Chapter 5 Tissues and Primary Growth of Stems

TISSUES AND
PRIMARY
GROWTH OF
STEMS
The Plant Body: Stems
FUNCTION OF STEMS
Fill in the blanks
◦ support ____ and branches
◦ transport ___and ___ between

roots and _____
◦ photosynthetic
◦ store materials necessary for

life EX: ___________
◦ adapted for specialized

functions
Used with permission from http://education-portal.com
– May be vegetative (leaf bearing)
or reproductive (flower
bearing).
– Node- area of stem where leaf

is born
– Internodes- stem area between

nodes
– Buds: Stem elongation.

Embryonic tissue of leaves and
stem (not flower bud)
– Terminal bud- Located at tip
of stems or branches.
– Axillary bud- Gives rise to
branches
The stem
Parts of the Stem
◦Xylem
◦ Water and minerals travel up to other plant parts
◦Phloem
◦ Manufactured food travels down to other plant parts
- Cambium
=Separates xylem and phloem
CHECK UP POINT :
NODE
INNER OR OUTER PART OF THE STEM
CORTEX
INNER OR OUTER PART OF THE STEM
STEM PROVIDES
FOOD FOR THE
PLANT
TRUE OR FALSE
Plant Tissues
1) Dermal Tissue System

• Outer covering
• Protection
2) Vascular Tissue System
• “Vessels” throughout plant
• Transport materials
3) Ground Tissue System

• “Body” of plant
• Photosynthesis; storage; support
Used with permission from http://education-portal.com

Stems – Structure and Development
• Grow by division at meristems
– Develop into leaves, other
shoots, and even flowers
• Leaves may be arranged in

one of three ways
Rhizomes
Stems – Many Plants
Have Modified Stems
Bulbs
Storage leaves
Stem
Stolons
Stolon
Tubers
◦ Modified shoots with diverse functions have evolved in many plants.
◦ These shoots, which include stolons, rhizomes, tubers, and bulbs, are often mistaken for
roots.
◦ Stolons, such as the “runners” of strawberry plants, grow on the surface and enable a
plant to colonize large areas asexually when a parent plant fragments into many
smaller offspring.
◦ Rhizomes, like those of ginger, are horizontal stems
that grow underground.
◦ Tubers, including potatoes, are the swollen ends of

rhizomes specialized for food storage.
◦ Bulbs, such as onions, are vertical, underground

shoots consisting mostly of the swollen bases of leaves
that store food.
Fig. 35.5b-d
Run , Look and Snap
◦ Snap shot a plant that can be seen in your surrounding and
identify whether the arrangement of the leaves in the stem.
◦ Alternatively, you can look for an example of a modified shoot
that can be found in your surrounding. Take a picture of it, identify
the kind of modified shoot and upload it in our chatbox.
◦ Once DONE, you can have the rest of the 10 minutes to breath
and relax.
◦ Open your camera while you do the activity. Once done, you
can already turn it off.
◦ NOTE: If half of the students cannot do the activity, it will recorded.
Plant Tissues – Ground Tissue
◦ Some major types of plant cells:
◦ Parenchyma
◦ Collenchyma
◦ Sclerenchyma
• Tissues that are neither dermal
nor vascular are ground tissue
• Ground tissue internal to the
vascular tissue is pith; ground
tissue external to the vascular
tissue is cortex
• Functions: storage,
photosynthesis, and support
Parenchyma
◦ Characteristics
◦ least specialized cell type
◦ only thin primary cell wall is
present
◦ possess large central vacuole
◦ generally alive at functional
maturity
◦ Functions
◦ make up most of the ground
tissues of the plant
◦ storage
◦ photosynthesis
◦ can help repair and replace
damaged organs by proliferation
and specialization into other cells
Collenchyma
◦ Characteristics
◦ possess thicker primary
cell walls the that of
parenchyma
◦ no secondary cell wall
present
◦ generally alive at
functional maturity
◦ Functions
◦ provide support without
restraining growth
Sclerenchyma
◦ Characteristics
◦ have secondary cell walls strengthened by lignin
◦ often are dead at functional maturity
◦ two forms: fibers and sclereids
◦ Functions
◦ rigid cells providing support and strength to tissues
Sclerenchyma
◦ Fibers are long, slender
and tapered, and
usually occur in groups.
◦ Those from hemp fibers
are used for making
rope and those from flax
for weaving into linen.
◦ Sclereids, shorter than

fibers and irregular in
shape
◦ impart the hardness to
nutshells and seed coats
and the gritty texture to
pear fruits.
Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue:
Runs continuous throughout the plant
◦ transports materials between roots and shoots.
◦ Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the
shoots. (water the xylem)
◦ Phloem transports food from the leaves to the roots and to non-photosynthetic
parts of the shoot system. (feed the phloem)
Overview of Plant Structure
◦ Xylem:
◦ Main water-conducting
tissue of vascular plants.
◦ carry water and some
dissolved solutes, such as
inorganic ions, up the plant
Overview of Plant Structure
• Phloem:
– The main components of phloem are
• sieve elements
• companion cells.
– Sieve elements have no nucleus and only a
sparse collection of other organelles .
Companion cell provides energy
– conducts sugars and amino acids - from

the leaves, to the rest of the plant
Phloem transport requires
specialized, living cells
◦ Sieve tubes elements join to
form continuous tube
◦ Pores in sieve plate
between sieve tube
elements are open
channels for transport
◦ Each sieve tube element is
associated with one or
more companion cells.
Phloem transport requires
specialized, living cells
◦ Companion cells:
◦ transport of photosynthesis
products from producing cells in
mature leaves to sieve plates of
the small vein of the leaf
◦ Synthesis of the various proteins
used in the phloem
◦ Contain mitochondria for cellular
respiration
Plant Classification – Monocots vs. Dicots
Basic categories of plants based on structure and function

Plant Growth
1) Primary Growth:
• Apical Meristems:
Mitotic cells at “tips” of roots / stems
1) Increased length
2) Specialized structures (e.g. fruits)
2) Secondary Growth:
• Lateral Meristems:
Mitotic cells “hips” of plant
Responsible for increases in stem/root diameter

Pharmaceutical and
Pharmacological Importance
of the Stem
Button Snakeroot Eryngium
aquaticum spp
◦ Inserted chewed stem in nostrils to arrest epistaxis.
Camphor Cinnamomum
camphora
◦ Oil from leaves & wood used in cold remedies & liniments
◦ Cascara Rhamnus purshiana
◦ Bark extract
◦ widely used as laxative.
Cat’s Claw Uncaria
tomentosa
◦ Root bark extract used in intestinal problems like diverticulosis &
Crohn’s disease. Hirsutidin component lowers BP. Alkaloid
property inhibits platelet clotting; increase brain serotonin level.
Cherry (wild) Prunusserotina
◦ Tea from bark is used for coughs and colds.
Chinese magnolia Magnolia
officinalis or Magnolia
quinquepeta
◦ Bark extract used for nasal stuffiness & discharge. To drain sinuses
and alleviate asthma and sinus headache.
Chinese rubber tree
Eucommia ulmoides
◦ Bark extracts improve circulation to the hands and feet. Reduce
high BP. Alleviate frequent urination problems.
◦ Cinquefoil Potentilla erecta
◦ Dried rhizome used to control diarrhea.

Cotton Gossypium spp
Gossypium hirsutum or
Gossypium barbadense
◦ Cotton root bark was used by black slaves to induce abortion.
Ephedra Ephedra spp E.
nevadensis or E. sinica
◦ Drug ephedrine is widely used in nasal congestion and low BP;
also known as MA-HUANG. Contains toxic amounts of cyanide
European Birch Betula
pendula
◦ Oil distilled from barks and leaves are used for kidney stones and
UTI.
Fennel Foeniculum vulgare
◦ Roots & stems & fruits used as appetite suppressant and as
eyewash.
Lilly of the valley Convallaria
majalis
◦ Plant is poisonous, but all parts can be used to control irregular
heartbeat. A heart stimulant like digitalis.
Cinchona Cinchona
pubescens
◦ Its bark is a practical source of Quinine, used for the treatment of
malaria.
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TISSUES AND

◦ transport ___and ___ between

◦ store materials necessary for

◦ adapted for specialized

– Node- area of stem where leaf

– Internodes- stem area between

– Buds: Stem elongation.

1) Dermal Tissue System

3) Ground Tissue System

Used with permission from http://education-portal.com

• Leaves may be arranged in

◦ Tubers, including potatoes, are the swollen ends of

◦ Bulbs, such as onions, are vertical, underground

◦ Sclereids, shorter than

– conducts sugars and amino acids - from

Basic categories of plants based on structure and function

Responsible for increases in stem/root diameter

◦ Dried rhizome used to control diarrhea.

TIME FOR A MINDMAP!

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◦ transport _and _ between