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146 viewsC-Python For Beginners
Uploaded by
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Available Formats
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/ 78
on
’C+4\ 4
& Python
For Beginners
All you need to get started
with C++ & Python coding
Inside
Jargon-free Tips & Advice
Step-by-step Tutorials
Clear Full Colour Guides Want to master your Code?
Then don’t miss our NEW Programming
& Coding magazine on Ei Readly now!
fel fereel mirc Ure\ Leconte mae ve C++
& Python
For Beginners
Starting something new can be daunting, Learning a skill or
mastering a new piece of hardware is tough. Even tougher if
you have no-one at hand to help. Conversely as the complexity
of our consumer technology increases, the size of the requisite
instruction manual decreases or in some cases it simply
disappears. At numerous times in our lives we have all been
“beginners”, there is no shame in that fact and rightly so. How
many times have you asked aloud, "What does this button do?”.
“Why doesn't that work?". "What do you mean it doesn’t do
that?", "HELP!”, At the start of any new journey or adventure we
are all beginners but fortunately for you we are here to stand
beside you at every stage.
Over this extensive series of titles we will be looking in great
depth at the latest consumer electronics, software, hobbies and
trends out of the box! We will guide you step-by-step through
using all aspects of the technology that you may have been
previously apprehensive at attempting, Let our expert guide help
you build your technology understanding and skills, taking you
from a novice to a confident and experienced user.
Over the page our journey begins. We would wish you luck but
we're sure with our support you won't need it. Contents
8 WhyPython?
40 Equipment You will Need
12 Getting to know Python
14 Howto Set Up Python in Windows
16 _ How to Set Up Python on a Mac
18 _ Howto Set Up Python in Linux
EPS US lcd
}
20) Getting Started with Python
22 Starting Python for the First Time 60 Your First C++ Program
24 Your First Code 62 Structure of a C++ Program
26 Saving and Executing Your Code 64 Compile and Execute
28 _ Executing Code from the Command Line 66 Using Comments
30 Numbers and Expressions 68 Variables
32 Using Comments 70 Data Types
34 Working with Variables 72 Strings
36 User Input TA C++ Maths
38 Creating Functions
40 Conditions and Loops
42 Python Modules
°
46 WhyCH?
48 Equipment Needed
50 Howto Set Up C++ in Windows
52__ Howto Set Up C++ on aMac
54 Howto Set Up C+ in Linux
56 Other C++ IDEs to Install
worn bmoubiations.com ( Contents
xémpubliations.com
‘ww bdempublications.com F Say Hello to Python) Say Hello
to Python
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sits somewhere in the middle, combining ease of use
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Why Python?
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and some still available for older 8 and 16-bit computers too. Some of these languages
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PYTHON POWER
Ever since the earliest home computers were available, enthusiasts, users and professionals have toiled away until the wee
hours, slaving over an overheating heap of circuitry to create something akin to magic.
“These pioneers of programming carved their way into a new
Frontier, Forging small routines that enabled the letter A to scroll
‘across the screen. It may not sound terribly exciting toa generation
that's used to ultra-high definition graphics and open world, multi-
player online gaming. However, forty-something years ago it was,
blindingly brillant.
Naturally these bedsoom coders helped form the foundations for
‘every piece of digital technology we use today, Some went on to
become chief developers for top software companies, whereas
‘thers pushed the available hardware to its limits and founded the
billion pound gaming empire that continually amazes us.
Regardless of whether you use an Android device, 10S device, PC,
‘Mac, Linux, Smart TV, games console, MP3 playet, GPS device builtin
to. car set-top box ora thousand other connected and ‘smart’
appliances, behind them allis programming.
Allthose aforementioned digital devices need instructions to tell,
them what to do, and allow them to be interacted with, These
instructions Form the programming core of the device and that core
can be built using a variety of programming languages.
“The languages in use today differ depending on the situation, the
platform, the device's use and how the device will interact with its
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by ‘environment or users, Operating systems, such as Windows, macOS
‘and such are usually a combination of C++, Cit, assembly and some
Foim of visualbased language. Games generally use C++ whist web
pages an use a plethora of avalable languages uch as HTML, Java,
Python and so on,
"More general-purpose programming used to create programs,
‘apps, software or whatever else you want to cal them. They/re
‘widely used acrossall hardware platforms and suit vitually every
‘conceivable application. Some operate faster than others and some:
are easier to learn and use than others. Python is one such general-
purpose language.
Python is what's known asa High-Level Language, in that t'talks
to the hardware and operating system using a variety of arrays,
variables, objects, arithmetic, subroutines, loops and countless
more interactions. Whilst its nat as streamlined as a Low-Level
Language, which can deal directly with memory addresses, call
stacks and reaisters, ts benefits that i's universally accessible
and easyto learn
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(why Python? CH
Python was created over twenty sixyears ago and has evolved to
become an ideal beginner's language for learning how to program @
‘computer. t's perfect for the hobbyist, enthusiast, student, teacher
and those who simaly need to create their own unique interaction
between either themselves ora piece of external hardware and the
computer itself
Pythonis fre to download, install and use ands available for Linux,
Windows, macOS, MS-DOS, 05/2, BeOS, IBM iseries machines, and
even RISC OS. Ithas been voted one ofthe top five programming
languagesin the world ands continually evolving ahead of the
hardware and internet development curve
Soto answer the question: why python? Simply put, i's Free, easy to
learn, exceptionally powerful, universally accepted, effective and a
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BASIC was once the starter language that early
‘bit home computer users learned.
Python isa more modern take on BASIC, it’s easyto learn
‘and makes Foran ideal beginner's programming language. => Say Hello to Python)
Equipment You
Will Need
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Freely available.
WHAT WE'RE USING
‘Thankfully, Python is a multi-platform programming language available for Windows, macOS, Linux, Raspberry Pi and more. IF
you have one of those systems, then you can easily start using Python.
(| computer
Obviously youre going to need a computerin oder to learn how to program in
Python and to test your code. You can use Windows (from XP onward) on either @ 32
cee bt processor on Apple Meo inx stalled PC
[| AN IDE
‘AnIDE (Integrated Developer Environment) is used ta enter and execute Python
code. Itenables you to inspect your program cade and the values within the cade, as
‘wellas offering advanced features. There are many different IDEs available, so Find
the one that works fr you and gives the best results.
|_| PYTHON SOFTWARE
macOS and Linux already come with Python preinstalled as part ofthe operating
system, as does the Raspberry Pi However, you need to ensure that you're running
the latest version of Python. Windows users need to download and install Python,
which we'll cover shortly.
[_] TEXT EDITOR
whist ext edo sande envionment to enter code ino. not an absolute
neces, You can enter and execute coe det from the OLE buta text eto,
Suchessbbine Text or Notepads, offers more advanced Features and colour coding
when entering code
‘ |_| INTERNET ACCESS.
Python isan ever evolving environment and as such new versions often introduce
new concepts or change existing commands and code structure to make ita more
efficient language. Having access to the Intemet will keep you upsto-date, help you
‘out when you get stuck and give access to Python's immense number of modules,
= TIME AND PATIENCE
Es Despite what other books may lead you to believe, you won't become a programmer
in 24-hours. Learning to code in Python takes time, and patience. Youmay become
stuck at times and other times te code willow tke water. Understand youte learning
something entirely new, and youwill get there THE RASPBERRY PI
( Equipment You Will Need CH
Why use a Raspberry Pi? The Raspberry Plisa tiny computer that’s very cheap to purchase but offers the user a fantastic learning
platform. its main operating system, Raspbian, comes preinstalled with the latest Python along with many Modules and extras.
aaa
The Raspberry Pi 3s the latest version incorporating a more
powerful CPU, more memory, WiFi and Bluetooth support.
‘You can pick up a Pi for around £32 or asa part oF kit For €50+,
depending on the kit you're interested in,
“The Raspberry P's main operating system isa Debian-based
Linux distribution that comes with everything you need in
asimple to use package. i's streamlined for the Piand isan
Ideal platform for hardware and software projec, Python
programming and even asa desktop computer
FUZE PROJECT
The FUZE sa learning environment bult on the latest model
‘of the Raspberry P. You can purchase the workstations that
‘come with an electronics kit and even a robot arm For you to
build and program. You can find more information on the FUZE
at www Fuze.co.uk
We have several great coding
titles avaliable via wunw.
bdmpublications.com. Our Pi
books cover how to buy your
First RaspberryPi, sett up and
use tsthere are some great
step-by-step project examples
and guides to get the most
From the Raspberry Pitoo.
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Coding
or Beg hee ER 0 ) Say Hello to Python
Getting to
Know Python
Python is the greatest computer programming language ever created. It enables
you to fully harness the power of a computer, in a language that’s clean and easy
RoR Uae] Ieee
WHAT IS PROGRAMMING?
Ithelps to understand what 2 programming language is before you try to learn one, and Python is no different. Let's take 2
look at how Python came about and how it relates to other languages.
PROGRAMMING RECIPES
Aprogramminglanguage recipe to bake a cake could go tke this:
Programs ae lke recipes For computers. A
isa list of instructions that
‘a computer follows. These: ut 100 grams of selFraising flourin a bowl.
instructions can be assimple Add 100 grams of butter to the bowl.
2s displaying your name ‘Add 100 mililtres of milk,
‘7 playing a music file, or Bake for halFan hour,
as complexas building a Sc a eee eneemrereeereeerertrect cooeesseeeneesnnaeensreeanecenee
whole virtual world. Python
isa programming lanquage
conceived in the late 1980s
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Just Uke a recipe, a program consists of instructions that you Follow piPhgiTitt. - y
Poe ee inocer a orgram hat desebes 8 cake mghtrnthe the
Informatica (Cwi) in the bowl = 0
Netherlands or a sccesocto fur = 100
TheARClanguage [butter «50
milk = 100
bowl .append( four butter mi Lk]) Penne
ake.cook(bowl)
PROGRAM COMMANDS
You might not understand some of the Python commands, lke bowl append and cake.cook(bow).
‘The firsts list, the second an object; we'll Look at both inthis book. The main thing to know is
that it’s easy to read commands in Python. Once you learn what the commands do, I's easy to
figure out how a program works.
Guido van Rossum, the
Father of Python. ( Getting to Know Python cH
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES ZEN OF PYTHON
Computer languages that are easy to read are known as “high-level”. Python lets you access al the power ofa computer in a language
“hiss because they Fly high above the hardware (also referred to as_ that humans can understand, Behind allthis an ethos called "The
‘the metal). Languages that “fy close to the metal," ke Assembly, Zen of Python.” This isa collection of 20 software principles that
are known as “low-level”, Lovelevel languages commands read a bit influences the design of the language. Principles include “Beautiful
lkethis:msg db ,@xa Len equ $ - msg Is better than ugly” and “Simple isbetter than complex.” Type
‘import this into Python and it wil display all the principles.
PYTHON 3 VS PYTHON 2
Ina typical computing scenario, Python is complicated somewhat by the existence of two active versions of the language:
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PYTHON 2.X z rn 2wasoriginaly — ERRRRIREB) Python 3's orowing popularity has meant that
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adopted quite a large collection of modules, scripts, users, : features and begin to phase out the previous version.
and e Crass Y 5 Cota Soe Say Hello to Python
|
How to Set Up
Python in Windows
Nelo NAD Ee) Mend cleo MEMES een}
Downloads page. Whilst most seasoned Python developers may shun Windows as the
platform of choice for building their code, it’s still an ideal starting point for beginners.
INSTALLING PYTHON 3.X
Microsoft Windows doesn't come with Python preinstalled as standard, so you're going to have to install it yourself manually.
Thankfully, it’s an easy process to follow.
FETE EE Stzrtby opening yourweb browser towww.python. [ESTEEM choosing the Customise option allows you to
‘0F9/downloads/. Look for the button detaling the specify certain parameters, and whist you may
) hist perfectly
fe envionment Ks rot too userfiendly so leave the command
tne for nou Enter: exT¥() to leave and close the Command
Prompt window ®) Say Hello to Python )
How to Set Up
Python on a Mac
IF you're running an Apple Mac, then setting up Python is incredibly easy. In Fact a
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INSTALLING PYTHON
Apple's operating system comes with Python installed, so you don’t need to install it separately, However, Apple doesn't
update Python very often and you're probably running an older version. So it makes sense to check and update First
PEPE open anew Terminal window by clicking Go> FERED) ickon the latest version of Python 3%, in our
Utes, then double-click the Terminal icon, Now (se this isthe download button for Python 3.6.2.
enter: python =-version. You should see"Python 2.1" and This will automatically download the latest version of Python and
even later, iF Apple has updated the OS and Python installation, depending on how you've got your Mac configured, t automaticaly
Either way, it's best to check forthe latest version. starts the installation wizard,
EeTeeER pen Safari and head over to www.python.ora/ FETED With the Python instalation wizard open, click on
downloads. Just 2s with the Windows setup the Continue button to begin the installation. I's
procedure on the previous pages, you can see two yellow download worth taking a moment to read through the Important information
buttons: one for Python 3.6.2, andthe other for Python 2.7.13, section, in case it references something that applies to your version
Note, that version numbers maybe different due tothe Frequent of macOS, When reads, click Continue again,
releases of Python.
DOC Rute ana Tb C How to Set Up Python ona Mac E Eq
‘The next section details the Software License
Agreement, and whilst not particularly interesting
tomost Folks, it’s probably worth a read, When you're ready, click on
the Continue button once again
Finally you're be presented with the amount of
space Python wil take up on your system and an
Insta button, which you need to click to start the actual installation
‘oF Python 32xon to your Mac. You may need to enter your password
toauthenticate the instalation proces.
The installation shouldn't take too long; the older
‘Mac Mini we used inthis sectionisa lite slower
than more modern Mac machines andit only took around thirty
seconds forthe Installation Successful prompt to be displayed,
‘There's nothing much ele leftto do nthe Python
Sua" installation wizard so you can click the Close button.
you now drop backintoa Terminal session and reenter the
command: python3=-verston you can see the new version
now sted. Tener te command ine version of Python you need
toenter pythons To ex, ts exit
PEED You nced to search in Finder for the Python IDLE;
‘when you've Found it cickit to launch and it
should look similar to that of the Windows IDLE version shown on
the previous page. The only difference being the Mac detected
hardware platform it’s running on.
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(Older Mac versions may have trouble with the
ewer versions of Python, in which case you will
need to revert toa previous Python 3.x build; as long as you're using
Python 33, the code in this book will work or you.
‘Python 3-12 (z312:79260M, Mar 24 2010, 0
[6cc 4.0-1" (apple Inc. build $493)] on’ darwin
33:18)
‘Type "copyright", “credits” or “Licensi
Fe information.
}" fer mo Say Hello to Python
How to Set Up
Python in Linux
PYTHON PENGUIN
Linux is such a versatile operating system that it’s often difficult to nail down just one way of doing something. Different
distributions go about installing software in different ways, so we will stick to Linux Mint 18.1 For this particular tutorial
FO TERE RD Fist younced to ascertain which version of Python FATES Some Linux distros wll automaticaly update
's currently installed in your Linuxsystemy, as we the instalation of Python to the latest versions
mentioned, we're going to be using Linux Mint 18.1 for thissection. whenever the system is updated. To check, first doa system update
‘Aswith macOS, drop into a Terminal by pressing CUrt+Atl+T and upgrade with:
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade
davidedavid-mint
File Edt View Search Terminal Help Enter your password and let the system do any updates.
Fee Nextenter:python ==version intothe Terminal [ESTA Once the update and upgrade is complete, you
screen, You should have the output relating to may need to answer 'Y' to authorise any upgrades,
version 2.x of Python in the display. Oursin this particular case ls. enter: python3: =-Version to see if Python 3xis updated or even
Python 2.7.12. installed. n the case of Linux Mint, the version we have is Python
3.5.2, which sine For our purposes.
davidedavid-mint ~
Fle Edit View Search Terminal Help
wera bdmpubiations.com ( Howto Set Up Python in Linux €
FETED However, iFyou want the latest version, 3.62 as per [ERTESESRM within the Python folder, enter:
the Python website atthe time of writing, you need ie
‘ebuild Pythonfrom source, Startby entering these conmendsinto ——.._ ee
‘This coulda little while depending o
Once finished, enter: python3.6 —
Installed latest version.
he speed of your computer.
version to check the
sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev
Libncursesn5-dev Libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev
Libgdbn-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev
ease
PEPE open upyour Linux web browser and go to FeTSEIE DD or the GUIIDLE, you need to enter the following
the Python download page: www.pythen.org/ ‘command into the Terminal:
‘downloads. lick on the Download Python 3.6.2 (or whichever
version t's on when you look) to download the source Python:
3.62tarxeflle ‘The IDLE can then be started with the command: idLe3. Note, that
IDLE runs a different version fram the one you installed from source.
sudo apt-get install idle3
Co yore erg
Gnadedend mint WDomiendutyner a2
ESTEE AD '0 the Terminal, co the Downloads folder by FETED ov aso need AP (Pip Installs Packages) which isa
entering: ed Downiloads/. Then unzip the tool to help you install more modules and extras.
contents of the downloaded Python source code with: tar =xvF_ Enter: sudo apt-get install python3-pip
Python-3.6.2. tar.xz. Now enter the newly unzipped folder
SE PIP is then installed; check For the latest update with:
pip3 install --upgrade pip
When complete, close the Terminal and Python 3.x willbe available
via the Programming section in your dstro's menu,
wn bdmpubliations.com Getting Started with Python
wornbmpubiations.com Getting
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Vie
Python
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daunting at first but the language has been designed
with simplicity in mind. Like most things, you need to.
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expressions, user input, conditions and loops; and the
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Starting Python For
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STARTING PYTHON
We're not going to go into the details of getting the Raspberry Pi up and running, there's plenty of material already available
‘on that subject. However, once you're ready, fire up your Pi and get ready For coding,
FETE RID With the Raspbian desktop loaded, cick on the SEED (or example, inthe shell enter: 242
‘Menu button followed by Programming » Python After pressing Enter, the nex¢ line displays the
3 (DLE). Ths opens the Python 3 Shall. Windows and Mac users can answer: 4. Basically, Python has taken the ‘code’ and produced the
Find the Python 3IOLE Shell from within the Windows Start button relevant output.
menu and via Finder.
PE rea oe TTT
ips eet rte a ten) er ae tran,
BEER Thesheliswhereyou canentercode andseethe — JESTEEIARB the Python shel acts very much ikea calculator,
responses and output of code you've programmed since code is basically a series of mathematical
into Python. Tiss kind of sandbox, where you're ableto try out _interactions with the system. Integers, which ae the infinite
‘some simple code and processes. sequence of whole numbers can easly be added, subtracted,
‘multiplied and so on,
EE ma “ume me tin 7
Starting Python for the First Time ( c Eq
While that’s very interesting, i's not particularly
exciting. Instead, try this:
print(*Hello everyone!”)
Just ike the code we entered in Sublime inthe Installing a Text
Editor section ofthis book,
PEP This isa lctie more ike t, since you've just produced
Your first bit of code. The Print command is fairly
self-explanatory, it prints things. Python 3 requires the brackets as
‘well as quote marks in order to output content to the screen, in this
‘ease the ‘Hello everyone! bit
>>> print(“Hello everyone! *)
Hello everyone!
>>|
You may have noticed the colour cading within
Sica
the Python IDLE, The colours represent different
‘elements of Python code, They are:
Black —Data and Variables
Green—Strings
Purple— Functions
range Commands
Blue — User Functions
Dark Red Comments
Light Red Error Messages
IDLE Colour Coding
| cotour_[ Usetor | examotes _|
Purple | Fnetene | end print)
ghred | Eromessapns | _syntanteror
ESTEE The Python ies a configurable enironment. if
you dont tke the way the colour are represented,
then youcan always change them via Options > Configure IDLE and
clicking onthe Highlighting tb. However, we donttrecommend
that, as you won't be seeing the ame as cur screenshots.
EERE -estlike most programs available, regardless ofthe
‘operating system, there are numerous shortcut
keysavallable. We don't have room for them all here but within the
(Options > Configure IDLE and under the Keys tab, you can see a list
of the current bindings.
The Python IDLE isa power interface and one
that’s actually been written in Python using one
of the available GU! toolkits. IF you want to know the many ins and
‘outs of the Shel, we recommend you take afew moments to view
‘wwnw.docs.python.org/3/library/idle.html, which detais many of
the IDLE's Features. ED) cain saresisten)
Your First Code
UCT cM cuN Mga setomet Meee ass)
everyone!”)’ Function from the previous tutorial, However, let's expand that and look at
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PLAYING WITH PYTHON
‘With most languages, computer or human, it’s all about remembering and applying the right words to the right situation.
‘You're not born knowing these words, so you need to learn them.
PER uve doses Python IDLE, eopentin ED eerste neecrn unter ate
whoever pereang stem versonyouprefen Duiputs the 22 yu skedtobepraed tothe
the shel entre oa Flow screen The quotation mats are dong whats bergutputed
ees ‘Ste OLE Seta pnts ila 22 youreedremave
the quotes:
print(2+2)
Eee 2¥st2s redicted, the word Hello appearsin the Eee You can continue as such, printing 2+2, 46442343,
Shell as bive text, indicating output From a string. 3nd Soon to the Shell An easier ways tousea
Its Fairly straightforward and doesn't require too much explanation. variable, whichis something we will coverin more depth later. For
Now try
printcr2+2") ESTES What you have done here is assign the letters 2
and b two values: 2 and 2. These are now variables,
‘hich can be called upon by Python to output, add, subtract, divide
‘and so on For as ong as their numbers stay the same. Ty this:
printca)
print)
Your First Code
PTD Nowlet’s adda surname:
‘surnome="Hayward”
print(surname)
‘You now have two variables containing a first name and a surname
and you can print them independently
The output ofthe as step dpaythe current
SEG values of both a and 0 individually, as you've asked
them to be printed separately. If you want to add them up, you can
use the following:
print(atb)
‘This code simply takes the values of @ and b, adds them together,
Save As From within the Editor
tocreate abackup.
BRTESET RD Now create anew file. Close the Editor, and open
anew instance (File > New File rom the Shel.
Enter the Following end save ia hllo.py.
a="Python”
baris”
"cool!"
print(a, b, ¢)
‘You will use this code inthe next tutorial
Tal Pune Sooners Caehalopy G47) Getting Started with Python
Executing Code from
the Command Line
COMMAND THE CODE
Using the code we created
in the GUL at the comman
FERED °2th00, in Linux, comes with two possible ways of
exeautin the command line, One of the
ways is with Python 2, whilst the other uses the Python 3 libraries
and 50 on. First though, drop into the command line or Terminal on
‘your operating system,
line level,
the previous tutorial, the one we named hello py, let’s see how you can run code that was made
‘command line version ofthe Shell, withthe Familiar three right:
Facing arrows asthe cursor (>>),
worabmpubiations.com
Ea From here you're able to enter the code you've
looked at previously, such as
a2
primt(a)
You can see that it works exactly the same. Executing Code from the Command Line
EapD Now enter: exit() to leave the command line Python The result of running Python
session and return you back to the command Python 2 command line is quite obvious. Whilst it
prompt. Enter the folder where you saved the code from the ‘terror outin any way, due to the differences between the
previous tuterial and list the available files within; hopefully you way Python 3handles the Print command aver Python 2, the result
should see the hello.py file. isn'tas we expected, Using Sublime for the moment, open the
hellopy file
1 CA Ooene sine Te UES
PPD Fromithin thesame folder as the code youre PPED since Sublime Text isnt available for the Raspbe
doing to run enter the Following into the Pi, youre going to temporarily eave the Pi for the
command line: moment and use Sublime as an example that you dor't necessarily
need to use the Python IDLE. With the hello.py fle open, alteritto
Pshon LS LLOTPT include the Following:
This will execute the code we created, which to remind you is
ane=inputC"What is your name? *)
a="Python” printC‘Hello,”, name)
FETTER) Noturally, since this is Python 3 code, using the PETRET PD Seve the hello.py ile and drop backto the
syntax and layout that’s unique to Python 3, it only command line. Now execute the newly saved
‘works when you use the python3 command. Fyou like trythe same code with
‘with Python 2 by entering
python3 hello.py
The resul willbe the original Python is cool! statement, together
with the added input command asking you For your name, and
displaying it in the command window.
python hello.py
‘worn bdmpubliations.com C3 Getting Started with Python
Numbers and Expressions
We've seen some basic mathematical expressions with Python, simple addition and the
like. Let's expand on that now and see just how powerful Python is as a calculator. You
can work within the IDLE Shell or in the Editor, whichever you like.
IT’S ALL MATHS, MAN
‘You can get some really impressive results with the mathematical powers of Python; as
languages, maths is the driving Force behind the code.
‘most, if notall, programming
FSTEEEID Pen uo the Gul version of Python 3, asmentioned STEED You canuse al the usval mathematical operations:
you can use either the Shell or the Editor. For the vide, multiply, brackets and so on, Practise with a
time being, youre soingto use the Shel ustowarm ourmaths Few, forexample:
tule, unchve believe sa sal land loeated athe beck ofthe
brain (ornot. =
6/2
20283
G2or)
2 STE 4
a Secmalsurbee niente ae cle as
crear or floating point arithmetic, However, if you need an integer as
a ‘opposed to a decimal answer, then you can use a double slash:
Youcanseethateyhonantandesome autelasenunies. 2
srdsoon
SoBe rae or “cna fr mee tart,
Ey 10/3,
wil splay 3333333333, which’s of course 3.3recurting.Fyou
now enter:
1053,
‘This wil display 1, which is the remainder left over from dividing 10,
into3.
"Next up we have the power operator, or
‘exponentiation if you want to be technical. To work
You can also use an operation to see the remainder
left over from division, For example:
‘out the power of something you can use @ double multiplication
‘symbol or double'star on the keyboard:
203,
10°10
Essentially it's 2x22 but we're sure you already know the basis
behind maths operators. Tiss how you would work:t out in Python.
‘Numbers and expressions dont stop there. Python
hhas numerous built-in functions to work out sets.
‘oF numbers, absolute values, complex numbers and a host of
mathematical expressions and Pythagorean tongue-twisters, For
‘example, to convert a number to binary, use:
bing)
Numbers and Expressions CH
‘This willbe displayed as ‘0b11, converting the
Si integer into binary and adding the prefix Ob to the
Front. you want to remove the Ob prefix, then you can use:
format(3, ‘b")
“The Format command converts avalue, the number 3,to.2
formatted representation as controlled by the Format specification,
the’ par.
FETSEE DD /800lean Expression is. logical statement that will
tither be true or false, We can use these to compare
dataand test to see it's equal to, less than or greater than. Try this
Ina New File:
a=6
b=?
print(, a = 6)
print(2, a = 7)
print(@3, a == 6 ond b == 7)
print(4, a == 7 and b == 7)
print(S, not a == 7 and b == 7)
print(é, a w= 7 or b m= 7)
print(?, a == 7 or b = 6)
print(8, not Ca = 7 and b = 6))
print(3, not a == 7 and b == 6)
BRTESR EDD ©xccute the code from Step 9, andyou can see a
series of Tue o False statements, depending on
the result ofthe two defining values: 6 and 7. I's an extension of
‘what you've looked at, and an important part of programming. C3 Getting Started with Python
Using Comments
UNA RATA eae R Voll molec Mend a OMe ml eR Lila cle MN UT12) (Reel aN RON 16-1 0
Percofel EMMI Me LiL EDs eR: UMC Rol aCe Me WaT Klee mere
Follow the code line by line but over time, it can become difficult to read.
#COMMENTS!
Programmers use a method of keeping their code readable by commenting on certain sections. fa variables used, the
programmer comments on whatits supposed to do, for example. It's just good practise.
Start by creating a new instance of the IDLE Edtor Resave the code and execute it. You can see thatthe
(File> New Fle) and create a simple verable and ‘outbutin the IDLE Shellistil the same as before,
print command despite the extra lines being added. Simply put, the hash symbol)
denotes line of text the progremmer caninsert to inform them,
a=10 4
eee and others, of what's going on without the user being aware.
‘Save the fle and execute the code. f fyens42stet
‘anmersay-fhonnploscaren yin Cotaeanmerepy aaa) =e
[Be Git amt Bin tone wa
Da
ed tie temas for oe retin,
TEED ennina the code willreturn the ine: The value of A RSTSSWPMM Let's assume that the variable A that we've created
is, 10 into the IDLE Shell window, which iswhat we isthe number of livesin a game. Everytime the
‘expected. Now, add some of the types of comments you'd normally player dies, the value is decreased by 1. The programmer could
see within code: insert a routine along the lines of:
# Set the start value of A to 10 a=a-1
a=10 printC*You’ve just lost a life!”)
# Print the current value of A printC*You now have”, a, “Lives left!")
print(*The value of Ais,”, a) PPI whistwe know thatthe variable A istives, and
that the player has just ost one, a casual viewer or
‘someone checking the code may not know. Imagine for a moment
that the code istwenty thousand lines long, instead of ust our
seven, You can see how handy comments a.
Using Comments
Inline comments are comments that follow a section
Sra of code. Take our examples from above, instead oF
inserting the code on e separate line, we could use:
a=10 # Set the start value of A to 10
print(*The value of A is,", 0) # Print the current
value of A
a-a-1 # Player Lost a Life!
print(*You’ve just lost a life!”)
print(*You now have”, a, “Lives left!") # Inform
player, and display current value of A lives)
Essentially, the new code together with comments
SUEDE could look like:
# Set the start value of A to 10
10
# Print the current value of A
print(*The value of A is,”, a)
# Player lost a life!
ana-1
# Inform player, and display current value of A
ives)
print(*You’ve just lost a lifel”)
print(“You now have”, a, “Lives Left!)
You can use comments in different ways. For
example, Block Commentsare a large section of
STEP 7
text that details what's going on in the code, suchas telling the code
reader what variables you're planning on using:
# This is the best game ever, and has been
developed by a crack squad of Python experts
# who haven’t slept or washed in weeks. Despite
being very smelly, the code at least
# works really well.
aaa
EEE The comment, the hash symbol, can also be used to
‘comment out sections of code you don’t want to be
executed in your program. For instance, if you wanted to remove
the first print statement, you would use:
# print(*The value of A is,”, a)
‘Ble Est Format Bun Options wndows Hep
@ Set the start value of A to 10
Print the current value of A
printc"the value of Ais.” ai]
Player lost'a life!
inform player. and display current value of A (Lives)
int( You've just lost
Prine(-Yeu now have", a,
Teer)
Lives left!
You also use three single quotes to comment
‘outa Block Comment or multitine section of
comments, Place them before and after the areas you want to
comment for them to work:
This is the best game ever, and has been developed
by a crack squad of Python experts who haven"t
slept or washed in weeks. Despite being very
smelly, the code at Least works really nell. C3 Getting Started with Python
Working with Variables
Cece chemi amo anes selec Te eee
worth going through the way they operate and how Python creates and assigns certain
NEWER 12) oe
VARIOUS VARIABLES.
You'll be working with the Python 3 IDLE Shell in this tutorial, Ifyou haven't already, open Python 3 or close down the previous
IDLE Shelt to clear up any old code.
In some programming languages you're required
to-use a dolar sign to denote a string, which is a
variable made up of multiple characters, such as @ name of a person.
In Python this isnt necessary. For example, inthe Shell enter:
nane="David Haynard” (oruse your own name, unless you're
also called David Hayward).
Tae Ga sd ot GaN des
You've seen previously that variables can be
concatenated using the plus symbol between the
variable names. In our exemple we can use: print Chame + “:
4 title). The midéle part between the quotations allows us to
add acolon and a space, as variables are connected without spaces,
so we need to add them manualy
eG Sel oes GENE Wr He
PEPER You can check the type of variable inuse by
issuing the type 0) command, placina the name of
the variable inside the brackets. In our example, this would be:
‘type Came). Add new string variable: tit
from Vikings”
ca cco er
combinevarables | acest ee eee
‘within another variable. For
example, to combine both name
andtitlevariablesinto a new
variable we use:
character=name +“: +
title
‘Then output the content of the
new variable as:
print (character)
Numbers are stored as different
variables:
age=4
Type Cage)
‘Which, as we know, are integers ESTER However, youcantt combine both strings and
integer type variables in the same command, as you
‘would a set of similar variables. You need to either turn one into the
‘other or vice versa, When you do try to combine bath, you gat an
‘error message:
print (nome + age)
Working with Variables (c}
FEED this presents abit of aproblem when you want to
work with a number that's been inputted by the
User, as age + 10 won't work due to being a string variable and an
integer. Instead, you need to enter:
intCage) + 10
‘This wil Typecast the age string nto an integer that can be
‘worked with,
ed mr nc
ei
BRTTSDD This is 2 process known as TypeCasting. The Python,
code is:
print (character + “ is o
old.)
‘or you can use:
print (character, “is*, age, “years old.”)
Notice again that in the last example, you don't need the spaces
between the words in quotes asthe commas treat each argument
to print separately
+ str(age) + “ years
>>> print (name + age)
Traceback (most recent call Last)
File "™
rine’ (name * age)
Typetrror: can't convert
ine 1°"in'cnodute>
sant’ object to str implicitly
strage) #. yours eld”)
siangae 44 yrs ol
Sescended tron'vikings is'4 years old.
STEP 7
center:
‘age= input C“How old are you? “)
‘All data stored from the Input command is stored asa string variable,
‘le lt shal Debug Options windows He
2 Cantal. OFF 19 1TH
‘Another example of TypeCasting is when you ask For
input from the user, such as a name. For example,
ragits" or “License
reyout
Berea The use of Typecasting is also important when
dealing with floating point arithmetic; eemember:
‘numbers that have a decimal point in them. For example, enter
shirt=19.99
Now enter typeCshirt) and you'lsee that Python as allocated
the numbers Toa, becase the value contains a decimal pot.
aerate
Meredits” or “License()” for nore information.
When combining integers and Floats Python
Usually converts the integer toa float, but should
the reverse ever be applied it's worth remembering that Python
doesn't return the exact value. When converting afloat to an
integer, Python will aways round down tothe nearest integer,
called truncating; in our case instead of 19.99 it becomes 19,
Scene ere rag a
‘le Eat shob_Qobug Options wndows ip
yon 34.2 Caataalt, Bet 19 20TH D
Hype Scopyrige”, Nereeits" or *License()* for nore information.
Memarecioees |
iase fica’)
so thecanirt) ED) cin session)
User Input
WSN oes eon ret merle (NM nan eels cKO nL cna) (ord
earlier, so now would be a good time to Focus solely on how you would get information
emt mec ere cnas
USER FRIENDLY
‘The type of input you want from the user will depend greatly on the type of program you're coding. For example, a game may
‘ask For a character's name, whereas a database can ask for personal details.
ESTe ORE *itsnot already, open the Python 3 1OLE shell, Eafe Now that we have the user'sname stored in a
‘and start a New Fle inthe Editor. Let's begin with ‘couple of variables we can call them up whenever
something really simple, enter: ‘we want:
print¢“Hello") print('Welcone”, firstname, surname, “. I hope
firstname=input (“What is your first name? “) ‘you're well today.”)
print(“Thanks.”)
surnane=input(*And what is your surname? “)
Save and execute the code, and as you already no Run the code and you can ee a slight issue, the
doubt suspected, in the IDLE Shel the program will fullstop after the surname follows a blank space.
‘ask for your first name, storing it as the variable firstname, followed To eliminate that we can add a plus sign instead ofthe comma in
by your surname; also stored in its own variable (surname), thecode:
printC‘Welcone”, firstname, surnames. I hope
you're well today.”)
he ath tg atone so
PSE ey ee spre eter a yu ame — ‘You dont always have to include quoted text within
the input command, For example, you can askthe
user their name, and have the inputin the line below:
print(“Hello. What”s your name?)
nanesinput()
seringutpy - /home/pi/Docurnents/Python Code/us)
[Ble Edt Faimat Bun Options Windows Help
Drint("Relle, What"= your nane?™)
ane=input()
User Input
\hatyouvecested here sa condo, which we
Sra will cover soon. In short, we're using the input from:
the userand measuring kagalnst.acondton So the user enters
David astheirname the guard wl low them to pass unhindered
Ele they entra name other than David, the guard challenges
themtoa Pht.
The code from the previous step is often regarded
2s being a litle neater than having a lengthy
‘amount of text the input command, butit'snata rule that's set in
stone, so do as you lke in these situations. Expanding on the code,
ley this
printC“Halt! Who goes there?”)
name=inputQ)
It's2 good start toa text adventure game, perhaps?
Now you can expand on it and use the raw input
STEP 7
from the user to flesh out the game alittle:
if name=="David”:
print(*lelcone, good sir. You may pass.
else:
print(*I know you not. Prepare for battle!
‘Sairntpy-emelp/Docunets/Pybon Cadebseieaey(342) = 2
ie tat rt in geters Wenn
FERED .ustssyoulearmed previously, any input froma
‘user is automatically a string, so you need to apply a
“ypeCast inorder totum tinto something else. Thiscreates some
interesting additions to the input command, For example:
# Code to calculate rate and distance
printC*Input a rate and a distance”)
rate = floatCinputC*Rate: "))
Faces Heatcinutenete! Si
FTE EDD 10 finalise the rate and distance code, we can add:
distance = floatCinputC“Distance: “))
printC*Time:”, (distance / rate))
Save and execute the code and enter some numbers. Using the
Floattinout element, we've told Python that anything entered isa
Floating point number rather than a string C3 Getting Started with Python
Creating Functions
Now that you've mastered the use of variables and user input, the next step is to tackle
functions. You've already used a few functions, such as the print command but Python
enables you to define your own functions.
FUNKY FUNCTIONS
‘Afunction is a command that you enter into Python to do something. It's little piece of self-contained code that takes data,
‘works on it and then returns the result.
BETERDD (¢snotjust data that a function workson.theycan [NSE You can pass variables through Functions in much
do all manner of useful things in Python, such as the same manner, Let's assume you want the
sort data, change items fram one formatto anather and checkthe numberof letersina person's surname, you could use the Following
length or type of items. Basically, a Function is ashort word that's _code (enter the text editor For this example):
followed by brackets. For example, ten), ist() or type(). hemes MPUETCTENceryounTsunneane ti"
counteLenCnane)
print (“Your surname has“, count, “Letters in
it”)
Press F5 and save the code to execute it.
‘Afunction takes data, usually a variable, works on Python has tens of Functions built into it, Far too
‘depending on what the Functionis programmed many to get into inthe limited space available here.
todo and returns the end value. The data being worked on goes However, to view thelist of builtin Functions available to Python 3,
inside the brackets, so if you wanted to know how many letters navigate to www.docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html These
aren the word antidisestablishmentarianism, then you'denter. __are the predefined Functions, but since users have created many
‘Jen(“antidisestablishmentarianism™) and the number28 more, they're not the only ones available,
‘would return, ‘Additional functions can be added to Python
Suave through modules. Python has a vast range oF
‘modules available that can cover numerous programming duties.
“They add Functions and can be imported as and when required. For
example, to use advanced mathematics Functions enter:
import math
(Once entered, you have access to all the math module functions.
FORGING FUNCTIONS
To wea uncon fom a made enter the name of
Suar6 the module followed by a full stop, then the name
ofthe unctonFornsance, sng the math modkie since youve
Iistimported tint Python, youcan us the square oot uncon,
“odoso enter:
math.sqrt(16)
You can see that the code is presented as module function(data)
‘There are many different Functions you can import created by other Python programmers and you will undoubtedly come
across some excellent examples in the Future; you can also create your own with the deF command,
eee
oe
[def Hello():)
Hel Loc)
Cees
type in Hel
eneeeans ee
Belt
Perens
et cos
Pee ese
accept
Ree arte
er mn may
Function can now pass variables through it
PEED 10 modity cturther delete the Hello(’David" line,
the last line in the script and press CtrlS to save
Tee aioe oar
iret
og
rerrrr
eer
Seat
eters
ad
ay
creating Functions (CI C3 Getting Started with Python
Conditions and Loops
eet een Ce Se arae coe enn Ren eee
rather complex. How you use them depends greatly on what the program is trying to
Ea ment eel] Coan Ma unmade Rec Lom ies ly ee Reon a ceo
TRUE CONDITIONS
Keeping conditions simple to begin with makes learning to program a more enjoyable experience. Let's start then by checking
if something is TRUE, then doing something else iF itisn't.
Let's create a new Python program that wil ask
te user to inputa word, then checkit to see iF its
2a fourletter word or not. Start with File > New File, and begin with
the input variable:
word=input(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
BETTER) Nowwe can createa new variable, then use the len
function and pass the word variable through ito
‘get the total numberof letters the user has ust entered:
word=input(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
word_length=lenGnord)
ESTEE) Now youcan use an ifstatementtocheckifthe
word length variable is equal to four and print 3
friendly conformation iit applesto the rule:
word-input(“PLease enter a four-letter nord: “)
word_Length-Len(word)
fF word_length ==
print (word, “is a four-letter word. Well done.”)
“The double equal sign (==) means check Fsomething is equalto
something else.
eicingcen a)
FETIP the colon at the end of iF tells Python that if this
statement is true do everything ater the colon
that’s indented. Next, move the cursor back to the beginning of
the Editor:
Word=inputC"Please enter a four-letter word: *)
word_Length=LenGword)
if word_length == 4:
print word, “is a four-letter word. Well
done.”)
else:
print (word, “is not a four-letter nord.”) ress 5 andsavethe code to execute Enter
Suave ‘2 Fourletter word in the Shell to begin with, you
shoul havethe retuned messoe hts the wor sores
Now press agan and rerun the program bu this tine entera
fetter word The Shel wil display tat t's no a Foucltter word
LOOPS.
eee ee eeu oie
PEPIID Now expand the codetto include another conditions.
Eventually, it could become quite complex. We've
added a condition for threeletter words:
Wordsinput(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
word LengtheLen(word)
if word length == 4:
print (nord, “is a four-letter word. Well
done”)
elif word_length
print (word, “is a three-letter word. Try again.”)
else:
print (nord, “is not a four-letter nord.”)
Nee ee eae
block oF code a number of times, usually with the support of a condition.
eee eat
Se eae ants
corres
x= 1
wile x < 10;
print Go)
PEED The cifference between if and while is when while
eee eg eet eet
ee oe tay
eater COG
Cer tean rr cease Eee
FRTTRED the For loop is another example, Foris used to
Usually alist stored as
ee are
fords=[#Cat™, “Dog”, “Unicorn™
Hor_word tn words:
print (nord))
Hor x in range (1, 10):|
print Go)
era
eet
aeons
The For loop
at
ded here b
Meet eet Getting Started with Python
Python Modules
MASTERING MODULES
‘Think of modules as an extension that’s imported into your Python code to enhance and extend its capabilities. There are
countless modules available and as we've seen, you can even make your own
EE Although good, the builtin Functions wihin Python
are limited, The use of modules, however, allows us
tomake more sophisticated programs. As you are aware, modules
are Python scripts that are imported, such as import math
BED ‘Some modules, especially on the Raspberry P
‘are included by default, the math module being a
prime example. Sadly, other modules aren't always available. A good
example on noni platformsis the pygeme module, which contains
‘many Functions to help create garmes. Try: import pygame,
worabmpubiations.com
Ea he resultis an error inthe IDLE Shell asthe
ygame module isn’t recognised or installed in
Python. To installa module we can use PIP (Pip Installs Packag
Close down the IDLE Shell and drop into a command prompt or
Terminal session. At an elevated admin command prompt, enter:
pip install. pygane
BED The PIP installation requires an elevated status
due it installing components at cifferent locations.
indows users can search For CMD via the Start button and right
click the result then click Run as Administrator. Linux and Mac users
canuse the Sudo command, with sudo pip install package, PEPIED lose the command prompt or Terminal and
relaunch the IDLE Shell, When you now enter:
mport pygane, the module willbe imported into the code
‘without any problems. Youll find that most code downloaded or
‘copied From the internet will contain a module, mainstream of
Unique, these are usualy te source of errorsin execution due to
them being missing
Dracaiaee =e
Python Modules:
FETED Mutinle modules can be imported within your code.
To.extend our example, use:
‘import random
‘import math
for I in range(S):
print(random.randint(1, 25))
print(nath.pi)
Dm
‘The modules contain the extra code needed to
‘achieve acertain result within your awn cade, as
‘we've previously experimented with. For example:
import random
Brings in the code from the random number generator module. You
‘can then use this module to create something ike
for i in range(10):
printCrandom.randint(1, 25))
ovr a
This code, when saved and executed, wil display ten
rendam numbers from 1 to 25. You can play around
uwith the code to display more or les, and from a great or lesser
range. For example:
import random
for i in range(25):
printCrandom.randint(1, 100))
The reuse tng of random ruber olowed
EMai by the value of Pi as pulled From the math module
using the print(math.pi) function. You can also pull in certain
functions from a module by using the From and import commands,
suchas
fron random import randint
for i in range(s):
printCrandint(1, 25))
Brame
FREER ED Thshelos create a more streamlined approach to
programming, You can also use import module*,
_which will import everything defined within the named module,
However, it's often regarded as a waste of resources but it works
nonetheless. Finally, modules can be imported as aliases
‘import math as m
print(m.pi)
OF course, adding comments helps to tell others what's going on, Say Hello
tol@n:
erro ec eae oe er
used in a multitude of technologies. Everything
from your Favourite mobile app, console and PC
game to entire operating systems, all are developed
fencer cutee cer emer es Cad
kits and custom libraries.
ee Ce ees
ee eee a)
extraordinarily powerful language to get to grips
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wurbdmpublicationscom ee) Say Hello to C++
Why C++?
C++ is one of the most popular programming languages available today. Originally
called C with Classes, the language was renamed C++ in 1983. It’s an extension of the
original C language and is a general purpose object-oriented (OOP) environment.
C EVERYTHING
Due to how complex the language can be, and its power and performance, C++ is often used to develop games, programs,
device drivers and even entire operating systems.
Dating backto 1979, the star ofthe golden era ofhome ‘computing labs and by regular people who didn’t have access to the
‘computing, C+, oF rather C with Classes, was the brainchild of ‘mainframes and large computing data centres,
Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup while working on his,
PhD thesis. Stroustrup's plan was to furtherthe original Clanguage, C++'simpactin the digital word is immense. Many ofthe programs,
‘hich was widely used since the early seventies. applications, games and even operating systems are coded using
C++. For example, allof Adobe's major applications, such as|
‘Ct proved to be popular among the developers of the '80s, Photoshop, InDesign and so on, are developed in C++. You will Find
since t was a much easier environment to get to grips with and that the browser you suf the Internet with is written in C+, as
more importantly, t was 99% compatible with the original C ‘well as Windows 10, Microsoft Office and the backbone to Google's
language. This meant thatit could be used beyond the mainstream search engine. Apple's macOS is written largely in C++ (with some
Goines
| #include
using namespace std;
void main()
{char ch;
cout<<"Enter a charater to check it is vowel or not";
cin>>ch;
switch (ch)
al {
case'a': case'A':
eout< @> B=
a> Of" T>
‘Take a moment to browse through the app’s
information, including the compatiblity, to ensure
you have the correct version of macOS. Xcode requites macOS
10.126 orlaterto install and work.
Start by opening the App Store on your Mac, Apple
FETED) When you're ready, click on the Get button which
then turns into Install App. Enter your Apple ID
and xcode beginsto download and install. t may take some time
depending on the speed of your internet connection.
ESTeE DD When the installationis complete, click on the
‘Open buttan to launch Xcode. Click Agree to the
licence teas and enter your password to allow Xcode to make
changes tothe system. When that is done, Xcode begins to install
additional components. With everything now installed, including the
Run. You may be asked to enable Developer Mode
fon the Mac; this to authorise Xcode to perform Functions without
needing your password every session, When the program executes,
the outputs displayed at the bottom of the Xcode window. Say Hello to C++)
How to Set U
C++ in Linux
LINUX++
p
If you're not Familiar with Linux, then we recommend taking a look at one of our Linux titles from the BDM Publications range.
Ifyou have a Raspberry Pi, the commands used below work just fine and for this example we're using Linux Mint.
FETED the frststepis to ensure Linxis ready for your C++
code, so check the system and software are up to
date, Open a Terminal and enter: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt
‘get upgrade. Then press Retuin and enter your password. These
the entire system and any installed software
commands upd:
Fie te Wew Seach Temi Heb
EEE Most Linux distros come preinstalled wth al
Une necessary components to start coding in
C++showever it's ahvays worth checking to see if everything
ispresent. Seilwithin the Terminal, enter-sudo apt-get
install build-essential and press Return. IF you have the right |
components nothings installed if you're missing some then they
are installed by the command,
worn bmpubiations.com
‘Amazingly, that'sit. Everything is already for you
tostart coding, Here's how to get your first C++
program up and running. In Linux Mint the main text editor isXed,
‘which you can launch by clicking on the Meni and typing Xed into
the search bar. Click on the Text Editor button in the right-hand pane
toopenit.
Sia
In Xed, orany other text editor you may be using,
center the lines of code that make up your C++ Hello
alittle different to what the Mac produced:
#include
