)a (n + 1)a−2
   
1 a 1 1
fn = (n+1) − = =
2(n + 1) 2(n + 1)2 4(n + 1)2 4(n + 1)2 4
a−2
(n + 1)
⇒ kfn k =
4
(n + 1)a−2
lim kfn −f k = lim kfn k = lim = 0 si a−2 < 0 ⇒ a < 2
n→+∞ n→+∞ n→+∞ 4
Ainsi la convergence est uniforme si a < 2 et non uniforme si a ≥ 2

Page 90
 enx + 2
10) fn (x) =
enx + 1

 2 si x < 0
3
lim fn (x) = 2
si x = 0 ⇒ convergence simple
n→+∞
1 si x > 0


mais fn (x) n’est pas continue en 0 ⇒ convergence non uniforme sur R

−→ sur un itervalle fermé et bornée de R (R+ ou R− ) ne contenant pas 0

soit [a, b] ⊂ R∗

f (x) = 2
enx + 2 enx + 2 − 2enx − 2
kfn (x) − 2k = k − 2k = k k
enx + 1 enx + 2
−enx enx enx
= k nx k = k nx k = supx∈[a,b] | nx |
e +1 e +1 e +1
enx
On pose : yn = nx
e +1
ne (e + 1) − enx nenx
nx nx
nenx
yn0 = = >0
(enx + 1)2 (enx + 1)2
⇒ yn est croissante (maximum en b)

enx enb
Ainsi k k = y n (b) =
enx + 1 enb + 1
enb
lim kfn (x) − 2k = lim yn (b) = lim nb = 0 (b < 0)
n→+∞ n→+∞ n→+∞ e + 1

⇒ convergence uniforme

Soit [a, b] ⊆ R∗+ f (x) = 1

enx + 2 enx + 2 − enx − 1 1
kfn (x) − f (x)k = k nx
− 1k = k nx
k = k nx k
e +1 e +1 e +1
1
le max de correspond à enx min ⇒ x = a car enx croissante
enx
+1
1
lim kfn (x) − f (x)k = lim na = 0 (a > 0)
n→+∞ n→+∞ e +1
⇒ convergence uniforme

Page 91
Exercice 2 :
+∞    
X 1 2 1 2
1) 1+ xn Soit Un (x) = 1 + xn
n=1
n n
Critère de Cauchy :
  n1
p 1
lim n |Un | = lim 1 + xn converge si |x| < 1 I =] − 1, 1[
n→+∞ n→+∞ n
+∞ +∞ +∞
X 3n + (−2)n X 3n X (−2)n
2) n
(x + 1) = n
(x + 1) + (x + 1)n
n=1
n n=1
n n=1
n
3n (−2)n
an = bn =
n n
an+1 3n+1 n 1
lim | | = lim x n =3 ⇒ R=
n→+∞ an n→+∞ n + 1 3 3
1
donc converge si |x + 1| <
3
n+1
bn+1 2 n n
lim | | = lim | x n | = lim 2| |=2
n→+∞ bn n→+∞ n + 1 2 n→+∞ n+1
1 1
⇒ R = donc converge si |x + 1| <
2 2
1
Donc la série est convergente si |x + 1| <
3
+∞ n +∞
3n −1 (−1)n
 
−1 X X
• x+1= ⇒ = : alternée homogène
3 n=1
n 3 n=1
n
X 3n +∞ +∞
1 X 1
• x+1= ⇒ = : harmonique divergente
3 n=1
n3n n=1
n
 
4 2
⇒ I = − ,−
3 3

Exercice 3 :
fn (x) = xn − x2n x ∈ [0, 1]

(xn ) est une série géometrique de raison x converge si |x| < 1, 0 < x < 1

(x2n ) est une série géometrique de raison x2 converge si |x2 | < 1, 0 < x < 1
P
x = 0, fn (0) = 0 S(0) = P fn (0) = 0
x = 1, fn (1) = 0 S(1) = fn (1) = 0

Page 92
 +∞
X +∞
X +∞
X
n
Si 0 < x < 1, S(x) = fn (x) = x − x2n
n=0 n=0 n=0
1 1 1+x−1 x
= − 2
= 2
=
1−x 1−x 1−x 1 − x2
( x
si x ∈ [0, 1[
⇒ S(x) = 1 − x2
0 si x = 1
⇒ S(x) n’est pas continue ⇒ convergence simple non uniforme

−→ gn (x) = (1 − x)xn x ∈ [0, 1]

C’est le terme general d’une série géométrique de raison x et de premier

terme 1 − x, elle converge si |x| < 1

Si x = 0, gn (0) = 0 S(0) = 0 convergent

Si x = 1, gn (1) = 0 S(1) = 0 convergent
 
1
Si 0 < x < 1, S(x) = (1 − x) =1
1−x

1 si x ∈]0, 1[
S(x) = ⇒ convergence simple non uniforme
0 si x = 0 ou x = 1
−→ Vn (x) = x(1 − x2 )n x ∈ [−1, 1]

Série géométrique de raison 1 − x2 de 1er terme x

Elle converge si |1 − x2 | < 1 √ √
⇒ − 1 < 1 − x2 < 1 ⇒ 0 < x2 <  2√⇒√− 2 < x < + 2
⇒ Elle converge ∀x ∈ [−1, 1] ⊆ − 2, 2

x = 0, Vn (0) = 0 ⇒ S(0) = 0
x = ±1, Vn (1) = 0 ⇒ S(0) = 0
1 1
Si 0 < x < 1, S(x) = x =
1 − (1 − x2 ) x
( 1
si x ∈] − 1, 0[ ∪ ]0, 1[
S(x) = x
0 si x ∈ {−1, 0, 1}
⇒ convergence simple non uniforme

N.B. : Pour les séries de fonctions, il faut prendre en consideration les

valeurs qui annulent le terme general

Page 93
 Exercice 4:
+∞  n +∞
xn+1
 X
X x
− = Vn − Vn+1
n=1
n n+1 n=1

xn+1
S(x) = V1 − Vn+1 = x − x ∈ [−1, 1]
n+1
lim Sn (x) = x = S(x)
n→+∞

−xn+1 xn+1
lim kSn (x) − S(x)k = lim k k = lim k k
n→+∞ n→+∞ n+1 n→+∞ n + 1

1
= lim = 0 ⇒ convergence uniforme sur [−1, 1]
n→+∞ n +1
−→ convergence normale sur [0, 1] mais non sur [−1, 0]

kUn k convergente
xn xn+1
Un (x) = Vn − Vn+1 = −
n n+1
Un0 (x) = xn−1 − xn = xn−1 (1 − x) ≥ 0
Un (x) est croissante et atteint son maximum pour x = 1
1 1
⇒ kUn k = |Un (1)| = −
n n+1
(kUn k) convergente ⇒ (Un ) normalement convergente

Sur [−1, 0]
(−1)n xn (−1)n xn+1 (−x)n (−x)n+1
Wn (x) = (−1)n Un (x) = − = +
n n+1 n n+1
kWn k = kUn k
Wn0 (x) = −(−x)n−1 − (−x)n = (−x)n−1 (−1 + x) ≤ 0
Wn est decroissante et le max est en x = −1
1 1 2n + 1
kWn k = |Wn (−1)| = + = divergente
n n+1 n(n + 1)

Exercice 5:
+∞
X (−1)n
converge uniformement sur [−1, 1]
n=2
n + xn
P (−1)n
Faire appaitre la série
n
(−1)n (−1)n (−1)n (n − n − xn ) (−1)n+1 xn
On pose : Un = − = =
n + xn n n(n + xn ) n(n + xn )

Page 94
 xn 1
|Un | = | n
|≤
n(n + x ) n(n − 1)
xn 1
kUn k = Sup|Un | = Sup| | ≤
n(n + xn ) n(n − 1)
majorée par une série convergente
⇒ la série (Un ) est normalement convergente
⇒ (Un ) est uniformement convergente

(−1)n (−1)n
= Un +
1 + xn n
n
 
(−1)
⇒ est uniformement convergente
1 + xn

Exercice 6:
a . Convergence normale sur R+
(−1)n 1
kfn (x)k = Supx∈R+ |fn (x)| = Supx∈R+ | |=
n!(x + n) n!n
Sup correspond à x min ⇒ x = 0
1
Posons Un =
n!n
Critère d’Alembert :
Un+1 n!n n
lim = lim = lim =0<1
n→+∞ Un n→+∞ (n + 1)!(n + 1) n→+∞ (n + 1)2

⇒ la série (Un ) = (kfn k) est convergente

⇒ (fn ) est normalement convergente

+∞
X
b . S(x) = fn (x)
n=0
1 x
xS(x) − S(x + 1) = −
e x+1
+∞ +∞ +∞
X X X (−1)n
S(x) = fn (x) = f0 (x) + fn (x) =
n=0 n=1 n=1
n!(x + n)
+∞ +∞
X (−1)n x X (−1)n
xS(x) − S(x + 1) = −
n=1
n!(x + n) n=1 n!(x + 1 + n)

Page 95
 +∞ +∞
X (−1)n x X (−1)n−1
= −
n=1
n!(x + n) n=2 (n − 1)!(x + n)
+∞ +∞
X (−1)n x x X (−1)n−1
= − −
n=2
n!(x + n) x + 1 n=2 (n − 1)!(x + n)
+∞ 
(−1)n x (−1)n−1

X x
= − −
n=2
n!(x + n) (n − 1)!(x + n) x+1
+∞
X (−1)n x − n(−1)n−1 x
= −
n=2
n!(x + n) x+1
+∞ +∞
X (−1)n (x + n) x X (−1)n x
= − = −
n=2
n!(x + n) x + 1 n=2 n! x+1
+∞
X xn
• = ex
n=0
n!
+∞
X (−1)n x x 1 x
= − (1 − 1) − = e−1 − = −
n=0
n! x+1 x+1 e x+1

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Page 108
 Calculus III- Fourier Series

1. Let f be a 2π periodic function defined over the interval [−𝜋; +𝜋] 𝑏𝑦:
𝜋
0 𝑖𝑓 − 𝜋 < 𝑥 ≤ −
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 𝑖𝑓 − < 𝑥 ≤
2 2
𝜋
{ 0 𝑖𝑓 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
2
(a) Plot the graph of f over the interval[−3𝜋; +3𝜋].
(b) Give its Fourier series development.
(c) Deduce the values of the following sums:
+∞ +∞ +∞
(−1)𝑘 1 1
𝐴=∑ 𝐵=∑ 𝐶=∑
2𝑘 + 1 (2𝑘 + 1)2 𝑘2
𝑘=0 𝑘=0 𝑘=1

2. Let f be a 2π periodic function defined over [−𝜋; +𝜋] by: f(x) =𝑥 2 .

Give the Fourier series associated to f(x), then deduce the following sums:
+∞ +∞
(−1)𝑛+1 1
𝑆1 = ∑ ; 𝑆2 = ∑
𝑛2 𝑛4
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

3. Let f be a 2π periodic function defined over [−𝜋; +𝜋] by:

2 − |𝑥|
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 [−2; 2]
𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
0 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ]−𝜋; −2[ ∪ ]2; 𝜋[
(a) Plot the graph of f over the interval[−2𝜋; 2𝜋].
(b) Give its Fourier series development.
(c) Deduce the following sums:

+∞ +∞ +∞ +∞
1 − cos(2𝑛) sin 𝑛 2 sin 𝑛 2
𝑛
sin 𝑛 4
𝐴=∑ 𝐵 = ∑( ) 𝐶 = ∑(−1) ( ) 𝐷 = ∑( )
𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1

4. Let f be a 2π periodic function defined over [0; 𝜋] by: f(t)= t(π−t)

(a) Plot the graph of f over the interval[−3𝜋; +3𝜋].
(b) Give its Fourier series development.
(c) Deduce the following sums:
+∞ +∞ +∞
(−1)𝑛 1 1
𝑆1 = ∑ 𝑆2 = ∑ 𝑆3 = ∑
(2𝑛 + 1)3 (2𝑛 + 1)6 𝑛6
𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=1

Page 109
5. Let f be a 2π periodic function defined by:
𝜋
𝑥2 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥| ≤
2
∀𝑥 ∈ ]−𝜋; 𝜋], 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑖𝑓 |𝑥| ≥
4 2
(a) Calculate the Fourier coefficients of the function f.
(b) Deduce the sum of the following series:
+∞ +∞ +∞
(−1)𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛 1
𝐴=∑ 𝐵=∑ 𝐶= ∑
𝑛2 (2𝑛 + 1)3 𝑛2
𝑛=1 𝑛=0 𝑛=1

6. (Final UPA -2011) Let f be a 2π periodic function defined over [−𝜋; +𝜋] by:
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|
(a) Plot the graph of f over the interval[−3𝜋; +3𝜋].
(b) Give the trigonometric Fourier series development of f.
(c) Deduce the following sums:
+∞ +∞ +∞ +∞
1 1 1 1
𝐴=∑ 𝐵 =∑ 2 𝐶=∑ 𝐷=∑
(2𝑛 + 1)2 𝑛 (2𝑛 + 1)4 𝑛4
𝑛=0 𝑛=1 𝑛=0 𝑛=1

7. (Partial CNAM-2010) Consider the signal characterized by the periodic function f of period 2
defined over [0; 2] by: f(t)= t(2−t)
(a) Show that f(t) is an even function.
(b) Plot the graph of f(t) over [−6; +6].
(c) Calculate the real Fourier coefficients associated to f(t). Deduce S(t) the Fourier series
associated to f(t).
(d) Does the series S(t) always converge to f(t)?
(e) Calculate the energy and the power of f(t) and the harmonic of order n.
(f) Deduce R(t) the Fourier series associated to the function defined over ]0; 2[ by: g(t)=t−1.
(g) Deduce the value of the following sums:

+∞ +∞ +∞
1 (−1)𝑛 1
𝐴=∑ 2 ; 𝐵=∑ ; 𝐶= ∑
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛4
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1

Page 110
 TD4 - Series de Fourrier

1.

a)
b) symetrique % y’oy ⇒ fonction paire ⇒ bn = 0
Z T
2 π
Z
4 2
⇒ an = f (t) cos(nwt)dt = f (x) cos(nx)dx
T 0 π 0
Z T Z π
1 π
Z
2 2 1 2 1 π  1
a0 = f (t)dt = f (x)dx = dt = −0 =
T 0 π 0 π 0 π 2 2
Z π   π2
2 2 2 sin nx 2 nπ
an = cos(nx)dx = = sin
π 0 π n 0 πn 2
2
a2n = sin nπ = 0
π(2n)
2 π 2(−1)n
a2n+1 = sin(2n + 1) =
(2n + 1)π 2 π(2n + 1)
+∞
1 X 2(−1)n
Sf (x) = + cos(2n + 1)x
2 π(2n + 1)
n=0

c)
• En x = 0, f est continue, f (0) = Sf (0)
(on a pris x = 0 pour eliminer cos(2n + 1)x car cos(2n + 1)(0) = 1 )
+∞
1 2 X (−1)n
1= +
2 π n=0 2n + 1
1 2 π
1= + A ⇒ A=
2 π 4

Page 111
 • Parseval :
Z T +∞
2 2
2 1X 2
f (x)dx = +a20 a
T 0 2 n=0 n
 2 +∞  2
1 π 2 2(−1)n
Z
1 1X
f (x)dx = +
π 0 2 2 n=0 π(2n + 1)
Z π +∞
1 2 1π 1 1 1 1 4X 1
dx = = ⇒ = +
π 0 π2 2 2 4 2 π n=0 (2n + 1)2
2

+∞
1 2 X 1 π2
= 2B ⇒ B = =
4 π (2n + 1)2 8
n=0

+∞ +∞ +∞
X 1 X 1 X 1
•C= 2
= 2
+
n=1
n n=1
(2n) n=0
(2n + 1)2
C 3 π2 π2
C= +B ⇒ C =B = ⇒ C=
4 4 8 6

2.

f paire ⇒ bn = 0

1 π 1 π 2 π2
Z Z
a0 = f (x)dx = x dx =
π 0 π 0 3
Z π Z π
2 2
an = f (x) cos(nx)dx = x2 cos(nx)dx
pi 0 π 0
sin(nx)
u0 = cos(nx) −→ y =
n
v = x2 −→ v 0 = 2x

Page 112
 Z π
Calcul de x sin nxdx :
0
1
u0 = sin(nx) −→ u = − cos nx
n
v = x −→ v 0 = 1
π
2 π
 2 Z 
2 x sin nx
an = − x sin(nx)dx
π n 0 n 0
π
1 π 2 −2 −π(−1)n
  Z    
2 2 x cos(nx)
= − − + cos(nx)dx =
π n n 0 n 0 π n n
n
−4 −π(−1) 4
= = 2 (−1)n
nπ n n
+∞
π2 X (−1)n
SF (x) = +4 cos(nx)
3 n=1
n2
+∞
π2 X (−1)n
SF (0) = f (0) = 0 = +4
3 n=1
n2
+∞ +∞
X (−1)n π2 X (−1)n+1 π2
⇒ = − ⇒ =
n=1
n2 12 n2 12
n=1

Egalité de Parseval :
Z π +∞
1 2 1X 2
f (x)dx = a20 + a
π 0 2 n=1 n
π +∞
π 4 1 X 16
Z
1 4
x dx = +
π 0 9 2 n=1 n4
+∞ +∞
π4 π4 X 1 X 1 π4
⇒ = +8 ⇒ =
5 9 n=1
n4 n4 90
n=1

Page 113
3.

a)

b) paire ⇒ bn = 0
Z π Z 2 Z π
1 22 − x
 Z
1 1
a0 = = f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx = dx
π 0 π 0 2 π 0 2
2
x2

1 1 1
= x− = (2 − 1) =
π 4 0 π π
Z 2 Z 2
2 2−x 1
an = cos(nx)dx = (2 − x) cos(nx)dx
π 0 2 π 0
 2  
1 (2 − x) cos nx 1 − cos 2n 1
= sin x − = + 2
π n n2 0 π n2 n
2
1 − cos 2n 2 sin n
= 2
=
πn πn2
+∞ +∞
1 X (1 − cos 2n) 1 X 2 sin2 n
Sf (x) = + cos nx = + cos nx
π n=1 πn2 π n=1 πn2

c)
• f (0) = Sf (0) = 1
1 A
⇒ + =1 ⇒ A=π−1
π π
+∞
X 2 sin2 n π−1
•A= 2
= 2B ⇒ B =
n=1
n 2
• f (π) = Sf (π) = 0

1 2 −1
⇒ + C=0 ⇒ C=
π π 2

Page 114
 • Parseval :
Z π +∞
1 2 1X 2
f (x)dx = a20 + a
π 0 2 n=1 n
π 2 +∞
1 4 X sin4 n

2−x
Z
1 1
+ dx =
π 0 π 2 2 π 2 n=1 n4
x
2 2
1 π 2−x 1 2 x2 x2 x3
Z  Z 
1 2
dx = 1−x+ dx = x− + =
π 0 x π 0 4 π 2 12 0 3π
X sin4 n π 1 +∞
2 1 2
= 2 + 2D ⇒ D = = −
3π π π n4 3 2
n=1

4.
π
a) f (t) = t(π − t) f 0 (t) = π − 2t f 0 (t) = 0 ⇒ t =
2

Page 115
b) f impaire ⇒ a0 = an = 0
2 π 2 π
Z Z
bn = f (t) sin(nt)dt = (πt − t2 ) sin(nt)dt
π 0 π 0

      π
2 2 −1 −1 1
bn = (πt − t )( cos nt − (π − 2t) sin nt − 2 cos nt
π n n2 n3 0
n
 
2 (−1) (−2) 2 4
= 3
+ 3 = (−(−1)n + 1)
π n n πn3
8
b2n = 0 b2n+1 =
π(2n + 1)3
+∞
X 8
Sf (t) = sin(2n + 1)t
n=0
π(2n + 1)3
+∞
π  π  π2 X 8 n π2 π3
c) • Sf =f = ⇒ (−1) = ⇒ S1 =
2 2 4 n=0
π(2n + 1)3 4 32
+∞
1 π 2
Z
1X 2
• Parseval : f (t)dt = b
π 0 2 b=0 n
π
1 π 2 1 π 22 1 2 t3 t4 t5
Z Z 
2 3 4
t (π −t) dt = π t −2πt +t dt = π − 2π +
π 0 π 0 π 3 4 5 0
 5 5 5 4 4 +∞
π6

1 π π π π π 1X 64
− + = ⇒ = ⇒ S2 =
π 3 2 5 30 30 2 n=0 π 2 (2n + 1)6 960
+∞ +∞
X 1 X 1 S3
• S3 = 6
+ 6
= + S2
n=1
(2n) n=1
(2n + 1) 64
π6
⇒ S3 =
945

Page 116
5.

a) f est symetrique % à y’oy ⇒ paire ⇒ bn = 0

T
1 π
Z Z
2 2
a0 = f (x)dx = f (x)dx
T 0 π 0
Z π
1 π π2 1 1 π3 π2 π π2
Z  
1 2 2
= x dx + dx = + =
π 0 π π2 4 π 3 8 4 2 6
Z T Z π
4 2 2
an = f (x) cos(nwx)dx = f (x) cos(nx)dx
T 0 π 0
Z π
2 π π2
Z
2 2 2
= x cos(nx)dx + dx cos(nx)dx
π 0 π π2 4
Z π
2
x2 cos(nx)dx :
0

 π2 π
2 x2 2 π 2 sin nx
 
2x 2
⇒ an = sin nx + 2 cos nx − 3 sin nx +
π n n n π 4 n π
 2  0 2
2 π 2 −1

2 π nπ π nπ 2 nπ nπ
an = sin + 2 cos − 3 sin + sin
π 4n 2 n 2 n 2 π 4 n 2

Page 117
  
2 π nπ 2 nπ
an = cos − 3 sin
π n2 2 n 2
n
2 π (−1) −4
a2n = 2
(−1)n = 2
a2n+1 = (−1)n
π (2n) 2n π(2n + 1)3
+∞ +∞
π 2 X (−1)n X 4(−1)n+1
Sf (x) = + 2
cos(2n)x + 3
cos(2n + 1)x
6 n=1
2n n=0
(2n + 1)
π  π2
b) • f =
2 4
+∞
π2 π 2 X (−1)n n π2 π2 C π2
= + (−1) ⇒ = + ⇒ C =
4 6 n=1
2n2 4 6 2 6
π2 A 4

f (0) = 0 = − − B


6 2 π


2 2
 f (π) = π = π − A + 4 B



4 6 2 π
2

A 4 −π
 2 − π B = 12




2
 A + 4B = π



2 π 6

π2 π3
⇒ A= B=
12 32

6.
a)

Page 118
b) f paire ⇒ bn = 0
 π
1 π 1 π 1 x2
Z Z
π
a0 = f (x)dx = xdx = =
π 0 π 0 π 2 0 2
Z π Z π
2 2
an = f (x) cos(nx)dx = x cos(nx)dx
π 0 π 0
u = x −→ v 0 = cos nx
sin(nx)
du = dx −→ v =
n
 π Z π  π
x sin nx 1 x sin nx cos nx
an = − sin(nx)dx = +
n 0 n 0 n n2 0
cos(nπ) 1 2 (−1)n − 1
= − =
n2 n2 π n2
−4
a2n = 0 a2n+1 =
π(2n + 1)2
+∞
π X −4
Sf (x) = + cos(2n + 1)x
2 n=0 π(2n + 1)2

4A π π2
c) • Sf (0) = f (0) = 0 ⇒ = ⇒ A=
π 2 8
+∞ +∞ +∞
X 1 X 1 X 1 B π2
• = + ⇒ B = + A ⇒ B =
n=1
n2 n=1
(2n)2 n=0 (2n + 1)2 4 6
•ZParseval :
+∞
1 π 2 2 1X 2
f (x)dx = a0 + a
π 0 2 n=0 n
+∞
1 π 2 π2 1 X
Z
16
x dx = +
π 0 4 2 π 2 (2n + 1)4
Z π  3 n=0
π
1 1 x π2
x2 dx = =
π 0 π 3 0 3
π2 π 2 8C π4
= + 2 ⇒ C=
3 4 π 96
+∞ +∞ +∞
X 1 X 1 X 1 D π4
• = + ⇒ D = + C ⇒ D =
n=1
n4 n=1
(2n)4 n=0 (2n + 1)4 16 90

Page 119