AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY– BANGLADESH (AIUB)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF EEE

COURSE NAME: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS-2 (AC) LAB

SUMMER 2021-2022

Section: F, Group: 02

LAB REPORT ON:

Introduction to oscilloscope and AC waves as well as measuring form factor and peak factor
by oscilloscope.

Supervised By: SADIA YASMIN

Submitted By

Name ID
Sowrov Komar Shib 21-45067-2
Tanay Banik 21-45228-2
Snehasish Saha 21-45065-2
Sheikh Tanvir Alam 20-42772-1
Sheikh Salman 21-45195-2

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Abstract: The aim of this report is to become familiar with the function generator and
oscilloscope. At the same to measure peak value, peak to peak value, average value, rms value,
time period, frequency, phase difference , form factor and peak factor using oscilloscope.
To conduct this experiment, Two equipment such as function generator and oscilloscope is used.
First of all, the Oscilloscope was calibrated. Then the output of function generator is directly
connected to the channel 1 of oscilloscope. After selecting the sine wave, the Oscilloscope was
observed. Later, All the values which is mentioned in data table are collected from Oscilloscope.
At the same time, data table was filled with necessary calculations. After comparing all the
calculated and experimental values, it is seen that both are almost similar or close to it’s true values.

Introduction:

Theory:

1. Function Generator: A function generator usually a piece of electronic test equipment

used to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies.
Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine,
square, triangular and sawtooth waves. It also cover both audio and RF frequencies.

2. Oscilloscope: The oscilloscope is a device for observing and talking measurements of

electrical signals and waveforms. The analog oscilloscope consists of a cathode ray tube
(CRT) which displays a graph, primarily voltage versus time. There are three controls for
the screen, which are focus, intensity and beam finder knobs. Besides the screen, there is
also a vertical section and a h orizontal section. This device allows real time graph of

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 voltage versus time to be drawn on the screen. The oscilloscope basically shows amplitude
of voltage waveforms along Y axis and time along X axis.

There are some important terms in AC Circuit. Primarily, Function Generator and and Ocilloscope
are used to measure these terms.

i. Cycle : One complete set of positive and negative value of an alternating quantity is called
a cycle. One complete cycle is 2π or 360 deg.

ii. Time period : The time required to complete one cycle of the alternating quantity is called
Time period. It is expressed by the symbol T.

iii. Frequency : The no. of cycle per second is called the frequency of the alternating quantity.
Its unit is Hz.

iv. Peak Value : The maximum instantaneous value of a function or waveform is called peak
value.

v. Peak to Peak Value : It is the sum of the magnitude of the positive peak and negative
peak of a given wave form.

vi. Average Value: The steady current that transfers across any circuit the same charge as it
transferred by that alternating current during the same time expresses the average value of
a sinusoid. Vavg = 0.636Vm, where Vm is the maximum value of the sinusoid.

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vii. RMS Value : The Root Mean Square (RMS) value is the DC equivalent value of an
alternating quantity which produces the same heating effect flowing through the same
resistance for the same time. Vrms =0.707Vm,where Vm is the maximum value.

viii. Peak Factor:

Max.value
Peak Factor (or Crest Factor) =
R.M.S value

The value of peak factor also depends upon the waveform of the alternating quantity. For
an alternating voltage varying sinusoidally. Its value is 1.414 i.e., For a sinusoidal voltage
or current,
Max.value
Peak Factor (or Crest Factor) =
0.707× Max.value

ix. Form Factor:

R.M.S Value
Form Factor = Average Value

The value of form factor depends upon the waveform of the alternating quantity. Its least
value is 1 (e.g., for square wave, rectangular wave) and may be high as 5 for the other
waves. The form factor for an alternating current or voltage varying sinusoidally is 1.11 i
.e., For a sinusoidal voltage or current,

0.707 × Max.value
Form Factor = = 1.11
0.637 ×Max.value

Apparatus:

1. Function Generator
2. Oscilloscope
3. Probes and Connecting Wires

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Precautions: First of all, The oscilloscope had been properly calibrated before starting the
experiment. Then, The frequency and waveform mode of the function generator had been set up
according to the requirement of the experiment.

Data Table:

Frequency Time Period Vp-p Vp Vavg Vrms Form Peak

(kHz) (ms) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) Factor Factor

1kHz 2 box*500 µms = 0.1ms 5box*2=10V 5V 3.18V 3.53V 1.11 1.41

2kHz 1 box * 500 µms= 0.5ms 6box*2=12V 6V 3.81V 4.24V 1.11 1.41

4kHz 2.5 box*100 µms=0.25ms 7box*2=14V 7V 4.45V 4.94V 1.11 1.41

6kHz 1.75box*100µms=.175ms 3.2box*5=16V 8V 5.09V 5.66V 1.11 1.41

8kHz 1.25box*100µms=.125ms 4 box*5=20V 10V 6.36V 7.07V 1.11 1.41

Report :

Frequency (kHz) 1kHz 2kHz 4kHz 6kHz 8kHz

(Experimental)

Frequency (kHz) 1kHz 2kHz 4kHz 5.8kHz 8kHz

(Calculated)

Percentage of 0% 0% 0% 3.45% 0%
error

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All the experimental and calculated values of frequency are almost similar. But there is a slight
difference between one experimental and calculated value. So, the percentage of error will be

| Exp. Frequency−Cal. Frequency

Percentage of error = * 100%
Cal. Frequency
| 6−5.8|
Percentage of error = | 5.8 |
* 100% = 3.45%

It can be seen that all the value of experimental and calculated values of frequency are almost
similar. Also there is some percentage of error of one experimental and calculated value. But
overall it is close to true value.

Discussion and Conclusion: This experiment was basically designed to be familiar with the
operations of an oscilloscope and function generator. That’s why for this experiment, To measure
corresponding AC quantities such as form factor and crest factor from the sinusoidal waveform
function generator and oscilloscope were used. At first, we calibrated the oscilloscope. The
frequency and waveforms mode of the experiment set as per requirement of the experiment. Then
different number of frequency were taken and got different time period for the waveform. Then
By calculating small box we got peak value. By the help of this peak value we measure peak to
peak value, Vrms, Vavg value, form factor, peak factor. Overall, the theoretical value and the
measurement value were lightly different for experimental procedure.

Reference:

[1] Russell M. Kerchner, George F. Corcoran, “ Alternating Current Circuits”, 4th Edition,
Wiley, New York, 1960,pp.48-50.

[2] Robert L. Boylested, “ Introductory Circuit Analysis”, 10th Edition, Prentice Hall, New
York, 2005-2006,p.524.

[3] Er. R.K. Rajput, “ Alternating Current Machines”, 3rd Edition, Laxmi Publications, New
Delhi, 2002,2.(xi).