Engineering - USB - HandWiki

7/17/22, 8:04 PM Engineering:USB - HandWiki
Engineering:USB
From HandWiki
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes specifications for cables, Short description: Standard for computer data
connectors and protocols for connection, communication and power supply (interfacing) connections
between computers, peripherals and other
computers.[2] A broad variety of USB hardware exists, Universal Serial Bus
including 14 different connector types, of which
USB-C is the most recent.
First released in 1996, the USB standards are

maintained by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-
IF). The four generations of USB are: USB 1.x, USB
2.0, USB 3.x, and USB4.[3]
Certified logo and USB connector: USB Type-A, 2 USB Type-B connectors, Mini B connector,
Micro B connector.
Type Bus
Contents
Production history
1 Overview Designed January 1996
1.1 Connector type quick reference Produced Since May 1996[1]
1.2 Objectives Superseded Serial port, parallel port, game port, Apple Desktop Bus, PS/2 port, and FireWire
1.3 Limitations (IEEE 1394)
2 History
2.1 USB 1.x
2.2 USB 2.0
2.3 USB 3.x
2.3.1 Naming scheme
2.4 USB4
2.5 Version history
2.5.1 Release versions
2.5.2 Power-related standards
3 System design
4 Device classes
4.1 USB mass storage / USB drive
4.2 Media Transfer Protocol
4.3 Human interface devices
4.4 Device Firmware Upgrade
mechanism
4.5 Audio streaming
5 Connectors
6 Cabling
6.1 USB bridge cables
6.1.1 Dual-role USB connections
7 Power
7.1 Low-power and high-power devices
8 Signaling
9 Protocol layer
10 Transactions
11 Related standards
12 Comparisons with other connection
methods
12.1 IEEE 1394
12.2 Ethernet
12.3 MIDI
12.4 eSATA/eSATAp
12.5 Thunderbolt
13 Interoperability
14 Security threats
15 See also
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
18.1 General overview
18.2 Technical documents
Overview
https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:USB 1/19
USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers, both to communicate with and to supply electric
power. It has largely replaced interfaces such as serial ports and parallel ports, and has become commonplace on a wide range of devices.
Examples of peripherals that are connected via USB include computer keyboards and mice, video cameras, printers, portable media players,
mobile (portable) digital telephones, disk drives, and network adapters.
USB connectors have been increasingly replacing other types as charging cables of portable devices.
Connector type quick reference
Available connectors by USB standard
USB 1.0
USB 1.1
USB 2.0
USB 2.0
USB 3.0
USB 3.1
USB 3.2
USB4
Standard
1996 1998 2001 Revised 2008 2013 2017 2019
Maximum transfer rate 12 Mbps 480 Mbps 5 Gbps 10 Gbps 20 Gbps 40 Gbps
Type A connector Deprecated
Type B connector Deprecated
Type C connector N/A
USB-C (Enlarged)
Mini-A connector N/A Deprecated
Mini-B connector N/A Deprecated
Mini-AB connector N/A Deprecated
Micro-A connector N/A Deprecated
Micro-B connector N/A Deprecated
Micro-AB connector N/A Deprecated
Objectives
The Universal Serial Bus was developed to simplify and improve the interface between personal computers and peripheral devices, such as cell
phones, computer accessories, and monitors, when compared with previously existing standard or ad hoc proprietary interfaces.[4]
From the computer user's perspective, the USB interface improves ease of use in several ways:
The USB interface is self-configuring, eliminating the need for the user to adjust the device's settings for speed or data format, or
configure interrupts, input/output addresses, or direct memory access channels.[5]
USB connectors are standardized at the host, so any peripheral can use most available receptacles.
USB takes full advantage of the additional processing power that can be economically put into peripheral devices so that they can
manage themselves. As such, USB devices often do not have user-adjustable interface settings.
The USB interface is hot-swappable (devices can be exchanged without rebooting the host computer).
Small devices can be powered directly from the USB interface, eliminating the need for additional power supply cables.
Because use of the USB logo is only permitted after compliance testing, the user can have confidence that a USB device will work as
expected without extensive interaction with settings and configuration.
The USB interface defines protocols for recovery from common errors, improving reliability over previous interfaces.[4]
Installing a device that relies on the USB standard requires minimal operator action. When a user plugs a device into a port on a running
computer, it either entirely automatically configures using existing device drivers, or the system prompts the user to locate a driver,
which it then installs and configures automatically.
The USB standard also provides multiple benefits for hardware manufacturers and software developers, specifically in the relative ease of
implementation:
The USB standard eliminates the requirement to develop proprietary interfaces to new peripherals.
The wide range of transfer speeds available from a USB interface suits devices ranging from keyboards and mice up to streaming video
interfaces.
A USB interface can be designed to provide the best available latency for time-critical functions or can be set up to do background
transfers of bulk data with little impact on system resources.
The USB interface is generalized with no signal lines dedicated to only one function of one device.[4]
Limitations
As with all standards, USB possesses multiple limitations to its design:
USB cables are limited in length, as the standard was intended for peripherals on the same table-top, not between rooms or buildings.
However, a USB port can be connected to a gateway that accesses distant devices.
USB data transfer rates are slower than those of other interconnects such as 100 Gigabit Ethernet.
USB has a strict tree network topology and master/slave protocol for addressing peripheral devices; those devices cannot interact with
one another except via the host, and two hosts cannot communicate over their USB ports directly. Some extension to this limitation is
possible through USB On-The-Go in, Dual-Role-Devices[6] and protocol bridge.
A host cannot broadcast signals to all peripherals at once—each must be addressed individually.
While converters exist between certain legacy interfaces and USB, they may not provide a full implementation of the legacy hardware.
For example, a USB-to-parallel-port converter may work well with a printer, but not with a scanner that requires bidirectional use of the
data pins.
For a product developer, using USB requires the implementation of a complex protocol and implies an "intelligent" controller in the peripheral
device. Developers of USB devices intended for public sale generally must obtain a USB ID, which requires that they pay a fee to the USB
Implementers Forum (USB-IF). Developers of products that use the USB specification must sign an agreement with the USB-IF. Use of the USB
logos on the product requires annual fees and membership in the organization.[4]
History
A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1995:[8] Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC,
and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the
multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying
software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data transfer rates for external
devices and Plug and Play features.[9] Ajay Bhatt and his team worked on the standard at Intel;[10][11] the first The basic USB trident
integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995.[12] logo[7]
Joseph C. Decuir, an American fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and one of the
designers of the early Atari 8-bit game and computer systems (Atari VCS, Atari 400/800), as well as the Commodore
Amiga, credits his work on Atari SIO, the Atari 8-bit computer's communication implementation as the basis of the
USB standard, which he also helped design and on which he holds patents.[13]
(As of 2008), about 6 billion USB ports and interfaces were in the global marketplace, and about 2 billion were being The USB4 40Gbps
sold each year.[14] trident logo
USB 1.x
Released in January 1996, USB 1.0 specified signaling rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low Bandwidth or
Low Speed) and 12 Mbit/s (Full Speed).[15] It did not allow for extension cables or pass-through
monitors, due to timing and power limitations. Few USB devices made it to the market until
USB 1.1 was released in August 1998. USB 1.1 was the earliest revision that was widely adopted
and led to what Microsoft designated the "Legacy-free PC".[16][17][18]
Neither USB 1.0 nor 1.1 specified a design for any connector smaller than the standard type A
USB logo on the head of a standard USB-A plug
or type B. Though many designs for a miniaturised type B connector appeared on many
peripherals, conformity to the USB 1.x standard was hampered by treating peripherals that had
miniature connectors as though they had a tethered connection (that is: no plug or receptacle
at the peripheral end). There was no known miniature type A connector until USB 2.0 (revision 1.01) introduced one.
USB 2.0
USB 2.0 was released in April 2000, adding a higher maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical
data throughput 53 MByte/s[19]) named High Speed or High Bandwidth, in addition to the USB 1.x Full Speed
signaling rate of 12 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 1.2 MByte/s[20]).
Modifications to the USB specification have been made via engineering change notices (ECNs). The most important The Hi-Speed USB logo
of these ECNs are included into the USB 2.0 specification package available from USB.org:[21]
Mini-A and Mini-B Connector

Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification 1.01
InterChip USB Supplement
On-The-Go Supplement 1.3 USB On-The-Go makes it possible for two USB devices to communicate with each other without requiring a
separate USB host
Battery Charging Specification 1.1 Added support for dedicated chargers, host chargers behaviour for devices with dead batteries
Battery Charging Specification 1.2:[22]

with increased current of 1.5 A on charging ports
for unconfigured devices, allowing High Speed communication while having a current up
to 1.5 A
Link Power Management Addendum ECN, which adds a sleep power state
USB 2.0 VBUS Max Limit, increased the maximum allowable V_BUS voltage from 5.25V to
5.50V to align with the USB Type-C Spec, which was released simultaneously.
USB 3.x
The USB 3.0 specification was released on 12 November 2008, with its management
transferring from USB 3.0 Promoter Group to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), and A USB 2.0 PCI expansion card
announced on 17 November 2008 at the SuperSpeed USB Developers Conference.[23]
USB 3.0 adds a SuperSpeed transfer mode, with associated backward compatible plugs, receptacles, and cables.
SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles are identified with a distinct logo and blue inserts in standard format receptacles.
The SuperSpeed bus provides for a transfer mode at a nominal rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the three existing
transfer modes. Its efficiency is dependent on a number of factors including physical symbol encoding and link level
overhead. At a 5 Gbit/s signaling rate with 8b/10b encoding, each byte needs 10 bits to transmit, so the raw The SuperSpeed USB
throughput is 500 MB/s. When flow control, packet framing and protocol overhead are considered, it is realistic for logo
400 MB/s (3.2 Gbit/s) or more to transmit to an application.[24](4–19) Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed
transfer mode; earlier modes are half-duplex, arbitrated by the host.[25]
Low-power and high-power devices remain operational with this standard, but devices using SuperSpeed can take advantage of increased
available current of between 150 mA and 900 mA, respectively.[24](9–9)
USB 3.1, released in July 2013 has two variants. The first one preserves USB 3.0's SuperSpeed
transfer mode and is labeled USB 3.1 Gen 1,[26][27] and the second version introduces a new
SuperSpeed+ transfer mode under the label of USB 3.1 Gen 2. SuperSpeed+ doubles the
maximum data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s, while reducing line encoding overhead to just 3%
by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b.[26][28]
USB 3.2, released in September 2017,[29] preserves existing USB 3.1 SuperSpeed and

SuperSpeed+ data modes but introduces two new SuperSpeed+ transfer modes over the USB-C
connector with data rates of 10 and 20 Gbit/s (1.25 and 2.5 GB/s). The increase in bandwidth is
a result of multi-lane operation over existing wires that were intended for flip-flop capabilities
of the USB-C connector.[30]
USB 3.0 also introduced the UASP protocol, which provides generally faster transfer speeds
USB-A 3.1 Gen 1 (formerly known as USB 3.0; later
than the BOT (Bulk-Only-Transfer) protocol.
renamed USB 3.2 Gen 1x1) ports
Naming scheme
Starting with the USB 3.2 standard, USB-IF introduced a new naming scheme.[31] To help companies with branding of the different transfer
modes, USB-IF recommended branding the 5, 10, and 20 Gbit/s transfer modes as SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps, SuperSpeed USB 10Gbps, and
SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps, respectively.[32]
USB4
The USB4 specification was released on 29 August 2019 by the USB Implementers Forum.[33]
USB4 is based on the Thunderbolt 3 protocol.[34] It supports 40 Gbit/s throughput, is compatible with Thunderbolt
3, and backward compatible with USB 3.2 and USB 2.0.[35][36] The architecture defines a method to share a single
high-speed link with multiple end device types dynamically that best serves the transfer of data by type and The certified USB4
application. 40Gbps logo
The USB4 specification states that the following technologies shall be supported by USB4:[33]
Mandatory for
Connection Remarks
host hub device
Contrary to other functions—which use the multiplexing of high-speed links—USB 2.0

USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/s) Yes Yes Yes
over USB-C utilizes its own differential pair of wires.
USB4 Gen 2×2 (20 Gbit/s) Yes Yes Yes A USB 3.0-labelled device still operates via a USB4 host or hub as a USB 3.0 device. The
USB4 Gen 3×2 (40 Gbit/s) No Yes No device requirement of Gen 2x2 applies only to the newcoming USB4-labelled devices.
DisplayPort Yes Yes No The specification requires that hosts and hubs support the DisplayPort Alternate Mode.
Host-to-Host communications Yes Yes N/A A LAN-like connection between two peers.
The PCI Express function of USB4 replicates the functionality of previous versions of the
PCI Express No Yes No
Thunderbolt specification.
Thunderbolt 3 uses USB-C cables; the USB4 specification allows hosts and devices and
Thunderbolt 3 No Yes No requires hubs to support interoperability with the standard using the Thunderbolt 3
Alternate Mode.
USB4 products may optionally offer interoperability with the HDMI, MHL, and VirtualLink
Other Alternate Modes No No No
Alternate Modes.
During CES 2020, USB-IF and Intel stated their intention to allow USB4 products that support all the optional functionality as Thunderbolt 4
products. The first products compatible with USB4 are expected to be Intel's Tiger Lake series and AMD's Zen 3 series of CPUs. Released in
2020.
Version history
Release versions
Release Maximum
Name Note
date transfer rate
11
USB 0.7 November ? Pre-release
1994
December
USB 0.8 ? Pre-release
1994
13 April Full Speed

USB 0.9 Pre-release
1995 (12 Mbit/s)
August
USB 0.99 ? Pre-release
1995
November
USB 1.0-RC ? Release Candidate
1995
15 January Full Speed

USB 1.0 (12 Mbit/s),
1996
Low Speed
August
USB 1.1 (1.5 Mbit/s)
1998
High Speed
USB 2.0 April 2000
(480 Mbit/s)
November SuperSpeed USB

USB 3.0 Also referred to as USB 3.1 Gen 1[26] and USB 3.2 Gen 1 × 1
2008 (5 Gbit/s)
SuperSpeed+ Includes new USB 3.1 Gen 2,[26] also named USB 3.2 Gen 2 × 1 in later specifications. Last version to support Type A
USB 3.1 July 2013
USB (10 Gbit/s) connector.
SuperSpeed+
August
USB 3.2 USB dual-lane
2017
(20 Gbit/s)
Includes new USB4 Gen 2 × 2 (64b/66b encoding) and Gen 3 × 2 (128b/132b encoding) modes and introduces USB4
August 40 Gbit/s (2-
USB4 routing for tunnelling of USB3.x, DisplayPort 1.4a and PCI Express traffic and host-to-host transfers, based on the
2019 lane)
Thunderbolt 3 protocol
Power-related standards
Release
Release name Max. power Note
date
7.5 W (5 V,
USB Battery Charging Rev. 1.0 2007-03-08
1.5 A)
7.5 W (5 V, Page 28, Table 5–2, but with limitation on paragraph 3.5. In ordinary USB 2.0's standard-A port,
1.5 A) 1.5A only.[37]
7.5 W (5 V, [38]

1.5 A)
USB Power Delivery Rev. 1.0 (V. 100 W (20 V,

2012-07-05 Using FSK protocol over bus power (VBUS)
1.0) 5 A)

2014-03-11
1.3) 5 A)
USB Type-C Rev. 1.0 2014-08-11 15 W (5 V, 3 A) New connector and cable specification

2014-08-11 Using BMC protocol over communication channel (CC) on USB-C cables.
1.0) 5 A)
USB Type-C Rev. 1.1 2015-04-03 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

2015-05-07
1.1) 5 A)
USB Type-C Rev. 1.2 2016-03-25 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

2016-03-25
1.2) 5 A)

2017-01-12
1.3) 5 A)

2017-01-12
1.1) 5 A)
USB Type-C Rev. 1.3 2017-07-14 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

2018-06-21
1.2) 5 A)
USB Type-C Rev. 1.4 2019-03-29 15 W (5 V, 3 A)
USB Type-C Rev. 2.0 2019-08-29 15 W (5 V, 3 A) Enabling USB4 over USB Type-C connectors and cables.
USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.0 (V. 100 W (20 V, [39]

2019-08-29
2.0) 5 A)

2021-05-24
1.0) 5 A)
USB Type-C Rev. 2.1 2021-05-25 15 W (5 V, 3 A) [40]
USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.1 (V. 240 W (48 V, [41]

2021-07-06
1.1) 5 A)
Including errata through October 2021[42]
This version incorporates the following ECNs:
USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.1 (V. 240 W (48 V, Clarify use of Retries
2021-10-26
1.2) 5 A) Battery Capabilities
FRS timing problem
PPS power rule clarifications
Peak current support for EPR AVS APDO
System design
A USB system consists of a host with one or more downstream ports, and multiple peripherals, forming a tiered-star topology. Additional USB
hubs may be included, allowing up to five tiers. A USB host may have multiple controllers, each with one or more ports. Up to 127 devices
may be connected to a single host controller.[43][24](8–29) USB devices are linked in series through hubs. The hub built into the host controller
is called the root hub.
A USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A composite device may provide several
functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). An alternative to this is a
compound device, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinct address and all logical devices connect to a built-in hub that
connects to the physical USB cable.
USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity within a
device, called an endpoint. Because pipes correspond to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Each USB device can have
up to 32 endpoints (16 in and 16 out), though it is rare to have so many. Endpoints are defined and numbered by the device during
initialization (the period after physical connection called "enumeration") and so are relatively permanent, whereas pipes may be opened and
closed.
There are two types of pipe: stream and message.
A message pipe is bi-directional and is used for control transfers. Message pipes are
typically used for short, simple commands to the device, and for status responses from
the device, used, for example, by the bus control pipe number 0.
A stream pipe is a uni-directional pipe connected to a uni-directional endpoint that
transfers data using an isochronous,[44] interrupt, or bulk transfer:
Isochronous transfers
At some guaranteed data rate (for fixed-bandwidth streaming data) but with
possible data loss (e.g., realtime audio or video)
Interrupt transfers
Devices that need guaranteed quick responses (bounded latency) such as pointing
devices, mice, and keyboards
Bulk transfers
Large sporadic transfers using all remaining available bandwidth, but with no USB endpoints reside on the connected device:
the channels to the host are referred to as pipes.
guarantees on bandwidth or latency (e.g., file transfers)
When a host starts a data transfer, it sends a TOKEN packet containing an endpoint specified
with a tuple of (device_address, endpoint_number). If the transfer is from the host to the endpoint, the host sends an OUT packet (a
specialization of a TOKEN packet) with the desired device address and endpoint number. If the data transfer is from the device to the host, the
host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni-directional endpoint whose manufacturer's designated direction does not
match the TOKEN packet (e.g. the manufacturer's designated direction is IN while the TOKEN packet is an OUT packet), the TOKEN packet is
ignored. Otherwise, it is accepted and the data transaction can start. A bi-directional endpoint, on the other hand, accepts both IN and OUT
packets.
Endpoints are grouped into interfaces and each interface is associated with a single device
function. An exception to this is endpoint zero, which is used for device configuration and is
not associated with any interface. A single device function composed of independently
controlled interfaces is called a composite device. A composite device only has a single device
address because the host only assigns a device address to a function.
When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is
started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of
the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's Two USB 3.0 Standard-A receptacles (left) and two
information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device USB 2.0 Standard-A receptacles (right) on a
is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are computer's front panel
loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration
process is repeated for all connected devices.
The host controller directs traffic flow to devices, so no USB device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit request from the host
controller. In USB 2.0, the host controller polls the bus for traffic, usually in a round-robin fashion. The throughput of each USB port is
determined by the slower speed of either the USB port or the USB device connected to the port.
High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low
speed buses. There may be one translator per hub or per port.
Because there are two separate controllers in each USB 3.0 host, USB 3.0 devices transmit and receive at USB 3.0 data rates regardless of
USB 2.0 or earlier devices connected to that host. Operating data rates for earlier devices are set in the legacy manner.
Device classes
The functionality of a USB device is defined by a class code sent to a USB host. This allows the host to load software modules for the device
and to support new devices from different manufacturers.
Device classes include:[45]
Class Usage Description Examples, or exception
00h Device Unspecified[46] Device class is unspecified, interface descriptors are used to determine needed drivers
01h Interface Audio Speaker, microphone, sound card, MIDI
UART and RS-232 serial adapter, Modem, Wi-Fi adapter, Ethernet adapter. Used together with class 0Ah
02h Both Communications and CDC control
(CDC-Data) below
03h Interface Human interface device (HID) Keyboard, mouse, joystick
05h Interface Physical interface device (PID) Force feedback joystick
06h Interface Image (PTP/MTP) Webcam, scanner
07h Interface Printer Laser printer, inkjet printer, CNC machine
08h Interface Mass storage (MSC or UMS) USB flash drive, memory card reader, digital audio player, digital camera, external drive
09h Device USB hub Full bandwidth hub
0Ah Interface CDC-Data Used together with class 02h (Communications and CDC Control) above
0Bh Interface Smart Card USB smart card reader
0Dh Interface Content security Fingerprint reader
0Eh Interface Video Webcam
Personal healthcare device class

0Fh Interface Pulse monitor (watch)
(PHDC)
10h Interface Audio/Video (AV) Webcam, TV
11h Device Billboard Describes USB-C alternate modes supported by device
DCh Both Diagnostic device USB compliance testing device
E0h Interface Wireless Controller Bluetooth adapter, Microsoft RNDIS
EFh Both Miscellaneous ActiveSync device
FEh Interface Application-specific IrDA Bridge, Test & Measurement Class (USBTMC),[47] USB DFU (Device Firmware Upgrade)[48]
FFh Both Vendor-specific Indicates that a device needs vendor-specific drivers
USB mass storage / USB drive
USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS) standardizes connections to storage devices. At
first intended for magnetic and optical drives, it has been extended to support flash drives. It
has also been extended to support a wide variety of novel devices as many systems can be
controlled with the familiar metaphor of file manipulation within directories. The process of
making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension. The ability to boot
a write-locked SD card with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the
integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.
Though most personal computers since early 2005 can boot from USB mass storage devices,
USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. However, USB has the
advantage of allowing hot-swapping, making it useful for mobile peripherals, including drives A flash drive, a typical USB mass-storage device
of various kinds.
Several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures for
disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the number and
types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface. Other competing
standards for external drive connectivity include eSATA, ExpressCard, FireWire (IEEE 1394), and
most recently Thunderbolt.
Another use for USB mass storage devices is the portable execution of software applications
(such as web browsers and VoIP clients) with no need to install them on the host
An M.2 (2242) solid-state-drive (SSD) connected
computer.[49][50]
into USB 3.0 adapter and connected to computer.
Media Transfer Protocol
Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the
level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since
been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows
Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol – an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not
require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the
storage while it is attached to a computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems.
Human interface devices
USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For
mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used: the USB hardware in the keyboard or
mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and communicate using the appropriate protocol. Converters that
connect PS/2 keyboards and mice (usually one of each) to a USB port also exist.[51] These devices present two HID endpoints to the system
and use a microcontroller to perform bidirectional data translation between the two standards.
Device Firmware Upgrade mechanism
Device Firmware Upgrade (DFU) is a vendor- and device-independent mechanism for upgrading the firmware of USB devices with improved
versions provided by their manufacturers, offering (for example) a way to deploy firmware bug fixes. During the firmware upgrade operation,
USB devices change their operating mode effectively becoming a PROM programmer. Any class of USB device can implement this capability
by following the official DFU specifications.[48][52][53]
DFU can also give the user the freedom to flash USB devices with alternative firmware. One consequence of this is that USB devices after
being re-flashed may act as various unexpected device types. For example, a USB device that the seller intends to be just a flash drive can
"spoof" an input device like a keyboard. See BadUSB.[54]
Audio streaming
The USB Device Working Group has laid out specifications for audio streaming, and specific standards have been developed and implemented
for audio class uses, such as microphones, speakers, headsets, telephones, musical instruments, etc. The working group has published three
versions of audio device specifications:[55][56] Audio 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, referred to as "UAC"[57] or "ADC".[58]
UAC 3.0 primarily introduces improvements for portable devices, such as reduced power usage by bursting the data and staying in low power
mode more often, and power domains for different components of the device, allowing them to be shut down when not in use.[59]
UAC 2.0 introduced support for High Speed USB (in addition to Full Speed), allowing greater bandwidth for multi-channel interfaces, higher
sample rates,[60] lower inherent latency,[61][57] and 8× improvement in timing resolution in synchronous and adaptive modes.[57] UAC2 also
introduced the concept of clock domains, which provides information to the host about which input and output terminals derive their clocks
from the same source, as well as improved support for audio encodings like DSD, audio effects, channel clustering, user controls, and device
descriptions.[57][62]
UAC 1.0 devices are still common, however, due to their cross-platform driverless compatibility,[60] and also partly due to Microsoft's failure to
implement UAC 2.0 for over a decade after its publication, having finally added support to Windows 10 through the Creators Update on 20
March 2017.[63][64][62] UAC 2.0 is also supported by MacOS, iOS, and Linux,[57] however Android also only implements a subset of UAC 1.0.[65]
USB provides three isochronous (fixed-bandwidth) synchronization types,[66] all of which are used by audio devices:[67]
Asynchronous – The ADC or DAC are not synced to the host computer's clock at all, operating off a free-running clock local to the
device.
Synchronous – The device's clock is synced to the USB start-of-frame (SOF) or Bus Interval signals. For instance, this can require syncing
an 11.2896 MHz clock to a 1 kHz SOF signal, a large frequency multiplication.[68][69]
Adaptive – The device's clock is synced to the amount of data sent per frame by the host[70]
While the USB spec originally described asynchronous mode being used in "low cost speakers" and adaptive mode in "high-end digital
speakers",[71] the opposite perception exists in the hi-fi world, where asynchronous mode is advertised as a feature, and adaptive/synchronous
modes have a bad reputation.[72][73][65] In reality, all the types can be high-quality or low-quality, depending on the quality of their
engineering and the application.[69][57][74] Asynchronous has the benefit of being untied from the computer's clock, but the disadvantage of
requiring sample rate conversion when combining multiple sources.
Connectors
The connectors the USB committee specifies support a number of USB's underlying goals, and reflect lessons learned from the many
connectors the computer industry has used. The female connector mounted on the host or device is called the receptacle, and the male
connector attached to the cable is called the plug.[24](2–5 – 2–6) The official USB specification documents also periodically define the term male
to represent the plug, and female to represent the receptacle.[75]
The design is intended to make it difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly.
The USB specification requires that the cable plug and receptacle be marked so the user can
recognize the proper orientation.[24] The USB-C plug however is reversible. USB cables and
small USB devices are held in place by the gripping force from the receptacle, with no screws,
clips, or thumb-turns as some connectors use.
The different A and B plugs prevent accidentally connecting two power sources. However,
some of this directed topology is lost with the advent of multi-purpose USB connections (such
as USB On-The-Go in smartphones, and USB-powered Wi-Fi routers), which require A-to-A, B-
to-B, and sometimes Y/splitter cables.
USB connector types multiplied as the specification progressed. The original USB specification The standard USB Type-A plug. This is one of
detailed standard-A and standard-B plugs and receptacles. The connectors were different so many types of USB connector.
that users could not connect one computer receptacle to another. The data pins in the
standard plugs are recessed compared to the power pins, so that the device can power up
before establishing a data connection. Some devices operate in different modes depending on whether the data connection is made.
Charging docks supply power and do not include a host device or data pins, allowing any capable USB device to charge or operate from a
standard USB cable. Charging cables provide power connections, but not data. In a charge-only cable, the data wires are shorted at the device
end, otherwise the device may reject the charger as unsuitable.
Cabling
The USB 1.1 standard specifies that a standard cable can have a maximum length of 5 meters (16 ft 5 in) with devices operating at full speed
(12 Mbit/s), and a maximum length of 3 meters (9 ft 10 in) with devices operating at low speed (1.5 Mbit/s).[76][77][78]
USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters (16 ft 5 in) for devices running at
high speed (480 Mbit/s).[78]
The USB 3.0 standard does not directly specify a maximum cable length, requiring only that all
cables meet an electrical specification: for copper cabling with AWG 26 wires the maximum
practical length is 3 meters (9 ft 10 in).[79]
USB bridge cables
USB bridge cables, or data transfer cables can be found within the market, offering direct PC to
PC connections. A bridge cable is a special cable with a chip and active electronics in the
middle of the cable. The chip in the middle of the cable acts as a peripheral to both A variety of USB cables for sale in Hong Kong
computers, and allows for peer-to-peer communication between the computers. The USB
bridge cables are used to transfer files between two computers via their USB ports.
Popularized by Microsoft as Windows Easy Transfer, the Microsoft utility used a special USB bridge cable to transfer personal files and settings
from a computer running an earlier version of Windows to a computer running a newer version. In the context of the use of Windows Easy
Transfer software, the bridge cable can sometimes be referenced as Easy Transfer cable.
Many USB bridge / data transfer cables are still USB 2.0, but there are also a number of USB 3.0 transfer cables. Despite USB 3.0 being 10
times faster than USB 2.0, USB 3.0 transfer cables are only 2 - 3 times faster given their design.
The USB 3.0 specification introduced an A-to-A cross-over cable without power for connecting two PCs. These are not meant for data transfer
but are aimed at diagnostic uses.
Dual-role USB connections
USB bridge cables have become less important with USB dual-role-device capabilities introduced with the USB 3.1 specification. Under the
most recent specifications, USB supports most scenarios connecting systems directly with a Type-C cable. For the capability to work, however,
connected systems must support role-switching. Dual-role capabilities requires there be two controllers within the system, as well as a role
controller. While this can be expected in a mobile platform such as a tablet or a phone, desktop PCs and laptops often will not support dual
roles.[80]
Power
Upstream USB connectors supply power at a nominal 5V DC via the V_BUS pin to downstream USB devices.
Low-power and high-power devices
Low-power devices may draw at most 1 unit load, and all devices must act as low-power devices when starting out as unconfigured. 1 unit
load is 100 mA for USB devices up to USB 2.0, while USB 3.0 defines a unit load as 150 mA.
High-power devices (such as a typical 2.5-inch USB hard disk drive) draw at least 1 unit load and at most 5 unit loads (5x100mA = 500 mA) for
devices up to USB 2.0 or 6 unit loads (6x150mA= 900 mA) for SuperSpeed (USB 3.0 and up) devices.
USB power standards
Specification Current Voltage Power (max.)
Low-power device 100 mA 5 V[lower-alpha 1] 0.50 W
Low-power SuperSpeed (USB 3.0) device 150 mA 5 V[lower-alpha 1] 0.75 W
High-power device 500 mA[lower-alpha 2] 5 V 2.5 W
High-power SuperSpeed (USB 3.0) device 900 mA[lower-alpha 3] 5 V 4.5 W
Multi-lane SuperSpeed (USB 3.2 Gen 2) device 1.5 A[lower-alpha 4] 5 V 7.5 W
Battery Charging (BC) 1.1 1.5 A 5 V 7.5 W
Battery Charging (BC) 1.2 1.5 A 5 V 7.5 W
1.5 A 5 V 7.5 W

USB-C
3 A 5 V 15 W
Power Delivery 1.0/2.0/3.0 Type-C 5 A[lower-alpha 5] 20 V 100 W
Power Delivery 3.1 Type-C 5 A[lower-alpha 5] 48 V[lower-alpha 6] 240 W
a. The VBUS supply from a low-powered hub port may drop to 4.40 V.
b. Up to five unit loads; with non-SuperSpeed devices, one unit load is 100 mA.
c. Up to six unit loads; with SuperSpeed devices, one unit load is 150 mA.
d. Up to six unit loads; with multi-lane devices, one unit load is 250 mA.
e. >3 A (>60 W) operation requires an electronically marked cable rated at 5 A.
f. >20 V (>100 W) operation requires an electronically marked Extended Power Range (EPR) cable.
To recognize Battery Charging mode, a dedicated charging port places a resistance not exceeding 200 Ω across the D+ and D− terminals.
Shorted or near-shorted data lanes with less than 200 Ω of resistance across the "D+" and "D-" terminals signify a dedicated charging port
(DCP) with indefinite charging rates.[81][82]
In addition to standard USB, there is a proprietary high-powered system known as PoweredUSB, developed in the 1990s, and mainly used in
point-of-sale terminals such as cash registers.
Signaling
USB signals are transmitted using differential signaling on a twisted-pair data wires with 90 Ω ± 15% characteristic impedance.[83] USB 2.0 and
earlier specifications define a single pair in half-duplex (HDx). USB 3.0 and later specifications define one pair for USB 2.0 compatibility and
two or four pairs for data transfer: two pairs in full-duplex (FDx) for single lane variants (requires SuperSpeed connectors); four pairs in full-
duplex for dual lane (×2) variants (requires USB-C connector).
Nominal
USB-IF Marketing
Rate Name Old Name First publication (Standard) Encoding Data pairs Logo
Rate Name[84][85][86]
Low-Speed 1.5 Mbit/s

USB 1.0 Basic-Speed USB
Full-Speed NRZI 1 HDx 12 Mbit/s
High-Speed USB 2.0 480 Mbit/s Hi-Speed USB
USB 3.0;
USB 3.2 Gen 1×1 USB 3.0 8b/10b 2 FDx 5 Gbit/s SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps
USB 3.1 Gen 1
USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 USB 3.1 Gen 2 USB 3.1 128b/132b 2 FDx 10 Gbit/s SuperSpeed USB 10Gbps
USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 8b/10b 4 FDx ×2 10 Gbit/s N/A

USB 3.2
USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 128b/132b 4 FDx ×2 20 Gbit/s SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps
USB4 Gen 2×1 64b/66b[lower-alpha 1] 2 FDx 10 Gbit/s N/A
USB4 Gen 2×2 64b/66b[lower-alpha 1] 4 FDx ×2 20 Gbit/s USB4 20Gbps

USB4
USB4 Gen 3×1 128b/132b[lower-alpha 1] 2 FDx 20 Gbit/s N/A
USB4 Gen 3×2 128b/132b[lower-alpha 1] 4 FDx ×2 40 Gbit/s USB4 40Gbps
a. USB4 can use optional Reed–Solomon forward error correction (RS FEC). In this mode, 12 × 16 B (128 bit) symbols are assembled together with 2 B
(12 bit + 4 bit reserved) synchronisation bits indicating the respective symbol types and 4 B of RS FEC to allow to correct up to 1 B of errors anywhere in
the total 198 B block.
Low-speed (LS) and Full-speed (FS) modes use a single data pair, labelled D+ and D−, in half-duplex. Transmitted signal levels are
0.0–0.3 V for logical low, and 2.8–3.6 V for logical high level. The signal lines are not terminated.
High-speed (HS) mode uses the same wire pair, but with different electrical conventions. Lower signal voltages of −10 to 10 mV for low
and 360 to 440 mV for logical high level, and termination of 45 Ω to ground or 90 Ω differential to match the data cable impedance.
SuperSpeed (SS) adds two additional pairs of shielded twisted wire (and new, mostly compatible expanded connectors). These are
dedicated to full-duplex SuperSpeed operation. The SuperSpeed link operates independently from USB 2.0 channel, and takes a
precedence on connection. Link configuration is performed using LFPS (Low Frequency Periodic Signalling, approximately at 20 MHz
frequency), and electrical features include voltage de-emphasis at transmitter side, and adaptive linear equalization on receiver side to
combat electrical losses in transmission lines, and thus the link introduces the concept of link training.
SuperSpeed+ (SS+) uses increased data rate (Gen 2×1 mode) and/or the additional lane in the USB-C connector (Gen 1×2 and Gen
2×2 mode).
A USB connection is always between a host or hub at the A connector end, and a device or hub's "upstream" port at the other end.
Protocol layer
During USB communication, data is transmitted as packets. Initially, all packets are sent from the host via the root hub, and possibly more
hubs, to devices. Some of those packets direct a device to send some packets in reply.
Transactions
The basic transactions of USB are:
OUT transaction
IN transaction
SETUP transaction
Control transfer exchange
Related standards
The USB Implementers Forum introduced the Media Agnostic USB v.1.0 wireless communication standard based on the USB protocol on July
29, 2015. Wireless USB is a cable-replacement technology, and uses ultra-wideband wireless technology for data rates of up to 480 Mbit/s.[87]
The USB-IF used WiGig Serial Extension v1.2 specification as its initial foundation for the MA-USB specification, and
is compliant with SuperSpeed USB (3.0 and 3.1) and Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0). Devices that uses MA-USB will be
branded as 'Powered by MA-USB', provided the product qualifies its certification program.[88]
InterChip USB is a chip-to-chip variant that eliminates the conventional transceivers found in normal USB. The HSIC
physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to USB 2.0.[89] The Wireless USB logo
Comparisons with other connection methods

IEEE 1394
At first, USB was considered a complement to IEEE 1394 (FireWire) technology, which was designed as a high-bandwidth serial bus that
efficiently interconnects peripherals such as disk drives, audio interfaces, and video equipment. In the initial design, USB operated at a far
lower data rate and used less sophisticated hardware. It was suitable for small peripherals such as keyboards and pointing devices.
The most significant technical differences between FireWire and USB include:
USB networks use a tiered-star topology, while IEEE 1394 networks use a tree topology.
USB 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0 use a "speak-when-spoken-to" protocol, meaning that each peripheral communicates with the host when the host
specifically requests it to communicate. USB 3.0 allows for device-initiated communications towards the host. A FireWire device can
communicate with any other node at any time, subject to network conditions.
A USB network relies on a single host at the top of the tree to control the network. All communications are between the host and one
peripheral. In a FireWire network, any capable node can control the network.
USB runs with a 5 V power line, while FireWire supplies 12 V and theoretically can supply up to 30 V.
Standard USB hub ports can provide from the typical 500 mA/2.5 W of current, only 100 mA from non-hub ports. USB 3.0 and USB On-
The-Go supply 1.8 A/9.0 W (for dedicated battery charging, 1.5 A/7.5 W full bandwidth or 900 mA/4.5 W high bandwidth), while FireWire
can in theory supply up to 60 watts of power, although 10 to 20 watts is more typical.
These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire
was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical
maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 high-bandwidth in real-use,[90] especially in high-bandwidth use such as external
hard drives.[91][92][93][94] The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 high-bandwidth both
theoretically and practically.[95] However, FireWire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as direct memory access (DMA),
which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the DMA attack.
The chipset and drivers used to implement USB and FireWire have a crucial impact on how much of the bandwidth prescribed by the
specification is achieved in the real world, along with compatibility with peripherals.[96]
Ethernet
The IEEE 802.3af, 802.3at, and 802.3bt Power over Ethernet (PoE) standards specify more elaborate power negotiation schemes than powered
USB. They operate at 48 V DC and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W for 802.3af, 25.5 W for 802.3at aka PoE+, 71 W for 802.3bt aka
4PPoE) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides 2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters. This has made
PoE popular for VoIP telephones, security cameras, wireless access points, and other networked devices within buildings. However, USB is
cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short and power demand is low.
Ethernet standards require electrical isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC
or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds.[97] USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer, and
in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds. This gives Ethernet a significant safety advantage over USB with peripherals such as cable
and DSL modems connected to external wiring that can assume hazardous voltages under certain fault conditions.[98][99]
MIDI
The USB Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices transmits Music Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) music data over USB.[100] The MIDI
capability is extended to allow up to sixteen simultaneous virtual MIDI cables, each of which can carry the usual MIDI sixteen channels and
clocks.
USB is competitive for low-cost and physically adjacent devices. However, Power over Ethernet and the MIDI plug standard have an advantage
in high-end devices that may have long cables. USB can cause ground loop problems between equipment, because it connects ground
references on both transceivers. By contrast, the MIDI plug standard and Ethernet have built-in isolation to 500 V or more.
eSATA/eSATAp
The eSATA connector is a more robust SATA connector, intended for connection to external hard drives and SSDs. eSATA's transfer rate (up to
6 Gbit/s) is similar to that of USB 3.0 (up to 5 Gbit/s) and USB 3.1 (up to 10 Gbit/s). A device connected by eSATA appears as an ordinary SATA
device, giving both full performance and full compatibility associated with internal drives.
eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is
sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the
eSATA advantage. eSATAp (power over eSATA; aka ESATA/USB) is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices
using a new, backward compatible, connector. On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop
workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives.
eSATAp support can be added to a desktop machine in the form of a bracket connecting the motherboard SATA, power, and USB resources.
eSATA, like USB, supports hot plugging, although this might be limited by OS drivers and device firmware.
Thunderbolt
Thunderbolt combines PCI Express and Mini DisplayPort into a new serial data interface. Original Thunderbolt implementations have two
channels, each with a transfer speed of 10 Gbit/s, resulting in an aggregate unidirectional bandwidth of 20 Gbit/s.[101]
Thunderbolt 2 uses link aggregation to combine the two 10 Gbit/s channels into one bidirectional 20 Gbit/s channel.[102]
Thunderbolt 3 uses the USB-C connector.[103][104][105] Thunderbolt 3 has two physical 20 Gbit/s bi-directional channels, aggregated to appear
as a single logical 40 Gbit/s bi-directional channel. Thunderbolt 3 controllers can incorporate a USB 3.1 Gen 2 controller to provide
compatibility with USB devices. They are also capable of providing DisplayPort alternate mode over the USB-C connector, making a
Thunderbolt 3 port a superset of a USB 3.1 Gen 2 port with DisplayPort alternate mode.
DisplayPort Alt Mode 2.0: USB 4 supports DisplayPort 2.0 over its alternative mode. DisplayPort 2.0 can support 8K resolution at 60 Hz with
HDR10 color.[106] DisplayPort 2.0 can use up to 80 Gbit/s, which is double the amount available to USB data, because it sends all the data in
one direction (to the monitor) and can thus use all eight data lanes at once.[106]
After the specification was made royalty-free and custodianship of the Thunderbolt protocol was transferred from Intel to the USB
Implementers Forum, Thunderbolt 3 has been effectively implemented in the USB4 specification—with compatibility with Thunderbolt 3
optional but encouraged for USB4 products.
Interoperability
Various protocol converters are available that convert USB data signals to and from other communications standards.
Security threats
Intel CPUs, from Skylake, allow to take control over them from USB 3.0.[107][108][109]
USB Killer
USB flash drives were dangerous for first versions of Windows XP because they were configured by default to execute program shown in
Autorun.inf immediately after plugging flash drive in, malware could be automatically activated with usage of that.
See also
DockPort
Easy Transfer Cable
Extensible Host Controller Interface (XHCI)
LIO Target
List of device bit rates#Peripheral
Media Transfer Protocol
Mobile High-Definition Link
WebUSB
USB-C
Thunderbolt (interface)
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clocking method has pros and cons and best-fit applications." why-should-i-use-it. "Synchronous USB DAC is the lowest quality of the
58. "USB Audio 2.0 Drivers" (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-ha three ... Adaptive ... means that there is no continuous, accurate master
rdware/drivers/audio/usb-2-0-audio-drivers). clock in the DAC, which causes jitter in the audio stream. ...
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Further reading
Axelson, Jan (1 September 2006). USB Mass Storage: Designing and Programming Devices and Embedded Hosts (https://archive.org/detail
s/isbn_9781931448048) (1st ed.). Lakeview Research. ISBN 978-1-931-44804-8. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781931448048.
(1 December 2007). Serial Port Complete: COM Ports, USB Virtual COM Ports, and Ports for Embedded Systems (http://janaxelson.c
om/spc.htm) (2nd ed.). Lakeview Research. ISBN 978-1-931-44806-2. http://janaxelson.com/spc.htm.
(2015). USB Complete: The Developer's Guide (http://janaxelson.com/usbc.htm) (5th ed.). Lakeview Research. ISBN 978-1-931448-
28-4. http://janaxelson.com/usbc.htm.
Hyde, John (February 2001). USB Design by Example: A Practical Guide to Building I/O Devices (http://www.intel.com/intelpress/usb/) (2nd
ed.). Intel Press. ISBN 978-0-970-28465-5. http://www.intel.com/intelpress/usb/.
"Debugging USB 2.0 for Compliance: It's Not Just a Digital World" (http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5988-4794EN.pdf).
Keysight Technologies. Technologies Application Note (Keysight) (1382–3). http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5988-
4794EN.pdf.
External links
General overview Wikimedia Commons has
media related to
Joel Johnson (29 May 2019). "The unlikely origins of USB, the port that changed everything" (https:// Universal Serial Bus.
www.fastcompany.com/3060705/an-oral-history-of-the-usb). Fast Company.
https://www.fastcompany.com/3060705/an-oral-history-of-the-usb.
Leigh, Peter (24 May 2020). Why Does USB Keep Changing? (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36CKsP9YQ1E) (video).
Parikh, Bijal. "USB (Universal Serial Bus): An Overview" (https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-universal-serial-bus-an-overview/).
Engineers Garage (WTWH Media). https://www.engineersgarage.com/usb-universal-serial-bus-an-overview/.
Technical documents
"USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF)" (https://www.usb.org/). https://www.usb.org/.

"USB Document Library (USB 3.2, USB 2.0, Wireless USB, USB-C, USB Power Delivery)" (https://www.usb.org/documents).
https://www.usb.org/documents.
"Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI)" (http://stuff.mit.edu/afs/sipb/contrib/doc/specs/protocol/usb/UHCI11D.PDF). Intel.
http://stuff.mit.edu/afs/sipb/contrib/doc/specs/protocol/usb/UHCI11D.PDF.
"USB 3.0 Standard-A, Standard-B, Powered-B connectors" (http://pinoutsguide.com/Slots/usb_3_0_connector_pinout.shtml).
http://pinoutsguide.com/Slots/usb_3_0_connector_pinout.shtml.
Muller, Henk (July 2012). "How To Create And Program USB Devices" (https://www.electronicdesign.com/boards/how-create-and-progra
m-usb-devices). Electronic Design. https://www.electronicdesign.com/boards/how-create-and-program-usb-devices.
Garney, John (June 1996). "An Analysis of Throughput Characteristics of Universal Serial Bus" (https://usb.org/sites/default/files/bwpaper
2.pdf). https://usb.org/sites/default/files/bwpaper2.pdf.
Hershenhoren, Razi; Reznik, Omer (October 2010). "USB 2.0 Protocol Engine" (https://engineering.biu.ac.il/files/engineering/shared/PE_p
roject_book_0.pdf). https://engineering.biu.ac.il/files/engineering/shared/PE_project_book_0.pdf.
IEC 62680 (Universal Serial Bus interfaces for data and power):
IEC 62680-1.1:2015 - Part 1-1: Common components - USB Battery Charging Specification, Revision 1.2 (https://webstore.iec.ch/pu
blication/23281)
IEC 62680-1-2:2018 - Part 1-2: Common components - USB Power Delivery specification (https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/6094
4)
IEC 62680-1-3:2018 - Part 1-3: Common components - USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification (https://webstore.iec.ch/pub
lication/61599)
IEC 62680-1-4:2018 - Part 1-4: Common components - USB Type-C Authentication Specification (https://webstore.iec.ch/publicatio
n/60748)
IEC 62680-2-1:2015 - Part 2-1: Universal Serial Bus Specification, Revision 2.0 (https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/23313)
IEC 62680-2-2:2015 - Part 2-2: Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification, Revision 1.01 (https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/2
3282)
IEC 62680-2-3:2015 - Part 2-3: Universal Serial Bus Cables and Connectors Class Document Revision 2.0 (https://webstore.iec.ch/pu
blication/23283)
IEC 62680-3-1:2017 - Part 3-1: Universal Serial Bus 3.1 Specification (https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/29943)
v · t · e (https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:List_of_International_Electrotechnical_Commission_standards&action=edit) [Collapse]
List of International Electrotechnical Commission standards
IEC 60027 · IEC 60034 · IEC 60038 · IEC 60062 · IEC 60063 · IEC 60068 · IEC 60112 · IEC 60228 · IEC 60269 · IEC 60297 · IEC 60309 ·
IEC 60320 · IEC 60364 · IEC 60446 · IEC 60559 · IEC 60601 · IEC 60870
(IEC 60870-5 · IEC 60870-6) · IEC 60906-1 · IEC 60908 · IEC 60929 ·
IEC 60958
(AES3 · S/PDIF) · IEC 61030 · IEC 61131
(IEC 61131-3) · IEC 61158 · IEC 61162 · IEC 61334 · IEC 61346 · IEC 61355 · IEC 61360 ·
IEC standards
IEC 61400 · IEC 61499 · IEC 61508 · IEC 61511 · IEC 61850 · IEC 61851 · IEC 61883 · IEC 61960 · IEC 61968 · IEC 61970 · IEC 62014-4 ·
IEC 62056 · IEC 62061 · IEC 62196 · IEC 62262 · IEC 62264 · IEC 62304 · IEC 62325 · IEC 62351 · IEC 62365 · IEC 62366 · IEC 62379 ·
IEC 62386 · IEC 62455 · IEC 62680 · IEC 62682 · IEC 62700
ISO/IEC standards ISO/IEC 646 · ISO/IEC 2022 · ISO/IEC 4909 · ISO/IEC 5218 · ISO/IEC 6429 · ISO/IEC 6523 · ISO/IEC 7810 · ISO/IEC 7811 · ISO/IEC 7812 ·
ISO/IEC 7813 · ISO/IEC 7816 · ISO/IEC 7942 · ISO/IEC 8613 · ISO/IEC 8632 · ISO/IEC 8652 · ISO/IEC 8859 · ISO/IEC 9126 · ISO/IEC 9293 ·
ISO/IEC 9592 · ISO/IEC 9593 · ISO/IEC 9899 · ISO/IEC 9945 · ISO/IEC 9995 · ISO/IEC 10021 · ISO/IEC 10116 · ISO/IEC 10165 ·
ISO/IEC 12207 · ISO/IEC 13250 · ISO/IEC 13346 · ISO/IEC 13522-5 · ISO/IEC 13568 · ISO/IEC 13818 · ISO/IEC 14443 · ISO/IEC 14496 ·
ISO/IEC 24752 · ISO/IEC 26300 · ISO/IEC 27000 · ISO/IEC 27000-series · ISO/IEC 27002 · ISO/IEC 27040 · ISO/IEC 29119 · ISO/IEC 33001 ·
ISO/IEC 38500 · ISO/IEC 42010 · ISO/IEC 80000
Related International Electrotechnical Commission
v · t · e (https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Basic_computer_components&action=edit) Basic computer components [Collapse]

Keyboard · Image scanner · Microphone · Pointing device
(Graphics tablet · Game controller · Light pen · Mouse
(Optical) · Pointing stick ·
Input devices
Touchpad · Touchscreen · Trackball) · Refreshable braille display · Sound card
(Sound chip) · Webcam
(Softcam) · Video card
(GPU)
Output devices Monitor
(Screen) · Refreshable braille display · Printer
(Plotter) · Speakers · Sound card · Video card
Removable
Disk pack · Floppy disk · Optical disc

(CD · DVD · Blu-ray) · Flash memory
(Memory card · USB flash drive)
data storage
Central processing unit
(Microprocessor) · Motherboard · Memory
(RAM · BIOS) · Data storage
(HDD · SSD · SSHD) · Power supply
(SMPS)
Computer case
· MOSFET
(Power MOSFET · VRM) · Network interface controller · Fax modem · Expansion card
Ethernet · FireWire (IEEE 1394) · Parallel port · Serial port · PS/2 port · USB · Thunderbolt · DisplayPort / HDMI / DVI / VGA · eSATA ·
Ports
Audio jack
v · t · e (https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Computer_bus&action=edit) Technical and de facto standards for wired [Collapse]

computer buses
System bus · Front-side bus · Back-side bus · Daisy chain · Control bus · Address bus · Bus contention · Bus mastering · Network on a chip ·
General
Plug and play · List of bus bandwidths
SS-50 bus · S-100 bus · Multibus · Unibus · VAXBI · MBus · STD Bus · SMBus · Q-Bus · Europe Card Bus · ISA · STEbus · Zorro II · Zorro III ·
CAMAC · FASTBUS · LPC · HP Precision Bus · EISA · VME · VXI · VXS · NuBus · TURBOchannel · MCA · SBus · VLB · PCI · PXI · HP GSC bus ·
Standards
InfiniBand · UPA · PCI Extended (PCI-X) · AGP · PCI Express (PCIe) · Compute Express Link (CXL) · Direct Media Interface (DMI) · RapidIO ·
Intel QuickPath Interconnect · NVLink · HyperTransport
(Infinity Fabric) · Intel Ultra Path Interconnect
ST-506 · ESDI · IPI · SMD · Parallel ATA (PATA) · SSA · DSSI · HIPPI · Serial ATA (SATA) · SCSI
(Parallel · SAS) · Fibre Channel · SATAe · PCI Express
Storage
(via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface)
Apple Desktop Bus · DCB · Commodore bus · HP-IL · HIL · MIDI · RS-232 · RS-422 · RS-423 · RS-485 · DMX512-A · IEEE-488 (GPIB) ·
Peripheral IEEE-1284 (parallel port) · UNI/O · ACCESS.bus · 1-Wire · D²B · I²C · SPI · I3C · Parallel SCSI · Profibus · IEEE 1394 (FireWire) · USB · Camera Link ·
External PCIe · Thunderbolt
Audio ADAT Lightpipe · AES3 · Intel HD Audio · I²S · MADI · McASP · S/PDIF · TOSLINK
Portable PC Card · ExpressCard
Embedded Multidrop bus · CoreConnect · AMBA (AXI) · Wishbone · SLIMbus
Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.
Category
v · t · e (https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Solid-state_drive&action=edit) Solid-state drives [Collapse]

Encryption · ECC · Flash file system · Flash memory · SLC/MLC · Flash memory controller · Garbage collection · IOPS · MB/s ·
Key terminology Memory wear · Open-channel SSD · Over-provisioning · Read disturb · Secure erase · Solid-state storage · Trim command ·
Wear leveling · Write amplification
Flash manufacturers Intel · Micron · Samsung · SK hynix · Flash Forward (joint venture between SanDisk and Kioxia)
Western Digital
(SanDisk · Fusion-io · HGST · sTec) · Intel · Kioxia
(OCZ · Indilinx (bankrupt, assets sold to Toshiba,
Captive
Controllers which later spun off its SSD and flash business to Kioxia)) · Micron · Samsung · Seagate
(SandForce) · FADU
Independent Greenliant Systems · Maxiotek · Marvell · Phison · PMC-Sierra · SMI
SSD manufacturers List of solid-state drive manufacturers

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) · Fibre Channel (FC) · NVM Express (NVMe) · PCI Express (PCIe) · SATA Express ·
Interfaces
Serial ATA (SATA) · Serial attached SCSI (SAS) · Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Configurations HDD form factors · mSATA · M.2 · PCI Express expansion card · Thunderbolt
(USB Type-C · Mini DisplayPort) · U.2 · EDSFF
INCITS · JEDEC / JC-42, JC-64.8 · ONFI · NVMHCI Work Group · USB-IF · SATA-IO · SFF Committee · SNIA · SSSI · T10/SCSI · T11/FC ·
Related organizations
T13/ATA
Category
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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB. Read more
Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Engineering:USB&oldid=3111154"
Categories: American inventions Computer buses Computer connectors Physical layer protocols Serial buses

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7/17/22, 8:04 PM Engineering:USB - HandWiki

First released in 1996, the USB standards are

Connector type quick reference

Available connectors by USB standard

Type A connector Deprecated

Type B connector Deprecated

Type C connector N/A

Mini-A connector N/A Deprecated

Mini-B connector N/A Deprecated

Mini-AB connector N/A Deprecated

Micro-A connector N/A Deprecated

Micro-B connector N/A Deprecated

Micro-AB connector N/A Deprecated

As with all standards, USB possesses multiple limitations to its design:

Mini-A and Mini-B Connector

Battery Charging Specification 1.2:[22]

USB 3.2, released in September 2017,[29] preserves existing USB 3.1 SuperSpeed and

Contrary to other functions—which use the multiplexing of high-speed links—USB 2.0

13 April Full Speed

15 January Full Speed

November SuperSpeed USB

7.5 W (5 V, [38]

USB Power Delivery Rev. 1.0 (V. 100 W (20 V,

USB Power Delivery Rev. 1.0 (V. 100 W (20 V,

USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 100 W (20 V,

USB Type-C Rev. 1.1 2015-04-03 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 100 W (20 V,

USB Type-C Rev. 1.2 2016-03-25 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 100 W (20 V,

USB Power Delivery Rev. 2.0 (V. 100 W (20 V,

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.0 (V. 100 W (20 V,

USB Type-C Rev. 1.3 2017-07-14 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.0 (V. 100 W (20 V,

USB Type-C Rev. 1.4 2019-03-29 15 W (5 V, 3 A)

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.0 (V. 100 W (20 V, [39]

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.1 (V. 240 W (48 V,

USB Type-C Rev. 2.1 2021-05-25 15 W (5 V, 3 A) [40]

USB Power Delivery Rev. 3.1 (V. 240 W (48 V, [41]

Including errata through October 2021[42]

This version incorporates the following ECNs:

There are two types of pipe: stream and message.

Device classes include:[45]

Class Usage Description Examples, or exception

01h Interface Audio Speaker, microphone, sound card, MIDI

03h Interface Human interface device (HID) Keyboard, mouse, joystick

05h Interface Physical interface device (PID) Force feedback joystick

06h Interface Image (PTP/MTP) Webcam, scanner

07h Interface Printer Laser printer, inkjet printer, CNC machine

09h Device USB hub Full bandwidth hub

0Bh Interface Smart Card USB smart card reader

0Dh Interface Content security Fingerprint reader

0Eh Interface Video Webcam

Personal healthcare device class

10h Interface Audio/Video (AV) Webcam, TV

11h Device Billboard Describes USB-C alternate modes supported by device

DCh Both Diagnostic device USB compliance testing device

E0h Interface Wireless Controller Bluetooth adapter, Microsoft RNDIS

EFh Both Miscellaneous ActiveSync device

FFh Both Vendor-specific Indicates that a device needs vendor-specific drivers