BSBMUN Delegate Handbook
BSBMUN Delegate Handbook
BSBMUN Delegate Handbook
Delegate Handbook
BSBMUN
Created in 2015 by Pedro Farias
Last revised and updated in October 2022 by Orlando Leite Faria
BSBMUN IV
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 2
Letter From the Secretary General 3
The United Nations 4
Model United Nations 6
BSBMUN Dress Code 7
Researching a Nation 8
Researching a Topic 9
Position Papers 9
Parliamentary Procedure 11
Flow of Debate 15
Opening Speeches 17
Lobbying Time 17
Resolutions 17
Amendments 19
Veto 19
Awards 20
Glossary 20
Reliable Sources 25
Appendices 26
2
Letter From the Secretary General
To all Delegates, Advisors, and Guests,
The Secretariat, has the immense honor of inviting you to participate in the
eighth edition of Brasília Model United Nations! As BSBMUN consolidates its
place in the Brazilian Model UN scene in its eighth installment, we open our
gates to schools from all over Brazil. It is my mission to make this year’s
conference the boldest and most inclusive it has ever been, bringing together
students with diverse cultural backgrounds in order to discuss the most pressing
world issues.
Our vision for the conference is to give power to the participants. We
encourage all delegates who have participated before in our conference, as well
as those who will call BSBMUN VIII their first, to apply for a leadership
position. Whether your passion lies in the traditional UN committees such as the
Security Council, other UN committees such as ECOSOC, Political Committee
and the unorthodox 1963 Brazilian Historical Cabinet,we invite you to assist in
making BSBMUN as memorable as possible. It will be our utmost pleasure to
work alongside those who are ardent for a cause and dedicated in their effort.
Model United Nations is an activity like no other; it inspires and develops the
global vision of young adults while offering the opportunity to engage in
substantial consideration of the problems that world leaders face today, and
have faced in the past. We believe a conference in Brasilia is an unique chance
to immerse into the global diversity that thrives in our city, with its 125 foreign
embassies and lively international population, most of which is frequently found
at EAB's campus.
I hope that you and your school will join us Thursday through Saturday on
November 17th, 18th and 19th! With your participation, BSBMUN VIII will truly be a
remarkable conference!
All the best,
Carolina Doná, Paola Arantes, Orlando Faria, Lucas Chueri, Carolina Barroso, and Mariana Heringer
BSBMUN Secretariat
Should any doubts or concerns arise regarding our event, please feel free and
encouraged to contact us at bsbmun@gmail.com.
3
The United Nations
The UN was created shortly after the end of World War one in order to
ease the tensions of a world ruled by different ambitions and ideals. The origins
and ideals of the UN, however, originate in the Woodrow Wilson’s League of
Nations. However, the former did not last. It had only 42 members, lacked a
standing army, had difficulty imposing sanctions of any sort and was heavily
dependent on the global powers. As we see from history, the League of Nations
failed and WWII broke out. When the devastation had subsided, the creation of
the UN was agreed upon in 1945 at the Yalta Conference. On April 25, 1945,
the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco with
50 nations. On June 26 the UN Charter was signed and the UN came into
existence on October 24 after the five permanent members of the Security
Council ratified the Charter.
The UN aims to:
● Maintain international peace and security
● Preserve the sovereign equality of states
● Develop friendly relations between states based on the principles of
equal rights and self determination
● Solve economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian issues
● Promote human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without
distinction as to race, sex, language or religion
The key ideals of the UN are that all members:
● Have sovereign equality
● Shall fulfill their obligations based on the UN Charter
● Must strive to settle disputes by peaceful means
● Shall prevent from using the threat or use of force to settle disputes
● Shall offer the UN assistance on measures taken in accordance with the
charter
The full UN Charter can be found here.
The largest committee of the UN is the General Assembly (GA), where all
193 members are represented and all votes have equal weight. However, the
UN has other decision-making bodies focused on more specific issues, such as
the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), which has 54 members, the Human
Rights Council, which has 47 members, and the Security Council, which has 15
members (10 elected for 2 year terms and five permanent: China, France, Russia,
United Kingdom, United States of America). Also note that the Security Council
is the only body that can authorize the use of force and also that the permanent
countries, known as P5, have veto power over resolutions, meaning a “no” vote
from them automatically makes it impossible for the resolution to pass. Some
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nations participate in the UN as observers states, meaning they are represented
but do not have a vote on the various UN points and motions.
5
Model United Nations
MUN is a simulation of the UN, following the same parliamentary
procedure of the UN. Delegates act as representatives from member nations,
learning their nation’s history and policy in the process. During the conference,
delegates make speeches, draft resolutions, and negotiate with friend and foe
to solve pressing global issues. In MUN delegates learn not only about the
country they represent but also develop life skills, such as those of public
speaking and negotiating.
As an MUN delegate, one represents his or her nation and their beliefs to
the fullest extent possible. With thorough research it is possible to be
knowledgeable of each nation’s position and consequently partake in debate.
Delegates must also propose solutions, in the form of resolutions, to the topics
discussed. The more time and energy each delegate invests in the
pre-conference, the more he or she will be able to enjoy it. Reliable research
links are included at the end of this guide to serve as a starting point for
research.
Chairs are student leaders selected to participate in the organization of
the conference and lead their committees. They serve as the impartial judges in
debate, ensuring proper parliamentary procedure, enforcing the BSBMUN dress
code, and guiding the debate. All the Chairs at BSBMUN are extremely
experienced and have years of MUN experience with which to help you. Inside
each committee, a Chair’s decision is final.
6
BSBMUN Dress Code
All BSBMUN delegates are expected to dress appropriately following the
convention of western business attire. Formal dress is expected while
committees are in session, and during the opening and closing ceremonies.
Delegates are exempted from formal dress during free time, and breaks.
WOMEN: Delegates are expected to wear dresses, or tops paired with trousers
or skirts. Women’s shoulders, torsos and cleavage should be cover at all times
while committee is in session. Women’s skirts should be longer than the girl’s
fingertips when arms are straight along the side of the body. Tops, dresses,
skirts and trousers should be clean without any kind of transparent, catchy or
shiny material.
MEN: Delegates are expected to wear suits, ties, and formal shoes. The use of
tennis shoes and the rolling up of sleeves are not permitted during sessions.
The following will not be tolerated during committee and will result in an
immediate warning
● Breach of the dress code
● Hats or sunglasses in committee
● Costumes, as they can be offensive to peoples’ cultures
● The only head dress allowed is that of religious affiliation to one’s self
If a delegate’s clothing is deemed too inappropriate a warning will be issued
and the delegate will be “invited” to leave the committee and change.
Below is an example of appropriate attire for committee sessions.
Example of proper Western Business Attire:
7
Researching a Nation
In order for a delegate to be able to correctly represent his or her nation,
it is imperative that the delegate has a thorough understanding of the current
affairs and positions of the actual government. Governmental sites and articles
are generally the best sources as they are frequently biased, as a delegate
should be, and represent the nation’s interest. The below graphic organizers
should be useful for gathering basic information on your nation.
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Researching a Topic
In order to write a strong and relevant resolution, a solid understand of
the issue is necessary. The three most important steps on how to research a
topic are: (1) Read the background guides, (2) Do independent research, and (3)
Keep up with news. The background guides are written by the Chairs and are
not too large, so each Chair must be selective about what to include. This
means that the guide not only provides relevant facts and history, but also an
indication of how the Chairs expect the debate to flow. Independent research
should be the bulk of the pre-conference preparation. Ensure that any sources
used are reliable. If a source is biased, delegates should not immediately discard
it. Instead, they should evaluate it and see if it agrees or disagrees with their
position. If the former is the case, delegates should use it to defend their point
of view. If the latter occurs, delegates should create counterarguments in case
another delegate attempts to use that source. It is also imperative to keep up
with the news and current events. Real world crises are frequent considering
global politics are very dynamic. In order to always be updated, it is
recommended that delegates use Google Alerts, which sends them emails when
new posts are made regarding key words. Use the graphic organizer below to
assist in the research of your topic.
Position Papers
Position Papers are normally one page, three paragraph essays that
describe a delegate’s country and position on the matter. They are pivotal to
debate because they serve as the Chairs’ and other delegates’ first impression
of the submitter. Position Papers should only be initiated when a delegate
finalizes his or her research so that the paper is updated and comprehensive.
These normally serve as the precursor to resolutions. Throughout the entire
paper, delegations should be biased and include only information that is
beneficial for their nation and stance.
Depending on the school and conference, Position Papers can take
varying formats. However, the most common format is explained here. First,
delegates must include a heading with the name of the committee, the issue at
hand, the delegation being represented, the school representing the
delegation, and the name of the delegates.
Following this is the first paragraph, which serves as a general overview of
the topic. Here, delegates essentially summarize their research, focusing on
what has happened in the past, such as wars or previous UN resolutions. A
delegate’s nation should not be cited unless the delegation is directly related to
the topic at hand. An example of this is a topic pertaining to the Falkland Islands
and a delegate representing the United Kingdom.
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The second paragraph discusses how the delegation’s nation pertains to
the topic being discussed. Delegates should address how their nation are or
have been affected and what it has done to solve the issue, such as passing
legislation. In general, include positive information, though delegates may
address how their nations are lacking in certain areas as long as they are able to
justify why or explain how the problem is being fixed.
The final paragraph provides solutions that will be further explored in
resolutions for the topic. Delegates must strike a balance between being specific
and general. Getting into too many details will take too much of the one page
and may facilitate the creation of counterarguments by rival delegations. Third
paragraphs that are too general make it seem as though the delegate does not
have good solutions to the topic at hand.
A sample Position Paper can be found in Appendix A.
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Parliamentary Procedure
The rules of Parliamentary Procedure are what make MUN so similar to
the real UN. The rules help maintain order in committee rooms and ensure that
all are respected and well represented in committee.
General Rules
English is the official language of BSBMUN and the only one that should
be used during committee sessions, including in formal and informal debate and
notes.
The Chair has complete control of all proceedings during all committee
sessions and has the ability to undertake any action not covered in the rules of
procedure in order to facilitate and enrich the flow of debate. Only the Chair, a
delegate recognized by the Chair, or a speaker that has the floor may speak
while in formal debate. All delegates must rise and address the Chair first when
making points. There can be no direct conversation between two delegates;
instead, these must be endorsed and mediated by the Chair.
Delegates should refrain from the use of personal pronouns, including “I”
and “you”. The use of the word “we” is allowed in committee session because it
is inclusive of the entire committee session.
The agenda is set by the Chair and communicated to the delegates prior
to the beginning of the conference. Items may be added to said agenda at the
discretion of the Chair. The Chair may limit the time allotted for each speaker,
but the delegates can motion and vote to alter this time. As the end of the
delegate’s speaking time approaches, the Chair should have a remainder of the
remaining time. When a delegate exceeds his or her allotted time, the Chair
may call the speaker to order and continue debate without delay.
Points
Point of Personal Privilege: This point refers to a matter of personal
comfort, safety, and/or well being of the members of the committee. The Chair
may refuse to recognize said point if the delegate has not shown proper
restraint or if the point is dilatory in nature. Example: “Point of Personal
Privilege, the delegate cannot hear the speaker.”
Point of Information: After a delegate gives a speech, he or she may be
open to Points of Information or yield the floor back the Chair. If the delegate
decides to yield to Points of Information, he or she may either limit the number
of Points of Information or be open to any and all that may arise. These points
must be directed to the speaker and be phrased in the form of a question.
Following a Point of Information, delegates may request a follow-up, which will
be judged by the Chair.
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Point of Order: This point relates to the observance of the rules of the
committee or to the way the Chair is exercising his or her power. The Chair may
refuse to recognize a Point of Order if the delegate has not shown proper
restraint governing the use of such a right or if the point is dilatory in nature.
Point of Clarification: This point is used to clarify what may have been
incorrectly stated or ambiguous before. Points of Clarification always must be
objective and factual and cannot have a subjective aspect.
Point of Inquiry: A delegate may raise a Point of Inquiry to request
clarification of the present procedural status of a session.
Right of Reply: This right must be submitted in writing to the Chair. In this
note, delegates must say what delegation is exercising this right and why the
delegation feels directly and personally offended by another delegate’s
comments. After receiving the written request for a Right of Reply, the Chair will
rule whether it is valid or invalid.
Motions:
Motion to Appeal to the Chair’s Decision: This motion is made when a
delegate feels that the Chair was incorrect in his or her ruling. It is submitted to
the Chair by writing and will be decided by the co-Chair. At that time, the
co-Chair will hear from the delegate and Chair in order to make a decision. This
ruling is not subject to appeal.
Motion for a Moderated Caucus: When motioning for a moderated
caucus, delegates must specify the total time limit for the caucus, speaking time,
and purpose. During a moderated caucus the Chair recognizes delegates for
remarks without the use of a speakers list and yields.
Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus: When making this motion,
delegates must specify the length and purpose of the caucus. Unmoderated
caucuses allow delegates to have informal discussions and move around the
committee room.
Motion to Table Debate: The committee may consider a motion to table
debate on the item under discussion. If the motion is seconded, two
representatives may speak in favor of and two against the motion. This motion
can be used to table resolutions, amendments, or topics. A two-thirds majority is
required for passage. A resolution, amendment, or topic, may be reintroduced
so that debate can resume the same process. A motion to reintroduce also
requires a two-thirds vote to pass.
Motion to Move into Time Against: If a delegate feels that debate in
favor of a resolution or amendment is repetitive, he or she may call out for this
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motion, assuming no one is speaking. If the motion is seconded with no
objections, it automatically passes.
Motion to Adopt without a Vote: If a delegate believes that the entire
committee supports an amendment or resolution and that debate is lacking, the
delegate may motion to adopt without a vote. This motion passes if it is
seconded and there are no objections.
Motion to Move into Voting Procedure: When a delegate feels that the
topic on the floor, be it a resolution or amendment, has already been sufficiently
discussed, he or she may motion to close debate and move into voting
procedure. This motion passes if it is seconded and there are no objections.
Motion to Suspend Debate: When the time allotted for a specific
committee session has elapsed, a delegate may make a Motion to Suspend
Debate. In order to pass, this motion must be seconded and face no objections.
Motion to Recess: When the time allotted for the last committee session
has elapsed, delegates may make a Motion to Recess. In order to pass, this
motion must be seconded and face no objections.
Voting
Abstentions are not allowed on procedural motions. Decisions on draft
resolutions require a simple majority in favor and decision on amendments a
two-thirds majority. In the Security Council, however, all resolutions and
amendments shall require nine affirmative votes and no votes against from any
permanent members (People’s Republic of China, France, Russian Federation,
United Kingdom, and the United States of America).
Each delegation present shall have a vote on procedural matters.
Observing nations and nongovernmental organizations cannot vote on
substantive matters. Voting nations may vote in favor, against, or abstain. If a
nation responded, “present and voting” during roll call, that nation may not
abstain. Although the committee shall normally vote by show of placards, any
delegate may request a roll call vote, at which point the Chair will call out each
nation’s name and record their vote. A delegate may pass in the first round of
voting and will be called on again after all other nations have voted. However,
the delegate must then vote in favor or against the topic debated. Delegations
that appear to be voting against their nation’s policy may reserve the right to
explain their vote by Voting with Rights. The delegation must announce that it is
Voting with Rights when casting their vote. After all nations have voted, the
Chair may permit delegations Voting with Rights to explain their votes. If the
number of abstentions is high or the number of votes in favor and votes against
are close, a delegate may make a motion to Divide the House, ruled by the
Chair. If this motion passes, abstentions for that topic are no longer in order.
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When in voting procedure, no delegate may enter or leave the room or
interrupt the procedure, with an exception to Points of Personal Privilege, Points
of Inquiry, or Points of Order. All communication between delegates is strictly
forbidden. If a vote does not result in a simple majority (one more than 50
percent of the committee) in favor, the resolution shall be considered rejected
by the committee.
Order of Procedural Motions:
The motions below shall have precedence in the following order over all
other motions:
● Point of Personal Privilege
● Point of Order
● Point of Inquiry
● Point of Information
● Motion to Caucus
● Motion to Move into Time Against
● Motion to Table Debate
Yields
At BSBMUN there are three possible yields after a speech. Delegates can
yield to another delegate, to points of information, or to the Chair. If the first is
used, the delegate gives his or her remaining time to another delegation or
delegate from the same delegation. This is useful because multiple delegates
cannot speak during the same speech. If a delegate yields to points of
information, the Chair selects delegates to ask questions that the delegation
whose speech has been concluded must answer. If a delegate yields his or her
time to the Chair, any remaining time is disregarded and the debate proceeds
to the next speaker.
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Flow of Debate
1) At the beginning of the conference, the Chair calls the house to order:
- Chair: “May the House please com to order?”
2) The Chair then proceeds with roll call to ensure all nations are present.
3) Debate begins with the Chair selecting one main submitter of the resolution
to be discussed so that it may be introduced.
-Chair: “We will now move into the debate on (topic). Will one of the main
submitters of the resolution submitted by (list of main submitters) please
request the floor?”
4) Main submitters wishing to speak raise their placards and the Chair selects
one to read the operative clauses and defend the resolution.
-Chair: “Delegation of (nation selected), you have been recognized”
-Main Submitter: “Clause 1 […] Decides to remain actively seized on the
matter.”
- Chair: “The House has heard the resolution. Is there a second?”
-Delegates: “Second!”
5) The Chair sets the debate time for time in favor and against the resolution. He
or she then yields to the main submitter for opening remarks. Later, if the main
submitter agrees, the Chair may select other nations to make points of
information. The main submitter may also yield to another delegation at this
time.
-Chair: “(Main submitter), please proceed with your remarks”
-Main Submitter: “Delegates, the resolution at hand […]”
-Chair: “Thank you. Is the delegate open to any points of information?”
-Main Submitter: “Any and all”
-Chair: “All nations wishing to make a point of information to the delegation of
(main submitter) please raise your placards high. Delegation of
(delegation asking), you have been recognized.”
6) After the Chair decides that the time for points of information for that speaker
has elapsed, he or she will request that the speaker yields the floor back to the
Chair.
-Chair: “Will the delegate please yield the floor back to the Chair?”
- Main Submitter: “So yielded.”
7) Other delegates can now request the floor to speak in favor of the resolution
until the time for the resolution has expired, at which point the committee will
move into time against the resolution.
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-Chair: “Debate time in favor of this resolution has expired, so the House will
now move into time against this resolution. All nations wishing to speak
against the resolution please raise their placards high.”
8) At this time, amendments can be submitted and, if acceptable, debated. The
Chair will read the amendment, set a debate time for and against it, and call
upon the submitter to explain it. As in other speeches, the speaker may or may
not be open to points of information. After both time in favor and time against
have elapsed, the committee will move into voting procedure for that
amendment.
-Chair: “Debate time for this amendment has elapsed, so the committee will
now move in to voting procedure for the amendment on the floor. All
those in favor of the amendment please raise your placards high. All
those against please raise your placards high. This amendment passes (or
does not pass) with a vote of X in favor and Y against. We will now resume
debate on the resolution.
9) The resolution is debated until the allotted time is elapsed, at which point the
committee will move into voting procedure for the draft resolution as a whole.
-Chair: “Debate time on this resolution has elapsed, so the committee will now
move into voting procedure for the draft resolution as a whole. All those
in favor of the resolution, please raise your placards high. All those
against the resolution, please raise your placards high. All those
abstaining, please raise your placards high. With a vote of X in favor, Y
against, and Z abstentions, this resolution passes (or does not pass).
10) After debating all other resolutions and when the time for committee session
comes to a close, there is a motion to suspend debate until the next committee
session.
-Chair: “The Chair would look favorably upon a motion to suspend debate.”
- Delegate: “Motion to suspend debate.”
- Other Delegate: “Second.”
-Chair: “Are there any objections? This motion passes and debate has been
suspended until (time at which committee reconvenes).”
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Opening Speeches
Depending on the size of the committee, opening speeches are normally
between 30 seconds to one minute. In the opening speeches the delegates
normally start addressing who they are speaking to, followed by one or two
introductory sentences. After this, the delegate briefly speaks to each topic and
has one short concluding sentence. It is highly recommended that opening
speeches are prewritten and rehearsed considering they, together with Position
Papers, are the sole impression other delegates have before lobbying time.
A sample Opening Speech can be found in Appendix B.
Lobbying Time
Lobbying occurs on the first committee session of BSBMUN after opening
speeches. This serves as an opportunity to merge resolutions and gain support
for your solutions. At this time, cooperation is essential, as delegates must
negotiate with allies to include points from various nations and convince others
that their resolution solves the issue at hand efficiently and effectively. Main
submitters are those that are actively supporting the resolution, whereas
Co-Submitters wish to see the resolution debated but do not necessarily
support it. The maximum and minimum number of each is announced at the
beginning of committee session and varies based on committee size. Delegates
may co-submit as many resolutions as they would like, but can only main submit
one per topic.
Resolutions
Resolutions are the formal solutions to the issue being debated. It is
important to note that resolutions should be discussed independently, so
delegates are not supposed to reference other resolutions of the same topic or
vote against a resolution simply because theirs did not pass. Resolutions have a
fairly formal format. It is conventional not to mention a nation in a resolution
unless it is directly related to the topic. Realistic clauses based on statistics are
seen very favorably and help gain credibility. On the other hand, spelling and
grammar mistakes may cause other delegates to question the reliability of a
resolution.
The heading includes the committee, formal topic name, a list of the main
submitters and a list of the co-submitters. Main submitters participated in writing
the resolution and actively support it whereas co-submitters simply wish to see
the resolution debated. Following the heading the name of the council should
be written followed by a comma.
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After the above come the preambulatory clauses, normally facts and
previous action taken on the problem at hand. They begin with a preambulatory
verb, normally a gerund. The complete list of acceptable preambulatory clauses
can be found below. The first word must be in the list attached below and be
italicized. Preambulatory clauses are not numbered and end in a comma.
Although these clauses are normally not read in formal debate, they are
necessary in order for a document to be considered a resolution and therefore
must be included in order to be debated.
Operative clauses follow preambulatory clauses and normally comprise
the bulk of the resolution. These clauses take action and begin with a verb from
the list attached below. Please note that verbs in bold can only be used in
Security Council resolutions. All operative words must be underlined and clauses
must end in semi-colons. In order for resolutions to be effective, the actions
must be specific. For these reasons, sub-clauses are used and are marked in
lower case letters of the English alphabet. Sub-sub-clauses are also common
and are marked with lowercase Roman numerals. Note that sub-clauses and
sub-sub-clauses should end in commas unless they are lead to a list of other
sub-clauses, when they should end with a colon or end an entire clause,
meaning they should end with a semi-colon.
A sample Resolution can be found in Appendix C.
List of preambulatory terms:
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List of operative terms (Security Council only in bold):
Amendments
Any delegation proposing amendments must clearly specify its submitter.
In order for the delegation to be considered a friendly amendment and be
adopted automatically, all main submitters must agree. If this is not the case, the
amendments is unfriendly and should have speakers in favor and against,
assuming time allows. When submitting amendments that add new clauses,
specify where in the resolution these clauses would be added. Amendments that
strike all clauses and replace them with a resolution may be entertained.
However, they are debated only if time allows considering their disruptiveness.
A two-thirds majority is necessary in order for an amendment to be adopted.
A sample amendment can be found in Appendix D.
Veto Power
Veto power only exists in the Security Council. Vetoes should only be
used when the nation’s sovereignty is being infringed by the resolution. Any no
vote from a permanent member is automatically a veto. For these reasons, if a
nation that holds veto power disagrees with a resolution but it does not infringe
on that nation’s sovereignty, it should not vote against the resolution but abstain
instead. If a nation wishes to use a veto, it should not say the word “veto” if
voting by roll call. In its place, use either “no” or “against”. After a veto is used
the delegation must justify how the proposed resolution infringes on its
sovereignty, at which point the Chairs will determine whether the veto is valid or
not.
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Awards
In BSBMUN, each committee has three awards: two Honorable Mentions
and one Best Delegation. All aspects of debate must be considered, including
opening speeches, lobbying and merging time, and quality of points of
information. In order to be chosen for awards, delegates must not only be good
public speakers, but also encompass all aspects of diplomats, such as being
tactful, persuasive, and cooperative. When considering awards, Chairs should
take into consideration the quality of each delegation’s position papers,
resolutions, and amendments, as well the knowledge and understanding not
only of committee topics but also of each delegation’s policies and interests. All
delegates within a delegation should contribute to the debate in order to be
eligible. Any delegation that does not submit a position paper for each topic on
time will automatically be disqualified from awards.
Glossary
Abstain: During a vote on a substantive matter, delegates may abstain rather
than vote yes or no. This generally signals that a country does not support the
resolution being voted on, but does not oppose it enough to vote no.
Adjourn: All UN or Model UN sessions end with a motion to adjourn. This means
that the debate is suspended until the next meeting. This can be a short time
(e.g. overnight) or a long time (e.g. until next year's conference).
Agenda: The order in which the issues before a committee will be discussed.
The first duty of a committee following the roll call is usually to set the agenda.
Amendment: A change to a draft resolution on the floor. Can be of two types: a
"friendly amendment" is supported by the original draft resolution's sponsors,
and is passed automatically, while an "unfriendly amendment" is not supported
by the original sponsors and must be voted on by the committee as a whole.
Background guide: A guide to a topic being discussed in a Model UN
committee usually written by conference organizers and distributed to delegates
before the conference. This serves as the starting point for any research before a
Model UN conference but should never be the sole source of information.
Binding: Having legal force in UN member states. Security Council resolutions
are binding, as are decisions of the International Court of Justice; on the other
hand, resolutions of the General Assembly, Political Committee, Economic and
Social Council, and the Human Rights Council are not.
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Bloc: A group of countries in a similar geographical region or with a similar
opinion on a particular topic. Blocs typically vote together.
Caucus: A break in formal debate in which countries can more easily and
informally discuss a topic. There are two types: moderated caucus and
unmoderated caucus.
Chair: A member of the dais that moderates debate, keeps time, rules on points
and motions, and enforces the rules of procedure. Sometimes refereed to as
Moderator.
Co-Submitter: A country that wishes a draft resolution to be put on the floor and
signs the draft resolution to accomplish this. A co-submitter need not support a
resolution; it only wants it to be discussed. Usually, Model UN conferences
require some minimum number of main and co-submitters for a draft resolution
to be discussed.
Dais: The group of people in charge of a Model UN committee. Generally,
consists of a Chair and one or two Vice-Chairs. The dais is also the raised
platform on which the chair traditionally sits.
Decorum: The order and respect for others that all delegates at a Model UN
conference must exhibit. The Chair will call for decorum when he or she feels
that the committee is not being respectful of a speaker, of the dais, or of their
roles as ambassadors.
Delegate: A student acting as a representative of a member state or observer in
a Model UN committee.
Delegation: The entire group of people representing a member state or
observer in all committees at a particular Model UN conference.
Division of the Question (Vote Clause by Clause): During voting bloc, delegates
may motion to vote on certain clauses of a resolution separately, so that only the
clauses that are passed become part of the final resolution. This is known as
division of the question.
Division of the House: A form of voting procedure where voting is done by role
call. Abstentions are not in order. This motion is made if a vote was either very
close or if the amount of abstentions is significantly large.
Draft resolution: A document that seeks to fix the problems addressed by a
Model UN committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will
become a resolution.
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Faculty Advisor: The faculty member in charge of a Model UN team, class or
club.
Flow of debate: The order in which events proceed during a Model UN
conference. This usually indicates the movement between formal and informal
debate and the process of drafting, debating and voting on resolutions.
Gavel: The tool, shaped like a small wooden hammer, which the Chair uses to
keep order within a Model UN committee. Many conferences give the gavel
used in a committee to the delegate recognized by the dais as the best in that
committee; therefore, the term is frequently used to refer to the award given to
the best delegate, even in cases where no actual gavel is given.
Head Delegate: The student leader of a Model UN club or team.
Main Submitter: One of the writers of a draft resolution. A friendly amendment
can only be created if all sponsors agree.
Member State: A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations and
whose application to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and
Security Council. Currently, there are 193 member states.
Moderated Caucus: A type of caucus in which delegates remain seated and the
Chair calls on them one at a time to speak for a short period of time, enabling a
freer exchange of opinions than would be possible in formal debate.
Motion: A request made by a delegate that the committee as a whole do
something. Some motions might be to go into a caucus, to adjourn, to introduce
a draft resolution, or to move into voting procedure.
Observer: A state, national organization, regional organization, or
non-governmental organization that is not a member of the UN but participates
in its debates. Observers can vote on procedural matters but not substantive
matters. Examples include the Holy See, the Palestinian Authority, and many
NGOs, such as Amnesty International.
On the floor: At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft
resolution is first written, it may not be discussed in debate. After it is approved
by the Dias and introduced by the committee, it is put "on the floor" and may
be discussed.
Operative clause: The part of a resolution that describes how the UN will
address a problem. It begins with an action verb.
Page: A delegate in a Model UN committee that has volunteered to pass notes
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from one delegate to another, or from a delegate to the dais, for a short period
of time.
Placard: A piece of cardstock with a country's name on it that a delegate raises
in the air to signal to the Chair that he or she wishes to speak.
Point: A request raised by a delegate for information or for an action relating to
that delegate. Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and a point
of personal privilege.
Position paper: A summary of a country's position on a topic, written by a
delegate before a Model UN conference.
Preambulatory Clause: The part of a resolution that describes previous actions
taken on the topic and reasons why the resolution is necessary. It begins with a
participle or adjective.
Procedural: Having to do with the way a committee is run, as opposed to the
topic being discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters
and may not abstain.
Quorum: The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a
committee to meet. In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of
the members to begin debate, and a majority of members to pass a resolution.
In the Security Council, no quorum exists for the body to debate, but nine
members must be present to pass a resolution.
Resolution: A document that has been passed by an organ of the UN that aims
to address a particular problem or issue.
Right of Reply: A right to speak in reply to a previous speaker's comment,
invoked when a delegate feels personally insulted by another's speech. Must be
submitted in writing in order for it to be invoked.
Roll Call: The first order of business in a Model UN committee, during which the
dais reads aloud the names of each member state in the committee. When a
delegate's country's name is called, he or she may respond "present" or
"present and voting." A delegate responding "present and voting" may not
abstain on a substantive vote.
Rules of Procedure: The rules by which a Model UN committee is run.
Second: To agree with a motion being proposed. Many motions must be
seconded before they can be brought to a vote.
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Secretariat: The staff of a Model UN conference. At BSBMUN, the Secretary
General leads the secretariat.
Simple majority: 50% plus one vote of the number of delegates in a committee.
The amount needed to pass most substantive votes.
Speakers' List: A list that determines the order in which delegates will speak.
Whenever a new topic is opened for discussion, the Chair will create a speakers'
list by asking all delegates wishing to speak to raise their placards and calling on
them one at a time. During debate, a delegate may indicate that he or she
wishes to be added to the speakers' list by sending a note to the dais.
Substantive: Having to do with the topic being discussed. A substantive vote is a
vote on a draft resolution or amendment already on the floor during voting
procedure. Only member states (not observer states or non-governmental
organizations) may vote on substantive issues.
Unmoderated Caucus: A type of caucus in which delegates leave their seats to
mingle and speak freely. Enables the free sharing of ideas to an extent not
possible in formal debate or even a moderated caucus. Frequently used to sort
countries into blocs and to write working papers and draft resolutions.
Veto: The ability, held by China, France, the Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom, and the United States to prevent any draft resolution in the Security
Council from passing by voting no.
Vote: A time at which delegates indicate whether they do or do not support a
proposed action for the committee. There are two types: procedural and
substantive.
Voting procedure: The period at the end of a committee session during which
delegates vote on proposed amendments and draft resolutions. Nobody may
enter or leave committee at this time.
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Reliable Sources
United Nations Sites
United Nations
International Court of Justice
Missions to the United Nations
UN Foundation
UN System
UN Bibliographic Information
Permanent Missions to the UN
UN Documentation Centre
Country Profiles and Statistics
The Economist
CNN
BBC News
The New York Times
UN News Centre
Foreign Policy Magazine
UK Overseas Mission Policy Pages
Al Jazeera
MUN Sites
MUN Guide
Best Delegate
BSBMUN
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Appendices
Appendix A: Sample Position Paper
Legal Committee
Topic A: Capital Punishment
Republic of Singapore
American School of Brasilia
Capital punishment refers to the various ways a state can impose a fatal
penalty for some sort of crime. From mental torture, to hangings to the use of lethal
injections, the world has seen these kinds of judicial procedures undertaken many times. All
of these are forms of executions of criminals, which have significantly decreased worldwide
throughout the years due to the advancements in forensic technologies and the increase in
debate on human rights issues. Judges and courts have found themselves lessening the
use of the ultimate punishment. International commissions against the applied punishments
have overrated benefits of its abolition and therefore influenced the world greatly with their
views. Although many countries have abolished the use of the death penalty, it is still each
government's choice whether to apply it or not. Since 2007, the United Nations General
Assembly works to abolish capital punishment with many resolutions, calling upon the
nations who still implement the death penalty to follow the trend and ensure that
international safety measures are met. Where there is crime there must be punishment as a
valid instrument in the state’s administration of order, and Singapore believes capital
punishment is no exception of that.
The Republic of Singapore's stance on the question of judicial punishment lies
broadly with the 21 nation-states around the world that still allow its use. The use of the
death penalty is a decision dependent on national sovereignty, yet the delegation
comprehends the manifestation of the opposition. It does, however, highlight the fact that
Singapore makes more use of corporal punishment, or moderated caning, as opposed to
immediate executions. The legislative system always seeks to analyze thoroughly the
degrees of capital crimes in each and every trial, keeping in mind the Criminal Procedure
and Penal Code of Singapore. The delegation strongly believes that the current method is
adequate and efficient to prevent crime escalation inside its safe society, and equally trusts
that the societal order in Singapore is correlated to the current laws in the criminal justice
system. The Department of Statistics of Singapore showed results of a survey where
Singaporeans expressed immense satisfaction with the government, with 84% of the
population saying it is a country of law and order and 80% stating that it is safer than most
other nations. In recent years, published UN data ranked Singapore with the second lowest
murder rate in the world. This represents an advantage to the judicial system considering
the death penalty establishment has and will continue ensuring protection and prevention
from capital crimes. The merit of the low rate of criminality in Singapore is granted to the
current legal system, which the culture has always understood about.
Throughout the many years that the Republic of Singapore, along with other
countries, has applied the death penalty, it has been proven that harsh punishments not
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only deters crime, but help maintain peace and social order. Laws are made through a
mechanism to make society work, and Singapore should be taken as an example of that.
Even though it should only be applied to the most serious and heinous crimes, capital
punishment sends a strong message to anyone thinking of breaking the law. Given all of
this, the delegation of Singapore believes it is important to understand that capital
punishment is not something to be abolished, but monitored as it has been. The
delegation welcomes any other nations’ opinions on this crucial topic and hopes for a
diverse discussion of perspectives.
Appendix B: Sample Opening Speech
Honorable chairs, fellow ministers, and esteemed guests: As the Finance
Ministers of the 20 leading economies, all those here present possess incredible
power to transform this world. Enough power to monitor nuclear programs,
stabilize post- conflict economies, and eradicate corruption. In regards to the
monitoring of nuclear programs, the G20 nations must sign and ratify the NPT as
well as enhance cooperation with the IAEA. Regarding post-conflict stabilization,
the PRC believes it is of utmost importance to aid countries while preserving
their national sovereignty. Finally, for the eradication of corruption to be
successful, it is necessary that all governments crackdown on corruption and join
international anti-corruption conventions, such as the UNCAC and the FATF. If
any delegations have any questions or would like to exchange ideas with the
Chinese Ministry of Finance please do not hesitate to do so.
Appendix C: Sample Resolution
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Fully alarmed by increasing rates of cyber attacks worldwide,
Seeking to educate populations of developing nations in the prevention of
cyber crime,
Recognizing the lack of cyber access in developing nations,
Encouraging developed nations to lend platforms of cyber security,
Acknowledging that the Internet serves as a means of communication, storage,
and information sharing,
Aware that malicious software and hacking technology poses a threat to Internet
databases and private records,
Concerned with the ever-evolving cyber landscape, which requires the constant
updated cyber security,
1. Calls upon all nations, national and international non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) to actively participate and cooperate in the
proliferation of technology and education in order to increase global
levels of cyber security, by:
a. Implementing an International Cyber Security Awareness Day to
remind all citizens of the need for personal and workplace
responsibility by adopting simple practices, such as having the
ability to secure their online identity, computers, mobile, and
wireless devices,
b. Encouraging multi-lateral agreements by state and non-state
actors with the purpose of:
i. Adopting the standards of cyber security ISO/IEC
27001-27002, created by the International Security Forum
(ISF), as the internationally accredited and accepted cyber
security guidelines,
ii. Improving cooperation between the International
Organization for Standardization (IOS), the International
Electro-technical Commission (IEC), the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST), and other UN approved
NGOs to constantly update and improve their respective
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roles in cyber security, namely in creating and updating
guidelines, training and technology,
iii. Improving the availability of Information Security Forum’s
(ISF) Standards of Good Practice, to all countries, regardless
of socio-economic condition, in order to improve grassroots
detection of cybercrime, and cybersecurity education,
iv. Partnering with, either directly or indirectly, the North
American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), in order
to:
1. Encourage NERC, UNDP and other pertinent NGOs
and organs to physically create more electric and
internet connection infrastructure in all locations
deemed lacking in said infrastructure,
2. Push for the adoption of NERC guidelines as the
international norm for internet and electric
infrastructure development,
c. Strongly suggests the proper respect to human rights be shown by
all state and non-state actors in regards to maintaining all
freedoms detailed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
while still striving for the goal of increased global cybersecurity;
2. Encourages the use of the National Institution of Cybersecurity
Education’s (NICE) guidelines be adopted as the international standard
for cybersecurity education, for the purpose of:
a. Establishing minimum education standards in schools and
universities to assure proper internet safety habits by regular
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) users,
b. Encouraging base-level internet safety education by state and
non-state actors, similar to those currently employed by the Inter
American Development Bank (IADB), which entail, but are not
limited to:
i. Sending fake spam email from Internet Technology (IT)
specialists to other employees, with the purpose of training
them to spot suspicious or dangerous emails,
ii. Distributing password creation guides to limit the use of
repeated passwords and show employees how to create
truly strong passwords,
iii. Providing lessons on proper internet safety etiquette, such
as:
1. Never revealing security questions or answers,
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2. Never transferring passwords or security questions
electronically,
iv. Demonstrating how to implement dual encrypted
passwords for especially sensitive data or files, with the
password(s) divided amongst electronic keys and high level
employees;
3. Strongly suggests the funding of the “PP” (Progress Program) to make
infrastructure, cyber security, and prosecution of users, chief components
of the national strategies to modernize Information and Communications
Technologies by updating all the computerized infrastructure by means of
the agreement of the shared resources and advice of ICT professionals;
4. Encourages states to ensure the development of a legal framework in
accordance to specific regional policies in order to assure, protect, and
strengthen the fundamental rights and public freedoms regarding the
protection of data, by the means of:
a. Development of national cyber security policies following the
minimum standards of adopting:
i. Strategies to strengthen national cyber resilience and to
appropriately implement the cyber security policy,
ii. Legislative procedures in order to make cyber crimes
applicable to law, and to effectively pursue and prosecute
offenders,
iii. Measures which ensure public-private partnership as a
model to engage each population in the enhancement of
cyber security and cyber resilience,
b. Creation or improvement, if already existent, of institutions and
departments with the capacity of dealing with all aspects of cyber
security development in the country/region, such as Computer
Emergency Response Teams (CERT), to:
i. Effectively and efficiently respond to information security
incidents,
ii. Act as the chief computer security service providers,
iii. Create awareness of the increasing development of cyber
security threats to the integrity of the different facets of our
modern society,
iv. Enhance capability, cooperation, and technological
advances as to countries within a region,
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v. Function as central contact points for any relevant cyber
security violation issues,
c. Formation of a Cyber Crime Analysis and Investigation Centre
(CCAIC) which will:
i. Dedicate resources to the CCAIC in addition to technical
assistance, financial support and human capital,
ii. Create dedicated partner organs to work alongside the
CCAIC and International Security Forum (ISF), in order to
continue the work of the ISF and the Standards of Good
Practice research study group in order to keep pace with
constantly developing technology,
iii. Any confiscated computer system belonging to an
individual trialed for any criminal offence shall remain in the
Centre´s facilities for research and investigation purposes,
iv. Analyze the criminal behavior of the users of information
networks on their computer systems,
v. Function under the ISO/IEC 27001-27002 guidelines of
cybersecurity and all United Nations regulations in regards
to respecting national sovereignty and human rights,
vi. Be funded by respective corporate actions of the World
Bank, respective regional development banks, NGOs and
other organs, to be determined by United Nations
specialists as needed,
d. Improving already existing independent personal data protection
authorities to assure:
i. The moral processing of personal data and inform the
concerned individuals,
ii. ICTs are instructed as society-improving tools and not as
threats for the rights and freedom of individuals,
iii. Data processing must be performed throughout an
established set of norms developed by advice of the above
mentioned;
5. Invites nations to analyze the chief elements of their national/regional
security and determine if their legislative measures and procedures
regarding cyber security assure their stability to improve and restrict
access to these sensitive networks classified as critical for the
national/regional security;
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6. Requests measures to consider the following actions as criminal offences,
where judicial authorities must be granted with the means to prosecute
cyber criminal who carry out any of the actions below:
a. Unauthorized access or exceed authorized access to a computer
system,
b. Remain fraudulently in a computer system,
c. Enter data fraudulently un a computer system,
d. Unlawfully generate passwords or access codes,
e. Unlawfully make available any computer system to perform an
offence,
f. Damage, deteriorate, alter, or change computer data fraudulently,
g. Intercept by technical computerized data fraudulently,
h. Intentionally alter computer data for it to be applied for legal
issues as if it were authentic,
i. Fraudulently obtain any benefit by altering or making use of
altered computer data,
j. Proliferation of child pornography and racial or xenophobic
material through a computer system,
k. Any threat to commit a federal offence to another individual
through a computer system,
l. Consciously justify genocide or crimes against humanity through a
computer system,
m. Violation of privacy and blackmailing through a computer system,
n. Theft of financial assets and fraud by means of a computer system,
which shall be sanctioned by means of dissuasive criminal
penalties;
7. Recommends that nations submit regular reports to the respective
authorities on the implementation of these measures,
8. Strongly urges nations to address the problem of cyber terrorism
worldwide, by:
a. Informing people more about cyber terrorism and offer free
anti-virus programs to prevent the intrusion of viruses,
b. Strongly encouraging foreign and local companies to employ a
person, sent by the government if the company does not have the
sufficient funds, whose only job will be to prevent the intrusion of
viruses;
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9. Encourages incentives to public/private sectors as a means of bolstering
cyber security by:
a. Circulating capital; human or fiscal,
b. Increasing transparency,
c. Promoting public awareness;
Appendix D: Sample Amendment
Submitter: Portugal
Strike clause 7
Add clause 5:
“Endorses efforts to ensure e-commerce is freely and securely exercised and
that commercial activities carried out by means of a network, are subject to the
law under the considered judicial procedures;”
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