Python Collections (Arrays)

There are four collection data types in the Python programming language:

 List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate

members.
 Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate
members.
 Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and unindexed. No
duplicate members.
 Dictionary is a collection which is ordered** and changeable. No
duplicate members.

List
Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data,
the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage.

Lists are created using square brackets:

Example
Create a List:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist)

List Items
List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.

List items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has
index [1] etc.
Ordered
When we say that lists are ordered, it means that the items have a defined
order, and that order will not change.

If you add new items to a list, the new items will be placed at the end of the
list.

Changeable
The list is changeable, meaning that we can change, add, and remove items in
a list after it has been created.

Allow Duplicates
Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with the same value:

Example
Lists allow duplicate values:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]
print(thislist)

List Length
To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function:

Example
Print the number of items in the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(thislist))

List Items - Data Types

List items can be of any data type:

Example
String, int and boolean data types:

list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list3 = [True, False, False]

A list can contain different data types:

Example
A list with strings, integers and boolean values:

list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]

type()
From Python's perspective, lists are defined as objects with the data type 'list':

<class 'list'>

Example
What is the data type of a list?

mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(type(mylist))

The list() Constructor

It is also possible to use the list() constructor when creating a new list.

Example
Using the list() constructor to make a List:

thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-

brackets
print(thislist)
Access Items
List items are indexed and you can access them by referring to the index
number:

Example
Print the second item of the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist[1])

Negative Indexing
Negative indexing means start from the end

-1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last item etc.

Example
Print the last item of the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist[-1])

Range of Indexes
You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to start and where to
end the range.

When specifying a range, the return value will be a new list with the specified
items.

Example
Return the third, fourth, and fifth item:

thislist =
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[2:5])
Note: The search will start at index 2 (included) and end at index 5 (not
included).

By leaving out the start value, the range will start at the first item:

Example
This example returns the items from the beginning to, but NOT including,
"kiwi":

thislist =
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[:4])

By leaving out the end value, the range will go on to the end of the list:

Example
This example returns the items from "cherry" to the end:

thislist =
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[2:])

Range of Negative Indexes

Specify negative indexes if you want to start the search from the end of the list:

Example
This example returns the items from "orange" (-4) to, but NOT including
"mango" (-1):

thislist =
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[-4:-1])

Check if Item Exists

To determine if a specified item is present in a list use the in keyword:
Example
Check if "apple" is present in the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
if "apple" in thislist:
  print("Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits list")

Remove Specified Item

The remove() method removes the specified item.

Example
Remove "banana":

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.remove("banana")
print(thislist)

Remove Specified Index

The pop() method removes the specified index.

Example
Remove the second item:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.pop(1)
print(thislist)

If you do not specify the index, the pop() method removes the last item.

Example
Remove the last item:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.pop()
print(thislist)
The del keyword also removes the specified index:

Example
Remove the first item:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del thislist[0]
print(thislist)

The del keyword can also delete the list completely.

Example
Delete the entire list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del thislist

Clear the List

The clear() method empties the list.

The list still remains, but it has no content.

Example
Clear the list content:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.clear()
print(thislist)

Python Tuples
Tuple
Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
Tuple is one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data,
the other 3 are List, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage.

A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.

Tuples are written with round brackets.

Example
Create a Tuple:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(thistuple)

Tuple Items
Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and allow duplicate values.

Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has
index [1] etc.

Ordered
When we say that tuples are ordered, it means that the items have a defined
order, and that order will not change.

Unchangeable
Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change, add or remove items
after the tuple has been created.

Allow Duplicates
Since tuples are indexed, they can have items with the same value:

Example
Tuples allow duplicate values:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry")
print(thistuple)

Tuple Length
To determine how many items a tuple has, use the len() function:

Example
Print the number of items in the tuple:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(len(thistuple))

Create Tuple With One Item

To create a tuple with only one item, you have to add a comma after the item,
otherwise Python will not recognize it as a tuple.

Example
One item tuple, remember the comma:

thistuple = ("apple",)
print(type(thistuple))

#NOT a tuple
thistuple = ("apple")
print(type(thistuple))

Tuple Items - Data Types

Tuple items can be of any data type:
Example
String, int and boolean data types:

tuple1 = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
tuple2 = (1, 5, 7, 9, 3)
tuple3 = (True, False, False)

A tuple can contain different data types:

Example
A tuple with strings, integers and boolean values:

tuple1 = ("abc", 34, True, 40, "male")

The tuple() Constructor

It is also possible to use the tuple() constructor to make a tuple.

Example
Using the tuple() method to make a tuple:

thistuple = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double round-

brackets
print(thistuple)

Change Tuple Values

Once a tuple is created, you cannot change its values. Tuples
are unchangeable, or immutable as it also is called.

But there is a workaround. You can convert the tuple into a list, change the list,
and convert the list back into a tuple.

Example
Convert the tuple into a list to be able to change it:
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(x)
y[1] = "kiwi"
x = tuple(y)

print(x)

Add Items
Since tuples are immutable, they do not have a build-in append() method, but
there are other ways to add items to a tuple.

1. Convert into a list: Just like the workaround for  changing  a tuple, you can
convert it into a list, add your item(s), and convert it back into a tuple.

Example
Convert the tuple into a list, add "orange", and convert it back into a tuple:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(thistuple)
y.append("orange")
thistuple = tuple(y)

2. Add tuple to a tuple. You are allowed to add tuples to tuples, so if you want
to add one item, (or many), create a new tuple with the item(s), and add it to
the existing tuple:

Example
Create a new tuple with the value "orange", and add that tuple:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = ("orange",)
thistuple += y

print(thistuple)

Remove Items
Note: You cannot remove items in a tuple.
Tuples are unchangeable, so you cannot remove items from it, but you can
use the same workaround as we used for changing and adding tuple items:

Example
Convert the tuple into a list, remove "apple", and convert it back into a tuple:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(thistuple)
y.remove("apple")
thistuple = tuple(y)

Unpacking a Tuple
When we create a tuple, we normally assign values to it. This is called "packing"
a tuple:

Example
Packing a tuple:

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

But, in Python, we are also allowed to extract the values back into variables.
This is called "unpacking":

Example
Unpacking a tuple:

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

(green, yellow, red) = fruits

print(green)
print(yellow)
print(red)

Note: The number of variables must match the number of values in the tuple, if
not, you must use an asterisk to collect the remaining values as a list.
 Python Sets
In Python, a Set is an unordered collection of data types that is iterable,
mutable and has no duplicate elements. The order of elements in a set is
undefined though it may consist of various elements. The major advantage of
using a set, as opposed to a list, is that it has a highly optimized method for
checking whether a specific element is contained in the set.

Creating a Set

Sets can be created by using the built-in set() function with an iterable object or

a sequence by placing the sequence inside curly braces, separated by a
‘comma’.
Note:  A set cannot have mutable elements like a list or dictionary, as it is
mutable.  
 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# Creation of Set in Python

# Creating a Set

set1 = set()

print("Initial blank Set: ")

print(set1)

# Creating a Set with

# the use of a String

 set1 = set("GeeksForGeeks")

print("\nSet with the use of String: ")

print(set1)

# Creating a Set with

# the use of Constructor

# (Using object to Store String)

String = 'GeeksForGeeks'

set1 = set(String)

print("\nSet with the use of an Object: " )

print(set1)

# Creating a Set with

# the use of a List

set1 = set(["Geeks", "For", "Geeks"])

print("\nSet with the use of List: ")

print(set1)

Output
Initial blank Set:
set()
 Set with the use of String:
{'e', 'r', 'G', 's', 'F', 'k', 'o'}

Set with the use of an Object:

{'e', 'r', 'G', 's', 'F', 'k', 'o'}

Set with the use of List:

{'Geeks', 'For'}
A set contains only unique elements but at the time of set creation, multiple
duplicate values can also be passed. Order of elements in a set is undefined
and is unchangeable. Type of elements in a set need not be the same, various
mixed-up data type values can also be passed to the set. 

 Python3

# Creating a Set with

# a List of Numbers

# (Having duplicate values)

set1 = set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 6, 5])

print("\nSet with the use of Numbers: ")

print(set1)

# Creating a Set with

# a mixed type of values

# (Having numbers and strings)

 set1 = set([1, 2, 'Geeks', 4, 'For', 6, 'Geeks'])

print("\nSet with the use of Mixed Values")

print(set1)

Output
Set with the use of Numbers:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Set with the use of Mixed Values

{1, 2, 'For', 4, 6, 'Geeks'}

Creating a set with another method

 Python3

# Another Method to create sets in Python3

# Set containing numbers

my_set = {1, 2, 3}

print(my_set)

# This code is contributed by sarajadhav12052009

Output
 {1, 2, 3}

Adding Elements to a Set

Using add() method

Elements can be added to the Set by using the built-in add() function. Only one
element at a time can be added to the set by using add() method, loops are
used to add multiple elements at a time with the use of add() method.
Note:  Lists cannot be added to a set as elements because Lists are not
hashable whereas Tuples can be added because tuples are immutable and
hence Hashable. 
 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# Addition of elements in a Set

# Creating a Set

set1 = set()

print("Initial blank Set: ")

print(set1)

# Adding element and tuple to the Set

set1.add(8)

set1.add(9)

set1.add((6, 7))

print("\nSet after Addition of Three elements: ")

 print(set1)

# Adding elements to the Set

# using Iterator

for i in range(1, 6):

    set1.add(i)

print("\nSet after Addition of elements from 1-5: ")

print(set1)

Output
Initial blank Set:
set()

Set after Addition of Three elements:

{8, 9, (6, 7)}

Set after Addition of elements from 1-5:

{1, 2, 3, (6, 7), 4, 5, 8, 9}
Using update() method
For the addition of two or more elements Update() method is used. The
update() method accepts lists, strings, tuples as well as other sets as its
arguments. In all of these cases, duplicate elements are avoided.

 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

 # Addition of elements in a Set

# Addition of elements to the Set

# using Update function

set1 = set([4, 5, (6, 7)])

set1.update([10, 11])

print("\nSet after Addition of elements using Update: ")

print(set1)

Output
Set after Addition of elements using Update:
{4, 5, (6, 7), 10, 11}

Accessing a Set

Set items cannot be accessed by referring to an index, since sets are

unordered the items has no index. But you can loop through the set items using
a for loop, or ask if a specified value is present in a set, by using the in
keyword.

# Python program to demonstrate

# Accessing of elements in a set

# Creating a set
 set1 = set(["Geeks", "For", "Geeks"])

print("\nInitial set")

print(set1)

# Accessing element using

# for loop

print("\nElements of set: ")

for i in set1:

    print(i, end=" ")

# Checking the element

# using in keyword

print("Geeks" in set1)

Output
Initial set
{'For', 'Geeks'}

Elements of set:
For Geeks True
 Removing elements from the Set

Using remove() method or discard() method:

Elements can be removed from the Set by using the built-in remove() function
but a KeyError arises if the element doesn’t exist in the set. To remove
elements from a set without KeyError, use discard(), if the element doesn’t exist
in the set, it remains unchanged.

 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# Deletion of elements in a Set

# Creating a Set

set1 = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

            7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])

print("Initial Set: ")

print(set1)

# Removing elements from Set

# using Remove() method

set1.remove(5)

set1.remove(6)

print("\nSet after Removal of two elements: ")

 print(set1)

# Removing elements from Set

# using Discard() method

set1.discard(8)

set1.discard(9)

print("\nSet after Discarding two elements: ")

print(set1)

# Removing elements from Set

# using iterator method

for i in range(1, 5):

    set1.remove(i)

print("\nSet after Removing a range of elements: ")

print(set1)

Output
Initial Set:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

Set after Removal of two elements:

{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
 Set after Discarding two elements:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12}

Set after Removing a range of elements:

{7, 10, 11, 12}

Using pop() method:

Pop() function can also be used to remove and return an element from the set,
but it removes only the last element of the set. 
Note:  If the set is unordered then there’s no such way to determine which
element is popped by using the pop() function. 
 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# Deletion of elements in a Set

# Creating a Set

set1 = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

            7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12])

print("Initial Set: ")

print(set1)

# Removing element from the

 # Set using the pop() method

set1.pop()

print("\nSet after popping an element: ")

print(set1)

Output
Initial Set:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

Set after popping an element:

{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

Using clear() method:

To remove all the elements from the set, clear() function is used. 

 Python3

#Creating a set

set1 = set([1,2,3,4,5])

print("\n Initial set: ")

print(set1)

# Removing all the elements from

 # Set using clear() method

set1.clear()

print("\nSet after clearing all the elements: ")

print(set1)

Output
Initial set:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Set after clearing all the elements:

set()
Frozen sets in Python are immutable objects that only support methods and
operators that produce a result without affecting the frozen set or sets to which
they are applied. While elements of a set can be modified at any time, elements
of the frozen set remain the same after creation. 
If no parameters are passed, it returns an empty frozenset.  

 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# working of a FrozenSet

# Creating a Set

String = ('G', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's', 'F', 'o', 'r')

 
 Fset1 = frozenset(String)

print("The FrozenSet is: ")

print(Fset1)

# To print Empty Frozen Set

# No parameter is passed

print("\nEmpty FrozenSet: ")

print(frozenset())

Output
The FrozenSet is:
frozenset({'o', 'G', 'e', 's', 'r', 'F', 'k'})

Empty FrozenSet:
frozenset()

Typecasting Objects into sets

 Python3

# Typecasting Objects in Python3 into sets

# Typecasting list into set

 my_list = [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 2]

my_set = set(my_list)

print("my_list as a set: ", my_set)

# Typecasting string into set

my_str = "GeeksforGeeks"

my_set1 = set(my_str)

print("my_str as a set: ", my_set1)

# Typecasting dictionary into set

my_dict = {1: "One", 2: "Two", 3: "Three"}

my_set2 = set(my_dict)

print("my_dict as a set: ", my_set2)

# This code is contributed by sarajadhav12052009

Output
my_list as a set: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
my_str as a set: {'f', 'G', 'r', 'o', 's', 'k', 'e'}
my_dict as a set: {1, 2, 3}
 Set Methods

Function Description

add() Adds an element to a set

Removes an element from a set. If the element is not

remove() present in the set, raise a KeyError

clear() Removes all elements form a set

copy() Returns a shallow copy of a set

Removes and returns an arbitrary set element. Raise

pop() KeyError if the set is empty

update() Updates a set with the union of itself and others

union() Returns the union of sets in a new set

difference() Returns the difference of two or more sets as a new set

difference_update() Removes all elements of another set from this set

Removes an element from set if it is a member. (Do

discard() nothing if the element is not in set)

intersection() Returns the intersection of two sets as a new set

intersection_update() Updates the set with the intersection of itself and

 Function Description

another

isdisjoint() Returns True if two sets have a null intersection

issubset() Returns True if another set contains this set

issuperset() Returns True if this set contains another set

Returns the symmetric difference of two sets as a new

symmetric_difference() set

symmetric_difference_update( Updates a set with the symmetric difference of itself

) and another

Python Dictionary
Dictionary in Python is a collection of keys values, used to store data values
like a map, which, unlike other data types which hold only a single value as an
element.
Example of Dictionary in Python 
Dictionary holds key:value pair. Key-Value is provided in the dictionary to make
it more optimized. 

Dict = {1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}

print(Dict)

Output:
{1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}

Creating a Dictionary
 In Python, a dictionary can be created by placing a sequence of elements within
curly {} braces, separated by ‘comma’. Dictionary holds pairs of values, one
being the Key and the other corresponding pair element being its Key:value.
Values in a dictionary can be of any data type and can be duplicated, whereas
keys can’t be repeated and must be immutable. 
Note – Dictionary keys are case sensitive, the same name but different cases
of Key will be treated distinctly. 
 Python3

# Creating a Dictionary

# with Integer Keys

Dict = {1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}

print("\nDictionary with the use of Integer Keys: ")

print(Dict)

  

# Creating a Dictionary

# with Mixed keys

Dict = {'Name': 'Geeks', 1: [1, 2, 3, 4]}

print("\nDictionary with the use of Mixed Keys: ")

print(Dict)

Output:
Dictionary with the use of Integer Keys:
{1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}
Dictionary with the use of Mixed Keys:
{'Name': 'Geeks', 1: [1, 2, 3, 4]}
Dictionary can also be created by the built-in function dict(). An empty dictionary
can be created by just placing to curly braces{}. 
 # Creating an empty Dictionary

Dict = {}

print("Empty Dictionary: ")

print(Dict)

  

# Creating a Dictionary

# with dict() method

Dict = dict({1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 'Geeks'})

print("\nDictionary with the use of dict(): ")

print(Dict)

  

# Creating a Dictionary

# with each item as a Pair

Dict = dict([(1, 'Geeks'), (2, 'For')])

print("\nDictionary with each item as a pair: ")

print(Dict)

Output:
Empty Dictionary:
{}
Dictionary with the use of dict():
{1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}
Dictionary with each item as a pair:
{1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For'}
Complexities for Creating a Dictionary:
Time complexity:  O(len(dict))
Space complexity: O(n)
Nested Dictionary

# Creating a Nested Dictionary

# as shown in the below image

Dict = {1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For',

        3: {'A': 'Welcome', 'B': 'To', 'C': 'Geeks'}}

  

print(Dict)

Output:
{1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: {'A': 'Welcome', 'B': 'To', 'C': 'Geeks'}}
 Adding elements to a Dictionary
Addition of elements can be done in multiple ways. One value at a time can be
added to a Dictionary by defining value along with the key e.g. Dict[Key] =
‘Value’. Updating an existing value in a Dictionary can be done by using the
built-in update() method. Nested key values can also be added to an existing
Dictionary. 
Note- While adding a value, if the key-value already exists, the value gets
updated otherwise a new Key with the value is added to the Dictionary.
 Python3

# Creating an empty Dictionary

Dict = {}

print("Empty Dictionary: ")

print(Dict)

  

# Adding elements one at a time

Dict[0] = 'Geeks'

Dict[2] = 'For'

Dict[3] = 1

print("\nDictionary after adding 3 elements: ")

print(Dict)

  

# Adding set of values

# to a single Key
 Dict['Value_set'] = 2, 3, 4

print("\nDictionary after adding 3 elements: ")

print(Dict)

  

# Updating existing Key's Value

Dict[2] = 'Welcome'

print("\nUpdated key value: ")

print(Dict)

  

# Adding Nested Key value to Dictionary

Dict[5] = {'Nested': {'1': 'Life', '2': 'Geeks'}}

print("\nAdding a Nested Key: ")

print(Dict)

Output:
Empty Dictionary:
{}
Dictionary after adding 3 elements:
{0: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 1}
Dictionary after adding 3 elements:
{0: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 1, 'Value_set': (2, 3, 4)}
Updated key value:
{0: 'Geeks', 2: 'Welcome', 3: 1, 'Value_set': (2, 3, 4)}
 Adding a Nested Key:
{0: 'Geeks', 2: 'Welcome', 3: 1, 'Value_set': (2, 3, 4), 5:
{'Nested': {'1': 'Life', '2': 'Geeks'}}}
Complexities for Adding elements in a Dictionary:
Time complexity: O(1)/O(n)
Space complexity: O(1)
Accessing elements of a Dictionary
In order to access the items of a dictionary refer to its key name. Key can be
used inside square brackets. 

 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# accessing a element from a Dictionary

  

# Creating a Dictionary

Dict = {1: 'Geeks', 'name': 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}

  

# accessing a element using key

print("Accessing a element using key:")

print(Dict['name'])

  

# accessing a element using key

print("Accessing a element using key:")

print(Dict[1])
 Output:
Accessing a element using key:
For
Accessing a element using key:
Geeks
There is also a method called get() that will also help in accessing the element
from a dictionary. This method accepts key as argument and returns the value.
Complexities for Accessing elements in a Dictionary:
Time complexity: O(1)
Space complexity: O(1)
 Python3

# Creating a Dictionary

Dict = {1: 'Geeks', 'name': 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}

  

# accessing a element using get()

# method

print("Accessing a element using get:")

print(Dict.get(3))

Output:
Accessing a element using get:
Geeks

Accessing an element of a nested dictionary

In order to access the value of any key in the nested dictionary, use indexing []
syntax.

 Python3
 # Creating a Dictionary

Dict = {'Dict1': {1: 'Geeks'},

        'Dict2': {'Name': 'For'}}

  

# Accessing element using key

print(Dict['Dict1'])

print(Dict['Dict1'][1])

print(Dict['Dict2']['Name'])

Output:
{1: 'Geeks'}
Geeks
For

Dictionary methods
 clear() – Remove all the elements from the dictionary
 copy() – Returns a copy of the dictionary
 get() – Returns the value of specified key
 items() – Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair
 keys() – Returns a list containing dictionary’s keys
 pop() – Remove the element with specified key
 popitem() – Removes the last inserted key-value pair
 update() – Updates dictionary with specified key-value pairs
 values() – Returns a list of all the values of dictionary
 Python3

# demo for all dictionary methods

dict1 = {1: "Python", 2: "Java", 3: "Ruby", 4: "Scala"}

  

# copy() method

dict2 = dict1.copy()

print(dict2)

  

# clear() method

dict1.clear()

print(dict1)

  

# get() method

print(dict2.get(1))

  

# items() method

print(dict2.items())

  

# keys() method

print(dict2.keys())
   

# pop() method

dict2.pop(4)

print(dict2)

  

# popitem() method

dict2.popitem()

print(dict2)

  

# update() method

dict2.update({3: "Scala"})

print(dict2)

  

# values() method

print(dict2.values())

Output:
{1: 'Python', 2: 'Java', 3: 'Ruby', 4: 'Scala'}
{}
Python
dict_items([(1, 'Python'), (2, 'Java'), (3, 'Ruby'), (4, 'Scala')])
dict_keys([1, 2, 3, 4])
{1: 'Python', 2: 'Java', 3: 'Ruby'}
{1: 'Python', 2: 'Java'}
{1: 'Python', 2: 'Java', 3: 'Scala'}
dict_values(['Python', 'Java', 'Scala'])

Python Arrays

An array is a collection of items stored at contiguous memory locations. The

idea is to store multiple items of the same type together. This makes it easier to
calculate the position of each element by simply adding an offset to a base
value, i.e., the memory location of the first element of the array (generally
denoted by the name of the array).
For simplicity, we can think of an array a fleet of stairs where on each step is
placed a value (let’s say one of your friends). Here, you can identify the location
of any of your friends by simply knowing the count of the step they are on. Array
can be handled in Python by a module named array. They can be useful when
we have to manipulate only a specific data type values. A user can treat lists as
arrays. However, user cannot constraint the type of elements stored in a list. If
you create arrays using the array module, all elements of the array must be of
the same type. 
 

 
Creating a Array
Array in Python can be created by importing array
module. array(data_type, value_list) is used to create an array with data type
and value list specified in its arguments. 
 
 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# Creation of Array

# importing "array" for array creations

import array as arr

# creating an array with integer type

a = arr.array('i', [1, 2, 3])

# printing original array

print ("The new created array is : ", end =" ")

for i in range (0, 3):

    print (a[i], end =" ")

print()

# creating an array with float type

b = arr.array('d', [2.5, 3.2, 3.3])

 
 # printing original array

print ("The new created array is : ", end =" ")

for i in range (0, 3):

    print (b[i], end =" ")

    

Output : 
The new created array is : 1 2 3
The new created array is : 2.5 3.2 3.3
Complexities for Creation of Arrays:
Time Complexity: O(1)
Auxiliary Space: O(n)
Some of the data types are mentioned below which will help in creating an array
of different data types. 
 
  
Adding Elements to a Array
Elements can be added to the Array by using built-in insert() function. Insert is
used to insert one or more data elements into an array. Based on the
requirement, a new element can be added at the beginning, end, or any given
index of array. append() is also used to add the value mentioned in its
arguments at the end of the array. 
 
 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# Adding Elements to a Array

 

# importing "array" for array creations

import array as arr

# array with int type

a = arr.array('i', [1, 2, 3])

print ("Array before insertion : ", end =" ")

for i in range (0, 3):

    print (a[i], end =" ")

print()

# inserting array using

# insert() function

a.insert(1, 4)

print ("Array after insertion : ", end =" ")

for i in (a):

    print (i, end =" ")

print()

# array with float type

b = arr.array('d', [2.5, 3.2, 3.3])

print ("Array before insertion : ", end =" ")

for i in range (0, 3):

    print (b[i], end =" ")

print()

# adding an element using append()

b.append(4.4)

print ("Array after insertion : ", end =" ")

for i in (b):

    print (i, end =" ")

print()
 Output : 
Array before insertion : 1 2 3
Array after insertion : 1 4 2 3
Array before insertion : 2.5 3.2 3.3
Array after insertion : 2.5 3.2 3.3 4.4

Complexities for Adding elements to the Arrays:

Time Complexity: O(1)/O(n) ( O(1) – for inserting elements at the end of the

array, O(n) – for inserting elements at the beginning of the array and to the full
array
Auxiliary Space: O(1)
 
Accessing elements from the Array
In order to access the array items refer to the index number. Use the index
operator [ ] to access an item in a array. The index must be an integer. 
 

 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# accessing of element from list

# importing array module

import array as arr

# array with int type

a = arr.array('i', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

 
 # accessing element of array

print("Access element is: ", a[0])

# accessing element of array

print("Access element is: ", a[3])

# array with float type

b = arr.array('d', [2.5, 3.2, 3.3])

# accessing element of array

print("Access element is: ", b[1])

# accessing element of array

print("Access element is: ", b[2])

Output : 
Access element is: 1
Access element is: 4
Access element is: 3.2
Access element is: 3.3
 Complexities for accessing elements in the Arrays:

Time Complexity: O(1)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)
 
Removing Elements from the Array
Elements can be removed from the array by using built-in remove() function but
an Error arises if element doesn’t exist in the set. Remove() method only
removes one element at a time, to remove range of elements, iterator is
used. pop() function can also be used to remove and return an element from
the array, but by default it removes only the last element of the array, to remove
element from a specific position of the array, index of the element is passed as
an argument to the pop() method.
Note – Remove method in List will only remove the first occurrence of the
searched element. 
 
 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# Removal of elements in a Array

  

# importing "array" for array operations

import array

  

# initializing array with array values

# initializes array with signed integers

arr = array.array('i', [1, 2, 3, 1, 5])

 
# printing original array

print ("The new created array is : ", end ="")

for i in range (0, 5):

    print (arr[i], end =" ")

print ("\r")

# using pop() to remove element at 2nd position

print ("The popped element is : ", end ="")

print (arr.pop(2))

# printing array after popping

print ("The array after popping is : ", end ="")

for i in range (0, 4):

    print (arr[i], end =" ")

print("\r")

# using remove() to remove 1st occurrence of 1

 arr.remove(1)

# printing array after removing

print ("The array after removing is : ", end ="")

for i in range (0, 3):

    print (arr[i], end =" ")

Output: 
The new created array is : 1 2 3 1 5
The popped element is : 3
The array after popping is : 1 2 1 5
The array after removing is : 2 1 5

Complexities for Removing elements in the Arrays:

Time Complexity: O(1)/O(n) ( O(1) – for removing elements at the end of the

array, O(n) – for removing elements at the beginning of the array and to the full
array
Auxiliary Space: O(1)
 
Slicing of a Array
In Python array, there are multiple ways to print the whole array with all the
elements, but to print a specific range of elements from the array, we use Slice
operation. Slice operation is performed on array with the use of colon(:). To
print elements from beginning to a range use [:Index], to print elements from
end use [:-Index], to print elements from specific Index till the end use [Index:],
to print elements within a range, use [Start Index:End Index] and to print whole
List with the use of slicing operation, use [:]. Further, to print whole array in
reverse order, use [::-1]. 
 
  

 Python3

# Python program to demonstrate

# slicing of elements in a Array

# importing array module

import array as arr

# creating a list

l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

a = arr.array('i', l)

print("Initial Array: ")

for i in (a):

    print(i, end =" ")

 

# Print elements of a range

# using Slice operation

Sliced_array = a[3:8]

print("\nSlicing elements in a range 3-8: ")

print(Sliced_array)

# Print elements from a

# pre-defined point to end

Sliced_array = a[5:]

print("\nElements sliced from 5th "

      "element till the end: ")

print(Sliced_array)

# Printing elements from

# beginning till end

Sliced_array = a[:]

print("\nPrinting all elements using slice operation: ")

print(Sliced_array)
 Output
Initial Array:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Slicing elements in a range 3-8:
array('i', [4, 5, 6, 7, 8])

Elements sliced from 5th element till the end:

array('i', [6, 7, 8, 9, 10])

Printing all elements using slice operation:

array('i', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
Searching element in a Array
In order to search an element in the array we use a python in-
built index() method. This function returns the index of the first occurrence of
value mentioned in arguments. 
 
 Python3

# Python code to demonstrate

# searching an element in array

  

# importing array module

import array

  

# initializing array with array values

 # initializes array with signed integers

arr = array.array('i', [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 5])

# printing original array

print ("The new created array is : ", end ="")

for i in range (0, 6):

    print (arr[i], end =" ")

print ("\r")

# using index() to print index of 1st occurrence of 2

print ("The index of 1st occurrence of 2 is : ", end ="")

print (arr.index(2))

# using index() to print index of 1st occurrence of 1

print ("The index of 1st occurrence of 1 is : ", end ="")

print (arr.index(1))

Output: 
 
The new created array is : 1 2 3 1 2 5
The index of 1st occurrence of 2 is : 1
 The index of 1st occurrence of 1 is : 0

 Complexities for searching elements in the Arrays:

Time Complexity: O(n)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)
 
Updating Elements in a Array
In order to update an element in the array we simply reassign a new value to
the desired index we want to update. 
 

 Python3

# Python code to demonstrate

# how to update an element in array

# importing array module

import array

# initializing array with array values

# initializes array with signed integers

arr = array.array('i', [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 5])

# printing original array

print ("Array before updation : ", end ="")

 for i in range (0, 6):

    print (arr[i], end =" ")

print ("\r")

# updating a element in a array

arr[2] = 6

print("Array after updation : ", end ="")

for i in range (0, 6):

    print (arr[i], end =" ")

print()

# updating a element in a array

arr[4] = 8

print("Array after updation : ", end ="")

for i in range (0, 6):

    print (arr[i], end =" ")

Output:
Array before updation : 1 2 3 1 2 5
Array after updation : 1 2 6 1 2 5
Array after updation : 1 2 6 1 8 5

Complexities for updating elements in the Arrays:

Time Complexity: O(n)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)

References:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-sets/?ref=lbp
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-dictionary/?ref=lbp