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What is Force ?
Pushing, pulling, stretching and turning these are some of the things a force can do.
The push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change its velocity.
Symbol------ N
This unit is named after Isaac Newton, an English scientist who explained how forces
affect the way things move.
Force can change the state of motion of any object or the dimensions. Different types
of Forces are contact force and non-contact force.
1.Contact forces
The contact forces are the forces which occurs when we apply some effort on an
object. Following is the classification of contact force:
Some examples of Contact forces: Spring force, applied force, air resistance force,
normal force, tension force and frictional force.
2.Non-Contact forces
The non-contact forces are the forces which occurs from a distance.
When two forces are in opposite direction and possess equal magnitude then these
forces called are a balanced force.
Equal and opposite forces together acting on an object when it’s not in a motion is said
to be in equilibrium.
If the resultant force of all the forces acting on a body sums up to zero, then the forces
acting on the body are known as balanced forces.
Unbalanced Force
The unbalanced force can be defined as when two forces acting on a body are of
unequal size.
When the resultant force acting on a body is not equal to zero, the forces acting on
the body are known as unbalanced forces.
The ball moves from one place to another after it’s kicked. This is an example of an
unbalanced force.
It does not cause any change in the state of the object. Causes change in the state of
motion of the object.
Measuring forces
How can we measure forces?
We use an instrument called a forcemeter to measure a force. (Another name for this
is a newtonmeter.) The picture shows one type of forcemeter.
This is how you use it to measure the force needed to pull a block of wood along the
bench.
• Check that the forcemeter reads zero before you start.
• Attach the hook of the forcemeter to the block.
• Hold the ring at the other end of the forcemeter and pull the block.
• Read the value of the force from the scale.
How a forcemeter works .There is a spring inside a forcemeter.
The pulling force stretches the spring and this moves the indicator along the scale.
The bigger the force, the further the indicator moves.
Sir Isaac Newton published three laws in the 17th century. Newton’s first law of
motion is an introduction to motion of the object and the force acting on it. In other
words, it deals with the motion of an object and its relation to force. In this article, let
us learn in detail about Newton’s 1st law of motion.
When no net external force acts upon it, a particle at rest will remain at rest and a
particle in motion at a constant velocity will continue to move with the same
constant velocity.
In mathematical form,
a body remains in the state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless and until
an external force acts on it.
The first law of motion is sometimes also known as the law of inertia.
There are two conditions on which the 1st law of motion is dependent:
Objects at rest: When an object is at rest velocity (v= 0) and acceleration (a = 0) are
zero. Therefore, the object continues to be at rest.
An external force is defined as the change in the mechanical energy that is either the
kinetic energy or the potential energy in an object. These forces are caused by external
agents. Examples of external forces are friction, normal force and air resistance.
Inertia
The inertia of a body is its reluctance to start moving , and its reluctance to stop once it
has begun moving.
o The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia. A force that is just enough to
cause a small cart to pick up a large velocity will produce a negligible change in
the motion of a train, because of train’s large inertia.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
o
o
o
o
o What is a Net Force?
o A net force ΣF is the sum of all forces acting on a body. More precisely, it is the
vector sum of all forces acting on a body.
o
o Consider two forces of magnitude 30 N and 20 N that are exerted to the right
and left, respectively on the horse shown in the picture.
o
One newton
A force that is acting on the 1 kg mass to give it an acceleration of 1 ms-2 is called 1
newton.
Weight – the pull of gravity
We live on the Earth. It is difficult to get away from the Earth. If you jump upwards,
you fall back down again. The Earth’s gravity pulls you downwards.
The Earth’s gravity causes a force that pulls any object downwards. This force is called
weight. Like any other force, weight is measured in newtons (N).
Gravity always pulls you towards the centre of the Earth. It doesn’t matter where you
are on the surface of the Earth.
When we draw a force arrow to represent an object’s weight, the arrow points towards
the centre of the Earth.
Falling through the floor
The Earth’s gravity is pulling on us all the time. It pulls us downwards,
but we don’t fall through the floor. Why not?
The floor pushes upwards on us with a force. This force is called the
contact force.
When you weigh yourself at home, the scales show the value in kg.
You might say, ‘I weigh 50kg’ However, in science, we would say that
Imagine going to the Moon. The Moon’s gravity is weaker than the Earth’s. You weigh
a lot less up there. You can jump much higher on the Moon - but you still fall back
downwards. If you go far out into space, far from the Earth, Moon or any other object,
your weight is zero. Your mass stays the same, however - you are still made of 50kg of
matter.
Weight
The attracting force of the earth on a body is defined as the weight of the body.
(OR) Weight is the force of gravity on an object.
Weight is measured in newton ( N ).
Friction is a force that acts when two surfaces are in contact with each other.
Air resistance
If you drop something, it falls to the ground. Its weight - the pull of the Earth’s gravity
- makes
it fall. The photograph shows some parachutists falling.
Eventually, they will reach the Earth’s surface. The parachutists will not be travelling
very fast
when they hit the ground. This is because they are falling through the air. This means
that there is
another force acting on them. This extra force is the force of air resistance.
This slows them down to a safe speed.
1 Name the two forces that act on a parachutist who is falling towards the ground. Give
the direction of each force.
Everybody attracts every other body in the universe. The gravitational force between
the two bodies is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
m1 m2 m1 m2
F α r2
, F=-G r2
In vector form ,
Average pressure
The ratio obtained by dividing the total magnitude of the normal forces by the
surface area is called average pressure.
total magnitude of the normal forces
surface area
Average pressure =
Note - Generally, gases and liquids are together called “fluids”.
Distribution of pressure
Force acting on a smaller area applies more pressure than the same force acting on a larger
area.
Examples: Porters place a round cloth on their heads to increase surface area and reduce
pressure.
A sharp knife cuts better as more pressure is exerted over a smaller area.
A big force acting on a small area creates a higher pressure.
Pressure in fluids
The pressure exerted by a fluid(gases or liquids) in a container is transmitted undiminished in all direction
on the walls of the container.
A force has a turning effect when it causes an object to turn about a pivot.
How can you tell from the photograph that the weights are heavier than the apples ?
The diagram represents the seesaw. It shows the pivot and the two forces action
downwards on the beam.
Moment of a Force
The turning effect of a force depends on two things:
-The greater the force, the greater its turning effect.
- The further the force is from the pivot, the greater its turning effect.
Moment = force x distance from pivot
The bigger the moment of a force , the greater its turning effect.
The principle of Moments
For a beam to be balanced, the clockwise moment acting on it must equal the
anticlockwise moment acting on it.
Example: 1(a) In the diagram, which force has a clockwise moment (turning effect) ?
(b) Calculate the moment of this force.
(c) Calculate the moment of the other force.
(d) Is the beam balanced ? Explain how you can tell.
Momentum
The momentum of a body is the product of the mass of the body and its velocity.
→
p
Equation ……………….. ( =momentum)
(m = mass)
→
v
= velocity
Units ……… CGS system = gcms-1 (gram centimetre per second)
MKS / SI = kgms-1 (kilogram metre per second)
FPS system = slfts-1 (slug foot per second)
p α mv
Remarks ………… Momentum of a body is directly
→ → proportional to the mass and velocity of
P=m v body
→ →
pαv
Everyone knows that lead is heavier than feathers, but that is not the right answer.
The answer is that a tonne of feathers is just as heavy as a tonne of lead.
The reason is that a tonne of anything weighs same- it as a mass of one tonne,
or 1000kilograms.
Question; 1(a) The mass of an object tells us how much matter it is made of. What is
the unit of mass ?
(b) Which has more mass , 1 kg of water or 1 kg of air ?
In science we don’t say that lead is heavier than feathers. We say that lead has a greater
density than feathers.
The density of a material tells us the mass of 1 cubic centimetre (1cm3) of the material.
This is like a fair test, a way of comparing two materials.For each material we find the
mass of 1 cm3.
A’heavier’ material is more dense than a ‘lighter’ material. It has a greater density.
In the picture, each cube has a volume of 1 cm3 ,but the cubes have different masses.
We state the density of a material like this:
Density of water = 1.0 g/cm3
This tells us that 1cm3 or water has a mass of 1.0 g. The unit of density is g/cm 3(grams
per centimetre cubed). Density can also be given in kg/m 3 ( kilograms per metre
cubed).
Density
The density of a liquid is defined as the ratio of its mass to volume.
mass
Density = volume
m
ρ=
In symbols V (OR)