LIFE A N D W O RKS O F RIZA L

19th Century
Philippines and
the World in the
Rizal Context
Mr. Ken Joseph Novilla
LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

Veni Sancte Spiritus

Come Holy Spirit, fill the hearts of your faithful and kindle in
them the fire of your love. Send forth your Spirit and they shall
be created. And You shall renew the face of the earth.

O, God, who by the light of the Holy Spirit, did instruct the
hearts of the faithful, grant that by the same Holy Spirit we may
be truly wise and ever enjoy His consolations, Through Christ
Our Lord, Amen

Photo by RODNAE Productions from Pexels

LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

Learning Competencies
• Trace the historical developments and
philosophical developments of the world
leading to the changes in the Philippines
• Explain how the prevailing philosophical
thinking in Europe affected the rest of the Pre- Attendance Activities
world including the Philippines.
• Describe the social, political, and Follow Commands
economic conditions of the world and the
Philippines While you are listening to the discussion,
commands are “embedded” on some
• Relate the social, political and economic slides. Commands maybe through
conditions of the Philippines to life of Rizal “Discussion Activities” , “Type This” or others.
Just follow what the command asks
• Look back on the developments in 19th
Century world and how it affected the
present
THE WORLD DURING
THE TIME OF RIZAL
What happened to the World in the 19th Century?

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Old-world-map.jpg
 19th century world
There are challenges during the 19th Century, not just in the Philippines but also in the World. The 19th Century was
extremely dynamic and at a creative age. There are six major changes during this time are the following:

The Struggle for Modernization of Living Growth of

Nationalism Through Industrial Imperialism
Revolution

Gradual Spread of Advancement of Science New Ideas and

Democracy and Technology Confidence for Growth
19th century world

The 19th Century saw many revolted colonies against their rulers. The two major revolutions that influenced the
beliefs and development in the 19th century are the American Revolution and the French Revolution
18th century world

The American Revolution (1755 – 1783)

An insurrection by which 13 of Great

Britain’s North American colonies won
political independence and went on to
form the United States of America.

The Revolution started with implementation

of the Sugar Act, of 1764 and the Stamp
Act of 1765. Its implementation was resisted
which led to the “Boston Tea Party” where
Sam Adams threw 342 chest of Tea. This led
to the use of force by the British.

The American revolution proved for that

you can be liberated from your colonizers
even if they colonized the country after
hundred of years.

In Photo: The “Surrender of Lord Cornwallis” by John Trumbull which depicts British soldiers
surrendering in Yoktown, Virginia in 1781. Ending the last major campaign of the revolution.
Photo source: Architect of the Capital website (n.d.) https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-
campus/art/surrender-lord-cornwallis
18th century world

The French Revolution (1789 – 1799)

French citizens razed and redesigned their

country’s political landscape, uprooting
centuries-old institutions such as absolute
monarchy and the feudal system. It ended
absolutism and feudal privileges after monarchy
was overthrown.

The motto during the time was “Liberte, Egalite,

Fraternite” which is roughly translated to Liberty,
Equality and Brotherhood

The French Revolution opened a new era

called “Enlightenment” and its corresponding
“Industrial Revolution”

In Photo: “Liberty Leading the People” by Eugène Delacroix, 1830

Photo Source: Wikipedia, Free Commons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution#/media/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-
_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg
19th century world

STRUGGLE BETWEEN LIBERALISM AND CONSERVATISM

Liberalism Conservatism
• Liberty, Equality, and Opportunity • Political doctrine that emphasizes the value of
• Liberals believed that a country should be free from traditional institutions and practices.
domination by another. • Supported monarchy through “Divine Right”
• “Vox Populi, Vox Dei”
19th century world

The Rise and Spread of Democracy

“Government of the People, By the People and
Democracy was gradually established thru the following
For the People”
means:
• Promulgation of laws that advanced democracy
• Undertaking of reforms through legislation;
• Abolition of Slavery;
• Adoption of liberal constitution providing the citizens to
propose laws;
• Adoption of manhood suffrage;
• Granting of political, economic, and social rights to the
people
• Democracy became a way of life in many countries such
as in Europe and the United States of America

In Photo: “Death of Marie Antoinette”, 1793

Photo Source: https://virily.com/culture/death-marie-antoinette-1793/ Pre – Attendance (Great Quote): “Comment on the Chat box
to what quote is Marie Antoinette famous for
 Modernization of
living in 19 Century
th
Mr. Ken Joseph Novilla

In Photo: Port of Manila was opened to world trade for the

first time after trading only with Spain through Galleon Trade.
19th century world

Modernization of living during the

Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution is the Age of Steams and machines.
Two major changes happened at the onset of Industrial
Revolution:

1. Shift from manual labor to machine works

The Industrial Revolution introduced machines which makes
human effort easy, thus enabling mass production. The
downside is it causes to unemployment, child labor and
crowding in urban areas.

2. Domestic system to the factory system

Guilds of the Middle ages were changed to factories that
In Photo: Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz, Germany, 1868. Unknown sprout in cities. The sharp increased in factories led to urban
author.
pollution.
The Image above shows the machine works of machine works of Richard
Hartmann in Chemnitz. Hartmann was one of the most successful entrepreneurs
and largest employers in the Kingdom of Saxony.
19th century world

Effects of Industrial Revolution

Economic Changes Political Changes Societal Changes
• Expansion of world trade and • Decline of landed aristocracy • Development and growth of cities
opening of colonies to world trade • Growth and expansion of democracy which results to an increase in
• The rise of Factory system which led • Increased government involvement in population
to mass production of goods society • Improved status and earning power of
• Industrial capitalism and increased • Increased power of industrialized nations women
standard of living • Stimulation of Nationalism and • Problems - economic insecurity,
• Rise of Unemployment to cities imperialism Rise to power of Middle Class increased deadliness of war, urban
• Long hours, inadequate remuneration, (Businessman) slums, etc.
and minimal breaks became the norm • Science and research stimulated
The three most important inventions of the first Industrial Revolution include the steam engine, • Health issues arose for many of the factory
the spinning jenny, and the telegraph. The three most important inventions of the Second
Industrial Revolution include the combustible engine, electricity, and the lightbulb
workers
19th century world

Advancement in Sciences
▪ John Dalton's formulation of Atomic Theory
▪ Radium element discovery by Marie Curie
▪ Anthrax discovery by Robert Koch
▪ Antiseptics development by Dr. Joseph Lister
▪ Demonstration of the use of anesthesia in surgical
operations by Dr. Crawford
▪ First use of ether for painless tooth extraction

Greatest Inventions during 19 th Century

Typewriter – 1867 /Camera – 1888 /Electric Battery - 1800
Telephone – 1876 / Aspirin – 1897 / Coffee Pot - 1806
Sewing Machine – 1846 / Telegraph – 1836 / Paperclip - 1899
Escalator – 1892 /Coca-Cola – 1886 / Chewing Gum - 1870
Elevator – 1852 / Jell-O – 1897 / Automobile - 1889
Growth of Imperialism
in 19 Century
th
Mr. Ken Joseph Novilla

In Photo:
19th century world

• Imperialism is defined as the activity of a nation in extending

it control and authority beyond territorial beyond territorial
boundaries
• From an economic standpoint, Imperialism is done for the
purposes of securing raw materials, markets for
manufactured goods, outlet for surplus capital.
• From a political standpoint, it maybe for the acquisitions of
regions necessary for national defense and territories
• From a Religious Standpoint , expansion is an opportunity to
spread religious mission.
In Photo:
19th century world

British Empire during the 19th Century

• During Rizal's time, Britain emerged as the

World's Leading Imperialist power during the
reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) and
succeeded in establishing a global colonial
empire.

• Britain Acquired Hong Kong from Chinese

Manchu Dynasty after the Opium War (1840-
1842); In 1859

• British imposed it's supremacy in Indian

subcontinent; After the Anglo-Burmese Wars
In Photo: British Empire at its greatest extent by The Red Hat of Pat Ferrick
(1842-1846),(1852-1885), Burma was annexed.

The territories that were at one time or another part of the British Empire. The United Kingdom and its • Other British colonies in Asia including Ceylon ,
accompanying British Overseas Territories are underlined in red.
Maldives, Malaya, Singapore and Egypt; and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire#/media/File:The_British_Empire.png Australia and New Zealand in the South Pacific.
19th century world

The French Empire in 19th Century

• During Rizal's time, Britain emerged as the World's
Leading Imperialist power during the reign of
Queen Victoria (1837-1901) and succeeded in
establishing a global colonial empire.

• Britain Acquired Hong Kong from Chinese

Manchu Dynasty after the Opium War (1840-
1842); In 1859

• British imposed its supremacy in the Indian

subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Bhutan); After the Anglo-Burmese Wars (1842-
1846),(1852-1885), Burma (Myanmar) was
annexed.
In Photo: French Empire at its greatest extent by The Red Hat of Pat Ferrick

Colonial empire from 1542 to 1980 Dark Blue: Second colonial empire Light Blue: First colonial empire • Other British colonies in Asia including Ceylon (Sri
Lanka) , Maldives, Malaya (Malaysia), Singapore
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire#/media/File:EmpireFrench.png
and Egypt; and Australia and New Zealand in
the South Pacific.
 19th century world

Russia and Japan during 19th Century

• Czarist Russia , expanded its territory

eastward and acquired Siberia,
Kamchatka peninsula, the Kuriles Islands
and Alaska(which was later sold to the US
in 1867).

• Japan joined the bandwagon of

acquiring neighboring territories following
the opening of its door to Western
Imperialism. After the Sino-Japanese War
(1894-1895) she acquired Formosa
(Taiwan) and Pescadoras; in1910 Korea
was annexed to its dominion.
In Photo: Russian Empire and Japanese Empire at its greatest extent by The Red Hat of Pat Ferrick

Colonial empire from 1542 to 1980 Dark Blue: Second colonial empire Light Blue: First colonial empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan%E2%80%93Russian_Empire_relations#/media/File:Russian_Empire_E
mpire_of_Japan_Locator.png
19th century world

Summary of 19 th

Century World
Mr. Ken Joseph Novilla

English School, Snow Hill, Holburn, London (19th century). Wikimedia Commons
 Summary of 19 th Century World
• "Democracy made significant gains through several reforms in government

and social relations

• Human rights were extended to people of gender

• Large sums of money were spent for public education; Nationalistic education

was emphasized to teach the people the concept of “nation” with its own

glories and achievements

• Science received a great boost from businessmen who spent money for

research, invention and discoveries.

• Literature centers on daily life at the time as writers wrote based on what they

saw and experienced.

• Painters and artists painted “life” as it was all around them; Musicians and
In Photo: Suppression of the Taiping Rebellion (c. 1860). Wikimedia
composers showed their feeling of nationalism in using folk songs and national Commons

themes.
19th century world

On the significance of Enlightenment, Rizal said,

" "Despite all that system, organized, perfected and followed with tenacity by

(Spain) who wished to keep the islands in holy ignorance, there are Filipino

writers, free thinkers, historians, chemists, physicians, jurists, artists.

Enlightenment is spreading and its persecution encourages it. The divine

flame of thought is inextinguishable among the Filipino people..."

The Philippines During The
Spanish Colonization
The Philippines During The Spanish Colonization

Socio-Political system
during the Spanish
Colonial Period
Mr. Ken Joseph Novilla

In Diagram: The socio-political strata during the

Spanish Colonial period
 KING OF SPAIN
De jure executor, Judiciary, Legislator
SPANISH EMPIRE

GOVERNOR GENERAL ROYAL AUDIENCA

The Executive Branch The Judicial Branch
PHILIPPINES: PROVINCE OF EMPIRE Highest COURT
CABEZA DE
BARANGAY
ALCALDIAS CORREGIDOR BARANGAY OR BARRIO
CABILDO
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT CITY GOVERNMENT

GOBERNADORCILLO
PUEBLO OR TOWN
POLITICAL SYSTEM
CABEZA DE BARANGAY
The chart below shows the political hierarchy and system of government
BARANGAY OR BARRIO during the Spanish colonial period. Before 19th Century, the Philippines was
headed by the Viceroy of Spain
 Political Issues during the Spanish Colonial
Period
Unstable Administration Maladministration of the Law
Political affairs in Spain affects the governance in the There is no equality in the law Filipinos' human rights
Philippines. A new idea called “Liberals” have clashed with were abused by the Spaniards
the people who wanted to maintain the status quo of the
monarchy called “Conservatives”

Philippine Involvement in the

Corruption of Power
Spanish Cortes
Corruption and misrule among government officials.
Spain granted Philippine first period of representation in
the Cortes during 1810-1813
 Political Issues during the Spanish Colonial
Period

The Friar Supremacy

Great influence of religious leaders over the government

known as “Frailocracy”. It is a unique form of government

in Hispanic Philippines which was governed by the Friars.

Friars controlled the religious and educational life of the

Philippines and later in the 19th century came to acquire

tremendous political power, influences and riches

1.Order of St. Augustine (OSA) – 1565 - Augustinians

2. Order of Friars Minor (OFM) – 1578 - Franciscans
3. Society of Jesus (SJ) – 1581 – Jesuits (technically and
canonically, they are not friars
4. Order of Preachers (OP) – 1587 - Dominicans
Photo Source: https://pepealas.wordpress.com/2020/02/17/the-friars-of-
5. Order of Augustinian Recollects (OAR) - Recollectos rizals-el-filibusterismo/
 Political Issues during the Spanish Colonial
Period

Racial Discrimination
• The highest government position a Filipino can
attain is Gobernadorcillo only. Racial prejudice
was prevalent everywhere.
• Imposed and collected taxes from the natives.
• Implication of polo y servicio.
• Implementation of Polo y servicio which forces
natives (men) ages 16 - 60 years old, known as
“Polistas” to volunteer for personal services to
community projects for 40 days.

In Photo: Pusod Center in Berkeley exhibits "Colored: Black and White" a collection of posters,
magazines and newspapers which show America's colonialist attitudes at the turn of the Century. Puck Discussion Activity:
Magazine, Jan. 25, 1899 featured Uncle Sam heading a class of kids representing the U.S.'s recent
acquisitions. L to R, kids are the Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Cuba. Comment the colonies of America
The Philippines During The Spanish Colonization

Socio-Economic
system during the
Spanish Colonial
Period
Mr. Ken Joseph Novilla

In photo: Spaniards settled inside

Intramuros, the Indios (Filipinos) settled in
Tondo and the Chinese Mestizos
(Sangley) settled in Binondo.
 MERCANTILISM
economic system regulating foreign trade
and monopoly

ECONOMIC
CONDITION

FREE TRADE
world trade began rise of export economy
 Spanish Socio-Economic Policies
Encomienda System Taxation without Representation Types of Taxes

Encomienda is a grant to exercise Income generating mechanisms Cedula : male and female 18 years old
control over a certain place and were introduced by the Spaniards and above will pay 8 reales every year
its inhabitants granted to such as personal tribute and
Meritorious Spaniards. Some income tax, customs duties and Sanctorum: tax for the church amounting
Encomendero’s became abusive Bandala, taxes, and monopolies of to 3 reales
and hoarded staple items like rice special crops. Bandala is an annual
and clothing and sold it at higher enforced sale or requisitioning of Tributo: paid in cash or in kind
price to gain more profit. Filipinos goods particularly rice and coconut
who cannot pay fled to the hills oil. Direct Tax: came from customs duties
and were called “Tulisan” and bandala taxes
Natives are obliged to sell their
Three Types of Encomienda: products to the Spaniards even in Rentas Encantadas : taxes of special
the lowest price, and sometimes crops and items
Royal: Taxes will go to the Spanish Spaniards will just issue promissory
King and the government note in order for them to oblige. Donativo Zamboanga: one half real to
Ecclesiastical : taxes will go to the finance the war in Mindanao against the
Church Muslims
Privado: taxes will go to the friend Discussion Activity: Search the following
of the king who contributed to The Spanish explorers who came to the Philippines
the colonization after Magellan up to Legazpi.
 Spanish Socio- Economic contributions
The Royal Philippine Company (1785- Infrastructure
Polo Y Servicios Personal 1814)

Forced labor between drafted created by Charles III for the sole Modern ways of telecommunications
Filipino or Chinese Mestizos aged 16 purpose of uniting the American and was developed in the 19th century.
to 60 years old for 40 days. Some of its Asian commerce. It was granted
negative effects include disruption in exclusive monopoly to bring Philippine, Puente Colgante (Quezon Bridge)
village economy, separation from Chinese and Indian goods and shipped was the first suspension bridge in the
families and decimation of male them directly to Spain via the Cape of Far East designed by Gustave Eiffel.
Good Hope. It met stiff opposition to
population.
other traders including the Dutch and Ships from Manila to Hongkong
English. For the Spaniards, they helped (weekly) and to Barcelona (Monthly).
Filipinos are obligated to give the early growth of agriculture while for
personal service to community Some ships from Japan and other
the Filipinos, this was untold misery as
projects, like construction and repair they are forced to plant exports which Eurasian countries, the United States
of infrastructure, church construction, they do not benefit at all. arrives irregularly. Inter-island travel
or cutting logs in the forests, for 40 was through steamboats.
days The Royal Economic Society of Friends
of the Country (1780-1895) Public lightning system was done
through the use of coconut oil since
was formed by Jose de Basco Vargas 1814. It gradually changed to
Discussion Activity: which aims to form a society of learned kerosene in the 1880’s.
and competent persons capable of
producing useful ideas (in the economy
of the Philippines).
 Spanish Socio- Economic contributions
The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-

1815) is significant as it serves as it is the link
between four continents and two oceans,
thereby contributing to the development of
trade in Asia, Europe, North and South
America

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-

1815) is significant as it serves as it is the link
between four continents and two oceans,
thereby contributing to the development of
trade in Asia, Europe, North and South
America. It paved the way for the widest
possible exchange of material goods, cultural
traditions and practices, knowledge and belief
systems and peoples at the time. For some 250
Photo source: years, it served as a formidable bridge
Source: PH, Mexico push to nominate Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade Route to
World Heritage List, April 28, 2015. Official Gazette of the Philippines. Retrieved
between East and West (Official Gazette,
from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/04/28/ph-mexico-push-to- 2015).
nominate-manila-acapulco-galleon-trade-route-to-world-heritage-list/
 Educational System during the Spanish
Colonial Period
Arrival of the Spaniards
The Friars were the first to study the native languages of
the Filipinos. In return, they taught Christian doctrine,
alphabet, language, customs, and policies.

Education during the time of the Spaniards

• Primary Education was not given attention until the
Educational Decree of 1863
• Children in schools were constantly reminded that
they had inferior intelligence and they were fit for
manual labors to repress Filipino intellect rather than
cultivating and developing them.
• Schools were under the control of the friars whereas
In Photo: Doctrina Christiana, the religion become an important subject during the
first printed book in the Philippines
which contains Catholic Prayers and
19th Century Philippines
teachings
 Educational System during the Spanish Colonial Period
The curriculum taught in schools was The first schools to open for boys are:
divided based on gender. For boys, the 1. Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio
(1589)
subjects are 2. Colegio of San Ildefonso (1599)
• Spanish history 3. Ateneo de Municipal (1817)
Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio 4. San Juan de Letran College
• Latin, Philosophy
• Canon
• Civil law
• Rhetoric

San Juan de Letran College

For girls, the curriculum includes:
• Rules of courtesy
• Vocal music
• Language
• Sewing
Sta. Catalina de Sena
The first schools to open for boys are In Photo: The University of Santo Tomas founded by the Dominicans
in 1611 is the only existing higher education institution in the
1.Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1591) Philippines and was the only university to offer courses in medicine,
Sta Isabel (1632) pharmacy, theology, philosophy, as well as canon and civil law.
3. Sta Catalina de Sena (1696)
4. Colegio de la Immaculada Concepcion Its original name is Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo
Concordia (1868) Rosarioand later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomas, in honor of the
foremost Dominican theologian, Thomas Aquinas.
Sta. Isabel
 Educational System during the Spanish Colonial Period
The Educational Decree of 1863 declares that:
“Each major town in the Philippines should establish at
least one primary schools for boys and another for girls,
that the medium of instruction is Spanish.”
Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio

Educational Decree of 1863 in effect:

• Teachers must have a mastery in Spanish language.
• Spanish language shall be the medium of instruction
in all schools.
San Juan de Letran College • The friars resisted the teaching of Spanish language
to the Filipinos. This explained the rigid censorship of
book by church authorities as well as the
government.

Weaknesses of Educational Decree of 1863

Sta. Catalina de Sena • Overemphasis on religious matters
• Limited curriculum
• Friar control over the system
• Primary education was neglected In Photo: Spanish Friars and Filipino Indios
• Absence of academic freedom
• Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher
Sta. Isabel
learning
19th century world

Rizal said, "The Filipinos remained loyal and faithful to Mother

Spain for three centuries, giving up their liberty and independence,

now fascinated by the promised heaven, now flattered by the

friendship offered them by a great and noble nation (Mother of

Spain), and now compelled to submission by the superiority of arms

for persons with low opinion of themselves...or now because of foreign

invaders, taking advantage of the internal dissension, played the role

of the third party of divide and rule"

LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

13th Century Dominican Blessing

May God the Father bless us.
May God the Son heal us.
May God the Holy Spirit enlighten us,
and give us eyes to see with,
ears to hear with,
hands to do the work of God with,
feet to walk with,
and a mouth to preach the word of salvation with,
and may the angel of peace watch over us and lead us at
last,
by our Lord's gift, to the Kingdom.
Amen

Photo by RODNAE Productions from Pexels

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