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Section: (5)Updated: 2018-04-30

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NAME
lxc.container.conf - LXC container configuration file
DESCRIPTION
LXC is the well-known and heavily tested low-level Linux

container runtime. It is in active development since 2008
and has proven itself in critical production environments
world-wide. Some of its core contributors are the same
people that helped to implement various well-known
containerization features inside the Linux kernel.
LXC's main focus is system containers. That is, containers
which offer an environment as close as possible as the one
you'd get from a VM but without the overhead that comes
with running a separate kernel and simulating all the
hardware.
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This is achieved through a combination of kernel security

features such as namespaces, mandatory access control
and control groups.
LXC has supports unprivileged containers. Unprivileged

containers are containers that are run without any privilege.
This requires support for user namespaces in the kernel
that the container is run on. LXC was the first runtime to
support unprivileged containers after user namespaces
were merged into the mainline kernel.
In essence, user namespaces isolate given sets of UIDs

and GIDs. This is achieved by establishing a mapping
between a range of UIDs and GIDs on the host to a
different (unprivileged) range of UIDs and GIDs in the
container. The kernel will translate this mapping in such a
way that inside the container all UIDs and GIDs appear as
you would expect from the host whereas on the host these
UIDs and GIDs are in fact unprivileged. For example, a
process running as UID and GID 0 inside the container
might appear as UID and GID 100000 on the host. The
implementation and working details can be gathered from
the corresponding user namespace man page. UID and
GID mappings can be defined with the lxc.idmap key.
Linux containers are defined with a simple configuration file.

Each option in the configuration file has the form key =
value fitting in one line. The "#" character means the line is
a comment. List options, like capabilities and cgroups
options, can be used with no value to clear any previously
defined values of that option.
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LXC namespaces configuration keys by using single dots.

This means complex configuration keys such as lxc.net.0
expose various subkeys such as lxc.net.0.type,
lxc.net.0.link, lxc.net.0.ipv6.address, and others for even
more fine-grained configuration.
CONFIGURATION
In order to ease administration of multiple related

containers, it is possible to have a container configuration
file cause another file to be loaded. For instance, network
configuration can be defined in one common file which is
included by multiple containers. Then, if the containers are
moved to another host, only one file may need to be
updated.
lxc.include
Specify the file to be included. The included file must
be in the same valid lxc configuration file format.
ARCHITECTURE
Allows one to set the architecture for the container. For

example, set a 32bits architecture for a container running
32bits binaries on a 64bits host. This fixes the container
scripts which rely on the architecture to do some work like
downloading the packages.
lxc.arch
Specify the architecture for the container.
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Some valid options are x86, i686, x86_64, amd64
HOSTNAME
The utsname section defines the hostname to be set for the

container. That means the container can set its own
hostname without changing the one from the system. That
makes the hostname private for the container.
lxc.uts.name
specify the hostname for the container
HALT SIGNAL
Allows one to specify signal name or number sent to the

container's init process to cleanly shutdown the container.
Different init systems could use different signals to perform
clean shutdown sequence. This option allows the signal to
be specified in kill(1) fashion, e.g. SIGPWR, SIGRTMIN+14,
SIGRTMAX-10 or plain number. The default signal is
SIGPWR.
lxc.signal.halt
specify the signal used to halt the container
REBOOT SIGNAL
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Allows one to specify signal name or number to reboot the

container. This option allows signal to be specified in kill(1)
fashion, e.g. SIGTERM, SIGRTMIN+14, SIGRTMAX-10 or
plain number. The default signal is SIGINT.
lxc.signal.reboot
specify the signal used to reboot the container
STOP SIGNAL
Allows one to specify signal name or number to forcibly

shutdown the container. This option allows signal to be
specified in kill(1) fashion, e.g. SIGKILL, SIGRTMIN+14,
SIGRTMAX-10 or plain number. The default signal is
SIGKILL.
lxc.signal.stop
specify the signal used to stop the container
INIT COMMAND
Sets the command to use as the init system for the

containers.
lxc.execute.cmd
Absolute path from container rootfs to the binary to run
by default. This mostly makes sense for lxc-execute.
lxc.init.cmd
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Absolute path from container rootfs to the binary to use

as init. This mostly makes sense for lxc-start. Default
is /sbin/init.
INIT WORKING DIRECTORY
Sets the absolute path inside the container as the working

directory for the containers. LXC will switch to this directory
before executing init.
lxc.init.cwd
Absolute path inside the container to use as the
working directory.
INIT ID
Sets the UID/GID to use for the init system, and subsequent
commands. Note that using a non-root UID when booting a
system container will likely not work due to missing
privileges. Setting the UID/GID is mostly useful when
running application containers. Defaults to: UID(0), GID(0)
lxc.init.uid
UID to use for init.
lxc.init.gid
GID to use for init.
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PROC
Configure proc filesystem for the container.
lxc.proc.[proc file name]

Specify the proc file name to be set. The file name
available are those listed under /proc/PID/. Example:
lxc.proc.oom_score_adj =
10
EPHEMERAL
Allows one to specify whether a container will be destroyed

on shutdown.
lxc.ephemeral
The only allowed values are 0 and 1. Set this to 1 to
destroy a container on shutdown.
NETWORK
The network section defines how the network is virtualized

in the container. The network virtualization acts at layer two.
In order to use the network virtualization, parameters must
be specified to define the network interfaces of the
container. Several virtual interfaces can be assigned and
used in a container even if the system has only one
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physical network interface.
lxc.net
may be used without a value to clear all previous
network options.
lxc.net.[i].type
specify what kind of network virtualization to be used
for the container. Multiple networks can be specified by
using an additional index i after all lxc.net.* keys. For
example, lxc.net.0.type = veth and lxc.net.1.type =
veth specify two different networks of the same type.
All keys sharing the same index i will be treated as
belonging to the same network. For example,
lxc.net.0.link = br0 will belong to lxc.net.0.type.
Currently, the different virtualization types can be:
none: will cause the container to share the host's
network namespace. This means the host network
devices are usable in the container. It also means that
if both the container and host have upstart as init, 'halt'
in a container (for instance) will shut down the host.
empty: will create only the loopback interface.
veth: a virtual ethernet pair device is created with one

side assigned to the container and the other side
attached to a bridge specified by the lxc.net.[i].link
option. If the bridge is not specified, then the veth pair
device will be created but not attached to any bridge.
Otherwise, the bridge has to be created on the system
before starting the container. lxc won't handle any
configuration outside of the container. By default, lxc
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chooses a name for the network device belonging to

the outside of the container, but if you wish to handle
this name yourselves, you can tell lxc to set a specific
name with the lxc.net.[i].veth.pair option (except for
unprivileged containers where this option is ignored for
security reasons).
vlan: a vlan interface is linked with the interface

specified by the lxc.net.[i].link and assigned to the
container. The vlan identifier is specified with the option
lxc.net.[i].vlan.id.
macvlan: a macvlan interface is linked with the

interface specified by the lxc.net.[i].link and assigned
to the container. lxc.net.[i].macvlan.mode specifies
the mode the macvlan will use to communicate
between different macvlan on the same upper device.
The accepted modes are private, vepa, bridge and
passthru. In private mode, the device never
communicates with any other device on the same
upper_dev (default). In vepa mode, the new Virtual
Ethernet Port Aggregator (VEPA) mode, it assumes
that the adjacent bridge returns all frames where both
source and destination are local to the macvlan port,
i.e. the bridge is set up as a reflective relay. Broadcast
frames coming in from the upper_dev get flooded to all
macvlan interfaces in VEPA mode, local frames are not
delivered locally. In bridge mode, it provides the
behavior of a simple bridge between different macvlan
interfaces on the same port. Frames from one interface
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to another one get delivered directly and are not sent

out externally. Broadcast frames get flooded to all other
bridge ports and to the external interface, but when
they come back from a reflective relay, we don't deliver
them again. Since we know all the MAC addresses, the
macvlan bridge mode does not require learning or STP
like the bridge module does. In passthru mode, all
frames received by the physical interface are forwarded
to the macvlan interface. Only one macvlan interface in
passthru mode is possible for one physical interface.
phys: an already existing interface specified by the

lxc.net.[i].link is assigned to the container.
lxc.net.[i].flags
Specify an action to do for the network.
up: activates the interface.
lxc.net.[i].link
Specify the interface to be used for real network traffic.
lxc.net.[i].mtu
Specify the maximum transfer unit for this interface.
lxc.net.[i].name
The interface name is dynamically allocated, but if
another name is needed because the configuration files
being used by the container use a generic name, eg.
eth0, this option will rename the interface in the
container.
lxc.net.[i].hwaddr
The interface mac address is dynamically allocated by
default to the virtual interface, but in some cases, this is
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needed to resolve a mac address conflict or to always

have the same link-local ipv6 address. Any "x" in
address will be replaced by random value, this allows
setting hwaddr templates.
lxc.net.[i].ipv4.address
Specify the ipv4 address to assign to the virtualized
interface. Several lines specify several ipv4 addresses.
The address is in format x.y.z.t/m, eg.
192.168.1.123/24.
lxc.net.[i].ipv4.gateway
Specify the ipv4 address to use as the gateway inside
the container. The address is in format x.y.z.t, eg.
192.168.1.123. Can also have the special value auto,
which means to take the primary address from the
bridge interface (as specified by the lxc.net.[i].link
option) and use that as the gateway. auto is only
available when using the veth and macvlan network
types.
lxc.net.[i].ipv6.address
Specify the ipv6 address to assign to the virtualized
interface. Several lines specify several ipv6 addresses.
The address is in format x::y/m, eg.
2003:db8:1:0:214:1234:fe0b:3596/64
lxc.net.[i].ipv6.gateway
Specify the ipv6 address to use as the gateway inside
the container. The address is in format x::y, eg.
2003:db8:1:0::1 Can also have the special value auto,
which means to take the primary address from the
bridge interface (as specified by the lxc.net.[i].link
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option) and use that as the gateway. auto is only

available when using the veth and macvlan network
types.
lxc.net.[i].script.up
Add a configuration option to specify a script to be
executed after creating and configuring the network
used from the host side.
In addition to the information available to all hooks. The
following information is provided to the script:
•
LXC_HOOK_TYPE: the hook type. This is
either 'up' or 'down'.
•
LXC_HOOK_SECTION: the section type 'net'.
•
LXC_NET_TYPE: the network type. This is
one of the valid network types listed here (e.g.
'macvlan', 'veth').
•
LXC_NET_PARENT: the parent device on the
host. This is only set for network types
'mavclan', 'veth', 'phys'.
•
LXC_NET_PEER: the name of the peer
device on the host. This is only set for 'veth'
network types. Note that this information is
only available when lxc.hook.version is set
to 1.
Whether this information is provided in the form of
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environment variables or as arguments to the script

depends on the value of lxc.hook.version. If set to 1
then information is provided in the form of environment
variables. If set to 0 information is provided as
arguments to the script.
Standard output from the script is logged at debug

level. Standard error is not logged, but can be captured
by the hook redirecting its standard error to standard
output.
lxc.net.[i].script.down
Add a configuration option to specify a script to be
executed before destroying the network used from the
host side.
In addition to the information available to all hooks. The
following information is provided to the script:
•
LXC_HOOK_TYPE: the hook type. This is
either 'up' or 'down'.
•
LXC_HOOK_SECTION: the section type 'net'.
•
LXC_NET_TYPE: the network type. This is
one of the valid network types listed here (e.g.
'macvlan', 'veth').
•
LXC_NET_PARENT: the parent device on the
host. This is only set for network types
'mavclan', 'veth', 'phys'.
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•
LXC_NET_PEER: the name of the peer
device on the host. This is only set for 'veth'
network types. Note that this information is
only available when lxc.hook.version is set
to 1.
Whether this information is provided in the form of
environment variables or as arguments to the script
depends on the value of lxc.hook.version. If set to 1
then information is provided in the form of environment
variables. If set to 0 information is provided as
arguments to the script.
Standard output from the script is logged at debug

level. Standard error is not logged, but can be captured
by the hook redirecting its standard error to standard
output.
NEW PSEUDO TTY INSTANCE (DEVPTS)
For stricter isolation the container can have its own private
instance of the pseudo tty.
lxc.pty.max
If set, the container will have a new pseudo tty
instance, making this private to it. The value specifies
the maximum number of pseudo ttys allowed for a pts
instance (this limitation is not implemented yet).
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CONTAINER SYSTEM CONSOLE
If the container is configured with a root filesystem and the

inittab file is setup to use the console, you may want to
specify where the output of this console goes.
lxc.console.buffer.size
Setting this option instructs liblxc to allocate an in-
memory ringbuffer. The container's console output will
be written to the ringbuffer. Note that ringbuffer must be
at least as big as a standard page size. When passed a
value smaller than a single page size liblxc will allocate
a ringbuffer of a single page size. A page size is
usually 4kB. The keyword 'auto' will cause liblxc to
allocate a ringbuffer of 128kB. When manually
specifying a size for the ringbuffer the value should be
a power of 2 when converted to bytes. Valid size
prefixes are 'kB', 'MB', 'GB'. (Note that all conversions
are based on multiples of 1024. That means 'kb' ==
'KiB', 'MB' == 'MiB', 'GB' == 'GiB'.)
lxc.console.size
Setting this option instructs liblxc to place a limit on the
size of the console log file specified in
lxc.console.logfile. Note that size of the log file must
be at least as big as a standard page size. When
passed a value smaller than a single page size liblxc
will set the size of log file to a single page size. A page
size is usually 4kB. The keyword 'auto' will cause liblxc
to place a limit of 128kB on the log file. When manually
specifying a size for the log file the value should be a
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power of 2 when converted to bytes. Valid size prefixes

are 'kB', 'MB', 'GB'. (Note that all conversions are
based on multiples of 1024. That means 'kb' == 'KiB',
'MB' == 'MiB', 'GB' == 'GiB'.) If users want to mirror the
console ringbuffer on disk they should set
lxc.console.size equal to lxc.console.buffer.size.
lxc.console.logfile
Specify a path to a file where the console output will be
written. Note that in contrast to the on-disk ringbuffer
logfile this file will keep growing potentially filling up the
users disks if not rotated and deleted. This problem can
also be avoided by using the in-memory ringbuffer
options lxc.console.buffer.size and
lxc.console.buffer.logfile.
lxc.console.rotate
Whether to rotate the console logfile specified in
lxc.console.logfile. Users can send an API request to
rotate the logfile. Note that the old logfile will have the
same name as the original with the suffix ".1"
appended. Users wishing to prevent the console log file
from filling the disk should rotate the logfile and delete
it if unneeded. This problem can also be avoided by
using the in-memory ringbuffer options
lxc.console.buffer.size and
lxc.console.buffer.logfile.
lxc.console.path
Specify a path to a device to which the console will be
attached. The keyword 'none' will simply disable the
console. Note, when specifying 'none' and creating a
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device node for the console in the container at

/dev/console or bind-mounting the hosts's /dev/console
into the container at /dev/console the container will
have direct access to the hosts's /dev/console. This is
dangerous when the container has write access to the
device and should thus be used with caution.
CONSOLE THROUGH THE TTYS
This option is useful if the container is configured with a root

filesystem and the inittab file is setup to launch a getty on
the ttys. The option specifies the number of ttys to be
available for the container. The number of gettys in the
inittab file of the container should not be greater than the
number of ttys specified in this option, otherwise the excess
getty sessions will die and respawn indefinitely giving
annoying messages on the console or in /var/log/messages.
lxc.tty.max
Specify the number of tty to make available to the
container.
CONSOLE DEVICES LOCATION
LXC consoles are provided through Unix98 PTYs created

on the host and bind-mounted over the expected devices in
the container. By default, they are bind-mounted over
/dev/console and /dev/ttyN. This can prevent package
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upgrades in the guest. Therefore you can specify a

directory location (under /dev under which LXC will create
the files and bind-mount over them. These will then be
symbolically linked to /dev/console and /dev/ttyN. A
package upgrade can then succeed as it is able to remove
and replace the symbolic links.
lxc.tty.dir
Specify a directory under /dev under which to create
the container console devices. Note that LXC will move
any bind-mounts or device nodes for /dev/console into
this directory.
/DEV DIRECTORY
By default, lxc creates a few symbolic links

(fd,stdin,stdout,stderr) in the container's /dev directory but
does not automatically create device node entries. This
allows the container's /dev to be set up as needed in the
container rootfs. If lxc.autodev is set to 1, then after
mounting the container's rootfs LXC will mount a fresh
tmpfs under /dev (limited to 500k) and fill in a minimal set of
initial devices. This is generally required when starting a
container containing a "systemd" based "init" but may be
optional at other times. Additional devices in the containers
/dev directory may be created through the use of the
lxc.hook.autodev hook.
lxc.autodev
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Set this to 0 to stop LXC from mounting and populating

a minimal /dev when starting the container.
MOUNT POINTS
The mount points section specifies the different places to be

mounted. These mount points will be private to the
container and won't be visible by the processes running
outside of the container. This is useful to mount /etc, /var or
/home for examples.
NOTE - LXC will generally ensure that mount targets and
relative bind-mount sources are properly confined under the
container root, to avoid attacks involving over-mounting
host directories and files. (Symbolic links in absolute mount
sources are ignored) However, if the container configuration
first mounts a directory which is under the control of the
container user, such as /home/joe, into the container at
some path, and then mounts under path, then a TOCTTOU
attack would be possible where the container user modifies
a symbolic link under his home directory at just the right
time.
lxc.mount.fstab
specify a file location in the fstab format, containing the
mount information. The mount target location can and
in most cases should be a relative path, which will
become relative to the mounted container root. For
instance,
proc proc proc
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nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0
Will mount a proc filesystem under the container's

/proc, regardless of where the root filesystem comes
from. This is resilient to block device backed
filesystems as well as container cloning.
Note that when mounting a filesystem from an image

file or block device the third field (fs_vfstype) cannot be
auto as with mount(8) but must be explicitly specified.
lxc.mount.entry
Specify a mount point corresponding to a line in the
fstab format. Moreover lxc supports mount propagation,
such as rslave or rprivate, and adds three additional
mount options. optional don't fail if mount does not
work. create=dir or create=file to create dir (or file)
when the point will be mounted. relative source path is
taken to be relative to the mounted container root. For
instance,
dev/null proc/kcore none bind,relative 0
0
.fi
Will expand dev/null to

${LXC_ROOTFS_MOUNT}/dev/null,
and mount it to proc/kcore inside the
container.
lxc.mount.auto
specify which standard kernel file systems should be
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automatically mounted. This may dramatically simplify

the configuration. The file systems are:
•
proc:mixed (or proc): mount /proc as read-
write, but remount /proc/sys and /proc/sysrq-
trigger read-only for security / container
isolation purposes.
•
proc:rw: mount /proc as read-write
•
sys:mixed (or sys): mount /sys as read-only
but with /sys/devices/virtual/net writable.
•
sys:ro: mount /sys as read-only for security /
container isolation purposes.
•
sys:rw: mount /sys as read-write
•
cgroup:mixed: Mount a tmpfs to /sys/fs
/cgroup, create directories for all hierarchies to
which the container is added, create
subdirectories in those hierarchies with the
name of the cgroup, and bind-mount the
container's own cgroup into that directory. The
container will be able to write to its own
cgroup directory, but not the parents, since
they will be remounted read-only.
•
cgroup:mixed:force: The force option will
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cause LXC to perform the cgroup mounts for

the container under all circumstances.
Otherwise it is similar to cgroup:mixed. This
is mainly useful when the cgroup namespaces
are enabled where LXC will normally leave
mounting cgroups to the init binary of the
container since it is perfectly safe to do so.
•
cgroup:ro: similar to cgroup:mixed, but
everything will be mounted read-only.
•
cgroup:ro:force: The force option will cause
LXC to perform the cgroup mounts for the
container under all circumstances. Otherwise
it is similar to cgroup:ro. This is mainly useful
when the cgroup namespaces are enabled
where LXC will normally leave mounting
cgroups to the init binary of the container
since it is perfectly safe to do so.
•
cgroup:rw: similar to cgroup:mixed, but
everything will be mounted read-write. Note
that the paths leading up to the container's
own cgroup will be writable, but will not be a
cgroup filesystem but just part of the tmpfs of
/sys/fs/cgroup
•
cgroup:rw:force: The force option will cause
LXC to perform the cgroup mounts for the
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container under all circumstances. Otherwise

it is similar to cgroup:rw. This is mainly useful
when the cgroup namespaces are enabled
where LXC will normally leave mounting
cgroups to the init binary of the container
since it is perfectly safe to do so.
•
cgroup (without specifier): defaults to
cgroup:rw if the container retains the
CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability, cgroup:mixed
otherwise.
•
cgroup-full:mixed: mount a tmpfs to /sys/fs
/cgroup, create directories for all hierarchies to
which the container is added, bind-mount the
hierarchies from the host to the container and
make everything read-only except the
container's own cgroup. Note that compared
to cgroup, where all paths leading up to the
container's own cgroup are just simple
directories in the underlying tmpfs, here
/sys/fs/cgroup/$hierarchy will contain the
host's full cgroup hierarchy, albeit read-only
outside the container's own cgroup. This may
leak quite a bit of information into the
container.
•
cgroup-full:mixed:force: The force option
will cause LXC to perform the cgroup mounts
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for the container under all circumstances.

Otherwise it is similar to cgroup-full:mixed.
This is mainly useful when the cgroup
namespaces are enabled where LXC will
normally leave mounting cgroups to the init
binary of the container since it is perfectly safe
to do so.
•
cgroup-full:ro: similar to cgroup-full:mixed,
but everything will be mounted read-only.
•
cgroup-full:ro:force: The force option will
Otherwise it is similar to cgroup-full:ro. This
•
cgroup-full:rw: similar to cgroup-full:mixed,
but everything will be mounted read-write.
Note that in this case, the container may
escape its own cgroup. (Note also that if the
container has CAP_SYS_ADMIN support and
can mount the cgroup filesystem itself, it may
do so anyway.)
•
cgroup-full:rw:force: The force option will
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Otherwise it is similar to cgroup-full:rw. This
•
cgroup-full (without specifier): defaults to
cgroup-full:rw if the container retains the
CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability, cgroup-
full:mixed otherwise.
If cgroup namespaces are enabled, then any cgroup
auto-mounting request will be ignored, since the
container can mount the filesystems itself, and
automounting can confuse the container init. Note that
if automatic mounting of the cgroup filesystem is
enabled, the tmpfs under /sys/fs/cgroup will always be
mounted read-write (but for the :mixed and :ro cases,
the individual hierarchies, /sys/fs/cgroup/$hierarchy,
will be read-only). This is in order to work around a
quirk in Ubuntu's mountall(8) command that will cause
containers to wait for user input at boot if /sys/fs/cgroup
is mounted read-only and the container can't remount it
read-write due to a lack of CAP_SYS_ADMIN.
Examples: lxc.mount.auto = proc sys cgroup
lxc.mount.auto = proc:rw sys:rw cgroup-full:rw
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ROOT FILE SYSTEM
The root file system of the container can be different than

that of the host system.
lxc.rootfs.path
specify the root file system for the container. It can be
an image file, a directory or a block device. If not
specified, the container shares its root file system with
the host.
For directory or simple block-device backed containers,
a pathname can be used. If the rootfs is backed by a
nbd device, then nbd:file:1 specifies that file should be
attached to a nbd device, and partition 1 should be
mounted as the rootfs. nbd:file specifies that the nbd
device itself should be mounted. overlayfs:/lower:
/upper specifies that the rootfs should be an overlay
with /upper being mounted read-write over a read-only
mount of /lower. For overlay multiple /lower directories
can be specified. loop:/file tells lxc to attach /file to a
loop device and mount the loop device.
lxc.rootfs.mount
where to recursively bind lxc.rootfs.path before
pivoting. This is to ensure success of the pivot_root(8)
syscall. Any directory suffices, the default should
generally work.
lxc.rootfs.options
extra mount options to use when mounting the rootfs.
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CONTROL GROUP
The control group section contains the configuration for the

different subsystem. lxc does not check the correctness of
the subsystem name. This has the disadvantage of not
detecting configuration errors until the container is started,
but has the advantage of permitting any future subsystem.
lxc.cgroup.[controller name]
Specify the control group value to be set on a legacy
cgroup hierarchy. The controller name is the literal
name of the control group. The permitted names and
the syntax of their values is not dictated by LXC,
instead it depends on the features of the Linux kernel
running at the time the container is started, eg.
lxc.cgroup.cpuset.cpus
lxc.cgroup2.[controller name]
Specify the control group value to be set on the unified
cgroup shierarchy. The controller name is the literal
name of the control group. The permitted names and
the syntax of their values is not dictated by LXC,
instead it depends on the features of the Linux kernel
running at the time the container is started, eg.
lxc.cgroup2.memory.high
lxc.cgroup.dir
specify a directory or path in which the container's
cgroup will be created. For example, setting
lxc.cgroup.dir = my-cgroup/first for a container
named "c1" will create the container's cgroup as a sub-
cgroup of "my-cgroup". For example, if the user's
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current cgroup "my-user" is located in the root cgroup

of the cpuset controller in a cgroup v1 hierarchy this
would create the cgroup "/sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset/my-
user/my-cgroup/first/c1" for the container. Any missing
cgroups will be created by LXC. This presupposes that
the user has write access to its current cgroup.
CAPABILITIES
The capabilities can be dropped in the container if this one

is run as root.
lxc.cap.drop
Specify the capability to be dropped in the container. A
single line defining several capabilities with a space
separation is allowed. The format is the lower case of
the capability definition without the "CAP_" prefix, eg.
CAP_SYS_MODULE should be specified as
sys_module. See capabilities(7). If used with no value,
lxc will clear any drop capabilities specified up to this
point.
lxc.cap.keep
Specify the capability to be kept in the container. All
other capabilities will be dropped. When a special value
of "none" is encountered, lxc will clear any keep
capabilities specified up to this point. A value of "none"
alone can be used to drop all capabilities.
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NAMESPACES
A namespace can be cloned (lxc.namespace.clone), kept

(lxc.namespace.keep) or shared (lxc.namespace.share.
[namespace identifier]).
lxc.namespace.clone
Specify namespaces which the container is supposed
to be created with. The namespaces to create are
specified as a space separated list. Each namespace
must correspond to one of the standard namespace
identifiers as seen in the /proc/PID/ns directory. When
lxc.namespace.clone is not explicitly set all
namespaces supported by the kernel and the current
configuration will be used.
To create a new mount, net and ipc namespace set
lxc.namespace.clone=mount net ipc.
lxc.namespace.keep
Specify namespaces which the container is supposed
to inherit from the process that created it. The
namespaces to keep are specified as a space
separated list. Each namespace must correspond to
one of the standard namespace identifiers as seen in
the /proc/PID/ns directory. The lxc.namespace.keep is
a blacklist option, i.e. it is useful when enforcing that
containers must keep a specific set of namespaces.
To keep the network, user and ipc namespace set
lxc.namespace.keep=user net ipc.
Note that sharing pid namespaces will likely not work
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with most init systems.
Note that if the container requests a new user

namespace and the container wants to inherit the
network namespace it needs to inherit the user
namespace as well.
lxc.namespace.share.[namespace identifier]
Specify a namespace to inherit from another container
or process. The [namespace identifier] suffix needs to
be replaced with one of the namespaces that appear in
the /proc/PID/ns directory.
To inherit the namespace from another process set the
lxc.namespace.share.[namespace identifier] to the
PID of the process, e.g. lxc.namespace.share.net=42.
To inherit the namespace from another container set

the lxc.namespace.share.[namespace identifier] to
the name of the container, e.g.
lxc.namespace.share.pid=c3.
To inherit the namespace from another container

located in a different path than the standard liblxc path
set the lxc.namespace.share.[namespace identifier]
to the full path to the container, e.g.
lxc.namespace.share.user=/opt/c3.
In order to inherit namespaces the caller needs to have

sufficient privilege over the process or container.
Note that sharing pid namespaces between system

containers will likely not work with most init systems.
Note that if two processes are in different user
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namespaces and one process wants to inherit the

other's network namespace it usually needs to inherit
the user namespace as well.
RESOURCE LIMITS
The soft and hard resource limits for the container can be
changed. Unprivileged containers can only lower them.
Resources which are not explicitly specified will be
inherited.
lxc.prlimit.[limit name]
Specify the resource limit to be set. A limit is specified
as two colon separated values which are either
numeric or the word 'unlimited'. A single value can be
used as a shortcut to set both soft and hard limit to the
same value. The permitted names the "RLIMIT_"
resource names in lowercase without the "RLIMIT_"
prefix, eg. RLIMIT_NOFILE should be specified as
"nofile". See setrlimit(2). If used with no value, lxc will
clear the resource limit specified up to this point. A
resource with no explicitly configured limitation will be
inherited from the process starting up the container.
SYSCTL
Configure kernel parameters for the container.
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lxc.sysctl.[kernel parameters name]

Specify the kernel parameters to be set. The
parameters available are those listed under /proc/sys/.
Note that not all sysctls are namespaced. Changing
Non-namespaced sysctls will cause the system-wide
setting to be modified. sysctl(8). If used with no value,
lxc will clear the parameters specified up to this point.
APPARMOR PROFILE
If lxc was compiled and installed with apparmor support,

and the host system has apparmor enabled, then the
apparmor profile under which the container should be run
can be specified in the container configuration. The default
is lxc-container-default-cgns if the host kernel is cgroup
namespace aware, or lxc-container-default othewise.
lxc.apparmor.profile
Specify the apparmor profile under which the container
should be run. To specify that the container should be
unconfined, use
lxc.apparmor.profile = unconfined
If the apparmor profile should remain unchanged (i.e. if

you are nesting containers and are already confined),
then use
lxc.apparmor.profile = unchanged
lxc.apparmor.allow_incomplete
Apparmor profiles are pathname based. Therefore
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many file restrictions require mount restrictions to be

effective against a determined attacker. However, these
mount restrictions are not yet implemented in the
upstream kernel. Without the mount restrictions, the
apparmor profiles still protect against accidental
damager.
If this flag is 0 (default), then the container will not be
started if the kernel lacks the apparmor mount features,
so that a regression after a kernel upgrade will be
detected. To start the container under partial apparmor
protection, set this flag to 1.
SELINUX CONTEXT
If lxc was compiled and installed with SELinux support, and

the host system has SELinux enabled, then the SELinux
context under which the container should be run can be
specified in the container configuration. The default is
unconfined_t, which means that lxc will not attempt to
change contexts. See /usr/share/lxc/selinux/lxc.te for an
example policy and more information.
lxc.selinux.context
Specify the SELinux context under which the container
should be run or unconfined_t. For example
lxc.selinux.context =
system_u:system_r:lxc_t:s0:c22
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SECCOMP CONFIGURATION
A container can be started with a reduced set of available

system calls by loading a seccomp profile at startup. The
seccomp configuration file must begin with a version
number on the first line, a policy type on the second line,
followed by the configuration.
Versions 1 and 2 are currently supported. In version 1, the
policy is a simple whitelist. The second line therefore must
read "whitelist", with the rest of the file containing one
(numeric) sycall number per line. Each syscall number is
whitelisted, while every unlisted number is blacklisted for
use in the container
In version 2, the policy may be blacklist or whitelist,

supports per-rule and per-policy default actions, and
supports per-architecture system call resolution from textual
names.
An example blacklist policy, in which all system calls are

allowed except for mknod, which will simply do nothing and
return 0 (success), looks like:
2
blacklist
mknod errno 0
lxc.seccomp.profile
Specify a file containing the seccomp configuration to
load before the container starts.
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PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS
With PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS active execve() promises

not to grant privileges to do anything that could not have
been done without the execve() call (for example, rendering
the set-user-ID and set-group-ID mode bits, and file
capabilities non-functional). Once set, this bit cannot be
unset. The setting of this bit is inherited by children created
by fork() and clone(), and preserved across execve(). Note
that PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS is applied after the
container has changed into its intended AppArmor profile or
SElinux context.
lxc.no_new_privs
Specify whether the PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS flag
should be set for the container. Set to 1 to activate.
UID MAPPINGS
A container can be started in a private user namespace with

user and group id mappings. For instance, you can map
userid 0 in the container to userid 200000 on the host. The
root user in the container will be privileged in the container,
but unprivileged on the host. Normally a system container
will want a range of ids, so you would map, for instance,
user and group ids 0 through 20,000 in the container to the
ids 200,000 through 220,000.
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lxc.idmap
Four values must be provided. First a character, either
'u', or 'g', to specify whether user or group ids are being
mapped. Next is the first userid as seen in the user
namespace of the container. Next is the userid as seen
on the host. Finally, a range indicating the number of
consecutive ids to map.
CONTAINER HOOKS
Container hooks are programs or scripts which can be

executed at various times in a container's lifetime.
When a container hook is executed, additional information
is passed along. The lxc.hook.version argument can be
used to determine if the following arguments are passed as
command line arguments or through environment variables.
The arguments are:
•
Container name.
•
Section (always 'lxc').
•
The hook type (i.e. 'clone' or 'pre-mount').
•
Additional arguments. In the case of the clone hook,
any extra arguments passed will appear as further
arguments to the hook. In the case of the stop hook,
paths to filedescriptors for each of the container's
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namespaces along with their types are passed.
The following environment variables are set:
•
LXC_CGNS_AWARE: indicator whether the container
is cgroup namespace aware.
•
LXC_CONFIG_FILE: the path to the container
configuration file.
•
LXC_HOOK_TYPE: the hook type (e.g. 'clone', 'mount',
'pre-mount'). Note that the existence of this
environment variable is conditional on the value of
lxc.hook.version. If it is set to 1 then
LXC_HOOK_TYPE will be set.
•
LXC_HOOK_SECTION: the section type (e.g. 'lxc',
'net'). Note that the existence of this environment
variable is conditional on the value of
lxc.hook.version. If it is set to 1 then
LXC_HOOK_SECTION will be set.
•
LXC_HOOK_VERSION: the version of the hooks. This
value is identical to the value of the container's
lxc.hook.version config item. If it is set to 0 then old-
style hooks are used. If it is set to 1 then new-style
hooks are used.
•
LXC_LOG_LEVEL: the container's log level.
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•
LXC_NAME: is the container's name.
•
LXC_[NAMESPACE IDENTIFIER]_NS: path under
/proc/PID/fd/ to a file descriptor referring to the
container's namespace. For each preserved
namespace type there will be a separate environment
variable. These environment variables will only be set if
lxc.hook.version is set to 1.
•
LXC_ROOTFS_MOUNT: the path to the mounted root
filesystem.
•
LXC_ROOTFS_PATH: this is the lxc.rootfs.path entry
for the container. Note this is likely not where the
mounted rootfs is to be found, use
LXC_ROOTFS_MOUNT for that.
•
LXC_SRC_NAME: in the case of the clone hook, this is
the original container's name.
Standard output from the hooks is logged at debug level.

Standard error is not logged, but can be captured by the
hook redirecting its standard error to standard output.
lxc.hook.version
To pass the arguments in new style via environment
variables set to 1 otherwise set to 0 to pass them as
arguments. This setting affects all hooks arguments
that were traditionally passed as arguments to the
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script. Specifically, it affects the container name,

section (e.g. 'lxc', 'net') and hook type (e.g. 'clone',
'mount', 'pre-mount') arguments. If new-style hooks are
used then the arguments will be available as
environment variables. The container name will be set
in LXC_NAME. (This is set independently of the value
used for this config item.) The section will be set in
LXC_HOOK_SECTION and the hook type will be set in
LXC_HOOK_TYPE. It also affects how the paths to file
descriptors referring to the container's namespaces are
passed. If set to 1 then for each namespace a separate
environment variable LXC_[NAMESPACE
IDENTIFIER]_NS will be set. If set to 0 then the paths
will be passed as arguments to the stop hook.
lxc.hook.pre-start
A hook to be run in the host's namespace before the
container ttys, consoles, or mounts are up.
lxc.hook.pre-mount
A hook to be run in the container's fs namespace but
before the rootfs has been set up. This allows for
manipulation of the rootfs, i.e. to mount an encrypted
filesystem. Mounts done in this hook will not be
reflected on the host (apart from mounts propagation),
so they will be automatically cleaned up when the
container shuts down.
lxc.hook.mount
A hook to be run in the container's namespace after
mounting has been done, but before the pivot_root.
lxc.hook.autodev
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A hook to be run in the container's namespace after

mounting has been done and after any mount hooks
have run, but before the pivot_root, if lxc.autodev ==
1. The purpose of this hook is to assist in populating
the /dev directory of the container when using the
autodev option for systemd based containers. The
container's /dev directory is relative to the
${LXC_ROOTFS_MOUNT} environment variable
available when the hook is run.
lxc.hook.start-host
A hook to be run in the host's namespace after the
container has been setup, and immediately before
starting the container init.
lxc.hook.start
A hook to be run in the container's namespace
immediately before executing the container's init. This
requires the program to be available in the container.
lxc.hook.stop
A hook to be run in the host's namespace with
references to the container's namespaces after the
container has been shut down. For each namespace
an extra argument is passed to the hook containing the
namespace's type and a filename that can be used to
obtain a file descriptor to the corresponding
namespace, separated by a colon. The type is the
name as it would appear in the /proc/PID/ns directory.
For instance for the mount namespace the argument
usually looks like mnt:/proc/PID/fd/12.
lxc.hook.post-stop
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A hook to be run in the host's namespace after the

container has been shut down.
lxc.hook.clone
A hook to be run when the container is cloned to a new
one. See lxc-clone(1) for more information.
lxc.hook.destroy
A hook to be run when the container is destroyed.
CONTAINER HOOKS ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
A number of environment variables are made available to

the startup hooks to provide configuration information and
assist in the functioning of the hooks. Not all variables are
valid in all contexts. In particular, all paths are relative to the
host system and, as such, not valid during the
lxc.hook.start hook.
LXC_NAME
The LXC name of the container. Useful for logging
messages in common log environments. [-n]
LXC_CONFIG_FILE
Host relative path to the container configuration file.
This gives the container to reference the original, top
level, configuration file for the container in order to
locate any additional configuration information not
otherwise made available. [-f]
LXC_CONSOLE
The path to the console output of the container if not
NULL. [-c] [lxc.console.path]
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LXC_CONSOLE_LOGPATH
The path to the console log output of the container if
not NULL. [-L]
LXC_ROOTFS_MOUNT
The mount location to which the container is initially
bound. This will be the host relative path to the
container rootfs for the container instance being started
and is where changes should be made for that
instance. [lxc.rootfs.mount]
LXC_ROOTFS_PATH
The host relative path to the container root which has
been mounted to the rootfs.mount location.
[lxc.rootfs.path]
LXC_SRC_NAME
Only for the clone hook. Is set to the original container
name.
LXC_TARGET
Only for the stop hook. Is set to "stop" for a container
shutdown or "reboot" for a container reboot.
LXC_CGNS_AWARE
If unset, then this version of lxc is not aware of cgroup
namespaces. If set, it will be set to 1, and lxc is aware
of cgroup namespaces. Note this does not guarantee
that cgroup namespaces are enabled in the kernel.
This is used by the lxcfs mount hook.
LOGGING
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Logging can be configured on a per-container basis. By

default, depending upon how the lxc package was
compiled, container startup is logged only at the ERROR
level, and logged to a file named after the container (with
'.log' appended) either under the container path, or under
/var/log/lxc.
Both the default log level and the log file can be specified in
the container configuration file, overriding the default
behavior. Note that the configuration file entries can in turn
be overridden by the command line options to lxc-start.
lxc.log.level
The level at which to log. The log level is an integer in
the range of 0..8 inclusive, where a lower number
means more verbose debugging. In particular 0 =
trace, 1 = debug, 2 = info, 3 = notice, 4 = warn, 5 =
error, 6 = critical, 7 = alert, and 8 = fatal. If unspecified,
the level defaults to 5 (error), so that only errors and
above are logged.
Note that when a script (such as either a hook script or
a network interface up or down script) is called, the
script's standard output is logged at level 1, debug.
lxc.log.file
The file to which logging info should be written.
lxc.log.syslog
Send logging info to syslog. It respects the log level
defined in lxc.log.level. The argument should be the
syslog facility to use, valid ones are: daemon, local0,
local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local5, local6,
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local7.
AUTOSTART
The autostart options support marking which containers

should be auto-started and in what order. These options
may be used by LXC tools directly or by external tooling
provided by the distributions.
lxc.start.auto
Whether the container should be auto-started. Valid
values are 0 (off) and 1 (on).
lxc.start.delay
How long to wait (in seconds) after the container is
started before starting the next one.
lxc.start.order
An integer used to sort the containers when auto-
starting a series of containers at once.
lxc.monitor.unshare
If not zero the mount namespace will be unshared from
the host before initializing the container (before running
any pre-start hooks). This requires the
CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability at startup. Default is 0.
lxc.group
A multi-value key (can be used multiple times) to put
the container in a container group. Those groups can
then be used (amongst other things) to start a series of
related containers.
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AUTOSTART AND SYSTEM BOOT
Each container can be part of any number of groups or no

group at all. Two groups are special. One is the NULL
group, i.e. the container does not belong to any group. The
other group is the "onboot" group.
When the system boots with the LXC service enabled, it will
first attempt to boot any containers with lxc.start.auto == 1
that is a member of the "onboot" group. The startup will be
in order of lxc.start.order. If an lxc.start.delay has been
specified, that delay will be honored before attempting to
start the next container to give the current container time to
begin initialization and reduce overloading the host system.
After starting the members of the "onboot" group, the LXC
system will proceed to boot containers with lxc.start.auto ==
1 which are not members of any group (the NULL group)
and proceed as with the onboot group.
CONTAINER ENVIRONMENT
If you want to pass environment variables into the container

(that is, environment variables which will be available to init
and all of its descendents), you can use lxc.environment
parameters to do so. Be careful that you do not pass in
anything sensitive; any process in the container which
doesn't have its environment scrubbed will have these
variables available to it, and environment variables are
always available via /proc/PID/environ.
This configuration parameter can be specified multiple
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times; once for each environment variable you wish to

configure.
lxc.environment
Specify an environment variable to pass into the
container. Example:
lxc.environment =
APP_ENV=production
lxc.environment =
SYSLOG_SERVER=192.0.2.42
It is possible to inherit host environment variables by

setting the name of the variable without a "=" sign. For
example:
lxc.environment = PATH
EXAMPLES
In addition to the few examples given below, you will find

some other examples of configuration file in /usr/share
/doc/lxc/examples
NETWORK
This configuration sets up a container to use a veth pair

device with one side plugged to a bridge br0 (which has
been configured before on the system by the administrator).
The virtual network device visible in the container is
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renamed to eth0.
lxc.uts.name = myhostname
lxc.net.0.type = veth
lxc.net.0.flags = up
lxc.net.0.link = br0
lxc.net.0.name = eth0
lxc.net.0.hwaddr = 4a:49:43:49:79:bf
lxc.net.0.ipv4.address = 10.2.3.5/24
10.2.3.255
lxc.net.0.ipv6.address =
2003:db8:1:0:214:1234:fe0b:3597
UID/GID MAPPING
This configuration will map both user and group ids in the
range 0-9999 in the container to the ids 100000-109999 on
the host.
lxc.idmap = u 0 100000 10000
lxc.idmap = g 0 100000 10000
CONTROL GROUP
This configuration will setup several control groups for the

application, cpuset.cpus restricts usage of the defined cpu,
cpus.share prioritize the control group, devices.allow makes
usable the specified devices.
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lxc.cgroup.cpuset.cpus = 0,1
lxc.cgroup.cpu.shares = 1234
lxc.cgroup.devices.deny = a
lxc.cgroup.devices.allow = c 1:3 rw
lxc.cgroup.devices.allow = b 8:0 rw
COMPLEX CONFIGURATION
This example show a complex configuration making a

complex network stack, using the control groups, setting a
new hostname, mounting some locations and a changing
root file system.
lxc.uts.name = complex
lxc.net.0.type = veth
lxc.net.0.link = br0
lxc.net.0.hwaddr = 4a:49:43:49:79:bf
10.2.3.255
2003:db8:1:0:214:1234:fe0b:3597
2003:db8:1:0:214:5432:feab:3588
lxc.net.1.type = macvlan
lxc.net.1.link = eth0
lxc.net.1.hwaddr = 4a:49:43:49:79:bd
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192.168.10.125/24
2003:db8:1:0:214:1234:fe0b:3596
lxc.net.2.type = phys
lxc.net.2.link = dummy0
lxc.net.2.hwaddr = 4a:49:43:49:79:ff
2003:db8:1:0:214:1234:fe0b:3297
lxc.cgroup.cpuset.cpus = 0,1
lxc.cgroup.cpu.shares = 1234
lxc.cgroup.devices.deny = a
lxc.cgroup.devices.allow = c 1:3 rw
lxc.cgroup.devices.allow = b 8:0 rw
lxc.mount.fstab = /etc/fstab.complex
lxc.mount.entry = /lib
/root/myrootfs/lib none ro,bind 0 0
lxc.rootfs.path = dir:/mnt
/rootfs.complex
lxc.cap.drop = sys_module mknod
setuid net_raw
lxc.cap.drop = mac_override
SEE ALSO
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chroot(1), pivot_root(8), fstab(5), capabilities(7)
SEE ALSO
lxc(7), lxc-create(1), lxc-copy(1), lxc-destroy(1), lxc-start(1),

lxc-stop(1), lxc-execute(1), lxc-console(1), lxc-monitor(1),
lxc-wait(1), lxc-cgroup(1), lxc-ls(1), lxc-info(1), lxc-freeze(1),
lxc-unfreeze(1), lxc-attach(1), lxc.conf(5)
AUTHOR
Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr>
Index
NAME
DESCRIPTION
CONFIGURATION
ARCHITECTURE
HOSTNAME
HALT SIGNAL
REBOOT SIGNAL
STOP SIGNAL
INIT COMMAND
INIT WORKING DIRECTORY
INIT ID
PROC
EPHEMERAL
NETWORK
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NEW PSEUDO TTY INSTANCE (DEVPTS)

CONTAINER SYSTEM CONSOLE
CONSOLE THROUGH THE TTYS
CONSOLE DEVICES LOCATION
/DEV DIRECTORY
MOUNT POINTS
ROOT FILE SYSTEM
CONTROL GROUP
CAPABILITIES
NAMESPACES
RESOURCE LIMITS
SYSCTL
APPARMOR PROFILE
SELINUX CONTEXT
SECCOMP CONFIGURATION
PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS
UID MAPPINGS
CONTAINER HOOKS
CONTAINER HOOKS ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
LOGGING
AUTOSTART
AUTOSTART AND SYSTEM BOOT
CONTAINER ENVIRONMENT
EXAMPLES
NETWORK
UID/GID MAPPING
CONTROL GROUP
COMPLEX CONFIGURATION
SEE ALSO
51 of 52 03/05/2018, 10:42
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
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Linux Containers - LXC - Manpages about:reader?url=https://linuxcontainers.org/lx...

Linux Containers - LXC -

Section: (5)Updated: 2018-04-30

lxc.container.conf - LXC container configuration file

LXC is the well-known and heavily tested low-level Linux

This is achieved through a combination of kernel security

LXC has supports unprivileged containers. Unprivileged

In essence, user namespaces isolate given sets of UIDs

Linux containers are defined with a simple configuration file.

LXC namespaces configuration keys by using single dots.

In order to ease administration of multiple related

Allows one to set the architecture for the container. For

Some valid options are x86, i686, x86_64, amd64

The utsname section defines the hostname to be set for the

Allows one to specify signal name or number sent to the

Allows one to specify signal name or number to reboot the

Allows one to specify signal name or number to forcibly

Sets the command to use as the init system for the

Absolute path from container rootfs to the binary to use

INIT WORKING DIRECTORY

Sets the absolute path inside the container as the working

Configure proc filesystem for the container.

lxc.proc.[proc file name]

Allows one to specify whether a container will be destroyed

The network section defines how the network is virtualized

physical network interface.

empty: will create only the loopback interface.

veth: a virtual ethernet pair device is created with one

chooses a name for the network device belonging to

vlan: a vlan interface is linked with the interface

macvlan: a macvlan interface is linked with the

to another one get delivered directly and are not sent

phys: an already existing interface specified by the

needed to resolve a mac address conflict or to always

option) and use that as the gateway. auto is only

environment variables or as arguments to the script

Standard output from the script is logged at debug

Standard output from the script is logged at debug

NEW PSEUDO TTY INSTANCE (DEVPTS)

CONTAINER SYSTEM CONSOLE

If the container is configured with a root filesystem and the

power of 2 when converted to bytes. Valid size prefixes

device node for the console in the container at

CONSOLE THROUGH THE TTYS

This option is useful if the container is configured with a root

CONSOLE DEVICES LOCATION

LXC consoles are provided through Unix98 PTYs created

upgrades in the guest. Therefore you can specify a

By default, lxc creates a few symbolic links

Set this to 0 to stop LXC from mounting and populating

The mount points section specifies the different places to be

Will mount a proc filesystem under the container's

Note that when mounting a filesystem from an image

Will expand dev/null to

automatically mounted. This may dramatically simplify

cause LXC to perform the cgroup mounts for

container under all circumstances. Otherwise

for the container under all circumstances.