STUDENT NO: ………………………..

PRIFYSGOL CYMRU : STUDENT NAME:

UNIVERSITY OF WALES ……………………………
ABERYSTWYTH
………………….….

DEPARTMENT OF SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE

SEMESTER 1 EXAMINATIONS – 2006/07

SS12510: OPTIMAL NUTRITION FOR SPORT & HEALTH

TIME ALLOWED: 2 HOURS

Instructions

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. Using appropriate units, state the energy equivalent of 1 g of:

a. Carbohydrate: ________________________________________________________
b. Alcohol: ________________________________________________________

(3 marks)
2. What is meant by the term “Basal Metabolic Rate”? (2 marks)
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3. a. What are the 2 main body tissues in which carbohydrate is stored? (2 marks)
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b. In which form is carbohydrate stored in these tissues? (1 mark)

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4. The diet of a male student was recorded and it was calculated that they consumed an average
of 400 g of carbohydrate, 104 g of Fat, and 75 g of Protein per day.

a. What is his daily energy intake? (show your workings) (4 marks)

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 b. What is the percentage contribution to total energy intake from Fats? (2 marks)

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5. A 38 year old male, leads a sedentary lifestyle, has a body mass index (BMI) of
approximately 30 kg.m-2 and high blood cholesterol. He weighs 88 kg and his stature is
1.71 m. He has been advised to modify his diet and take moderate exercise regularly, with
the aim of losing an average of 2 kg per 30-day period.

a. Assuming that he loses body fat only, by how much should his average daily energy
expenditure exceed his intake in order to attain this goal? Show your workings.
(4 marks)
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b. What is meant by the term “negative energy balance”? (2 marks)

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c. What will his BMI be after 180 days (approx. 6 months) if he attains the target
weight loss? (4 marks)
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6. Give TWO reasons why using the body mass index (BMI) may not be appropriate with
athletes. (2 marks)
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7. What percentage of total energy intake should be obtained from fat for a normal, healthy and
balanced diet? (1 mark)
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8. What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients? (3 marks)

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9. List 2 water-soluble vitamins (2 marks)
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10. What is the definition of the following:

a. PAL? (2 marks)
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b. METs? (2 marks)
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11. A male cyclist weighs 60 kg and has an estimated BMR of 1598 kcal (6689 kJ) per day. His
PAL is estimated as 2.2.

a. Use the PAL to estimate his daily energy requirement (1 mark)

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b. Assuming that he meets this requirement from his diet and obtains 9% of his energy
intake from protein, how much protein would he consume (express your answer in g
per kg body weight and show your workings)? (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________
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c. Is this a suitable amount of dietary protein for an endurance athlete during periods of
training? Give reasons for your answer. (6 marks)
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12. What are the potential benefits of CHO supplementation before and during endurance-type
exercise? (4 marks)
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13. A sports drink label indicates that it contains 5 g per 100 mL glucose (i.e. 5% w/v glucose).
How much would you have to drink to obtain 120 kcal (502 kJ) of energy? (3 marks)

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14. Protein is comprised predominantly of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and which other
substance? (1 mark)
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15. What happens to excess protein when dietary intake is above the individual’s requirements?
(2 marks)
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16. What is meant by the term “Complementation or Mutual Supplementation” when referring
to non-animal sources of dietary protein? (5 marks)
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17. What is meant by the term “Pseudo-Anaemia”, which is sometimes observed in endurance
athletes? (3 marks).
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18. What is the name of the type of fat that makes up approximately 95% of dietary fat intake?
(1 mark)
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19. Are saturated fatty acids normally found in plant or animal products? (1 mark)
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20. What is the major dietary determinant of blood cholesterol concentration? (2 marks)
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21. What substance is required for the active transport of free fatty acids (FFA) into the
mitochondria for oxidation? (1 mark)
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22. What is meant by the term “antioxidant vitamin”? (1 mark)

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23. List 2 antioxidant vitamins. (2 marks)

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24. a. Do athletes engaged in heavy training regimes have a higher than normal requirement for
vitamins? (1 mark).
_____________________________________________________________________________
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b. Give 2 reasons to justify your answer to question 24 (a) above. (4 marks)

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25. What is meant by the term oxidative stress? (3 marks)

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26. A female soccer player weighed herself before and after a 1 hour training session during
which she consumed no food or drink. She did not use the toilet between weighing. Her
weight before the session was 59.5 kg and after it was 58.5 kg. Assume that 1 litre of water
weighs 1 kg.

a. Estimate the amount of sweat lost during the training session (1 mark)
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b. How much fluid does she need to consume to replace that lost during exercise? Give
reasons for your answer. (4 marks)
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27. Briefly describe an ‘up-to-date’ method of carbohydrate-loading (‘carbo-loading’), giving
consideration to dietary carbohydrate intake and training load, over a 7-day period leading
up to an ‘important’ event. (4 marks)
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28. List 2 ‘diseases’ which may be associated with a lack of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) in
the diet. (2 marks)
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29. For an ergogenic aid of your choice, describe the mechanism(s) by which it may exert
‘performance enhancing’ effects in maximal exercise lasting up to 5 minutes. (5 marks).
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30. A 26 year old man has a body weight of 75 kg. He sleeps 9 hrs per night and works, as a
teacher, from 9 am to 5 pm each day. During his lunch break he runs for 30 minutes at a
pace equivalent to 7 minutes per mile (7 min.mile-1). He walks to and from work, at a brisk
pace on a level route, which takes 30 minutes each way.

a. Use the equations provided in Table 1 (below) to estimate his BMR. (1 mark)
_____________________________________________________________________

b. Use the PAR calculation and the MET values (Table 2) to estimate his daily energy
requirement, TEE (assume that his work activity is equivalent to 2.0 METs and any
other activity not accounted for above is restful, equivalent to 1.0 MET). (4 marks)
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 c. One day he decides to extend the duration of his run to 1 hour, but the average pace
-1
is consequently slower (7.5 min.mile ). Compared with his normal 30 minute run,
how much extra energy does this require? (2 marks)
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END OF QUESTIONS

Table 1: BMR calculations

BMR (kcal per day)

Males 10-17 y BMR = 17.7 W + 657
Males 18-29 y BMR = 15.1 W + 692
Females 10-17 y BMR = 13.4 W + 692
Females 18-29 y BMR = 14.8 W + 487

Table 2: MET values of selected activities.

METs
Sleeping 0.9
Walking (level, firm surface at brisk pace) 4.0
-1
Running, 12.1 kmh (8 min.mile ) 12.5
-1
Running, 12.9 kmh (7.5 min.mile ) 13.5
-1
Running, 13.8 kmh (7 min.mile ) 14.0
Cycling, stationary, 150 W, moderate effort 7.0
Cycling, stationary, 200 W, vigorous effort 10.5
Cycling, stationary, 250 W, very vigorous 12.5