Block 1

BCOS-183
Computer Application
in Business
6FKRRORI0DQDJHPHQW6WXGLHV
This is one of the skill enhancement (4 credits) elective courses in 3rd

Semester B.Com programme under CBCS scheme. The main objective of
this course is to familiarize the students with the application of computer in
business and how it facilitates in business decision making. The entire 20
units have been bifurcated into two parts, Part-A and Part-B. This Part-A
consists of three blocks 1, 2 & 3 and in total have 12 units. Part-B consists of
two blocks 4 & 5 and has 8 units in total. The brief introduction of Part-A is
as follows:
PART-A
BLOCK 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS
UNIT 1
Introduction to Computer 5
UNIT 2
Application of Computers 21
UNIT 3
Web Applications 35
UNIT 4
Basics of Computer Software 47
BLOCK 2 DATA HANDLING
UNIT 5
Business Information System 67
UNIT 6
IT Security Measures in Business 91
UNIT 7
Internet Services and E-mail Configuration 124
UNIT 8
Plastic Money, E-Wallet and Online Pay 137
BLOCK 3 WORD PROCESSING
UNIT 9
Basics of Word Processing 155
UNIT 10
Working with Word Processing 173
UNIT 11
Advanced Tools Using Word Processing 204
UNIT 12
Creating Business Documentation 231
PROGRAMME DESIGN COMMITTEE B.COM (CBCS)
Prof. Madhu Tyagi Prof. D.P.S. Verma (Retd.) Prof. R. K. Grover (Retd.)
Director, SOMS, IGNOU Department of Commerce School of Management Studies
University of Delhi IGNOU
Prof. R.P. Hooda
Former Vice-Chancellor Prof. K.V. Bhanumurthy (Retd.) Faculty Members
MD University, Rohtak Department of Commerce SOMS, IGNOU
University of Delhi
Prof. B. R. Ananthan
Former Vice Chancellor Prof. Kavita Sharma Prof. N. V. Narasimham
Rani Chennamma University Department of Commerce
Prof. Nawal Kishor
Belgaon, Karnataka University of Delhi
Prof. M.S.S. Raju
Prof. I. V. Trivedi Prof. Khurshid Ahmad Batt
Former Vice Chancellor Dean, Faculty of Commerce & Prof. Sunil Kumar Gupta
M. L. Sukhadia University Management
Udaipur University of Kashmir, Srinagar Dr. Subodh Kesharwani
Dr. Rashmi Bansal
Prof. Purushotham Rao (Retd.) Prof. Debarata Mitra
Department of Commerce Department of Commerce Dr. Madhulika P. Sarkar
Osmania University, Hyderabad University of North Bengal
Darjeeling Dr. Anupriya Pandey
COURSE DESIGN COMMITTEE B.COM (CBCS)

Prof. Madhu Tyagi Dr. Deep Shree Faculty Members
Director Delhi School of Management, SOMS, IGNOU
SOMS, IGNOU Delhi Technological University
Prof. N. V. Narasimham
Dr. Niraj Gupta Dr. Ritesh Saxena Prof. Nawal Kishor
Institute of Corporate Affairs CME, AIMA Prof. Madhu Tyagi
Manesar New Delhi
Prof. M.S.S. Raju
Dr. D.K. Dhusia Dr. Sudhansh Sharma Prof. Sunil Kumar Gupta
Jamia Millia Islamia SOCIS, IGNOU
Dr. Subodh Kesharwani
New Delhi Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey Dr. Rashmi Bansal
Dr. M.P. Mishra SOTHSM, IGNOU
Dr. Madhulika P. Sarkar
SOCIS, IGNOU Dr. Subodh Kesharwani Dr. Anupriya Pandey
Course Coordinator
COURSE PREPARATION TEAM

Dr. Subodh Kesharwani Dr. Amita Jain Dr. Deep Shree
SOMS, IGNOU Ambedkar Institute of Delhi School of Management,
New Delhi (Unit 1) Advanced Communication Delhi Technological University
Technologies, Govt. of Delhi, New Delhi (Unit 7 & 8)
Dr. Arvind Kumar Dubey New Delhi (Unit 5)
SOTHSM, IGNOU Dr. Ritesh Saxena
New Delhi (Unit 2) Dr. R.C. Tripathi
Center for Management
Professor, Faculty of
Dr. D.K. Dhusia Education, All India
Engineering and Computing
Department of commerce and Management Education
Sciences, Teerthanker
Business Studies, Jamia Millia New Delhi (Unit 9,10,11 & 12)
Mahaveer University,
Islamia, New Delhi (Unit 3 & 4) Muradabad (Unit 6) (GLWRU &RXUVH&RRUGLQDWRU
Dr. Subodh Kesharwani
MATERIAL PRODUCTION
Mr. Y.N. Sharma Mr. Sudhir Kumar
Assistant Registrar (Publication) Section Officer (PubOLFDWLRQ)
MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi
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All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other
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Further information on the Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from the
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Laser typeset by Tessa Media & Computers, C-206, A.F.E-II, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025
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BLOCK 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS

BLOCK 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF
COMPUTERS
This is the first block of the course “Fundamentals of Computers”. This block
will familiarise you about the basic knowledge of the computers, its types,
parts and application in various functions of organizations such as online
business, trade, commerce and society at large. It focuses on the various uses
of web applications helping the users to do their tasks more conveniently.
This block is structured to cover the fundamentals and preliminary aspects of
computer. The block on the theme “Fundamentals of Computers” comprises
of four units, the detail of which is mentioned below:
x Unit-1: This unit gives the basic introduction of computers and its
evolution, classification, usages and various components as well as
advantages and disadvantages on the other hand. The unit also makes us
familiar how Computers being, an integral part of our day to day life and
help us in enormous way to reduce our workload to a large extent.
x Unit-2: This unit discusses about the application of computers in various

segments such as business, trade, commerce, society, organizations,
online banking, finance etc. Due to the technological disruptions in the
modern era, no business can survive without computers and gadgets.
Later part of the unit highlights the importance of computer networks.
x Unit-3: This unit focuses on various web-based applications and their

usage such as Web Browser, Google Drive, Google sheets, Google slides
cloud based system, E-mail, online market place, online auctions,
information search, instant messaging services etc.
x Unit-4: This unit provides the basic knowledge about the computer
software, its functioning, and its development process. Software is the
intangible components of a computer which makes the hardware run.
The last unit of this block also gives the examples on the importance of
software that helps organisations to obtain a competitive edge over
others.

Introduction to

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS Computers
Structure
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of Computers
1.3 Evolution of Computers
1.4 Classification of Computers
1.4.1 On the Basis of Purpose
1.4.2 On the Basis of Size and Capacity
1.4.3 On the Basis of Data Handling or Technology Used
1.5 Components of a Computer System : Hardware & Software
1.6 Applications of Computers
1.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers
1.8 Let Us Sum Up
1.9 Key Words
1.10 Terminal Questions
1.0 OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, you should be able to:

x understand the evolution of computers;
x classify computers on the basis of purpose, size and technology;
x describe the various components of computers;
x explain how computers are useful in various areas;
x understand the advantages and disadvantages of computers; and
x differentiate computers from smart phones.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the era of machines, computer is the greatest boon to the mankind. The
thought came when people wanted a device which could help in calculating
problems but now it has become a life savior to human beings and we cannot
think of life without computers. Today the word “computer” is not only
confined to PC’s but also includes laptops, tablets, smart phones,
Electrocardiogram (ECG) machines, etc. This unit would help in
understanding the origin and evolution of computers, its classification on the
various bases, its components and its applications in today’s world. The unit
also makes the learner to know about certain advantages and disadvantages of
computers.
5

Fundamentals of
Computers 1.2 OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS
A Computer is basically a programmable electronic device which accepts

data, performs operations on the given data and presents the results and can
also store the data or results as per the requirements. Computers are general-
purpose information machines that can perform a variety of tasks on data.
These tasks are all related to the four basic computer operations i.e. to accept
data (input), process the data, produce output, and store (storage) the results
as needed. These days computers do not only come in the form of personal
computers (PC), but have taken various shapes. Computers are designed to
do everything with available pool of information and are popularly used for
controlling small and large machines which would have otherwise be
controlled by human. Computers have made their presence in every field and
they have their significance almost in every sphere. Computers have taken
various forms in contemporary world. Almost everyone use a personal
computer at their work space or in their home for performing tasks such as
doing calculations, getting information, watching movies, formulating
documents, organizing meetings, writing etc.
Smartphone Replacing Computer
Computers of these days are being replaced by Smart phones they can do
many things that our everyday laptops, gadgets and desktops offer us. Infact,
smart phones are like microcomputers which are capable to access and
process host of data and have camera, interfaces, internet browsing, text and
instant messaging, Wi-Fi, and Geographical Positioning System (GPS)
capabilities. On a Smartphone input can be provided through touch screen
interface and output can be seen on the screen.
Fig. 1.1 : Computer Vs Smart phones
Today’s smart phones are incredibly more influential as compared to the

desktop and laptops we have been using since years ago. Smartphone is an
incredibly essential tool in our daily lives; they are smaller in size and are
portable which a computer monitor and keyboard aren’t. From replying to
6

Introduction to
emails, to checking out your daily feed on social media, and uploading the Computers
occasional selfie to share to the world, smart phones can do a bunch of
imaginable things. In addition to performing the basic functions, smart
phones are capable enough to perform various computing activities.
Today’s smart phones are more advanced than ever before. The beauty in all
of this is the enhanced level of productivity that can now be achieved by our
smartphones. A smartphone can be quickly and easily transformed into a
versatile desktop Personal Computer (PC). Even though it won’t totally
replace desktop experience but it can come handy when required. Take a
Bluetooth keyboard and mouse, along with one of those portable external
displays, and you can basically get your desktop setup situated just about
anywhere.
1.3 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

When introduced first early in 1940’s, computers were very capacious
electronic devices that needed bunches of people to handle and operate them.
But with the passing of time and evolution of technology, computers of today
are very astounding and have gone through a complete overhauling.
Computers of now are so tiny that they can fit on your desk, on your lap, or
even in your pocket and they are now thousands of times more expeditious.
However, there are six apparent generations of computers which are
explained below. Every generation of computer is well-defined by a
paramount technological development which changes necessarily how
computers operate leading to more compressed, inexpensive, but more
dynamic, effective and booming machines.
1) First Generation (1940-1956): The first generation computers used

vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. The size of
first generation computers were very huge taking up the space of almost
an entire room. They were very costly to operate and in addition used a
large amount of electricity and used to produce lots of heat, which was
often the cause of malfunction. These first generation computers relied
on ‘machine language’ (which is the most fundamental programming
language that can be understood by computers). These computers were
used to solve only single problem at a time and it was very difficult to
trace and correct the programming error, if any. The examples of first
generation computers are Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)
and Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).
2) Second Generation (1956-1963): The second generation of computers

was based on the transistors which substituted the vacuum tubes. The
transistor was superior to the vacuum tubes in the sense it made
computers smaller, faster, cheaper and more energy efficient. It didn’t
require a complete room anymore. However, even though it was an 7

Fundamentals of
Computers improvement over the vacuum tubes to the transistor still generated a
great deal of heat which sometimes subjected the computer to damage its
internal sensitive parts. This generation of computers used assembly
language for programming. In this period, higher level programming
language like Common Business-oriented Language (COBOL), Formula
Translation (FORTRAN), and Algorithmic Language (ALGOL), Python,
were developed.
3) Third Generation (1964-1971): Third generation of computers brought

a significant change in the way of computing. This generation of
computers was based on the use of integrated circuits, which drastically
increased speed and efficiency of computers. As a result, computer
became smaller in size as more components were squeezed onto the
single chip. These were the first computers where users interacted using
keyboards and monitors which are interfaced with an Operating System
(OS), a consequential leap up from the punch cards and printouts. This
facilitates these machines to run various applications at once utilizing a
central program which functioned to monitor memory. Examples of this
generation of computers are IBM-360 and CDC-6400.
4) Fourth Generation (1972-2010): The fourth generation of computers
was based on the use of microprocessors, a single silicon chip on which
thousands of integrated circuits were built. The use of microprocessors
considerably reduced the size of computers now they can even be fit in
the palm of hand. The personal computers and laptop all made use of
microprocessors. For the first time in 1981, IBM introduced computers
for the home users and in 1984, Macintosh was introduced by Apple.
Fourth generation computers could be link together to form a network
which eventually led to the expansion, birth and rapid evolution of the
Internet. Other primary advances during this period have been the
Graphical User Interface (GUI), the mouse and advances in laptop
capability etc.
5)Fifth Generation (2010-2020):The fifth generation of computers began

with major innovations in computer architecture like- parallel processing,
intelligent programming, application of artificial intelligence,
knowledge-based system etc. The essence of fifth generation is to utilize
these technologies to ultimately engender machines which can proceed
and acknowledge natural language, and have efficiency to determine and
organize them. Movies like Terminator series (1, 2 and 3) and robots are
based on the concept of fifth generation computers. Fifth generation
based robots have been developed which are enormously being used in
medical science and research.
6) Sixth Generation (2020 onwards): The sixth generation of computers is

based on the nanotechnology. This generation of computers can be
defined as the era of intelligent computer, based on artificial neural
8

Introduction to
networks or “artificial brains”. Artificial Intelligence (AI) or artificial Computers
brains is a concept in programming which enables the devices to think
and take actions on their own. These computers have the ability to learn
via a variety of advanced algorithms. The generation also introduced
voice recognition, which enables the computers to take dictations and
recognize words. The use of nanotechnology is a characteristic of sixth
generation computers.
1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Various types of computers are available now a day. The function of each
type of computer is to process the data and provide some output to the users.
However, the techniques utilized by the computers for data processing and
handling may differ. Computers can widely be differentiated on the basis of
their abilities to process data. They are classified according to the purpose,
size and capacity, and data handling or technology used. We can classify the
computer according to the following three basis, as mentioned in figure 1.2.
On the Basis
of Purpose
Classification
of
Computers
On the Basis
On the Basis of Data
of Size and Handling or
Capacity Technology
Used
Fig. 1.2: Classification of Computers
1.4.1 On the Basis of Purpose

1) General Purpose Computers: General purpose computers fulfill
general requirements such as gaming, word processing, invoicing etc.
these are usually used at home, school, and in offices.
9

Fundamentals of
Computers 2) Special Purpose Computers: Special purpose computers are designed
to perform specific tasks. These may be used for research activities such
as weather forecasting, space research, defense research etc.
1.4.2 On the Basis of Size and Capacity

1) Micro Computer: Micro computers are the smallest computer system.
They are mostly single user general purpose computers. They are
relatively small in size and inexpensive computer with a microprocessor
as its CPU. Their speed as in comparison to mainframe or supercomputer
is low and their size range from calculator to desktop. These computers
are mainly used for computing purpose and mostly used in educational
institutions, home and offices. Examples of micro computers are desktop
PCs, Laptop, notebook, personal digital assistance, smartphones, tablets,
smartwatches etc.
2) Mini Computers: Mini computers are larger in size and are suitable for
a small business or for a department in a large organization to be used as
servers which support hundreds of users at a time in file sharing, printer
sharing and storing central information. They were actually designed for
control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication
switching and later they became very popular for personal use with
evolution. These computers possess greater memory and are capable of
handling input output devices. Examples of mini computers are Laptop,
PC etc.
3) Mainframe Computers: Mainframe computers are popularly known as

big iron, they are very big in size and very expensive. These computers
are capable of supporting thousands of users at a time and have massive
data storage capacity. These computers are basically used by big
organizations such as banks, E-commerce portals, insurance companies,
railways, airlines etc. for bulk data processing such as statistics, census
data processing, transaction processing and are widely used as the
servers as these systems has a higher processing capability as compared
to the other classes of computers.
4) Super Computers: A super computer is a computer with a high level of

performance; they are most powerful and very expensive. Super
computers are at the apex of computing system as they have ability to
perform billions of instructions per second. Super computers play a very
vital role in the field of computation, and are utilized for performing
intensive computational tasks in numerous fields such as quantum
mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas
exploration, molecular modeling, and physical simulations etc. These
computers are very costly and are treated as national resources.
10

Introduction to
Examples of super computers are Parallel Machines (PARAM), Jaguar, Computers
Roadrunner, etc.
1.4.3 On the Basis of Data Handling or Technology Used

1) Analog Computer: Analog computer is a type of computer which uses
continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical,
mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
Anything that is variable with respect to time and continuous can be
claimed as analog just like an analog clock measures time by means of
the distance travelled for the spokes of the clock around the circular dial.
2) Digital Computer: Digital computers take input data in form of
numbers and perform arithmetic and logical operations onto it to get the
results. These computers are of high speed and very accurate. Digital
computers count and answer the questions by the answer of how many. It
can be used for performing mathematical calculations, organizing and
analyzing data, controlling industrial and other processes, and to simulate
dynamic systems such as global weather patterns. It gives continuous
output but users get the output only when the computations are
completed. Examples of digital computers are desktops, notebooks, work
stations, smart phones etc.
3) Hybrid Computer: A hybrid computer is a digital computer that
accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in
digital form. These computers incorporate the technology of both analog
and digital computers. These computers store and process analog signals
which have been converted into discrete numbers. Analog-to-digital
converters are used to convert analog signals into digital signals. These
computers are used in radars. For example, in central national defense
and passenger flight radar system.
Check Your Progress A
1) What is a computer? What are various features of computer?

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2) What are the basic functions of smartphones?

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11

Fundamentals of
Computers 3) What advancement can be seen in the sixth generation of computers?
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4) Distinguish between Analog computer and Digital Computer.
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1.5 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM:

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
Every computer is composed of two basic components called, hardware and
software. Hardware includes the tangible parts of the computer which either
can be seen or touched, for example, CPU, keyboard, mouse, monitor, LCD
screen and printer, whereas, the software are the components which activates
the physical parts. Software consists of features that are responsible for
directing the tasks to the hardware. Software can be divided into other
programs and data. As compared to software, hardware is a physical entity.
Both hardware and software are interconnected, without software, the
hardware cannot function. However, without the creation of hardware to
perform tasks directed by software via the central processing unit, software
would be useless below mentioned figures can gives a clear glimpse about
the hardwares.
Desktop Laptop
12 Fig. 1.3: Desktop Vs. Laptop

Introduction to
A detailed explanation on Hardware and Software is given below: Computers
Hardware: Hardware is basically the physical element of a computer. It is

also called as the machinery or the equipment of the computer. However,
most of a computer's hardware cannot be seen; in other words, it is not an
external element of the computer. A computer's hardware is consisted of
various different parts, but the most vital of all these is the motherboard. The
motherboard is made up of even more parts capable to power and control the
computer. Hardware is limited to specifically designed tasks that are, taken
independently, are very simple. On the other hand, Software implements
algorithms (problem solutions) that allow the computer to complete much
more complex tasks.
Software: Software is known as programs or apps, comprising of all the

instructions that direct the hardware in performing tasks. These instructions
come from a software developer in the form and are accepted by the platform
(operating system + CPU) that they are based on. Software is capable enough
to perform numerous tasks, compared to hardware that can only perform
mechanical tasks they are designed for. Software provides the means for
accomplishing many different tasks with the same basic hardware. Practical
computer systems divide software systems into two parts:
1) System Software: System software is designed for controlling and

working with computer hardware. It allow users to interact directly with
hardware functionality, like the device manager and many of the utilities
found in the control panel. It consists of operating systems, device
drivers, diagnostic tools, etc. and is almost always pre-installed in
computers and smartphones, examples are Windows 10, Linux,
Macintosh, Android.
2) Application Software: Application software is capable of dealing with

user inputs and helping them to complete tasks. It resides above the
system software and allows users to accomplish one or more tasks. It is
programmed for simple as well as complex tasks. It can either be a single
program or a group of programs that are referred to as an application
suite. Some examples of application software are Word Processing
Software, Web Browsing, Spreadsheet Software, Presentation, Graphics,
Multimedia YouTube, Computer Aided Design (CAD)/Computer Aided
Manufacturing (CAM), sending email, accounting software, customised
shopping apps and cloud based applications such as Google docs.
1.6 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

Computer is a device which can perform a variety of tasks in our daily life.
Computers have their utility and applications in every arena, few of its
applications in various fields are explained below: 13

Fundamentals of
Computers 1) Business: Business has variety of applications of computers. From
individual to multinational companies all are using computers for
business purpose like payroll calculations, sales analysis, budgeting,
financial forecasting, managing employee’s database and maintenance of
stocks etc. Computers have made it possible for the business to grow
rapidly and across boundaries. Computers are extensively used for
accounting purposes to handle company financial accounts and inventory
management using some accounting software like Tally.
2) Education: Computers have completely overhauled the education

industry by significantly enhancing the performances and delivery of
lectures. Various online courses such as Massive Open Online
Courseware (MOOC) and distance learning is in trend by utilizing the
efficiencies of computers, hundreds of websites are available on internet
to deliver free online education in almost every area. The 'E' in E-
learning stands for 'Electronic. Henceforth, the unique term 'electronic
learning'. The word 'online,' in this contextual, means with an Internet
connection or via the Internet. The pedagogy may also refer to a network
that can deliver knowledge and skills to one or more individuals. On the
other hand, new contemporary of learning appears known as hybrid
learning, which is a technique of combining traditional classroom
experiences, experiential learning objectives, and digital course delivery
that emphasizes using the best option for each learning objective.
3) Banking: Computers offers various advantages in banking such as self-

enquiry facility, signature retrieval facilities, remote banking, centralized
information, digital transactions etc. These have helped in minimizing
the human efforts, time and cost involved otherwise in doing the
transactions in a traditional manner and it makes banking convenient for
customers by providing 24×7 access to banking services.Online banking
is an electronic payment system that permits its customers to conduct a
variety of financial transactions through their respective websites.
4) Communication: Computers can largely reduce the time taken for
communication between different stakeholders. Business can use various
methods of communication such as email, live chat tools, whatsapp
video or phone conferencing, social networking, web conferencing it in a
way improves the functioning of the organisation.
5) Healthcare: In healthcare, computers offer miraculous therapies to the

patients such as ECG, Computed Tomography (CT) scan, X-ray,
radiotherapy which was otherwise not possible. With the help of
computers most of the medical information from prescription to reports
can be digitized. With the help of computers, the record-keeping of
medicines as well as patients has become easy. Computer can even keep
14

Introduction to
track of each and everything going inside the patient's body such as Computers
blood pressure and heartbeat etc. which would otherwise have been a
cumbersome task. Technology and humans’ hand-in-hand for a healthier
healthcare. The future of healthcare is shaping up in every aspect with
the advancement and development in digital healthcare technologies
such as artificial intelligence; VR/AR, 3D-printing, robotics or
nanotechnology etc. Artificial Intelligence will control the world within
few years. In medicine and healthcare, digital technology could support
transmute unsustainable healthcare systems into sustainable ones,
equalize the relationship between medical professionals and patients,
provide cheaper, faster and more effective solutions for diseases.
Technologies in computer age could win the battle for us against cancer,
AIDS, Ebola, Corona and could basically lead to healthier individuals
living in healthier communities. Atom wise uses supercomputers that
cause out therapies from a database of molecular structures. There are
certain start-up launched as a virtual search for safe, existing medicines
that could be redesigned to treat the pandemics like Corona and Ebola.
6) Personal Use: Computer can also be used for various personal uses. One
can use computer system to keep all the day-to-day details that are
essential to keep anywhere. Computers can be used for keeping a track
on personal things such as investments, incomes, expenditures, savings
etc.
7) Military and Defense: Computers are the major tools which aid in
developing missiles and other equipments in the defense system.
Construction of weapons and controlling their function is not possible
without the aid of computers. Designing and the maintenance are
possible only through computers. Computer builds the links between the
soldiers and commanders through the satellite. The computers have
played a progressively significant role in the military. The computers in
the military have been improved or designed to do a broad range of
tasks, such as analyzing intelligence, organizing sensible data for
military leaders, geospatial analysis, controlling smart weapons, or
communications. Computers are used to track incoming missiles target to
destroy them. Computers are used in tanks and planes and ships to target
enemy forces, benefit diagnose any problems with the platforms.
Computers are used to hold documents, upkeep records and records of
events.
8) Insurance: The emergent technologies those have been enabled by

computers only such as Blockchain, Internet of Things (IOT), Artificial
Intelligence (AI), Big Data, and Augmented Reality have left a greater
impact on the insurance sector. Blockchain, the Distributed Ledger
Technology (DLT) ensures that digital data is safe as there are fewer 15

Fundamentals of
Computers chances of identity theft or fraud. They also make it easier to authenticate
transactions, policies for customers. Insurance companies are keeping all
records up-to-date with the help of computers. The insurance companies,
finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using computers for
their concerns.
Apart from applications of business explained above in various fields, a

detailed description on it is given in the second unit named “Application
of Computers”.
1.7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

COMPUTERS
Computers link us to the world of unknown. They support us to gather
knowledge and to synchronize gigantic information from the internet and
storing it at last in a customize format. Computers are multitasking and
adequate enough to be used virtually anywhere and ubiquitously. Computers
are versatile machines as they are flexible in performance and have made
human life much faster because of its incredible speed, accuracy and storage
with which humans can perform a variety of tasks. With numerous
advantages, computers have got some disadvantages which are explained as
follows:
Advantages of Computers:
Computers have made human life much faster and easier. It has several
advantages:
1) Multitasking: Computers are multitasking in nature. A lot of tasks can

be performed on computers with accuracy which leads to the costs and
time saving in a way. Computers can perform trillion of instructions per
second. With the help of computers, people can perform multiple tasks,
including complex calculations within seconds.
2) Speed: One of the major advantages of computer is their incredible

speed, which helps us in completing numerous tasks just in few seconds.
With the help of computers now operations can be performed in fractions
of seconds which otherwise, would have taken a lot of time to perform.
3) Storage: With the help of computers a huge amount of data can be
stored on the computers at a very low cost. Centralizes database of
storing information is the main advantage which helps in reducing cost.
4) Accuracy: One of the root advantages of computer is that it can perform
not only calculations but also with utmost accuracy.
5) Data Security: Data security means protecting the digital data and
16 information from any unauthorised access or breach. Computers with the

Introduction to
help of technologies can provide security from destructive forces and Computers
from unwanted action of unauthorized users like cyber attacks or access
attacks.
Disadvantages of Computer
As a famous saying states that every coin has two sides, that is equally
applicable for computers. With huge advantages computers have got few
disadvantages as well. As we know advantage comes with disadvantage,
computers are just a machine with no IQ, no feelings, no wisdom and
dependency on others is few of the disadvantages of computers rest are
explained below:
1) Reduction in employment opportunities: We can surely see a gradual
decrease in the employment opportunities with the emergent
technologies coming to the field of computers and such as IoT, AI,
blockchain, human robots, human assistance etc. As computers become
smarter and more capable, these technologies have taken over the
traditional jobs and reduced new emerging employment opportunities to
a great extent.
2) Potential of loss of privacy: With computers storing so much of
personal information is highly at risk of getting into the hands of others.
Privacy violation means that someone access users’ data such as private
photos, documents and show it to other people without their permission.
Once a malicious person has access to someone’s personal information,
they can also access their associated online accounts or also can use
identity theft to open other accounts, such as a new credit card, debit card
under their name.
3) Virus and hacking attacks: Virus is a type of worm and hacking is
simply an unauthorized access over computer for some illicit purpose.
Virus can be transferred from email attachment, viewing an infected
website advertisement, via portable devices like USB, pen drive. Once
virus is transferred in the host computer it can infect and overwrite
existing files stored on the computer. Cyber attacks can range from
installing spyware on a personal computer to attempting to destroy the
infrastructure of entire nations.
4) Cyber Crimes: With the emergent technologies cybercrimes are at a rise
in every single field. Cybercrime is basically a crime in which a
computer and network is involved. This is the major disadvantage of
computers. It includes crimes such as cyber stalking, identity theft, loss
of privacy and information etc. repercussions of those can be huge to the
users.
17

Fundamentals of
Computers Check Your Progress B
1) How the computers have changed the healthcare?

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2)What are WKHbenefits of computers in business?
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3) Explain the Computer Hardware.
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4) How the evolution of computers has reduced the employment

opportunities?
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1.8 LET US SUM UP

A Computer is basically a programmable electronic device which accepts
data, performs operations on the given data and presents the results and can
store the data or results as needed. Computers are general-purpose
information machines that can perform a variety of tasks on data.
These tasks are all related to the four basic computer operations i.e. to accept
data (input), process the data, produce output, and store (storage) the results
as needed.
18

Introduction to
Now, computers are so tiny that they can fit on your desk, on your lap, or Computers
even in your pocket and they are now thousands of times more expeditious.
However, there are six apparent generations of computers. Each generation is
well defined by a paramount technological development that changes
necessarily how computers operate leading to more compressed, inexpensive,
but more dynamic, effective and booming machines.
Various types of computers are available now days. The function of each
type of computer is processing the data and to provide some output to the
users and varies on its data processing abilities. They are classified according
to the purpose, size, and technology used.
Computer is an electronic device through which a variety of tasks can be

performed in our daily life. Computers have their utility and applications in
every arena, few of its applications in various areas be it business, education,
banking, insurance, healthcare, personal use, military operations,
communication etc.
Computers have made human life much faster and easier. It has several
advantages such as multitasking, speed, accuracy, data security, storage. As a
famous saying states that ³HYHU\ FRLQ KDV WZR VLGHV´, that’s equally
applicable for computers which is a combination of software and hardware.
With huge advantages computers have got few disadvantages as well such as
reduction in employment, potential loss of privacy, computer virus,
cybercrime etc.
1.9 KEY WORDS

Computer: A computer is a programmable device that stores, retrieves, and
processes data. The term "computer" was originally given to humans (human
computers) who performed numerical calculations using mechanical
calculators, such as the abacus and slide rule. The term was later given to a
mechanical device as they began replacing the human computers.
Smartphone: A smartphone is a mobile phone that performs many of the

functions of a computer, typically having a touch screen interface, Internet
access, and an operating system capable of running downloaded apps.
Technology: Technology is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and

processes used in the production of goods or services or in the
accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation.
Data: Data are characteristics or information, usually numerical, that are

collected through observation. In a more technical sense, data is a set of
values of qualitative or quantitative variables about one or more persons or
objects.
19

Fundamentals of
Computers Process: A process is the instance of a computer program that is being
executed by one or many threads. It contains the program code and its
activity, depending on the operating system (OS).
Storage: Storage is a process through which digital data is saved within a

data storage device by means of computing technology. Storage is a
mechanism that enables a computer to retain data, either temporarily or
permanently.
Privacy: Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude them or

information about themselves, and thereby express them selectively. When
something is private to a person, it usually means that something is inherently
special or sensitive to them.
Virus: A computer virus is a malicious program that self-replicates by

copying itself to another program. In other words, the computer virus spreads
by itself into other executable code or documents.
Cybercrime: Cybercrime is a crime in which a computer and network is

involved. It includes crimes such as cyber stalking, identity theft, loss of
privacy and information etc.
1.10 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1) Explain the evolution of computers over the years.
2) How are the computers helpful to human beings? State the examples
of real world where computers are prominently being used these days.
3) What are the various advantages and disadvantages of computers?
4) What are the various classifications of computers?
5) How the smartphones have replaced computers?
6) Explain the various components of computer hardware and software.

Note: These questions are helpful to understand this unit. Do efforts for
writing the answer of these questions but do not send your answer to
university. It is only for yours practice.
20

Application of

UNIT 2 APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS Computers
Structure
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Role of Computers in Business Organisation
2.3 Computers for Society
2.4 Role of Computers in Business, Trade and Commerce
2.5 Computer Role in Online Business
2.6 Computer Role in Online Banking and Finance
2.6.1 Online Banking
2.6.2 Finance
2.7 Importance of Computer Networks
2.8 Let Us Sum Up
2.9 Key Words
2.0 OBJECTIVES
x highlight the role of computers for the organization and society;
x highlight the significance of computers in online business, trade and
commerce;
x highlight the usage of computers in online banking and finance; and
x highlight the importance of computer networks.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In the previous unit, we learnt how computer have changed in size, shape,
usage etc. over period of time. This particular unit will throw a light on how
the computers can be applied in daily life to serve the purpose in totality. As
the 21st century is looming ahead, we are witnessing the advancement that
humanity may never have dreamt of and one of these developments surely is
“Computer”. Computers have left their footprints in every area. It can do all
the functions at a speedy rate and also helps searching and progressing in
every arena be it our homes or businesses applications and usage of
computers can be seen everywhere. In coming days, computers will be used
to achieve the brilliant goals of success and incomparable development. In
India, the accurate knowledge and use of computers will bring an immense
change in astonishing way. Computers have their utility everywhere in every 21

Fundamentals of
Computers field theey are rapidly being used to the work at a great
g speed and accuracy
where ddata is so complicated to cope up with by the human brains.
Computeers make such things easy for us; they can n store huge data about
inventorry, plans, procedures etc. With internet, com
mputers are very powerful
tools whhich can be used to share your knowledge and ideas to help others
learn or to get guidance from the experts. In short, applications or uses of a
computeer are countless but basically, they can be described only in three
operations namely Process, Store, Transfer.
Process Store Trransfer
Fig. 2.1: Computer Applications Desscription
Let us uunderstand this with some examples, by using g spreadsheets computers

can proccesses any financial data and organize it into tables,
t charts, graphs and
reports etc. which can be stored on drive. And the stored files can be
transferrred to any other person or entity via emaill. While working on an
operatinng system lets say, Windows 10. You installl (store) Windows 10 on
your harrd drive. When you run a computer, Windo ows 10 loads (transfers)
from harrd drive to RAM. The services of Windows 10 1 are run (processed) by
CPU. L Let’s take another example of a YouTubee video. You download
(transferr from YouTube server to your computer) a YouTube
Y video and save
(store) itt on your hard drive. Upon double clicking it, it may load (transfer)
into RAAM and play (process) in VLC media playeer. Computers have their
significaance in every arena be it organization, socciety, business trade and
commerrce, online business, online banking and finaance that is explained in
the furthher sections of the unit.
2.2 R
ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN BU
USINESS
O
ORGANISATION
Computeers have brought away organisations a long way ahead from the age
of pen, ppapers and folders stored in dusty storage of compartments. There are
various usages of computers in business organizzations from generating
reports tto communicating with clients. For organizatiions the role of computer
is to suupport the key aspects of running them, such s as communication,
record-kkeeping, decision making, data analysis and more.
m Every aspect of the
modern workplace is improved with the help of com mputers. They are used in
22 every aaspect of a company's operations, inclu uding product creation,

Application of
marketing, accounting and administration. Every aspect of the modern Computers
workplace is improved by the use of computers. Computers have made
possible the concepts such as flexible working schedules and remote work
forces have become possible enabling employees to work from wherever they
want and at whatever times they wish. Some of the applications of computers
in business organizations are explained below:
1) Communication: Computers play a very important role in business

organisations to maintain a smooth flow of information and
communication between different parties and stakeholders. Business can
use various methods of communication such as email, live chat tools,
video or phone conferencing, social networking, web conferencing etc. It
saves times and also improves the functioning of the organisation. With
such advance tools, it also becomes easy for the business to offer
customer support to its clients in a timely and efficient manner.
2) Marketing: Organizations can widely use computers for marketing as

most of the marketing is done online via social media, blogging, website
development, advertising, e-newsletter etc. IT developers can
professionally create a website by using various enticing graphics and
content with different forms of media, such as text, images, and videos to
make the campaign more attractive and lucid for the audience. By using
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Web Analytics, the website
would appear prominently in Google’s search results, which then attracts
traffic and ultimately enables the business to sell those products to
website visitors.
3) Accounting: Computers can also help organizations in sorting its large
financial data in order to obtain their large and small scale financial
positions just by few clicks. Computers are also useful for performing
various tasks like invoicing clients, maintaining data about debtors and
creditors, calculating payroll, calculating and filing tax forms etc. With
the computer, accountants can now focus on the higher level picture of a
business’s finances, leaving the lower level stuff to the machines.
4) Storage: Businesses can store enormous data on computers. They don't
need huge cabinets for storing data now. With computers and server,
organizations are capable of storing and sorting billions of files and
enable them to access at any time. Digital storage is much larger and
more efficient and secure while compared with the physical storage, as it
is more difficult to lose or steal files from a well protected database
which is one of the main benefits of the computer.
5) Educational Purposes: With the access of internet on the computers,

organizations can reach the pool of world’s information which can be
used efficiently to educate its employees such as about the company 23

Fundamentals of
Computers policies, software use, as well as standard procedure and safety. Instead
of hiring teachers’ employees can be educated online. Live webinar,
conferences and question and answer sessions can also be conducted.
Employees can learn through various media, such as videos, text, etc.
which enables them to better understand the subject matter.
6) Research: Computers make business organisations capable of doing a

variety of functions, including research about the competition, as well as
knowing about the taste and preferences of its customers. With modern
data-mining techniques, a business can acquire insightful information
about its customers and competition from all kinds of places, including
forums, search engines, industry-specific websites and even from social
networks. By conducting online surveys, business can know about the
public opinions or while launching any new products and public
reactions can also be known by reviewing customers review on different
sites.
2.3 COMPUTERS FOR SOCIETY

Computers have an integral role to play in our daily lives. With the help of
computers tedious functions can be performed automatically and more
efficiently leading to the savings of many hours which would otherwise have
been spent on doing the job manually. Computers with their usages are now
penetrating through the modern society. They are rapidly being used
throughout the various sectors of society be it airports, restaurants, railway
stations, banks, medical, agriculture, ticket booking, payment of bills,
insurance and shopping etc. Some of the applications of computers in various
sectors are explained below:
x In agriculture, computers can considerably change the way tasks and

businesses are carried out all over the world. They are helpful in finding
out the best possible kinds of soil, plants and checking out which match
of these would result in the perfect crops.
x In health sectors, computers are very capable of bringing along a medical

revolution. They are widely being used for research regarding blood
groups, medical histories, etc. that in a way leads to a better diagnosing
pattern and makes health care faster and more efficient. The knowledge
that computers are providing in this field may lead to better use and
purchase of medicinal drugs and thus ensuring better health.
x Computers are also useful in observing and predicting the patterns of

traffic which is a grand benefit to all and helps people in saving the
hassle of getting stuck for hours in the roadblocks and traffics.
24

Application of
x Computers can also be used to improve administration throughout the Computers
world. By providing daily accurate information to the administration
departments, computers may change the way decisions are taken across
the globe. Keeping all the above-mentioned things in mind, we must
accept that if used the right way, computers are a gift of science to
mankind.
2.4 ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN BUSINESS,

TRADE AND COMMERCE
Computers and other technological devices have surely changed the way the
various functions and operations are conducted in business, trade and
commerce. Computers have their significance in every type of business
almost every type of business now rely on computers to automate their
traditional processes. Computers are widely being used by the businesses as a
part of their daily operations. Computers have important effect on business
operations and help them to reap efficiencies and advantages. Irrespective of
the size of enterprise, technology has both tangible and intangible advantages
for all the parties involved in terms of saving costs and time spent for
conducting business transactions. In business, trade and commerce,
computers are helpful in research, production, distribution, marketing,
banking, team management, business automation, data storage, employee
management and to increase productivity at a lower cost in less time with
higher quality. The various advantages of computers in business, trade and
commerce are explained below:
1) Inventory Management: Computers have revolutionized the inventory

management as all type of business, trade and commerce with various
raw materials suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retails and Business
to Business (B2B) providers are dependent on inventory management
processes. Technologies ranging from automatic scanners to radio
frequency identification chips now allow businesses to track their
inventory from the moment a company buys it from a wholesaler to the
moment the products leave the premises in the hands of a customer.
Matching computer information to inventory storage spaces helps
associates pull stock as quickly as possible. Companies can quickly
compare inventory when it comes in the door to order sizes on the
computer screen. Organized, efficient inventory control helps minimize
inventory costs while meeting customer demand.
2) Easier Financial Record Keeping: Financial record keeping has

become easier and more convenient than the traditional methods with the
help of computer enabled technologies. To manage their accounting and
finance tasks now companies can use various advanced software
25

Fundamentals of
Computers programs available which in a way help them in minimizing manual
processes, reducing costs and ensuring protection against human error. In
fact, companies often use programs that sync accounting with point-of-
sale terminals and bookkeeping programs, such that each purchase or
sale transaction is automatically captured in an accounting platform.
3) Budgeting and Forecasting: Computers can widely be used for

budgeting, forecasting and purpose by using various software and
programs such as spreadsheet excel etc. available in the market. This
software can help in doing large financial calculations, estimating future
sales and business expansions.
4) Storage: Computers can also be used in storing huge financial data for
business by using internet which was earlier needed to be stored in huge
cabinets. Computerized storage saves space and provides more data
security. Data can be stored centrally for easy access from multiple
computers or stored locally for individual use.
5) Efficiency of Operations: Computers can largely help business in

improving their efficiencies by saving involved costs, time and money
and understanding its cash flow needs and preserve precious resources.
For example, warehouse inventory technologies can assist to understand
how best to manage the storage costs of holding the products. Executives
can save time and money by holding meetings over the Internet via
Skype, video or telephone conferences, Google meet, Zoom, Microsoft
team etc. instead at corporate headquarters.
6) Streamlining Business Communications: One of the many advantages

of a computer in business is that it helps employees to communicate
more effectively with each other and with external stakeholders such as
customers, partners, investors and prospects. Instead of having to hand-
write information, business administration professionals can use
applications and programs to facilitate communication. There are a
number of communication tools that help businesses to effectively
communicate such as, email, instant messaging programs like Skype,
team collaboration apps like slack, video conferencing tools such as
zoom, project management programs such as teamwork. By using
communication technology, businesses can increase the speed at which
people communicate and remove physical barriers to communication.
7) Managing Customer and Partner Relationships: Computers have

made it possible for the businesses to work in different geographic
locations with the help of technology. Many businesses have partners,
suppliers and manufacturers in other parts of the world. If customers or
partners have a query for the business, they can reach easily by sending
26 an email or message and within few seconds, they can receive a reply.

Application of
Being able to communicate and collaborate with them using computer Computers
technology enables organizations to improve product quality, enter new
markets, improve customer satisfaction and grow their business.
1) How computer in organisations leads to improved communication?

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2) How are computers bringing medical revolution?

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3) What are the advantages of computers to the society?

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4) How can computers ensure more security and safety of confidential information?
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2.5 COMPUTER ROLE IN ONLINE BUSINESS

Advancement of technology has changed the way businesses are conducted.
The earlier system of brick and mortar has been replaced by the click and
mortar and this is very different than the earlier one. Now, almost every type
of business relies on computers for automating their traditional processes.
27

Fundamentals of
Computers A large number of businesses are shifting to online platforms. Business by
making online presence aims to reach to a global audience to increase their
market share and other utilize this in a way to streamline their operations and
costs. Businesses are largely dependent on computers and use them as a part
of their daily operations along with payment processes and order
management. There are many applications of e-commerce such as home
banking, shopping in electronic malls, buying stocks, finding a job,
conducting an auction, collaborating electronically with business partners
around the globe, marketing & advertising and providing customer service.
With the help of computers and technology online jobs can be done by sitting
anywhere in case employees are not able to go outside. Now we can do our
office work by sitting anywhere. Work From Home (WFH) , co working, job
sharing, shared space are few of the popular examples in a philosophy of this
direction.
2.6 COMPUTER ROLE IN ONLINE BANKING

AND FINANCE
The emerging technologies of these days have transformed the banking
industry from paper and pen to the digitized and networked services.
Technology has revamped the accounting and management system of
banking operations and it is now also focusing on changing the way how
banks are delivering services to their customers. Along with these, computers
have also transformed the financial industry and the way business deals are
conducted from offline meeting to the online spaces. Accountants can now
keep large amount of data to conduct complex calculations and manage
financial transactions all from a computer than storing the data in books.
Various applications of computers in online banking and finance are
explained below:
2.6.1 Online Banking

1) Plastic Money: Popularity of credit cards or smart cards like
Visa/Maestro has made the banking industry more attractive and
flexible than ever before. By using online banking services, customers
can very easily apply for smart cards or credit by sitting at their
homes and the same can conveniently be delivered to them within a
few days this do away the hassles of visiting the bank branches.
Credit cards help the customers to borrow a specific amount from the
bank for purchasing anything and to repay later. Smart card enables
customers to instantly pay for anything and money is on the spot
deducted from their bank accounts automatically. Smart cards can
also be used for same card to depositing or withdrawing money from
their accounts using an ATM machine.
28

Application of
2) Self-Inquiry Facility: Self enquiry facility provided by banks has Computers
actually reduced a lot burden of banks. Now instead of lining up or
going to the help desks at the physical branches, customers can avail
simple self-inquiry facility to get all the latest information by visiting
their bank’s website. This saves time on both the sides.
3) Remote Banking: Banks these days are providing various services

online. Customers are no more required to travel for miles and stand
in long waiting line to get their banking transactions done such as
withdrawals, deposits and another enquiry. Customers now can install
various banking app or login to banks website to get their transactions
done as per their convenient. Remote banking has immensely help
people in rural areas to save their hassles of coming to bank branches
and to improve their culture of saving money.
4) Signature Retrieval Facilities: Computers by using internet

technologies have provided services of digital authentication such as
E-signature or digital signatures to safeguard the interest of its clients.
By using this facility banks verifies customer’s signatures while
withdrawing a large sum of money from a specific bank account this
reduce the chances of frauds, errors/risks that may arise due to
forgery.
5) Centralized Information Results to Quick Services: Centralized

storage of information with the banks enables them to transfer
information from one branch to another effortlessly with not much
time and costs involved and this results in quick services to
customers. For example, if a customer registered his account with a
rural branch, he can easily get details of his account at the main
branch in an urban area.
2.6.2 Finance
1) Financial Trading: Computer based trading is useful when a trader
has a system that allows profitable trading. Computer systems can
even trade on the behalf of the users. A computer system can be
programmed automatically to execute buy and sell orders when the
price of a stock or bond reaches to a certain predefined level, and
automatically closes the order when the target price reached below a
certain level. Information technology gives instant information to
stock traders for making decisions, and allowing them to enter orders
that are immediately executed.
2) Financial Information: Through internet computers can have access

to wide pool of financial information through. This enables business
operators and individual’s access to the information on investment
29

Fundamentals of
Computers prospects that helps in conducting a detailed research on its
profitability. Apart from this various other financial information such
as world prices, tax changes, inflation rate and currency exchange
rates are also available on internet which make easier for institutions
and individuals to make informed financial decisions.
3) Organizing and Analysing Data and Files: Computers are very

useful in organizing the data efficiently. This makes it easier for
anyone to organize and find the information with a few clicks.
Computers also help in the facilitation of data analysis. Employees
can use various technologies available to understand complex
spreadsheets. For example, Microsoft Excel can help businesses to
visualize their data in charts and graphs so that trends and anomalies
present in data can be spotted easily. This helps the businesses in
making more informed decisions. Thus, enables organizations and
individuals to plan finances without wasting much of time.
4) Data Storage: Keeping financial records is critical for organizations,
as well as individuals, as it allows tracking of payment records, debts
owed, purchases done and bank transactions made. Computers make
data storage easily manageable and less bulky. Computers can also
enable organizations to store large amounts of files in a small space
that allows them to have a large track of historical transactions.
5) Convenience: Personal finance can be simplified by using
information technology. Banks provide data on checking and savings
deposits and withdrawals in standardized formats. Customer can
easily download account transactions and store records on their
computers. Personal finance software includes few additional features
like charts and reports that show home users what they are spending
money on and where their funds are coming from.
6) Budgeting and Bookkeeping: Computers are immensely helpful for

companies considering financial transactions. Computer systems
calculate and display the interest and principal of a loan, and estimate
the returns on investment when the company borrows money to
expand its operations. Companies can securely transfer data online,
and the computer system records all transfers, which simplifies
bookkeeping.
2.7 IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

Computer networks also known as data networks are chains of nodes linked
by communication channels. These nodes can receive, transmit and exchange
data between endpoints. The data transmitted can be in the form of voice or
video traffic. Computer networks enable the users in accessing remote
programs and remote databases either of the same organisation or from
30 different enterprises or public sources. Computer networks provide

Application of
communication possibilities faster as compared to other facilities. With these Computers
optimal information and communication possibilities, computer networks
may increase the organisational learning rate, which is considered as the only
fundamental advantage in the prevailing competitive environment.
Types of Computer Networks
There are various types of computer networks. The critical difference in each
type lies in the extent of geographical areas they serve and their core purpose.
The various types of computer networks are explained below:
1) Personal Area Networks (PAN): Personal Area Networks are

interconnected technology devices that serve a single individual within
one facility. It is reachable within a distance of 10 meters and is
appropriate for small offices or residences. IT enabled devices include
telephones, computers, video game and peripheral devices etc.
2) Local Area Network (LAN): Local Area Networks are limited to a
single building like an official establishment. It covers a defined area. It
is useful for resource sharing including file servers, printers and data
storage. LAN hardware such as ether net cables and hubs are affordable
to acquire and maintain. Small LANs can efficiently manage two to three
computers, and large LANs can host thousands of servers. Internet
connectivity can either be wired or wireless. It is popular with many
establishments because of its higher speed and lower set up costs.
3) Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): Metropolitan Area Network
covers a much larger area as compared to Local Area Network. MAN
includes configured computers covering a town, city or campus. On the
basis of connections, MAN can connect either a single area or cross
several miles. MAN is basically a series of several LANs linked to create
a greater network.
4) Wide Area Networks (WAN): Wide Area Networks cover a larger
geographical area as compared to the Metropolitan Area Networks and
can connect a country or even continents. The computers are interlinked
through various cables, optical fibers or satellites. The users can access
the network through modems. WANs basically comprised several
smaller networks of LANs and MANs. The internet which consists of
networks and gateways is an example of a public WAN.
5) Home Area Network (HAN): Home Area Network is a computer

network limited to a defined boundary like a house or home office. It is a
type of IP based LAN which can either be wired or wireless. HAN is a
broadband connection available to users using a wired or wireless
modem. It consists of shared devices like faxes, printers, scanners etc.
31

Fundamentals of
Computers
Advantages of Computer Networks:
Following are the advantages of computers networks
1) Overcoming Geographic Distances: Computer networks popularly
helps in overcoming the geographical limitation in a city or even across
countries. Computers that need to communicate with other computers are
often located in different parts of the world, and needs computer
networks to pass information across long distances to overcome those
geographical limitations.
2) Allowing Information Sharing: Computer networks allow sharing of
information by allowing connected people or computers to access
information on databases distributed in varying locations. There are
databases hosted on several computers. People or computers may need to
access the data in these databases. In the absence of computer networks,
it would take a long time in selecting and transporting the required data
from the database to the requiring users. With the help of computer
networks, anyone can conveniently access the databases for retrieving
the data.
3) Supporting Distributed Processing: Computer networks help to

support processing distributed in many different locations. These
different locations can either be physically close together inside a single
computer room, or they can be separated by a long distance across
mountains and oceans. Physical transportation of the intermediately
processed data is unrealistic. Hence, a computer network becomes
crucial in distributed processing. It allows timely passing of semi-
processed data between computers located in distributed locations.
Check Your Progress B
1) What is Plastic Money?

…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
2) Differentiate between LAN and WAN.
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
3) How can computers lead to more convenience while sorting huge
financial data and information?
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
32 …………………………………………………………………………….

4) What is the role of computers in online business? Application of
Computers
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
2.8 LET US SUM UP

For every kind of business, we can think of using computers in performing
day to day operations in one way or another. The survival of these days’
businesses is not possible without online presence. From generating reports
to communicating with clients, business needs computers for performing
almost each and every task. The uses of computer have brought away the
business a long way ahead from the age of pen, paper, and their uses are
simply countless. In the business organizations, computers help in many
areas ranging from communication, marketing, and documentation to
research. Technology is helpful in understanding behaviour of the users, how
users interact in our site and what minor tweaks can be helpful in finding
their right products.
Computers play an integral role in our day to day lives. Along with their uses
at offices and home they are popularly being used in all kinds of sectors and
businesses. They are used at airports, restaurants, railway stations, banks etc.
Computers can also drastically change the way agricultural tasks and
businesses being carried out across the world. In agriculture, computers are
useful in finding out the best possible kinds of soil, plants and checking
which match of these would result in the perfect crops.
The banking sector has popularised the use of technology in serving its
client’s firstly and also to do more with less. The emerging technologies of
these days have transformed the banking industry from paper and pen to the
digitized and networked services. Technology has revamped the accounting
and management system of banking operations and it is now also focusing on
changing the way how banks are delivering services to their customers.
Computer networks also known as data networks are chains of nodes linked
by communication channels. These nodes can receive, transmit and exchange
data between endpoints. The data transmitted can be in the form of voice or
video traffic. Computer networks enable the users in accessing remote
programs and remote databases either of the same organisation or from
different enterprises or public sources.
33

Fundamentals of
Computers 2.9 KEY WORDS
Computer: Computer is an electronic device which helps in computations in
which we feed input and get the results. Computers can vary on the basis of
size, capacity and technology used.
Organization: An organization refers to a group of people working tighter
for a common goal such as a corporation, a union, a neighborhood
association or a charity.
Society: A societyis a collective group of individuals who are involved in
persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same territorial
boundaries and are typically subject to the same political authority and
dominant cultural outlooks.
Trade: Trade refers to a basic economic concept that involves the buying and
selling of goods and services in return of compensation paid by a buyer to the
seller.
Commerce: Commerceinvolves the exchange of goods and services on a
large scale. It includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural and
technological systems prevalent in a country or in international trade.
Computer Networks: Computer networks or data networks are chains of
nodes linked by communication channels. Computer networks enable the
users in accessing the remote programs and remote databases either of the
same organization or from different enterprises or public sources.

1) What are the various applications of computers for organisations?
2) How are computers helping the society for betterment?
3) What do you mean by Wide Area Network? How does it differ from a
/ocal $rea 1etwork?
4) What is role of computers in online business?
5) What are the applications of computers for business, trade and
commerce?
6) What are the Computer Networks? Explain their importance and various
types.
7) Explain the utilities of computers in online Banking and Finance.
34

Web Applications

UNIT 3 WEB APPLICATIONS
Structure
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Web Browser
3.3 Google Drive
3.3.1 What is Google Docs?
3.3.2 File Storage and Synchronization Service
3.3.3 Setting up of a Google Account
3.3.4 Navigating Google Docs
3.3.5 Creating New Google Docs Projects
3.3.6 Google Sheets
3.3.7 Google Slides
3.3.8 Google Suite
3.3.9 Sharing, Publishing and Collaborating
3.3.10 Google Forms
3.4 Cloud Based System

3.5 Let Us Sum Up
3.6 Key Words
3.0 OBJECTIVES
x understand Web Based Application;
x understand Web Browser and its types;
x understand how to use Google Drive; and
x highlight the functions of Cloud Based System and its usability.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Web based application enables information processing function to be
initiated over a network using protocol. The web application uses a website
as the front-end, allowing users to access the application from any device.
They run inside a web browser. Web based applications are also known as
web apps. The common web applications include E-mail, online market
place, online auctions, information search, instant messaging services and
many other functions.
35

Fundamentals of
Computers Unlike web applications in their primitive form as a repository of interlinked
web pages, a web based application in this context is software-like, i.e.
application logic is significant in defining the behavior of the application
rather than navigation paths as represented by hyperlinks in Universal
Resource Locator (URL). They are comparable to traditional Graphical User
Interface (GUI), Client/Server Applications that are not based on the web.
3.2 WEB BROWSER

Web browser, in short browser, is special application software designed to
enable the users to view and read hypertext documents. The user can also
navigate from one web page to another web page with minimal effort.
There are two types of web browsers
x Graphical Web Browser: It allows using point and click method to
view, read, and jump from one web page to another web page. For
example, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome. Google Chrome is a cross-
platform web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008
for Microsoft Windows, and was later ported to Linux, MacOS, iOS, and
Android where it is the default browser built into the OS.
x Non Graphical Web Browser: In character based method, it doesn’t

allow the same method as allowed by the graphical web browser. For
view, read and navigate from one web page to another web page
keyboard is used instead of mouse. For example, it allows user to
highlight the word by using arrow up and down keys and then press the
enter key.
3.3 GOOGLE DRIVE

Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service developed by
Google. Launched on April 24, 2012, Google Drive allows users to store files
on their servers, synchronize files across devices, and share files.
Source: Google
36 Fig. 3.1: Google Drive

Web Applications
3.3.1 What is Google Docs?
Google Docs is a free web- based application in which documents and
spreadsheet can be created, edited and stored online. Files can be accessed
through a network of networks i.e. internet. It is a part of a comprehensive
package of online applications offered by and associated with Google.
Users of Google Docs can import, create, edit and update documents and
spreadsheets in various fonts and file formats, combining text with formulas,
lists, tables and images. It is compatible with most presentation
software and word processor applications. Work can be published as a Web
page or as a print-ready manuscript for further reading.
3.3.2 File Storage and Synchronization Service

File storage is also called file-level or file-based storage that stores data in
a hierarchical structure. The data is saved in files and folders, and presented
to both the system storing it and the system retrieving it in the same format.
In different operating system, it is accessed in different ways like in Unix or
Linux it is used by Network File System (NFS) and Server Message Block
(SMB) protocol by Microsoft Windows.
File synchronization is a method of keeping files up to date that are stored in

several different physical locations. Synchronization can be “two-way” or
“one-way”.
x Two-Way Synchronization: Two-way Synchronization is also known as

bi-directional synchronization or both-ways synchronization. This
process of synchronization copies files in both directions to reconcile the
changes as required. Files are expected to change in both locations. The
two locations are considered alike. For example: if a file is newer in
location X, it will be copied to location Y. But if a file is newer in
location Y it will be copied to location X. Similarly, if a file is deleted
from location X, it will be deleted from location Y as well and vice versa.
x One-Way Synchronization: One-way Synchronization is also known as

file mirroring / file replication / file backup. Under it, files are expected
to change in one location only. To reconcile the changes, the
synchronization process copies files only in one direction. The two
locations are not considered equivalent. One location is considered
the source and the other is considered the target. Files are pushed from
source to target (or files are pulled from source to target, but always in
one direction only). This creates an exact 1:1 replica of all files in source
to target. This is very useful and effective for backup purposes since only
changed/new files are copied. For example, if a file is newer in location
X (source), it will be copied to location Y (target). But, if a file is newer
in location Y, it will not be copied to location X. Similarly, if a file is 37

Fundamentals of
Computers deleted from location X, it will be deleted from location Y. But, a file
deleted in location Y is restored using the file in location X.
3.3.3 Setting Up of a Google Account

The Google account can be created by using these 8 steps. With the help of
Google account you can access other products of Google like YouTube,
Google play, Google drive, Google chat etc.
Source: Google
Fig.3.2: Creating Google Account
You can use the username and password to sign in the Gmail and they are as
follows:
x Go to Google's sign up page in your preferred web browser.
x Enter the First name, last name, then user name (unique) & password.
Keep in mind that your username will become your Gmail address, so
pick something you're prepared to type in or spell out a lot.
x As a next step enter mobile number, recovery email id, date of birth, and
gender as asked by Google.
x Click Next.
x If your first username choice it taken, the username box will turn red.
Enter a different username in the text box of select one of the suggestions
below the username box.
38

Web Applications
x Click Next.
x Enter your birth date and gender. Google requires all account users to be
at least 13 years old and some countries have even higher age
requirement, and in order to have an account that can use Google Pay or a
credit card to pay for anything, the account holder must be 18 years old.
x Google will present the terms, conditions, and privacy policies for your
Google Account. Once you've read everything over, click I agree and
thus, your Google Account will be created.
3.3.4 Navigating Google Docs

To navigate the Google docs one has to visit to docs.google.com. On clicking
on the link Google doc window will appear on the computer screen. You have
to sign in using your email id (abc@gmail.com). Once you sign in, on the
left corner of the screen, a menu bar will appear which will have 5 options.
x Google Doc: This option will take to the new doc in the Google where
one can able to create, look at, and save documents. The Google doc will
provide various temples like Resume Sherif, Resume Coral, Letter
Spearmint, Project proposal topic, Brochure Geometric, Report Luxe.
x Google Sheets: Google Sheets supports cell formulas typically found in
most desktop spreadsheet packages. These functions can be used to
create formulas that manipulate data and calculate strings and numbers.
x Google Slides: It is a presentation editor in the Google Docs.
x Google Form: With Google Forms, one can create and analyze surveys
right in their mobile or web browser.
x Google Drive: It provides file storage and synchronization service.
3.3.5 Creating New Google Docs Projects
Google Docs is used to import, create, edit and update documents and
spreadsheets in various fonts and file formats, combining text with formulas,
lists, tables and images. To create new Google Docs projects one has to
follow the following instructions
x Go to docs.google.com
x In Google Drive option, click New > Google Sheets > Blank spreadsheet.
x Click untitled spreadsheet and enter a new title for your project plan.
x Add column headings. For example, you might track the tasks for a
project and include columns for task owner, due date, status, and
comments.
x Add content to the sheet to track the project plan. After you share the
sheet, other people can add content as well. 39

Fundamentals of
Computers 3.3.6 Google Sheets
This application was added by Google for its users in 2006. This is a simple
and inclusive way of creating datasheets for business purposes as compared to
Microsoft Excel wherein the features and functions are quite complex.
Google sheets help you in performing these tasks:
Source: Google
Fig. 3.3: Making Spread Sheet through Google Sheet
x Create basic spreadsheets from scratch

x Upload spreadsheets in XLS or CVS format (basic formats of
spreadsheet files)
x Easy to edit the spreadsheets because of familiar user interface
x Sharing spreadsheets with others is easy.
x Edit the sheets with others in real time (same time many people can edit
the spreadsheet).
3.3.7 Google Slides
This is web based application just like Power Point which helps you
in making presentations. Functions performed by Google slides are:
Source: Google
40 Fig. 3.4: Making Presentation in Google Slide

Web Applications
x Create and edit presentations
x Editing and sharing done at thee same time with others.
x Importing files from other souurces and converting them
to Google presentations.
x Insert images and videos in youur ppt.
x Embedding your PPT in a webssite.
3.3.8 Google Suite

This is one of the application toolss which are created to make functioning of
business a little smoother. The otheer well known and popular application for
small businesses is Microsoft officce. Some of the apps are easily and freely
available to all the users and consumers of computers, laptops and
Smartphone.
Google office suite is second choicce for businesses to manage their tasks of
presentations and document creation. The most widely used feature of Google
office suite is Gmail. The other appps that come along with Google suite are:
Source: Google
Fig. 33.5: G Suite
x Calendar: This is used for keeeping a check on different appointments

and meeting project deadlines.
x Google Plus: A social networkk where you can post and get connected to
people from the world.
x Docs: Google suite’s word proccessing application.
x Slides: A basic presentation paackage.
x Sheets: Spreadsheet for managging data.
x Forms: An application for creating simple and useful forms and
questionnaires for collection oof feedback and relevant information from
the customers.
41

Fundamentals of
x Keep: A note making tool.
Computers
x Sites: A website builder.
x Hangouts: A chat tool to have an interaction with employees online.
x Hangouts Meet: A video conferencing tool.
Google suite is made keeping in mind the requirements of small business

managing people and for those who wants to use it for free can also look for
different tools available. The various reasons to buy Google office suite are
mentioned below
x It provides user management and admin features across multiple users.
x It has some secure and private collaboration features
x It has an impressive storage capacity.
x It gives you the ability to use your own email domain.
x Whenever there is a problem in navigating through the tools, it has
human support available all the time.
3.3.9 Sharing, Publishing and Collaborating

This is one of the highlighting features of Google docs and Google Drive
wherein a user can share and collaborate with multiple users at the same time.
x It enables users to set the visibility of the document to other users.
x It allows you to invite individuals to view and edit the document and
saving the changes as soon as these are being done in the document.
x It allows users to switch owners of the document whenever one person
leaves the organization or a specific project.
x It allows users to collect feedback of others in form of comments on the
documents.
Publishing helps a user or manager of the project in the following:

x Create an HTML version of a document that you can embed in blogs,
Google Sites, and more.
x Show your document to large web audiences. Up to 50 people can view a
Google Doc at a time, but a published web page has much higher limits.
x Publish a one-time snapshot of a living document.
x Publish individual sheets or cell selections in a Google Spreadsheet.
3.3.10 Google Forms

This feature is useful to make forms for collecting various inputs from
employees, customers on the products, services and other policies which are
part of an organization.
42

Web Applications
Source: Google
Fig 3.6 : Making form through Google form
x Visit docs.google.com/forms
x Choose a template or blank form. Templates like event registration form,
event feedback, job application etc are available to choose from.
x Google forms page have two tiles at the top: one is of questions and other
is of responses.
x Google form editor is very simple and easy to navigate through. It is self
explanatory and gives you directions whenever there is a problem.
x After adding the questions, user has the option to choose from the
multiple categories of answers given in drop down menu. This drop
down help user to select the best suitable option for the questions asked
in the form.
x It helps user in collecting data and simultaneously showing results in
form of pie chart. This also allows copying responses in a spreadsheet
which saves time of a user.
3.4 CLOUD BASED SYSTEM

Cloud based system is a new technology providing computing services
(serves, storage, data base, networking, intelligence etc.) over the internet at
lower cost.
Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of remote

servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a
local server or a personal computer. Companies offering these computing
services are called cloud providers and typically charge for cloud computing
services based on usage.
With the help of cloud based system person access services on demand and
only pay for the services that one is using. It provides more flexible resources
43

Fundamentals of
Computers than server based system. Due to low cost, self service, greater security and
improved performance it is very popular.
1) What are the various functions performed by Google slides?

…………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
2) Differentiate between graphical and non-graphical web browser.
…………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
3) What do you understand by cloud based system?
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
4) What are the uses of Google slides?
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
5) What is Cloud Computing?
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….
44

Web Applications
3.5 LET US SUM UP
Web browser, in short browser, is special application software designed to
enables the users to view and read hypertext documents. The user can also
jump from one web page to another web page with minimal effort. There are
two types of web browsers graphical web browser and non-graphical web
browser.
Google Docs is a free web-based application in which documents and

spreadsheet can be created, edited and stored online. Files can be accessed
through a network of network i.e. internet. It is a part of a comprehensive
package of online applications offered by and associated with Google.
Google sheet was added by Google for its users. This is a simple and
inclusive way of creating datasheets for business purposes as compared to
Microsoft Excel wherein the features and functions are quite complex. This is
web based application just like Power Point which helps you in making
presentations.
Google office suite is one of the office application tools which are created to
make functioning of business a little smoother. The other well known and
popular application for small businesses is Microsoft office. Some of the apps
are easily and freely available to all the users and consumers of computers,
laptops and Smartphone.
Cloud base system is a new technology providing computing services (serves,

storage, data base, networking, intelligence etc.) over the internet at lower
cost.
Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of remote

servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a
local server or a personal computer. Companies offering these computing
services are called cloud providers and typically charge for cloud computing
services based on usage.
3.6 KEY WORDS

Google Doc: Google docs is a free web-based application in which
documents and spreadsheet can be created, edited and stored online. Files can
be accessed through a network of network i.e. Internet
Google Slide: This is web-based application just like PowerPoint which

helps you in making presentations.
Google Office Suite: Google office suite is second choice for businesses to
manage their tasks of presentations and document creation. The most widely
used feature of Google office suite is Gmail.
45

Fundamentals of
Computers Google Sheets: This application was added by Google for its users in 2006.
This is a simple and inclusive way of creating datasheets for business
purposes as compared to Microsoft Excel wherein the features and functions
are quite complex.
Web Browser: Web browser, in short browser, is special application

software designed to enables the users to view and read hypertext documents.
The user can also jump from one web page to another web page with minimal
effort.

1) What is web browser? Explain its various types.
2) How to make Google forms?
3) What are various steps involved in setting up Google account?
4) What are the usages of Google drive?
5) What is file storage and synchronization? Distinguish between one
way and two-way synchronization.
6) What do you understand by Google sheets? Explain their usability.
7) What is Google office suite? What are the different apps that come
with Google office suite?
46

Basics of Computer
UNIT 4 BASICS OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE Software
Structure
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Software and its Types
4.2.1 System Software
4.2.2 Application Software
4.2.3 Google Chrome
4.2.4 App Based Software
4.3 Windows Operating System
4.4 Android Operating System for Mobile
4.5 Free and Open Software
4.6 Google Play Store
4.7 Let Us Sum Up
4.8 Key Words
4.9 Answers to Check Your Progress
4.0 OBJECTIVES
x understand Software and their types;
x understand the use of Windows Operating System;
x understand the use of Android Operating System;
x understand the application of Free and Open Software; and
x highlight the use of Google Play Store for Application Based Software.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Computer hardware is only as effective as the instructions we give it, and
those instructions are contained in software. Software not only directs the
computer to manage its internal resources, but also enables the user to tailor a
computer system to provide specific business value.
Hence, Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data

and instructions, often broken into two major categories: system software that
provides the basic non task-specific functions of the computer, and
application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks. It is
surprising to many people that at the corporate level, software expenditures
47

Fundamentals of (developpment and purchase) typically are a mu
uch larger cost than is
Computers
hardwarre.
In this unit, we learn that computer software,, in its various types.

Complexxities in software must be understood in order
o to truly be able to
exploit tthe power of modern information technologiees. This unit, explain the
learners about the concepts of software, how it work
ks, and how it is created.
Along thhe way we provide examples of software’s crritical role in maintaining
organizaational competitiveness.
4.2 S
SOFTWARE AND ITS TYPES
Softwaree consists of a set of instructions that directs computer to perform the
designatted/ specific task. It is a common term used u to describe various
program
ms used for computer and other related devicces operations. Hardware
basicallyy is the physical part of a computer whereeas what happens in the
hardwarre is because of software. The variable and non-n physical instructions
given wwith the help of scripts, applications and pro ograms of computer are
used to ddescribe software.
Software
System Application
Software Software
Operating Laanguage Device General Acquired/

Utilities
System Processors Drivers Purpose Tailor made
Fig. 4.1: Types of Software
4.2.1 System Software

Systeem software acts as an intermediary between the computer system
and software applications. This includes set of prrograms which carry out
the ttask of operating and managing computer haardware system. The new
CD given by the supplier or manufacturer allong with the computer
systeem contains some software. This is system software which actually
makees a computer system functional. It providess hardware the support to
creatte, edit, store and retrieve a file. The most basic
b examples of system
softw
ware are DOS, Windows, Linux, Unix etc.
1) F
Functions of System Software
48

Basics of Computer
a) It controls the execution of programs, storage of information and
Software
resource processing of the computer.
b)It supports programs in tthe form of utilities and libraries which
provide routine service fuunctions to allied computer programs and
users.
c) In the form of language ttranslators and programming language, it
helps in creation of different computer programs.
2) Types of System Software
Operating system: This iis the program that acts as an interface

between the user and the coomputer hardware. It manages the overall
functioning of computer andd execution of application programs along
with other resources like CCPU, memory, I/O devices. This is also
known as supervisor prograam because of its service of inputting the
programs which are needed to run each application and to increase the
computer system capabilitiees.
Three basic purpose of opeerating system are:

a) It works as an interfaace between the user and the computer
hardware making it eassier to code, create, and debug application
programs of the system.
b) It manages the compuuter’s resources which include memory,
CPU, disk drives, printeers and other hardware etc.
c) It increases the efficienncy of system’s resources and control the
allocation of resources aamong the different tasks and users.
Some important functions of operating system
User Interface
Process Managemennt
File Management
Task Management
Memory Managemeent
Utilities and Functioons
Figg. 4.2: Functions of Operating System
49

Fundamentals of a) User Interface: It is that part of operating system which allows a user to
Computers
communicate with the computer for accessing files, loading programs
and other tasks. The two types of interfaces are Graphic User Interface
and Command line interface. The GUI is most commonly used interface
also known as WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointers) interface
which makes it easier to navigate through the mouse and work on
computer. The Command line interface is only for those who have
knowledge of giving proper instructions and commands to execute a
particular instruction.
b) Process Management: A process is a program in execution which needs

certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files in order to
complete a task. The operating system performs functions with respect to
process management are:
x Allocation of resources to processes
x Creating and deleting the processes
x Sharing and exchanging information through processes
x Creating synchronization within the processes
c) File Management: A file is a collection of information. It can be stored

on the secondary storage keeping in mind the long run requirement of the
information. File management includes keeping a track of physical
location of files and organizing them into directories for easy
accessibility.
d) Memory Management: Primary memory where large array of bytes or

words are being stored is managed by operating system. The program
which needs to be executed has to be stored in the main memory and this
memory can be directly accessed by the CPU. The function performed
by memory management is to keep track of memory used for a particular
process and for how much time. The operating system decides about the
allocation and reallocation of memory by a process.
e) Utilities and other Functions: The operating system helps users by
providing software which can be used for finding files, diagnosing and
repairing system problems (troubleshoot), cleaning up the hard drive of
system etc. some stand alone utilities like desktop enhancer, antivirus
programs, file conversion, data recovery can also be used by the end
users.
Some other important functions include:
x Security management
x CPU time management
x Device management
50

Basics of Computer
x Job accounting
Software
x Error detecting aids
x Virus protection
Types of Operating System: There are various types of Operating System

which have its utility and explained as follows:
1) Batch Operating System
In this, user submits the job to the operator with the help of some off-
line device like punch cards. The operator then sorts the program/ data
on the basis of pre defined sequence of commands as single unit and then
collects the data and programs in a batch and processes it for the
execution. In this operating system, CPU idle time increases because of
the variation in processing speed of different I/O devices. There is a
limitation of no interaction between the user and the job. Examples are
the operating system used for payroll system, bank statements etc.
2) Real Time Operating System
It is a data processing multitasking operating system where the functions

are performed with a time constraint. This operating system has very less
response time (time taken by the system to respond to an input and
display of required information). These are used in scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, etc.
The two types of real OS are:
x Hard Real Time Operating System: In this real OS, completion

time taken by a task can be guaranteed.
x Soft Real Time Operating System: In this real OS, time is not
guaranteed and it gives priority to the task unless it is completed and
then moves on to other tasks.
3) Time Sharing Operating System
In this operating system, users are allowed to use resources like CPU,
memory of a computer system simultaneously. The end users who are
located at various terminals can use the same computer resources with
the help of time sharing technique. For example, many users are logged
on to the same mainframe computer and they all can use the resources
like CPU, memory of mainframe computer. The major advantages given
this operating system are that it is time saving and simultaneously many
people can work on it?
4) Distributed Operating System
This operating system uses multiple central processors to serve multiple

users with multiple real time applications. The multiple processors which 51

Fundamentals of are also termed as nodes, sites communicate with one another with the
Computers
help of communication lines/ telephone lines, high speed buses.
The main objective of distributed system is to share the remote resources

in a controlled manner. This operating system which runs on multiple
processors tries to make several machines to behave like a single
machine. Some of the problems faced by distributed systems are of
security related issue, loss of messages in the network and overloading
issues. Example where applications of distributed computing are used:
WWW, Internet, Intranet etc.
5) Network Operating System
In this operating system, activities of multiple computers are coordinated

via a network. It is designed to support and manage personal computers,
workstations and servers connected to Local Area Network. It helps
servers to be remotely accessible by different systems and by different
locations. Examples of NOS are Uniplexed Information and Computing
Service (UNIX), Lovable Intellect Not Using XP (Linux), Macintosh
Operating System (Mac OS) and others.
4.2.2 Application Software

The term end user program is given to application software because of its
usage and ease it provides to its users in the form of different applications.
Application software is set of program which enhances the overall
functioning of computer system. The end users are being provided with
applications like word processors, database programs, presentation programs,
spreadsheets etc. Application software is dependent on system software. The
user can use a computer system when system software is there and then to
perform specific tasks application software is used.
There are applications which end users can only access with the help of web
browsers like web based email, social media platform though these are now
available in the form of application also but you need to have proper account
in order to avail the service of these applications.
The categories are made on the basis of usage of such software:
1) General Purpose Software
Such software is being developed after keeping in mind the basic

requirements of general users at large. These are not specifically
designed for an organization and cater to the needs of business, common
users and for scientific applications also. These are available for all types
of users with certain features and functions that can be performed using
general purpose software. MS-Word, Excel, Power point, TALLY,
52

Basics of Computer
Computer Aided Design (CAD) are some of the general purpose Software
application software.
x Word –Processing software: MS Word, Apple Works
x Spreadsheet software: MS Excel, Quattro, Lotus 1-2-3
x Database software: MS Access, FileMaker Pro
x Graphics software: Photoshop, MS Paint, Adobe Photoshop
x Multimedia software: VLC Player, Windows Media Player
x Web Series Software: Netflix, YouTube, Prime Video
x Accounting Software: Tally, Busy, TurboTax
x Banking Software: Peoplesoft, Finnacle, SAP-AG
1) Define Software and their types.

…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
2) Distinguish between Application Software and System Software.

…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
3) State whether the following statements are True or False

i) Software is available to help you with all kinds of task
ii) Operating system is a link between end user and machine
iii) Google chrome is not application software
iv) Android operating system is used for mobile only
v) Free and open software cannot use for commercial purpose
4.2.3 Google Chrome

This is a cross platform web browser developed by Google in 2008. The first
version was compatible with Microsoft Windows but later versions ported to
Linux, MacOS, iOS and Android. The chrome is one of important product of
53

Fundamentals of brand Google. Google is a search engine whereas Google Chrome is a web
Computers
browser. This browser is the most widely used browser all over the world
because of its speed, easy navigation on the web and good safety approach
for internet surfers. There are certain features like Incognito mode which
makes it different from other web browsers.
4.2.4 App Based Software

The basic difference between an App and Application is of the number of
functions to be carried out. An App is software designed for a single purpose
and performs single function whereas an Application can perform variety of
functions. This can be understood in one line – “Apps are Small
Applications”.
These app based software are the ones which enhances the functioning of
system. Examples can be of Calculator, Skype, Office 365, etc. which
basically help end users to perform tasks more efficiently.
4.3 WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

The computer system is always supported with system software and the
major component of system software is operating system. The operating
system is present in computer like devices including Desktop computers,
laptop, Smart phone, Tablet computer, smart watches etc.
Windows is the operating system of Microsoft Inc. It acts as an interface

between the hardware and other software on the computer. It performs all the
functions which are done by an operating system like allocation of resources,
manages different programs and executes with the help of input/output
devices.
Source: Microsoft
Fig. 4.3: Windows Operating System
Major Attributes of Windows
The following are the features of Windows:
x Interactive Package: The operating system ensures the communication

between the end user and computer is effortless and hence, the features
are easy and quick to understand.
54

Basics of Computer
x Menu Driven Package: The w windows operating system makes easier for Software
end users to perform severral functions without learning different
commands. This makes the nnavigation smoother by use of menu and
simply clicking on these menuss will serve the purpose.
x Program Manager: MS Winndows acts as a manager by controlling,

coordinating and manipulating the processing of other programs.
x Multi-tasking Package: This feature of windows operating system has

increased the productivity andd reduced the time taken by end users to
complete their tasks. This featture helps end users to perform multi task
simultaneously.
4.4 ANDROID OPERA

ATING SYSTEM FOR
MOBILE
Android Operating System was iinitially conceptualized as an Operating
System for Cameras but soon mobiile handset became its destination, that too
at a time when mobile handset aarena was dominated largely by Nokia’s
Symbian Operating System whereas Blackberry dominated business circles.
Android was developed by a coompany called Android Inc. which was

founded in Palo Alto, California, USA in the year 2003 by four founders
namely Rich Mines, Nicks Sears, Chris White, and Andy Rubin. Later on
Android Inc. was purchased by G Google in the year 2005 and since then
Android Operating System is Googgle’s propriety.
Currently Android Operating systemm is not only used in Mobile Handset but
also on wearable devices, game connsoles, TVs, PCs among others. Android is
an open source Operating System m based on Linux Kernel. Open Source
basically means that its original source code is freely available for its
redistribution and modification. S
Since its beginning, the original Android
Operating System has gone throughh many releases and all of them have been
named alphabetically.
Source: Android
Fig. 4.4: Andrroid Operating System
55

Fundamentals of Its releases (in order of its releases) are Cupcake, Donut, Éclair, Froyo,
Computers
Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich, Jelly Bean, Kitkat, Lollipop,
Marshmallow, Nougat, Oreo and Pie. Android’s popularity can be attributed
largely to its free customization (being open source) and extensively larger
pool of Applications (hereafter referred as Apps) available on its Play Store,
a feature which other Mobile Operating Systems such as Symbian and
Blackberry could not cope with. Despite of huge popularity that Android
possesses, it often has to bear with a complaint that various releases of
Android takes significant time to get updated on mobile devices and this is
largely due to hardware variation and delays caused in customization testing.
The Interface of Android is a touch interface based on Direct Manipulation

wherein Users are shown various Icons, Widgets and a keyboard on the
devices’ screen. These Icons, representing various Apps and other Device
related activities, are then accessed by various touch activities like swiping
(swipe in and swipe out), tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching. Android
mobile devices also have a status bar which has various information on
device and how to connect.
This Status Bar is also customizable which means users can decide which of
the functionalities should be visible on the Status Bar. The status bar can be
"pulled" down to reveal a notification screen which allows the Users to tap an
icon on the notification in order to access corresponding Apps and Widgets
further.
Android Operating System, in conjunction with device hardware and various

onboard sensors like GPS, orientation sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes,
barometers, magnetometers, proximity sensors, pressure sensors,
thermometers, gives additional functionalities to the installed Apps and
Widgets. In addition to this, Google Play Store contains various Third Party
Apps which are developed on Android SDK using C, C++, Java and GO
programming languages.
Majority of these Apps are free but some are also paid. The open nature of
along with Play Store feature of Android Operating System made it the most
sought after Mobile Operating System in no time. As Android runs on
Mobile devices, battery consumption has always been in middle of debate.
Android OS handles this by invariably shutting down Apps that have been
inactive for a long time.
However, with advancement in the hardware technology, battery capacity and

RAM size has grown significantly and this has given Android more
opportunities to grow in terms of functionalities and utilities. As stated
earlier, Android is based on Linux Kernel on top of which lies Middleware,
various Libraries and Android Runtime which is the Runtime Environment in
56

Basics of Computer
which applications’ by the code aree compiled into machine code. Above this Software
lies the Application Framework andd the Application itself.
The overall architecture of Androidd OS and the applications running over it is

very robust and strong when compared with other Mobile OS. As on date, it
is estimated that 70-80% of the moobile devices run on Android OS which is
seconded by iOS of Apple.
4.5 FREE AND OPEN SOFTWARE

Going by the literal meaning, free means something that comes at zero cost
and Open means with zero restricctions. In connection with Software, Free
and Open Software means Softw ware that comes with a freedom to use
distribute and modify and this happpens when its source code is available in
public domain free of cost without aany restrictions to the manner of its use.
It may be noted that Software cann be Free and Open separately as well as
simultaneously. Software that is neeither Free nor Open can be Closed Source
and/or Proprietary in nature. There exists many Free and Open Software and
some of them are Linux (along w with Unix in Command form), Android,
MySQL, Python, PHP, Open Off ffice, Postfix, WordPress etc. It is quite
obvious that development of Softw ware does come with cost. Thus Free and
Open Software (commonly referrred as FOSS) very often are created in
collaboration and its funding are done via various newsgroups and web
forums.
Source: Free and open Source Software
Fig. 4.5: Op
pen Source Initiative
57

Fundamentals of Richard Matthew Stallman is considered as the founder of Free and Open
Computers
Software when he announced GNU Project in 1983. His initiative was later
on succeeded by Linus Torvalds when he created Linux Kernel. With other
similar initiatives that came one by one later, Open Source Initiative was
founded in the year 1998 and similar four other entities later on. However,
there has been much opposition to FOSS as many software companies and
their representatives claimed that it’s an Intellectual Property destroyer.
When we have to sum up characteristics of FOSS, it can be stated that Users
have freedom for personal use and customization. Also, as its source code is
out in public domain, there are no hidden threats related to its privacy and
security. As stated earlier, its free of cost or at max, it comes with negligible
cost that is usually sought for software developmental work only. It has to be
however noted that FOSS is not free in its true terms as it usually come with
License that defines the permissible modification and thus restricts
modifications within predefined framework. One of such License is GNU
GPL (General Public License). For UNIX, the concerned License was called
BSD License and other similar Licenses are Apache License, Eclipse Public
License, and Mozilla Public License. FOSS has been facing constraints
mainly due to limited funding for its projects along with competition from
proprietary software which offers regular updates and robust maintenance
mechanism. Still FOSS has come a long way from its initial hurdles and is
continuing to grow on and on.
4.6 GOOGLE PLAY STORE

Google Play Store is a Digital Service that is developed and maintained by
Google on its Android Mobile Operating System. It basically consists of
Android running applications, games, music, movie rentals, e-books and
many more that users can browse, download and install on their Android
Mobile Devices. All of these Apps etc are developed using Android Software
Development Kit (SDK) and published through Google in the Play Store.
Some of the content are paid whereas some are free to download. Google or
the concerned App Developer specify separate payment method or through
the Network Carrier for the Paid contents. Google Play Store was earlier
known as Android Market with separate applications for Books (called
Google eBook Store) and Music (called Google Music).
58

Basics of Computer
Software
Source: Google
Fig. 4.66: Google Play
Later on, Google Play Store com mbined functionality of all three of them.
Going by the literal meaning, Google Play Store is not meant merely for
Games. Instead it reflects playful nnature that Google envisaged in designing
Google Play Store. Any Developeer (of apps) who wishes to launch his/her
Apps in Google Play Store need too first register on Google Play Developer
Console Account. Such Developerss can even control which of the Countries
his/her Apps would be available foor Users. It need to be noted that Google
places some restrictions on the ttypes of apps that can be published, in
particular not allowing sexuallyy explicit content, child endangerment,
violence, bullying & harassment, haate speech, gambling, illegal activities.
Google periodically detects filters aand deletes all such non-permissible Apps.
It is estimated that millions of appliications are available in Google Play Store
as on date. Similarly, Google Playy Games feature of Play Store offers both
single-player and real-time multipplayer gaming capabilities. Google Play
Music and Movie offers music (and movie) streaming service that are
available on demand anytime. Witth the release of each version of Android
and advent of hardware capabilitiess, Google Play Store has grown in content
that users believe are quite rich annd robust than compared to similar stores
available for other Mobile Operatinng Systems. It may be noted that Google
has an automated antivirus system, called Google Bouncer, to scan both new
and existing apps for malware whhich was later rebranded as Google Play
Protect. Despite all these, Google P Play Store has been facing worse situation
for unsecure apps that have been pperiodically detected to contain malwares
which steals Users content and perssonal information.
Google however has maintained thaat it takes all necessary steps to avoid such
instances. Another matter that Gooogle Play Store has been facing very often
is about Patent wherein App Deveelopers camouflage others’ Apps as their
own resulting in Google facing Pattent Suites. Despite all these, Google Play
Store continues to win hearts of m
millions of its users mainly due to the fact
already stated earlier.
59

Fundamentals of
1) Acquired/Tailor Made Software
Computers
The organization whose requirements are specific to their own business
then they ask developers to come up with software having the same
features. There is some software available online whose free version can
be used and for using it for a longer time, end users have to pay some
price to purchase them. There are other ways also which are used by
software developers to provide the utilities of that software like
x Customized and Tailor-made: the customized software is required
for some specific functions which an organization/person needs to
perform. The tailor-made software can be developed using in-house
developers or it can also be outsourced from other experts. Some
examples can be Gmail, Microsoft Outlook,
x Ready to use/ Pre-written Software: the name suggests the feature

of ready to use software. These are readymade software packages
available in the market which can be used according to their
requirements.
x Public Domain Software: these are the software available for

public at large. This software is made keeping in mind the basic
needs of end-users.
2) Language Processors
This is used for translating the programmer’s instructions into a form

that can be interpreted and executed by a computer system. The
programmers use different computer languages which are translated by
language processors for execution.
Source code Translator Object code Execution
Fig. 4.7: Translation process
The three different language processors are

x Compiler
x Interpreter
x Assembler
3) Device drivers

x It is also known as hardware driver which helps one or more
hardware devices to communicate with a computer’s operating
system.
60

Basics of Computer
x It acts as a translator that helps input/ output device by
Software
communicating the instructions in the language in which the system
can understand.
x The device drivers are either provided by manufacturers or are in-
built in the components of OS.
x It is essential for a computer system to have device drivers for
smooth functioning.
4) Utilities
x A utility program is basically built to perform specific tasks like

“run” desktop program which is used for specific purposes and some
commands are being given in order to have desired results.
x Utility programs are used for finding files, diagnosing and repairing
system problems, cleaning up hard drive and storing files virtually.
x Some utilities used are for desktop enhancement, file conversion,
disk formatting, backup utility, data recovery etc.
1) State whether the following statements are True or False

i) Antivirus is utility software
ii) Drivers are system software
iii) Windows 10 is application software
iv) Android operating system can be used on TV’s
v) Google Play Store cannot accessed at Table computer
2) Fill in the blanks

i) _____________ is used to accomplish specific task.
ii) Google_____________ is a web browser.
iii) Linux is a __________.
4.7 LET US SUM UP

Computer software brings the machine to life. Ingredient that enables a
computer to perform task is software. Software is of two types (i) System
Software (ii) Application software. This software performs different tasks in
computer system. System software is used to run different hardware while
application software is use to run different application like Word, Excel,
PowerPoint, Media Player, SPSS, Tally, Photoshop etc.
Window operating system is commonly used OS, it is a popular graphical

user interface which is present in computer devices like Desktop computer,
Laptop, Smartphone, Tablet computer, Smart watches etc.
61

Fundamentals of Android is a widely used mobile based operating system. Although, initially
Computers
it is designed for cameras, Now-a-day’s Android OS is also used for
wearable device, games console, smart TVs etc. This operating system
supports Google play store which is digital services for downloading
different type of mobile applications.
4.8 KEY WORDS

Computer Software: Computer software is a collection of data
or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in
contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually
performs the work. It is basically the ingredients that enable computer to
perform task
Operating System (OS): An operating system is software which performs all

the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process
management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers.
Android (OS): Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified

version of the Linux kernel and other open source software, designed
primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets.
Google Play Store: Google Play, formerly Android Market, is a digital
distribution service operated and developed by Google. It serves as the
official app store for the Android operating system, allowing users to browse
and download applications developed with the Android software
development kit and published through Google.
Application Software: Application software is a set of programs which

enhance the overall functioning of the computer system. Application software
is dependent on system software. The user can use a computer system when
system software is there and then to perform specific tasks application
software is used.
System Software: System software acts as an intermediary between the

computer system and software applications. This includes set of programs
which carry out the task of operating and managing computer hardware
system.
4.9 ANSWER6 TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

3 (i) True ii) True iii) False iv) False v) False
1 (i) True ii) True iii) False iv) True v) False
62 2 (i) Application Software ii) Chrome iii) Operating System

Basics of Computer
4.10 TERMINAL QUESTIONS Software
1) Name and differentiate the two main categories of computer software.

2) Why application software is considered to be an important? Explain in
detail with its suitable applications.
3) Explain operating system and their type.
4) Google Chrome is application software. Explain.
5) How is Android operating system different from another operating
system?
6) Name and Explain utilities of some free and open software.
7) Why does Google play store is important application for Android OS?
63

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BCOS-183

This is one of the skill enhancement (4 credits) elective courses in 3rd

COURSE DESIGN COMMITTEE B.COM (CBCS)

COURSE PREPARATION TEAM

x Unit-2: This unit discusses about the application of computers in various

x Unit-3: This unit focuses on various web-based applications and their

After studying this unit, you should be able to:

A Computer is basically a programmable electronic device which accepts

Smartphone Replacing Computer

Fig. 1.1 : Computer Vs Smart phones

Today’s smart phones are incredibly more influential as compared to the

1.3 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

1) First Generation (1940-1956): The first generation computers used

2) Second Generation (1956-1963): The second generation of computers

3) Third Generation (1964-1971): Third generation of computers brought

5)Fifth Generation (2010-2020):The fifth generation of computers began

6) Sixth Generation (2020 onwards): The sixth generation of computers is

1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Fig. 1.2: Classification of Computers

1.4.1 On the Basis of Purpose

1.4.2 On the Basis of Size and Capacity

3) Mainframe Computers: Mainframe computers are popularly known as

4) Super Computers: A super computer is a computer with a high level of

1.4.3 On the Basis of Data Handling or Technology Used

Check Your Progress A

1) What is a computer? What are various features of computer?

2) What are the basic functions of smartphones?

4) Distinguish between Analog computer and Digital Computer.

1.5 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM:

12 Fig. 1.3: Desktop Vs. Laptop

Hardware: Hardware is basically the physical element of a computer. It is

Software: Software is known as programs or apps, comprising of all the

1) System Software: System software is designed for controlling and

2) Application Software: Application software is capable of dealing with

1.6 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

2) Education: Computers have completely overhauled the education

3) Banking: Computers offers various advantages in banking such as self-

5) Healthcare: In healthcare, computers offer miraculous therapies to the

8) Insurance: The emergent technologies those have been enabled by

Apart from applications of business explained above in various fields, a

1.7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

1) Multitasking: Computers are multitasking in nature. A lot of tasks can

2) Speed: One of the major advantages of computer is their incredible

1) How the computers have changed the healthcare?

2)What are WKHbenefits of computers in business?

3) Explain the Computer Hardware.

4) How the evolution of computers has reduced the employment

1.8 LET US SUM UP

Computer is an electronic device through which a variety of tasks can be

1.9 KEY WORDS

Smartphone: A smartphone is a mobile phone that performs many of the

Technology: Technology is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and

Data: Data are characteristics or information, usually numerical, that are

Storage: Storage is a process through which digital data is saved within a

Privacy: Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude them or

Virus: A computer virus is a malicious program that self-replicates by

Cybercrime: Cybercrime is a crime in which a computer and network is

1.10 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

3) What are the various advantages and disadvantages of computers?